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More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor
... Lakoff andJohnson (1980a, 1980b) revolutionized the Aristotelian concept of metaphor (Aristotle, 1984) in the West and the al- Jurjani's (1959) concept of metaphor in the Arabic language, from resemblance based metaphors to cross-domain mapping in our conceptual system. CMT argues for crossdomain mapping of source and target domains in human conceptual system which generates not only thought but also language (Lakoff, 1993;Lakoff & Johnson, 1980a, 1980bLakoff & Turner, 1989). They argue that human conceptual system is metaphorically structured, and therefore, metaphor is pervasive in our language. ...
... They have made significant contribution not only to CMT but also to the classification of Pashto Landay on the basis of cognitive linguistics. This study investigates conceptualization of time both in Pashto everyday language and poetry to find out how Pashtun community structures time both in everyday language and poetry because poetic metaphors also use the same CMs as everyday language (Lakoff & Turner, 1989). It may, thus, add to the existing research on the application of CMT to Pashto language and poetry. ...
... Personification is one of those CMs where human attributes or behavior is attributed to inanimate objects. This is a sub-key source domain of GREAT CHAIN OF BEING METAPHOR (Lakoff & Turner, 1989 (61) and (62), ]ورځ [ 'wratz -day' in (63) and (64) and ]سپرلي( 'sparli -spring' in (65) are given human attributes by the context in which they are used. For example, the clause at (63) is analyzed as below. ...
Past studies have investigated metaphoric correlations between time and space or objects from cognitive semantic perspective in different languages, drawing interesting similarities and cultural differences in the conceptualization of time. This paper departs from the existing literature by examining the concept of time in Pashto language from a cognitive semantic perspective based on the theoretical model of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (hereafter CMT) to find out various conceptual metaphors (hereafter CM) for time in Pashto language and poetry. Linguistic data of 150 sentences and clauses were extracted from the Pashto-English dictionary (Zeeya, 2009), Da Ghani Kulyat (Ghani 1985), Dewan Abdur Rahman Baba (Rahman, 1947), Tsraagh (Saqib, 2019) and everyday language on the basis of topical words and phrases conveying the concept of time. The topical words and phrases technique was used to retrieve the clauses or sentences denoting the concept/theme of time. CMT was used to analyze the clauses and sentences to investigate the source domains which structure the abstract concept of time in Pashto. Eight metaphors for the representation of time emerge from the analysis: i) time is object in motion; ii) time is a thing; iii) time is bounded space; iv) moments of time are landmarks in space and past is in the front, while future is at the back; v) time is person; vi) Time is measurable quantity; vii) time is a valuable commodity; and viii) time passing is tasting it. Contrary to English, Pashto speakers locate past time in the front while locating the future at the back. The present paper recommends further studies in Pashto language from cognitive semantic perspective to examine the tenets of CMT in Indo-Iranian languages to investigate its cross-cultural implications .
... U kognitivnoj lingvistici MALIM TISKANIM SLOVIMA bilježimo nazive pojedinih konceptualnih metafora: LJUBAV JE RAT, BIJES JE VRUĆINA, VRIJEME JE OBJEKT KOJI SE KREĆE. [Lakoff i Johnson 1980;Lakoff i Turner 1989;Lakoff 1993, Lakoff andJohnson 1999;Kövecses 2000;Kövecses 2002;Taylor 2002;Kövecses 2005 Metaforu provodnika prvi spominje i opisuje Reddy (1979Reddy ( , 1993 kao vrlo rasprostranjen i duboko uvriježen metaforički model utemeljen u ideji da govornik misli odnosno značenja poput nekih predmeta pohranjuje u riječi kao da su ove spremnici te ih onda šalje putem provodnika slušatelju koji ih vadi iz riječi tj. spremnika. ...
... U navedenim procesima radi se o dodavanju novih elemenata u postojeća preslikavanja, dodavanju specifičnog znanja o postojećim preslikavanjima, propitivanju valjanosti postojećih metafora ili kombiniranju više metafora u nove strukture. [Lakoff i Turner 1989;Kövecses 2002;Žic Fuchs 1992] Kognitivni pristup kategorijama razlikuje se od objektivističkog pristupa. Kako bi pojasnio pojam obiteljske sličnosti, Wittgenstein raspravlja o kategoriji igara propitujući što je zajedničko različitim vrstama igara, tj. ...
... Strukturne su metafore najbrojnija podvrsta konceptualnih metafora, a neki su od primjera ČOVJEK JE ŽIVOTINJA (ona je lija), STRAH JE HLADNOĆA (sledila mi se krv u žilama), VRIJEME JE NOVAC (ovaj će ti uređaj uštedjeti vrijeme), ČOVJEK JE BILJKA (izrasla je u prelijepu djevojku) itd. [Lakoff i Johnson 1980;Lakoff i Turner 1989;Kövecses 2002] stvar [engl. thing; njem. ...
... Although Lakoff & Johnson's work (1980) can be regarded as the cornerstone of CMT, further developed in numerous works of cognitive linguists such as Kövecses (2002Kövecses ( /2010aKövecses ( , 2005Kövecses ( , 2020, Lakoff (1987Lakoff ( , 1993, Lakoff & Johnson (1999), Lakoff & Turner (1989), the basic ideas behind this theory had been put forward even before the publication of Metaphors We Live By. In the cognitive linguistic literature, it is frequently claimed that the foundations of CMT were laid in 1979 in Michael Reddy's paper The Conduit Metaphor, which explains metaphorical conceptualization of the communication process. 1 As Lakoff (1993, p. 204) explains, Reddy showed, for a single very significant case, that the locus of metaphor is thought, not language, that metaphor is a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world, and that our everyday behavior reflects our metaphorical understanding of experience. 1 Reddy (2003) presents metaphors, jointly known as the conduit metaphor, that underlie the way humans talk about communication. ...
... The existing metaphorical mappings are constrained by the Invariance Hypothesis, first mentioned by Lakoff & Turner (1989) and further developed and modified by Lakoff (1990Lakoff ( , 1993. The Invariance Hypothesis states that "metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology (that is, the imageschema structure) of the source domain" (Lakoff, 1990, p. 54). ...
... It is true that most of the studies deal with isolating conventional metaphorical patterns, but there are studies that deal with metaphorical creativity showing that CMT can be successfully applied in such cases. Cognitive linguists (Lakoff & Turner, 1989, Kövecses, 2005 have shown that CMT is equipped with a mechanism that can explain metaphorical creativity. Taking into consideration previous studies of cognitive linguists but also providing his own insights, Kövecses (2005Kövecses ( , 2010bKövecses ( , 2012Kövecses ( , 2015 provides a systematic overview of sources of metaphorical creativity. ...
The book examines examples of figurative creativity, especially creativity through blending, from American political discourse and studies how figurative creativity contributes to achieving discourse coherence and creating rhetorically powerful statements.
... The baseline of this theory was laid by Lakoff and Johnson in their Metaphors We Live by (1980) and further explained by Lakoff (1987aLakoff ( , 1990Lakoff ( & 1993 and Johnson (1987). Lakoff and Turner's (1989) work is about the CMT in poetry. Other scholars, e.g., Dancygier andSweetser (2014), Gibbs (1994), and Kövecses (2002), have contributed in the development of the CMT. ...
... It is also necessary to refer to the fact that the conceptual metaphors cited throughout the current work are found in many cognitive semantic sources dealing with conceptual metaphors. The most important ones are: Lakoff and Johnson (1980); Lakoff and Turner (1989); Kövecses (2002Kövecses ( , 2004Kövecses ( , 2005Kövecses ( , 2015; Dancygier and Sweester (2014); and Stockwell (2002). ...
... Conventionality is one of the outstanding features of conceptual metaphors. Thus, we postpone our explanation of this classification to the section devoted to that characteristic in the coming few pages (see 3.3.2). Lakoff and Turner (1989). ...
This work is a cognitive semantic study of metaphysical poetry, which entails a
linguistic as well as a psychological or cognitive analysis of selected poems of this
literary era. For long philosophers, literati, and linguists have held the view that
poetic language is artistic proper, and that it is by no means open to analysis in terms
of the modern theories of language.
It is hypothesized here that poetic language represented by the data collected in
this study is indicative of many mental abilities unique to the human mind with
respect to meaning construction and meaning conception. It is also hypothesized that
the so-called figures of speech are but part of the general mental abilities of human
beings, something which runs counter to Chomsky’s faculty of language.
The work tries to unfold the meaning construction and meaning conception
aspects involved in metaphysical poetry, which could, at least partially, account for
literary, specifically poetic, creativity within a cognitive semantic framework.
Two of the prominent theories of cognitive semantics, namely Conceptual
Metaphor Theory and Construal Operations Model, have been applied to nine
metaphysical poems that are reflective of the most outstanding trends of the era.
This work comprises eight chapters. Chapter One is an introduction. It deals with
the problems, aims, hypotheses, scope of the study as well as the data collected, the
procedure adopted in conducting the analysis, and the value of the study.
Chapter Two represents a detailed theoretical account of the rise, development,
assumptions of cognitive linguistics, and the place of cognitive semantics within this
new trend in linguistics. In doing so, the major concepts and areas that bring
linguistics and cognition into common ground are expatiated. In general, this chapter
deals with the relationship among language, meaning, and cognition. At the end of
Chapter Two, a brief account is provided for the well-known models that constitute
the cognitive approach to semantics.
Chapter Three introduces the notion of metaphor in the light of the traditional
schools of linguistics and the cognitive semantic approach. This chapter also tacklesthe Conceptual Metaphor Theory in detail. It classifies the conceptual metaphors
into their various classes according to different criteria.
Chapter Four is devoted to the elaboration of Langacker’s construal operations
model. The theories, discussed in this and the previous chapters, are the models in
the light of which the selected metaphysical poems are analyzed.
Chapter Five attempts to trace, review, and evaluate the cognitive linguistics or
semantics interest in literature. In this same chapter, a brief introduction is provided
for metaphysical poetry and its major characteristics as well as its main poets.
In Chapter Six, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory insights are applied to the
analysis of the meaning creation and perception of six metaphysical poems. Chapter Seven is a practical chapter that applies Langacker’s construal operations theory to three metaphysical poems.
Chapter Eight embraces the conclusions that the study has arrived at. The
following are the most important ones:
1. Poets, like non-poets, make use of the conceptual metaphors, and the poetic
metaphors are all based on ordinary conceptual metaphors. Therefore, there is
no fundamental difference between poets and non-poets in terms of the use as
well as comprehension of the conceptual metaphors. This is why we as non�poets can understand the language of poetry.
2. Poets and non-poets are basically similar in their basic use of the mental
ability that helps humans construe one single event or situation from different
perspectives.
3. The two practical chapters are evidently supportive to the hypotheses that
propose the applicability of the two cognitive semantic models to the analysis
of the language of metaphysical poems.
At the end of Chapter Eight, a list of suggested topics for further research is
provided. Finally, the full texts of the nine poems are put in the appendixes.
... Kaiser asserts that the grotesque is the opposite of the sublime in that the sublime guides our view towards the true and the good, while the grotesque points to the inhuman and the abyss. 101 One of the decisive factors in maintaining the elements of comedy is precisely the interaction of the grotesque and the ironic modes that we find, In a broader sense all black humour contains the seeds of metahumour in that by its nature it includes its own critique, but in the fullest sense metahumour finds expression in that form of entropic comedy which is highly self-conscious, self-reflexive and essentially marked by parody. In this type of humour it is not the passive laughter of simply acknowledging the existence of the "highest joke" 103 , it is an active laughter of connivance, of keeping up the joke, marked by an essential inauthenticity. ...
... It is also here that Although very much in control of his style, which is mostly neutral, Swift, as seen above, also has fragments in which the infiltrations of black humour are felt. 101 The contempt makes Swift from time to time chuckle grievously, giving birth to his unique form of black humour. ...
This dissertation might be described as an exercise in applied linguistic stylistic analysis, whose main aim can be stated quite briefly: to present black humour intrusions in different works of literature, which are considered relevant for the chosen topic.
... Instead of a binary opposition between animate and inanimate, it is better described as a continuum with fuzzy boundaries (e.g., Comrie, 1989;Dixon, 1979;Haspelmath, 2019;Silverstein, 1976). Lakoff and Turner's "Great Chain of Being," for instance, assumed the following order of entities: humans > animals > plants > inanimate substances (Lakoff & Turner, 1989). A further division is provided by Köpcke and Zubin (1996;see also Grimm, 2018), who divided animate terms into seven categories on an anthropocentric continuum. ...
... Only when the animacy level of the noun is high, the participants process 个 gè substitution similar to an adjective-noun mismatch. This might be taken as evidence that a graded animacy hierarchy, as described by Silverstein (1976), Lakoff and Turner (1989), Köpcke and Zubin (1996) and Grimm (2018), influences noun classification in Mandarin Chinese in a similar way as, for example, German gender assignment. As shown by Schwichtenberg and Schiller (2004) for German gender assignment, speakers are aware of the semantic features of a noun and implicitly use animacy-related assignment principles to classify nouns. ...
Animacy is an important semantic assignment principle in both gender and numeral classifier systems. Linguistic research has shown that animacy is not a simple binary feature but represents a fine-grained taxonomy of different animacy levels. We used the classifier system of Mandarin Chinese, with classifiers varying in semantic constraint, to assess whether the referents’ degree of animacy influences the processing of classifier-noun pairs. ERP results show an effect of agreement mismatch only when the general classifier 个 gè is paired with nouns referring to higher animals (chimpanzee, lion). For these pairs, the sortal classifier 只 zhī has to be chosen. No such effect was observed for nouns that refer to intermediate-level and lower animals (octopus, earthworm), indicating that 个 gè does not constitute an agreement mismatch here. We also observed significant ERP effects indicating that speakers of Mandarin Chinese process the general classifier and the specific sortal classifiers differently.
... The first section includes implicit metaphors for which two models are employed. The models are by Lakoff and Turner (1989) the "GENERIC IS SPECIFIC", and Lakoff and Johnson (2003) "Metaphors We Live By". These models are adopted to investigate food metaphor in Iraqi Turkmani proverbs. ...
... The analysis of these kinds of metaphors requires a specific context to make the target domain somehow explicit (Gibbs, 1994, p.310). As a result, the study employs two models to analyze these kinds of metaphors; the first model is by Lakoff and Turner (1989) "GENERIC IS SPECIFIC" which makes the target domain explicit. The second model is by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), which investigates food related terms revealing the bases of metaphors. ...
الاستعارة هی واحدة من النظریات التی تتعلَّق باللغة التصویریة غیر الحَرفیة. وتُعدُّ الاستعارة على وفق بعض النظریات أَداة فی اللغة، على النقیض من نظریة الاستعارة المعرفیة والمفهومیة التی کتبها لاکوف وجونسون (1980) "الاستعارة التی نحیا بها" التی تَعدُّ الاستعارة وسیلة للتفکیر وکشف أنماط العقل. وفقًا لهذه النظریة، یتمُ فهم المفاهیم المجردة (المجال المستهدف) عن طریق المفاهیم المحسوسة (المجال المصدر)؛ لذا فإنَّ هذه الدراسة هی محاولة للتحقیق فی استعارة الطعام فی الأمثال الترکمانیة العراقیة فی مدینة تلعفر، وتهدف إلى معرفة المفاهیم المجردة التی تکمُن وراء المفاهیم المحسوسة للمصطلحات المتعلقة بالطعام فی الأمثال الترکمانیة العراقیة وکذلک الکشف عن أسس الاستعارة ومحفزاتها، وتفترض الدراسة أَنَّ الکثیر من المفاهیم المجردة یتم تصورها وفهمها من خلال المصطلحات المتعلقة بالطعام، وکذلک الخبرة والثقافة تُعدَّان بمثابة أُسس ومحفزات للاستعارة، وتفترض أیضًا أَنَّ العامل الاجتماعی للعمر یمکن أن یُحدث فرقًا کبیرًا فی تشابه واختلاف التفسیرات للاستعارة بین البالغین و الشباب عند المقارنة وان البالغین قادرون على إعطاء تفسیرات أکثر صحة للأمثال غیر المألوفة من الشباب.
وتتضمن الدراسة بیانات مکتوبة وغیر مکتوبة التی تم جمعها من الکتب ومن بعض المتحدثین الأصلیین لسکان تلعفر، وتمت ترجمة البیانات ترجمة حرفیة وغیر حرفیًة، واعتمدت الدراسة على استراتیجیات بیکر (1992) فی الترجمة غیر الحرفیة. وبدأت الدراسة بالمرحلة الأولى للتحلیل من خلال الحصول على التفسیرات الصحیحة للاستعارة من البالغین والمتخصصین، وأَمَّا المرحلة الثانیة فتنقسم الى قسمین، ویتضمن القسم الأول الاستعارة الضمنیة التی یتم فیها استخدام أُنموذجین، النموذج الأَوَّل بواسطة لاکوف وتیرنر( 1989) والأُنموذج الثانی بواسطة لاکوف وجونسون (2003) "الاستعارة التی نحیا بها". تحقق هذه النماذج فی استعارة الطعام فی الأمثال الترکمانیة العراقیة وأُسسها، أَمَّا القسم الثانی فیتضمن الاستعارة الظاهرة غیر الضمنیة، ویتم استخدام أُنموذج واحد للتحلیل بواسطة لاکوف وجونسون (2003) "الاستعارة التی نحیا بها". وتستنتج الدراسة أن الکثیر من المفاهیم المجردة تُفهم من خلال المفاهیم المحسوسة لمصطلحات الطعام والخبرة والقیم الثقافیة تؤدِّیان دورًا فی تحفیز الاستعارة.
... The main reason for this is that there already exists a set list of image schematic elements that can be used in the identification procedure, many of which have been already proven to be psychologically plausible (e.g., Johnson, 1987;Cienki, 1998;Gibbs, 2022) due to their relative cognitive basicness and the role in the development of the human conceptual system. Moreover, they play a structuring role in metaphorical conceptualizations: they structure metaphorical thought and abstract reasoning (The Invariance Hypothesis, Lakoff, 1990) as evident in the fact that many of metaphorical expressions can be reduced to basic image schematic components, even in creative and poetic metaphors (Lakoff & Turner, 1989;Kövecses, 2017). This does not mean, of course, that different ways of identifying figurativeness in non-linguistic semiotic systems do not fare well; it just means that the multilevel approach to metaphor offers the level of image schemas as possibly best operationalized to be an optimal candidate for the task within this specific approach. ...
The analysis offered in this article applies the multilevel approach to conceptual metaphor to relief posters, created and distributed widely after the massive Japan 2011 earthquake. The aim of the analysis is to show in what way the multilevel approach to metaphor can be used to illustrate how the figurative meaning of relief posters emerges from the interactions between different levels of schematicity: from basic image schemas and domains, through contextually embedded semantic frames, finishing with metaphorical scenarios at the highest level of specificity and complexity. The present analysis also shows the potential applicability of image schemas as the guiding analytical element, serving as the departure point for the unfolding metaphorical and metonymical interpretation of a multimodal message. Accordingly, it has been shown how the image schemas of part-whole, full-empty, process and force aid the analysis of metaphoricity and how the central metonymic element of the national flag co-constructs the figurative reading of the posters.
... This idea is also supported linguistically. Metonymies function within one semantic concept or domain, as opposed to metaphors which connect distinctive semantic concepts and domains [27,28]. Namely, "what is said is likely cognitively or semantically closer to what is meant in a metonymy than in a metaphor (Michl, 2019, p. 100, [20])", which seems to suggest a systematic difference between metonymies and metaphors. ...
This study investigated the role of working memory capacity (WMC) in metaphoric and metonymic processing in Mandarin–English bilinguals’ minds. It also explored the neural correlations between metaphor and metonymy computations. We adopted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design, which consisted of 21 English dialogic sets of stimuli and 5 conditions: systematic literal, circumstantial literal, metaphor, systematic metonymy, and circumstantial metonymy, all contextualized in daily conversations. Similar fronto-temporal networks were found for the figurative language processing patterns: the superior temporal gyrus (STG) for metaphorical comprehension, and the inferior parietal junction (IPJ) for metonymic processing. Consistent brain regions have been identified in previous studies in the homologue right hemisphere of better WMC bilinguals. The degree to which bilateral strategies that bilinguals with better WMC or larger vocabulary size resort to is differently modulated by subtypes of metonymies. In particular, when processing circumstantial metonymy, the cuneus (where putamen is contained) is activated as higher-span bilinguals filter out irrelevant information, resorting to inhibitory control use. Cingulate gyrus activation has also been revealed in better WMC bilinguals, reflecting their mental flexibility to adopt the subjective perspective of critical figurative items with self-control. It is hoped that this research provides a better understanding of Mandarin–English bilinguals’ English metaphoric and metonymic processing in Taiwan.
... Still, only components of meaning in source domains which remain coherent in target domains are systematically mapped. This hypothesis came to be known as the Invariance Principle (Lakoff & Turner, 1989), and it was later referred to as 'selective projection' in CBT. Though CBT shares many aspects of CMT, the process of meaning construction is more dynamic in CBT due to the fact that conceptual mappings in CBT are not unidirectional, i.e. the aspects of the source domain are not simply projected into the target domain. ...
This study offers a cognitive metaphorical analysis of the events framing the Tunisian Revolution in English and Arabic news discourse between 2010 and 2014. The study addressed two central questions: (1) How has the Tunisian Revolution been metaphorically represented in English and Arabic political news discourse based on the cognitive domain of journey? What are the similarities and differences between the metaphorical representations in the same news discourse? The conceptual integration network emerging in the analysis is single-scope as the two input spaces of journey and revolution were demonstrated to have different organizing frames. Specifically, only the frame of journey is projected to organize the blend. Findings showed that anchoring the concept of revolution to that of journey has created a kind of semantic tension that helped journalists to evoke emotional responses and manipulate the discursive function of metaphors as persuasive tools. Because of the cross-space mappings between journey and revolution, nearly all concepts related to the revolutionary experience proved to
have a counterpart in the journey frame. Equally important, the results of comparing
and contrasting cognitive metaphors in English and Arabic news discourse could offer insights into the way language develops based on a cognitive basis. Therefore, learners of both English and Arabic could access the system governing language learning concerning the formation of semantic networks based on different conceptual frames, thereby enhancing their metaphorical competence. Developing learners’ metaphorical competence would help them in analyzing, reconstructing, and translating diverse textual data.
... The pioneers of the embodied cognition tradition ground abstract human concepts in basic actions and bodily orientations identifying human cognitive activity with constructing metaphors [Lakoff, Johnson 1980;Lakoff 1987;Lakoff, Turner 1989;Lakoff, Johnson 1999; Lakoff, Núñez 2000]. For example, the experience of 'UPNESS' is claimed to be shaped by the specificity of the human body that defines the way it interacts with its environment. ...
The paper addresses the problem created by the gap between Cognitive Linguistics usage-based theoretical commitment and the lack of empirical cognitive research on live communication. Its primary objective is to analyse advanced models of cognition in an attempt to outline basic methodological principles of cognitive analysis of verbal/co-verbal communication and, building on these principles, define the workable units and instruments of such analysis. I propose the key unit of cognitive analysis of verbal/co-verbal communication: an inter-subjective act, i.e. an inter-action including at least two verbal / co-verbal utterances (one initial and the other responsive) embedded in the complex dynamic psychic experiential context ‘shared’ by the communicants focusing attention on the same utterance as a perceptual stimulus. Such perceptual stimulus triggers parallel conscious / nonconscious inference processes involving cognition, volition, and affect to issue a command of a motivated, goal-oriented communicative and/or (immediate or postponed) social action. I also suggest analysing the process of the generation of meaning in communication in terms of inference. An inference is viewed as both a natural emergent product of conscious / nonconscious interplay of volition, cognition, and affect, triggering a communicative and/or social action, and also a tool of discovering this key structure of human psychic experience in cognitive linguistic analysis of communication.
... According to Cameron and Maslen (2010), metaphors are used to "talk about something in terms of something else", which rely on individuals' evaluations, attitudes, perspectives, or beliefs. In cognitive research, the images described through the metaphors communicate an individual's thinking (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and their subconscious thoughts and reasoning (Lakoff & Turner, 1989). The meanings of any metaphor are based on the ability to create a cognitive framework of knowledge and a worldview to reflect what is associated in the minds of individuals without regarding the validity beyond the meaning being conveyed by the metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). ...
Purpose – This paper discusses Chinese students’ negative and positive written feedback about Thai teachers using metaphorical descriptions and the links between it and their classroom experiences.
Methodology – An open-response questionnaire was employed to collect the data from 21 Chinese female students. The questionnaire provided both positive and negative “people” or “thing” metaphors of Thai teachers for students’ selection. In addition, students were allowed to use their own metaphors to describe their teachers. Data was analyzed by using open and axial coding techniques.
Findings – The results revealed that Chinese students were able to compare Thai teachers with either a “person” or “thing” metaphor and could write a metaphorical description that reflected different aspects of their instructors’ teaching, both positively and negatively. The quality of their descriptions was rich enough to link with their classroom learning experiences. Both positive and negative “people” and “thing” metaphorical descriptions were associated with three different viewpoints: academic, power dynamics, and emotion. The positive “people” metaphorical descriptions were linked to four classroom issues: knowledge and experience, teaching style, motivation, and guardian/protector. In contrast, the positive “thing” and negative “people” and “thing” metaphorical descriptions were linked to three classroom issues: knowledge and experience, teaching style, and emotion.
Significance – These findings help to strengthen Thai-Sino understanding of the relationship between Chinese students and Thai teachers. Findings also suggested that Chinese students’ metaphorical feedback should be used with the non-metaphorical assessment form to evaluate and improve Thai teachers’ instructional practices in the Thai-Chinese student exchange curriculum.
... Il existe de nombreuses et excellentes analyses des schémas cognitifs qui motivent la mise en correspondance des métaphores conceptuelles, comme LOVE IS A JOURNEY (Kövecses, 2006), ou ARGUMENT IS WAR (Lakoff et Turner, 1989). Ces études analysent comment des métaphores renforcent la perception et l'expérience d'un domaine-cible en termes de domaines-sources avec lesquels il est associé. ...
... 2) Conceptual metaphor HUMANS ARE ANIMALS (cf. Lakoff and Turner 1989): some aspects of (stereotypical) immigrants are comprehended in terms of some aspects of (stereotypical) parasites (living at the expense of the host and thus damaging it). As can be seen, the Lakoffian metonymic model (Lakoff 1987: 79) seems to be necessary for the metaphor to take place. ...
George Lakoff was the first to postulate a relationship between metonymic phenomena and social stereotypes (1987: 79). In Schmid's view (2002: 293), Lakoffs' idea of stereotype is characterized by the fact that it is strictly connected with the social conventions and beliefs shared within a speech community. There are many studies on political discourse which explore the role of figurative speech in shaping social stereotypes. Most of them though deal mainly with metaphor (cf. Musolff 2004, 2011, 2015; Spieß 2017, 2019). Conversely, the present paper aims at conducting an analysis of the two German expressions Messermänner and Parasiten, with particular reference to the fundamental role of metonymic phenomena in the interaction between metaphoric and metonymic patterns. The abovementioned expressions were used by two Af D politicians to refer to the social category of immigrants. The discussion will highlight differences and commonalities between the two expressions with reference both to metonymic and metaphoric patterns and to their relation to the conceptualization of the "immigrants" in German political discourse. The results will show that, even if in different ways metonymic models play a fundamental role in both expressions in the definition of the negative social stereotype.
... Rather than thinking of metaphor as an extraordinary form of discourse characteristic of literary language, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have shown that metaphor is a fundamental property of everyday language and a powerful cognitive tool for the conceptualization of abstract categories. Image schemas are discussed in Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Turner (1989), and Johnson (1987) and are characterized as recurring basic abstract conceptual structures that occur in our conceptualizations of the world, which play a fundamental role in cognitive semantic processes. ...
... This short analysis is based on the works of: Snaevarr 2010;Sacks 1979;Lakoff and Turner 2009;Kovecses 2002; Black 1972. ...
The dissertation focuses on the construction of the self, in this case the male self. It wishes to understand and analyze different technologies of power that manipulate the subject and render his a self to an ‘I’ with a strong sense of identity. The case study is the book of Ezekiel as a manifesto of power/knowledge process, and as a brick in the adobe of western thinking. The main assumption is that the fundamental building block of (also the biblical) societies is Man and his images. A Man is a ‘Self’ that is caught in an identification process through construction and deconstruction, in an ever-changing discourse that shapes and reshapes myths and produces the ‘correct’ and ‘wrong’ knowledge in order to fulfill a political end. The notion Man exists as something neutral even though it is constantly in the process of identification. Another assumption is that no identity is fixed, and all identities are fluid and are changing as response to political events or to fulfill a political end. In fact, there is no such thing as an identity but a subject trapped in a constant identification process. The main research question is: What is the genealogical theological process of the political subjectivization in the book of Ezekiel? Asked differently: What is the total sum of the technologies of power that are manipulated on the reader and generates the subject who subscribes to the text?
... на разлогу из којег је он завриједио учешће у великом ланцу постојања (в. Lakoff & Turner 1989). Па ипак, поред обиљежјâ непосредно или посредно повезаних с намјеном биљке, одн. ...
Polazeći od kognitivnosemantičkih uvida, kao teorijske osnove, i članaka iz Rečnika srpskog jezika (2011), kao materijala, u radu analiziramo prirodu obilježja koja su prisutna u opisnim definicijama fitonimâ, ali i prirodu obilježja koja su iz tih definicija odsutna u odnosu na botaničke publikacije. Ističući više pozitivne nego negativne uzore semantičke obrade, pomenuta obilježja razvrstavamo na ona koja su usmjerenija enciklopedijskom znanju običnog korisnika (stoga što objašnjavaju namjenu označene biljke, odn. njenog dijela) i ona koja su usmjerenija jezičkom znanju običnog korisnika (stoga što objašnjavaju (tvorbeno) porijeklo date leme, metaforičku upotrebu njene osnovne semanteme, značenje njenih semantema koje se smatraju izvedenim od osnovne i značenje frazeologizama koji uključuju datu lemu). Iz odgovarajućih komentara naposljetku izvodimo metaleksikografske preporuke koje se tiču ove tematske grupe, a mogu da olakšaju, ubrzaju i uopšte unaprijede obradu njenih jedinica u budućim projektima srpske opisne leksikografije.
... The use of metaphor is so widespread that little thought is given to how it is used (Lakoff & Turner 1989:1). However, it is fundamental to everyday life because it is central to the ability to grasp difficult, abstract or less understood concepts. ...
The research question explored in this thesis concerns how globalization affects the missional journey of the Wycliffe Global Alliance (WGA) and how this is influenced by paradigm shift theory applied to the missio Dei. Together, these contribute to a theoretical model for a new paradigm for global mission leadership. The research is conducted through a qualitative enquiry of the journey of WGA. Its journey involves 100+ organizations from over 60 nations. These factors influence how WGA is developing leadership with a global mission mindset.
Unique factors that inform the research and its methodologies include literature reviews, an analysis of WGA’s practices and processes, and case studies from within WGA. These include its missiological consultative processes, as well as a grounded theory investigation of WGA’s leadership team’s personal leadership philosophies. Important concepts that enlighten and enrich the study include: missio Dei and missional, globalization, and paradigm theory. Each contributes to understanding the journey of WGA. Furthermore, the journey is influenced by other ideas including the generous funding of God’s mission; and the influences of spirituality, friendship, community and polycentrism in global mission leadership.
The research draws from broad sources and is presented through missiological and theological perspectives. The findings inform the paradigm, which is described with phrases, concepts and themes derived from the entire research. The paradigm also informs missional movements and organizational structures that can become global in their viewpoint and actions.
... Purposeful events are typically expressed as destinations (i.e., as a Goal) towards which the experiencer is moving along the path of life, as illustrated in a great many linguistic expressions: e.g., 'Let's go ahead with our plans' , 'I doubt if he's getting anywhere in his career' . This metaphorical understanding is enabled by the conceptual metaphors purposes are destinations and life is a journey (see Lakoff & Turner, 1989). The Ego-moving metaphor of time affords such a goal-directed construal vis-à-vis events and, therefore, lends itself to the conceptualization of personal events. ...
When talking about anticipated events, speakers can conceptualize them either as destinations towards which they are moving or as entities moving towards them, which correspond to the Ego- and the Time-moving metaphors, respectively (cf. ‘ We are approaching Christmas ’ and ‘ Christmas is approaching ’). Research in psycholinguistics has shown affective valence, i.e. whether the conceptualized event is perceived as positive or negative, to be one of the factors that modulate metaphor choice; positive anticipation is preferentially associated with Ego-moving expressions, whereas negative anticipation is predominantly associated with Time-moving metaphors. This paper sets out to test if the time-affect association surfaces in naturally-occurring language use when both metaphorical patterns are available. By focusing on the temporal usage of the verb approach , we provide linguistic evidence in favor of such an affective bias in time representations. In addition, the language data point to a semantic preference for a particular type of event (i.e., personal vs social) under each metaphorical pattern. We interpret this finding as preliminary evidence for a possible semantic bias in time representations to be further investigated.
... al., 1994). Las metáforas primarias son pasibles de (re)combinarse, de modo a veces diferenciado según la cultura, y de llegar a constituir ensambles metafóricos (Lakoff y Turner, 1989) que, aunque complejos, son habituales en la vida cotidiana. En este trabajo explicitaremos varios casos de este segundo tipo, i.e. ensambles metafóricos provenientes del material analizado. ...
El paisaje metafórico encarnado en Las teorías del arte Resumen: Este trabajo revela los hallazgos del análisis de las metáforas conceptuales que circulan en la caracterización de las diferentes teorías del arte tal como aparecen en el libro Las teorías del arte (2012), de la filósofa Anne Cauquelin, edición traducida al castellano. El ob-jetivo del análisis es interpretar el rol del pensamiento metafórico anclado o corporeizado en este corpus. Para ello se vincularon dos enfoques: la lingüística cognitiva, en particular en relación con los dominios-origen de las metáforas conceptuales más recurrentes; y la lin-güística sistémico-funcional, particularmente en virtud de la naturaleza discursiva del material analizado. Se realizó una exploración de las macrofunciones textual e ideacional para extraer formas de expresión no literales indicadoras de metáforas conceptuales. Luego, se especificaron sus correspondientes dominio-origen y dominio-destino. De la exploración y especificación de dominios se desprende que las metáforas conceptuales más recurrentes se encuentran puestas al servicio de una descripción espacial (topológica) de las teorías del arte, cuya interpretación está anclada en la experiencia dinámica y encarnada de observar, reco-rrer, ingresar a caminos y paisajes y egresar de ellos. Interpretada como recurso, la metáfora conceptual puede pensarse como un facilitador de la comprensión de las teorías en el libro. Palabras clave: teoría de la metáfora conceptual, discurso artístico, espacialidad, experien-cia encarnada. Abstract: This paper reveals the findings of the analysis of conceptual metaphors in the characterization of the different theories of art, as they appear in Las teorías del arte (2012), in its Spanish version, by the philosopher Anne Cauquelin. The objective of this analysis is to interpret the role of anchored or embodied metaphorical thought in this corpus. To that end, two approaches were connected: cognitive linguistics, particularly in relation to source domains of the most recurrent metaphors, and systemic-functional linguistics, particularly in virtue of the discursive nature of the material analyzed. The textual and ideational macro-functions were explored, with the aim of extracting non-literal forms of expression that were indicative of conceptual metaphors. Then, their corresponding source and target domains were specified. From this exploration and specification of domains, it follows that the most recurrent conceptual metaphors serve the spatial (topological) description of theories of art, whose interpretation is anchored in the dynamic and embodied experience of observing, walking about, going in and out of paths and landscapes. Interpreted as a resource, conceptual metaphor can be thought of as a facilitator of the comprehension of the theories in this book.
... 587-603). The field of cognitive linguistics (CL) was pioneered by Lakoff (1987;Lakoff & Kövecses, 1987), Johnson (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, Turner (Lakoff & Turner, 1989), Gibbs (1994) and Kövecses (1990) in the 1980s and early 1990s. It is an approach to the study of language that has mostly "focused on semantics, but a significant proportion also is devoted to syntax and morphology, and there has been cognitive linguistic research into other areas of linguistics such as language acquisition, phonology and historical linguistics" (Croft & Cruse, 2004, p. 1). ...
This paper aims to present results of a follow-up study to a two-year project
sponsored by the European Union (TÁMOP 3.1.9), whose overall aim was to devel-
op English diagnostic tests for Hungarian children in grades one to six. The ultimate
aim of the project was to improve EFL teachers’ assessment practice in the early
language learning classroom. This qualitative, exploratory case study was conducted
to demonstrate EFL teachers’ assessment practices in lower primary schools in Hungary.
... Cognitive Linguistics proposes similar but not identical models. Most proposals use Idealized Cognitive Models, graph-like maps representing sense networks of single vocabulary items (e.g., Lakoff, 1987;Lakoff and Turner 1989;Gibbs 1994;Tyler and Evans, 2003;Glynn 2012Glynn , 2014Evans, 2015). A prototypical sense (e.g., "enclosure") can be refined via the addition of further senses (e.g., "enclosure and support"). ...
The goal of this paper is to offer an overview of polysemy patterns in Mandarin’s chief spatial categories: prepositions (e.g., zai) and simple and compound localisers (respectively, qian and qian-mian). The paper presents data from an elicitation study that shows how speakers can access multiple senses and hyponymy relations for the vocabulary items belonging to these categories. The paper shows that while prepositions can potentially cover different spatial relations in the opportune context (e.g., zai “at”), localisers select increasingly specific senses (e.g., qian “front” and qian-mian “front side”). The paper also shows how speakers can access hyponym-like sense relations emerging from these patterns (e.g., qian-bian covering a more specific sense than qian). Semantic dimensions such as “distance” and “location type” determine the strength of these hyponymy relations. The paper offers an account of these data based on the “semantics maps” model, which captures polysemy and hyponymy patterns via the clusters of locations they refer to. It is shown that this novel model is consistent with previous works on the polysemy of spatial categories and sheds light on how Mandarin offers a unique organisation of this domain.
... In Arabic and English, snake also refers to a treacherous or deceitful person. The animal metaphor is an aggravated insult, given (i) the direction of conceptualization, from a lower frame to a higher one (Kӧvecses 2010) in the basic Great Chain of Being (Lakoff and Turner 1989), and (ii) the negative cultural associations with the particular animal depicted (Demjén and Hardaker 2016;Haslam et al. 2011). For Leech, the use of insulting animal metaphors as such is a case of taboo language, and hence is considered as face attack. ...
This paper is meant to give an account of multimodal (im)politeness in political cartoons, drawing primarily on critical discourse studies (CDS) (in particular, Teun van Dijk’s notion of “context models” and Paul Chilton’s concept of “critical discourse moments”), blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner 2002), and speech act theory (especially Geoffrey Leech’s most recent revisions of Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson’s notions of negative and positive face). There is of course an abundant literature on blending theory, but the potential of this theory for analysing face-enhancing or face-threatening multimodal discourse has not been fully realised. It is shown that political cartoons can exemplify not only face attack but also face enhancement, and that blending theory can contribute to the comprehending and critique of sociopolitical action or linguistic and nonlinguistic forms of control that may operate in the world. The article thus demonstrates the value that results from merging critical cognitive linguistics and sociopragmatics.
... They further highlight that schema refers to an element of background knowledge about a particular aspect of the world and state that there is schema for people, objects as in for example a football supporters" football team schema may be developed if the team in question acquires a new player. Cognitive Metaphor Theory Jeffries and Mclntyre (2010, p.138) believe that one of the most influential aspects of cognitive stylistics has been cognitive metaphor theory, developed initially by Johnson (1980), Turner (1987) and Lakoff and Turner (1989). According to Jeffries and Mclntyre (2010), the theory was subsequently developed by, amongst others, Semino et al. (2004), Crisp (2002), Steen (2007 and Semino (2008). ...
... The possible answer to this question is one of the bases for disarticulating the objective utopia and speaking, in interdisciplinary terms, of a topological objectivity promoted by the dialogue between science and art, seeking the principles of autonomy, singularity and creativity in science [42]. This cooperation seeks a fruitful metaphorical vision useful for scientific knowledge [43,44] and makes music and its methods of analysis suitable cognitive instruments for other realities not specifically musical [45,46]. ...
Vaccines are the most effective preventive intervention to reduce the impact of infectious diseases worldwide. In particular, tick-borne diseases represent a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide and vaccines are the most effective and environmentally sound approach for the control of vector infestations and pathogen transmission. However, the development of effective vaccines for the control of tick-borne diseases with combined vector-derived and pathogen-derived antigens is one of the limitations for the development of effective vaccine formulations. Quantum biology arise from findings suggesting that living cells operate under non-trivial features of quantum mechanics, which has been proposed to be involved in DNA mutation biological process. Then, the electronic structure of the molecular interactions behind peptide immunogenicity led to quantum immunology and based on the definition of the photon as a quantum of light, the immune protective epitopes were proposed as the immunological quantum. Recently, a quantum vaccinomics approach was proposed based on the characterization of the immunological quantum to further advance the design of more effective and safe vaccines. In this chapter, we describe methods of the quantum vaccinomics approach based on proteins with key functions in cell interactome and regulome of vector–host–pathogen interactions for the identification by yeast two-hybrid screen and the characterization by in vitro protein–protein interactions and musical scores of protein interacting domains, and the characterization of conserved protective epitopes in protein interacting domains. These results can then be used for the design and production of chimeric protective antigens.
The study of figurative language becomes the interest of many cognitive stylisticians in 20th
century, and it reaches its greatest intensity, specifically the study of metaphor in relation with cognitive and
mental processes. People make use of different types of devices to convey their messages, including metaphor.
Cognitive stylistics is an important method used to show the supreme of ambiguity of literary texts. In addition,
it concentrates on the process of reading to explicate meaning. Metaphors of love have not been studied
sufficiently from a cognitive stylistic perspective particularly in Keats' poetry. Therefore, the current study
attempts find, how are the conceptual metaphors of love manifested in John Keats' poetry? That is, are the
metaphorical conceptualization of love influenced by the cognitive processes? What are the functions and
emotional effects of conceptual metaphors of love in John Keats' poetry? Hence, the present study aims at
exploring the different conceptual metaphors of love in Keats' poetry. Besides, it attempts to show the
relationship between language, cognition, emotion and style in understanding the metaphorical concepts of love.
It also sheds light on the influence of certain cognitive processes and emotive effects in identifying these
conceptual metaphors. A qualitative descriptive method is adopted to analyse different metaphorical concepts of
love. In addition, the present study is a cognitive stylistics which is based on a multi-model application of two
theories (Cognitive stylistics and Emotion stylistics) that are utilized as a device to apply Lakoff and Johnson's
theory (1980) the Conceptual Metaphor (CM). In sum, the study finds out the relation between language,
cognition and emotion in comprehending the different types of metaphorical concepts and their stylistic effects.
It also shows that metaphor is not only used as a figure of speech, but also as a matter of thought that can be
understood and interpreted through certain cognitive processes. It also reveals that cognitive and mental
processes such as thought, attention, perception all have an important role in identifying different metaphors.
Key Words: Cognitive stylistics, Emotion stylistics, Conceptual metaphor, love and literary tex
Gemäß der geläufigen Definition der Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) besteht eine Metapher aus dem Mapping einer bekannten Quelldomäne auf eine unbekannte Zieldomäne. Im Falle des Untersuchungsgegenstandes des Sonderforschungsbereichs (SFB) „Metaphern der Religion“ handelt es sich bei der unbekannten Zieldomäne um den Bereich der Religion. Der vorliegende Beitrag thematisiert zwei mit diesem Ansatz verbundene Fragen, nämlich, was eine Metapher im religiösen Bereich auszeichnet und wie das Verhältnis von Metapher und Metonymie zu verstehen ist. Zu diesem Zweck wird auf die linguistische Unterscheidung von Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik sowie auf die Peirce’sche Semiotik mit der Unterscheidung von Ikon, Index und Symbol zurückgegriffen. Mit diesem theoretischen Instrumentarium wird das Fallbespiel „Der Herr ist mein Hirte“ analysiert, mit dem Psalm 23 der Hebräischen Bibel beginnt. Im Ergebnis wird erstens deutlich, dass die religiöse Unterscheidung zwischen absoluter Transzendenz und relativer Immanenz im semiotisch rekonstruierten Vorgang des Mappings vermittelt wird. Zweitens ist anhand der Analyse zu erkennen, dass Symbole Metaphern sowohl zugrunde liegen als auch durch Metaphern freigesetzt werden. Zudem bergen Symbole metonymische und metaphorische Anteile, die mit verschiedener Gewichtung sprachlich entfaltet werden können.
Water Stories in the Anthropocene explores how climate change has emerged as a major theme in our daily lives as it poses a myriad of economic, scientific, political and cultural challenges in the age of the Anthropocene. In all its forms and manifestations, climate change is primarily a water crisis. Water scarcity, droughts, floods, deluge, rising sea levels, ice melting, wetlands loss and sea pollution are among the main threats posed by climate change, wreaking havoc on both human and nonhuman forms of life. This book engages with instances of extreme events related to water (droughts, floods, deluges) and the impact of climate change on some waterbodies (seas and wetlands) in contemporary Anglophone novels. By taking into account a corpus of novels ranging from the various areas of the Anglophone world, and thus shuttling between the Global North and the Global South, the book reads these novels as "water stories." This volume pays attention to the pervasive presence of water in all aspects of our lives, thus showing how narratives can offer insightful accounts of the present water crisis. Alternating between an econarratological perspective, reflections on the Anthropocene and the human/nonhuman imbrications within the blue humanities, the book contributes significantly to the considerations of the imaginative possibilities of these water stories, showing how narratives can offer insightful accounts of the present water crisis.
Background
Metaphors are ubiquitous in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) thinking.
Objective
This study focuses on the cognitive mechanism for combining TCM theories with conceptual metaphorical theories and analyzes how TCM explains its theories through metaphor.
Materials and Methods
Metaphorical thinking of TCM (MTT) is explicitly defined as a proper integration of many key concepts in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine, such as “correspondence between man and the universe,” “Yin-Yang and five-phase doctrines,” “Xiang-based analogy and categorization,” “syndrome differentiation and treatment,” “theory of visceral manifestation,” and “six climate exopathogens and seven emotions.”
Results
Three essential features of MTT are proposed: double mapping structures, including simple and categorization styles; double thinking centers, including entity-based and process-based thinking patterns; and double operational functions, including descriptive and inferential functions.
Conclusions
Analysis of the complicated features of MTT is helpful not only for enriching the study of metaphors but also for revealing the original appearance of TCM, the real meaning of TCM theories, and providing a new way to develop TCM.
PENDAHULUAN Bahasa itu dinamis, ia selalu berkembang mengikuti perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan. Karenanya, ekspresi-ekspresi linguistik yang relevan dengan sebuah masa akan lebih laku dibanding dengan ekspresi-ekspresi linguistik yang tidak begitu/kurang relevan. Tak terkecuali metafora. Sebagai sebuah gaya berbahasa, metafora-metafora baru seringkali muncul mengiringi sebuah masa yang baru. Metafora baru ini merupakan ekspresi-ekspresi linguistik yang sebelumnya tidak atau jarang digunakan. Dalam teori semantik kognitif dikatakan bahwa metafora-metafora baru sebenarnya tidak berasal dari konseptualisasi yang baru. Thibodeau dan Durgin (2008) telah membuktikan bahwa pemahaman pengguna bahasa terhadap metafora-metafora baru ini dibantu oleh metafora-metafora lama atau metafora-metafora yang sudah ada. Dengan kata lain, kemunculan ekspresi-ekspresi linguistik metaforis baru ini pada dasarnya berasal dari sebuah konseptualisasi yang sebelumnya sudah ada. Fenomena kemunculan metafora-metafora baru tentu saja juga terjadi pada masa pandemi Covid-19 yang berlangsung lebih dari satu tahun terakhir. Bahasa, tentu saja, turut andil dalam hiruk-pikuk manusia di masa pandemi tersebut. Terkait hal ini, hasil penelitian
This study examined the metaphor of love conceptualization in English and Arabic emotional songs. It aimed to contrastively analyze the construct of the love metaphor in the two languages based on the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff (1987, 1993), Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and Turner and Lakoff (1989). Content analysis was applied to analyze a corpus of 200 songs was randomly chosen for various Arab and English singers, and all these songs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The study found that the conceptualization of the love metaphor is common in both English and Arabic. Also, 19 themes of love metaphor representation have been revealed. Structural metaphor topped other types of metaphor in which the themes of journey, magic, madness, and unity were found to be used most. Moreover, love as a nutrient, person, and captive had more occurrences in ontological metaphor. However, English songs have cited very limited cases of orientational metaphor, Arabic songs have not had any cases which might be contributed to the rarity of using place prepositions to reflect someone’s orientation. Arabic songs have emphasized the themes of fluid, fire, and place compared to the English songs that have highlighted the themes of magic, madness, war, and game.
Our need to understand is so great that we find it impossible to regard Beckett's plays other than in terms of metaphor and black humour. The great wonder is how Beckett's plays, with their absolute linguistic precision, could be translated at all. This book focuses on Beckett's use and translation of metaphor and it is meant to prove that Beckett's bilingualism helped him in almost perfectly rendering his own plays both in English and French.
Conceptual metaphors have received much attention in research on discourse about infectious diseases in recent years. Most studies found that conceptual metaphors of war dominate media discourse about disease. Similarly, a great deal of research has been undertaken on the new coronavirus, i.e., COVID-19, especially in the English news discourse as opposed to other languages. The present study, in contrast, analyses the conceptual metaphors used in COVID-19 discourse in French-language newspapers. The study explored the linguistic metaphors used in COVID-19 discourse in these newspapers and conceptual metaphors that underlie and motivate them, using a conceptual metaphor theory framework (CMT). Therefore, two North African French-language newspapers, namely Libération, published in Morocco, and La Presse de Tunisie, published in Tunisia, formed the corpus of the current study. The results showed that the most frequent framing of COVID-19 was in terms of WAR, followed by DISASTER and KILLER, respectively.
The present study focuses on multimodal conceptual metaphors with the TRUMP-PRESIDENT target domain in Twitter-based political memes. The source and target domains of such metaphorical memes are cued (exclusively or partially) in visual and verbal semiotic modes where verbal texts anchor the images guiding their interpretation. Expressing a strong critical stance, the analysed memes are designed to elicit negative inferences and emotional attitudes.
The issue of violent extremism has attracted media and policy attention all over the world, particularly after widely reported terrorist attacks. Extensive research and analysis as well as conferences and government projects have been dedicated to understanding the drivers of violent extremism and providing recommendations for what is known as "CVE" (countering violent extremism). This paper addresses the problem of extremism and terrorism from a different perspective. It covers research from before as well as after 9/11 and analyses a situation in which militants were forcibly kidnapped and then manipulated into becoming brutal executioners. Finding the "keys to perception" has been and remains a goal for all those who wish to manipulate, e.g., voters, their opponents, sponsors, and supporters. The case of Joseph Kony, the charismatic leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, is worth considering in this context, as he managed to change the perceptual filters of many stakeholders, also those not directly related to his activities. The answer to the question of what irrational levers were used to achieve this goal may add much to the discussion, also in relation to other violent extremist groups including the so-called Islamic State, Boko Haram, or Al-Shabaab.
This chapter presents in more detail a contemporary of both Saussure and Chomsky: Mikhail Bakhtin, whose proto-pragmatism sets the scene for a consideration of the contemporary study of pragmatics—language in context. We have attempted to read the work of Bakhtin and his colleagues in a manner free of the Marxist, Christian, semiotic, and poststructuralist prejudices that have led many to misread and appropriate his stunningly original contributions to the study of language. We then turn to the rich pragmatic and cognitive trends in language study that most closely adhere to, derive from, and develop in parallel ways to Bakhtin’s approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on the theory of relevance proposed by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson. It is this concept of language as a cognitive tool employed by embodied human agents that, as we suggest, is most useful to literary scholars.
The present study aims at finding interpretations for some inquiries in the field of encyclopedic semantics. It is an academic reflection of language exchange between English and Arabic which is one of the most prevalent interests of the recent cognitive linguistic researches. Particularly, it analyzes the way culture-specific words of two different languages can comparatively be understood. The single-method is adopted for the methodological approach of the study. The data collection is conducted according to a content analysis by extracting some CSWs that are referred to in some comparative culture-specific studies of English and Arabic. It is found that (1) there can be more than one domain matrix for equivalent CSWs; (2) the exact comparison between CSWs lies in the profile-base organization (3) the two or multi-dimensional domains are configurational; (4) the culture-specific standards locate the diversity between the domain matrixes of equivalent CSWs. Some key conclusions to draw is that (1) the domain matrix of a CSW depends on to the culture-specific norms; (2) the distinctive point of the tripartite (profile, base and concept) is the profile rather than the base; (3) image-schematic domains indicate the object material domains; (4) culture-specific norms are affected by religious and historical factors which control the inventory knowledge for the CSWs.
Assuming that based on the conceptual metaphor theory, the foundation of human thought is metaphorical and language is considered as just one of the representations of conceptual metaphors, one should be able to detect conceptual metaphors in fixed and moving images, sounds, music and etc. In the present study, based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) and also Forceville's (2006, 2008) multimodal theory of metaphor, the metaphorical conceptualizations of The Salesman are studied. To this end, the linguistic and non-linguistic representations of conceptual metaphors are investigated in the different scenes of the present work.The findings show that metaphorical conceptualizations have been widely used in the film. Some of the metaphors like THE SALESMAN AS DEATH OF A SALESMAN PLAY or TEHRAN AS NEW YORK portray the whole story of the film and represent the same social conditions of both societies. Some other metaphors like EMAD AS MASH HASAN or EMAD AS ANIMAL are used for the film characterization.
Critical stylistics denotes a division of applied linguistics engendered at University of Huddersfield and expanded by Lesley Jeffries (2019) to furnish the lost link called (ideology) between stylistics and critical discourse analysis. Equivocation is a mode of speech adopted when the speaker wishes to avoid a direct answer to a question but he is unwilling to resort to tell a lie.
The study , therefore, aims at achieving the following: (1) Finding out the linguistic structure of the sermons; (2) Identifying the stylistic tools used in these sermons; (3) Exploring the ideology or ideologies behind the texts analyzed; (4) Finding out the most prevailing stylistic tools preachers prefer to use their sermons; (5) Numerating the types of equivocation used in these sermons ; (6) ; Pinpointing the functions of equivocation sought by preachers (7) Determining the frequently employed equivocation type(s) and functions;(8) Developing a critical stylistic model for analyzing sermons.
Consequently, it is hypothesized that: (1) the chosen texts are linguistically arranged in three stages: the introduction, the main and the concluding with a number of sub-stages for each;(2) there are a set of tools by which ideology can be detected such as naming, equating, contrasting, prioritizing and metaphors; (3) there is an ideology or ideologies behind the analyzed religious texts analyzed (4) the most dominant category is naming and describing and since nominal form represents an ideology in itself and prioritizing in which information structure is represented finally, i.e., it is a usual way to shed the attention of the audience; (5) equivocation includes lexical, structural and non- verbal; lexical and structural are dealt with in this study; (6) equivocation is used to achieve certain functions, i.e., (7) lexical equivocation is the frequently used type and "evasion and rhetorical effects are
VII
the most used type ;(8) a model is developed in the present study to analyze four American sermons qualitatively and quantitatively by means of some statistical tools.
The present study has arrived at a variety of conclusions, the most essential of which is that American preachers deploy the same phases and sub-phases to accomplish the preaching process but with different frequencies of use for the stylistic tools due to the effect of different elements. Additionally, the preachers utilize religiosity to deliver their messages in addition to other ideologies such as racism, globalism…etc.
The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the problem, aims , hypotheses, procedure, limits, and value of the study. Chapter Two deals with a common overview of stylistics and critical stylistics. Chapter Three sheds light on religious discourse. Chapter Four is devoted to the analysis of four American sermons. Chapter Five sums up the most important conclusions arrived at.
Historical analysis confirms that immigrants are poorly-rated in most societies. Their position in Finland does not seem to be any different compared to other countries, although Finland is ranked globally as the happiest country. Finnish statutory law ensures the legal rights of citizens regardless of their origin; however, immigrants must face a number of challenges caused by a lack of societal recognition from native Finns. The study explains ‘social justice’ from a theoretical point of view, applying the concept of experiences provided by Renault. Additionally, the study determines the key obstacles faced by immigrants in Finland and searches for suitable practical approaches to improve their status in the society. We argue that the historical consequences of the real facts on migration in Finland are that immigrants are struggling to establish their identities, which then leads to a complex phenomenon of understating their social status. We have applied the Renault concept of experiences of injustice to understand immigrants’ social position and its influences on their settlement in Finland. The principles of this research can equally create sense and trust in public and private-public institutions, as well as promote transparency and conscious equitable treatment towards immigrants alongside other minority groups.
Un aspecto que se viene discutiendo en el ámbito de los estudios literarios es la dimensión argumentativa de algunos textos poéticos. El propósito de este artículo es reconocer y analizar la estructura argumentativa de algunos poemas de Blanca Varela en Valses y otras falsas confesiones (1972), por ejemplo, “Vals del ángelus”. La idea es segmentar el poema de Varela tomando en cuenta el exordio, la argumentación y la peroración final; luego distinguir las provincias figurales ligadas a técnicas argumentativas a partir de los enfoques de Giovanni Bottiroli, Chaïm Perelman y Lucien Olbrechts-Tyteca. Por último, se trata de enlazar la estructura argumentativa del texto poético con la perspectiva de Walter Benjamin para poner de relieve cómo Varela cuestiona la invisibilización de la mujer en el mundo contemporáneo.
The present study explores (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy in Twitter-based Internet memes featuring Donald Trump, focusing both on the patterns of conceptual interaction of metaphor and metonymy and their socio-pragmatic potential to influence Internet users. The results of the study reveal four types of (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy employed in the analyzed Internet memes. The types are differentiated in accordance with the complexity of the metaphoric source: metaphtonymy with a simple metaphoric source, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by simple metonymy, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by metonymic chain, and metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by radial metonymy. In all the four types, the metaphoric target is structured by metonymic amalgam – a metonymic complex in which metonymies that are based on different ICMs merge due to the association of contiguity that is relevant in the current communicative and social/political context. Besides metonymic amalgam, the study introduces the notion of radial metonymy – a metonymic complex that emerges when one metonymic source gives access to several metonymic targets. We argue that the analyzed metaphtonymies rest on conceptual incongruity created to trigger negative evaluative inferences and emotional responses to shape Trump’s image.
This chapter is dedicated to theoretical and methodological issues, among them the concept of language myth, the composition of the corpus examined in the study, the selection of linguistic phenomena to be analyzed, and the theoretical foundations of the study in Cognitive Linguistics and discourse analysis. While keywords and collocations will play an important role in the quantitative analysis of the corpus, metaphors and, to a lesser extent, metonymies will be the focus of the analysis given their particular contribution to the discursive construction of language(s) and bilingualism in the corpus texts, and their heuristic function both in language myths and in scientific theory-building.
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that infect domestic animals, humans, and wildlife. Ticks can transmit a wide range of pathogens (viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, parasites, etc.), and some of those are of zoonotic importance. Tick-borne diseases have a negative economic impact in several tropical and subtropical countries. With climate change, tick distribution and tick-associated pathogens have increased. Currently, tick control procedures have more environmental drawbacks and there are pitfalls in vaccination process. Since vaccinations have helped to prevent several diseases and infections, several vaccination trials are ongoing to control ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, autoimmune reactions to vaccinations are reported as an adverse reaction since vaccines were used to protect against disease in humans and animals. The antibodies against the vaccine antigen might harm similar antigen in the host. Therefore, in this chapter, we attempt to shed light on the importance of raising awareness of possible adverse events associated with vaccinations and the methods that should be used to address this problem. In silico and lab work should be performed ahead of the vaccination process to evaluate the vaccine candidates and avoid the vaccination opposing consequences.
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