Content uploaded by Jeromy Anglim
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jeromy Anglim on Jul 06, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Personality and problematic smartphone use: A facet-level analysis using the Five Factor Model and HEXACO frameworks
Abstract
Problematic smartphone use can be defined as compulsive use that leads to impaired daily functioning in terms of productivity, social relationships, physical health, or emotional well-being. The current study provides a comprehensive assessment of how the broad and narrow traits of the HEXACO and Five Factor Models of personality predict problematic smartphone use. A sample of Australian adults (n = 393, 79% female; mean age = 24.4, SD = 7.1) completed the 300-item IPIP NEO and the 200-item HEXACO-PI-R, along with measures of general and problematic smartphone use. Participants reported high levels of problematic smartphone use. Problematic smartphone use was positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with conscientiousness. Facet-level analysis highlighted the importance of several facets including impulsiveness, vulnerability, and anxiety as positive correlates and dutifulness, competence, self-discipline, and deliberation as negative correlates of problematic smartphone use. In the HEXACO framework, honesty-humility, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness all showed moderate negative correlations with problematic smartphone use, and emotionality was positively correlated with problematic smartphone use. Regression models indicated that narrow traits provide modest incremental prediction of problematic use. Overall, the study highlights the importance of personality traits for understanding predispositions to engage in problematic smartphone use.
... For example, along with the multiple features and access opportunities smartphones offer with internet technologies, they are also included in the technology group that causes unwanted situations due to excessive use (Busch & McCarthy, 2021). When users have difficulty controlling their use of smartphones, these devices cause problems, thus deteriorating their functionality (Bae, 2017;Busch & McCarthy, 2021;Herrero et al., 2019;Horwood & Anglim, 2018). Problematic smartphone use has been identified by many authors in the contemporary literature as a specific type of online addiction (I. ...
... Problematic smartphone use has been identified by many authors in the contemporary literature as a specific type of online addiction (I. H. Chen, Strong, et al., 2020;Horwood & Anglim, 2018;Montag et al., 2021). However, evidence also suggests that problematic smartphone use is associated with social media addiction, especially because social media use is primarily performed on smartphones (I. ...
... Therefore, it can be asserted that the number of scientific studies on this subject ( has increased since it has been visibly noticed that smartphones, which have increased prevalence among adolescents, have caused negative consequences rather than benefits (Busch & McCarthy, 2021;Sahu et al., 2019). Smartphone usage in the younger age groups increases the addiction levels of individuals who are just beginning to develop their self-control competencies and causes significant adverse effects on them at advancing ages (Bae, 2017;Herrero et al., 2019;Horwood & Anglim, 2018). China is at the forefront of the countries where studies on SA of adolescents have been conducted. ...
Today, adolescents tend to accept smartphones more quickly than adults and spend more time with these devices since they are members of the first generation born and living in environments where smartphones and the internet are common. However, when they use smartphones excessively and become addicted to smartphones, this may cause them to suffer from various psychological, emotional, and physical health problems from an early age. Therefore, this study systematically examines the articles on smartphone addiction in adolescents. For this purpose, the related articles were screened using the Web of Science database and 188 studies by the search criteria were subjected to a systematic review. In this sense, methodological tendencies, variables and main findings of the studies included in the present study were examined. This study revealed that the quantitative research method was primarily used. The studies mainly investigated smartphone use, social relations, demographic characteristics, depression, personal characteristics, and sleep variables. Moreover, the studies were primarily conducted in China, and large sample groups were preferred. The factors that triggered the smartphone addiction of adolescents were family problems, and especially females were more addicted to smartphones than males. Moreover, smartphone addiction causes depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and decreased academic achievement in adolescents. Finally, various suggestions were presented based on the findings of this study.
... With regard to the users' adoption and usage of the video games and the extent of Facebook engagement, Honesty-Humility was not found to have any significant impact on the Behavioral Intention [38] [39]. In another case, lower scores across this trait were found to have significantly strong relationships with the Behavioral Intention to engage with internet, smartphone, cloud apps and gaming apps given their "addictive" stances [40] [41 [42]. Therefore, keeping the "positive" stance in mind, it is anticipated that the Behavioral Intention to adopt and use OGD should be more for users scoring "high" across this trait (H10A_1-H10A_9 -indirect effect; H10B_1-H10B_9 -moderating effect). ...
... As regards Agreeableness, it has been clinched that it has positive impact on the Effort Expectancy-Behavioral Intention relationship, especially for the males, in the case of desktop video-conferencing (DVC) adoption and usage by the students [47] as also on the Social Influence-Behavioral Intention relationship in the case of online stocking [42]. It has been found to have strongly positive impact on the Behavioral Intention to adopt and use office/editing and cloud apps [39] but was found to have no impact in the case of the web-based classroom technological system [25]. ...
... Low conscientiousness scores were associated with a strongly positive influence on the Performance Expectancy-Behavioral Intention relationship [43] but high conscientiousness scores were associated with a strongly negative influence on the Social Influence-Behavioral Intention relationship [42]. For OGD users, it is anticipated that being systematic, logical and methodical is pertinent to engage in activities like data analysis, data linking and data visualization. ...
Open Government Data (OGD) research has focused for a long on the adoption and usage from the perspectives of users across different contexts. The underlying rationale for this specific focus is that OGD initiatives are undertaken to further citizen engagement with OGD for value generation and innovation purposes. Conceding that usage propensity is different across individuals, it is important to understand the influence of personality traits vis-à-vis OGD adoption and usage. Given that OGD has been regarded as a sophisticated "technology" and the role of personality traits has been considered as important in the adoption and usage of "technologies" in general, therefore, the present study contributes to the extant OGD-focused literature from a novel dimension. The study invokes the adapted model of the Unified Theory of Technology Adoption and Use (UTAUT) alongside the HEXACO-100 inventory constructs for studying the relationships between the constructs with a sample of 530 respondents. The results demonstrate that higher user Openness to Experience contributes to their higher Effort and Performance Expectancy; exposure to Social Influence; an increased level of Trust; and a more positive perception of Facilitating Conditions and Information
... Concerning PMPU, there is a considerable confusion in the current terminologies. Some authors defined PMPU as the recurrent craving to use a smartphone in a way that is difficult to control and leads to impaired daily functioning (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018). PMPU has been also defined as a compulsive pattern, i.e. an uncontrollable overuse characterised by maladaptive dependency (Chen et al. 2017), and a tendency to use the smartphone without being separated from it (Cho and Lee 2017)of smartphone usage which can result in negative consequences, i.e. symptoms such as withdrawal, and impeded user productivity, social relationships, physical health or emotional well-being in daily life (Horwood and Anglim 2018;Shin and Dey 2013) that impair the daily functioning of the user (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018;Lepp, Li, and Barkley 2016;Shin and Dey 2013). ...
... Some authors defined PMPU as the recurrent craving to use a smartphone in a way that is difficult to control and leads to impaired daily functioning (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018). PMPU has been also defined as a compulsive pattern, i.e. an uncontrollable overuse characterised by maladaptive dependency (Chen et al. 2017), and a tendency to use the smartphone without being separated from it (Cho and Lee 2017)of smartphone usage which can result in negative consequences, i.e. symptoms such as withdrawal, and impeded user productivity, social relationships, physical health or emotional well-being in daily life (Horwood and Anglim 2018;Shin and Dey 2013) that impair the daily functioning of the user (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018;Lepp, Li, and Barkley 2016;Shin and Dey 2013). Some other scholars have conceptualised PMPU as a behavioural addiction, i.e. a condition similar to other forms of addictions such as gambling or Internet addiction, as it can similarly lead to uncontrolled use, craving, withdrawal symptoms and anxiety when not available (Bian and Leung 2015;Billieux 2012;Jun 2016;Seo, Kim, and David 2015). ...
... Some authors defined PMPU as the recurrent craving to use a smartphone in a way that is difficult to control and leads to impaired daily functioning (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018). PMPU has been also defined as a compulsive pattern, i.e. an uncontrollable overuse characterised by maladaptive dependency (Chen et al. 2017), and a tendency to use the smartphone without being separated from it (Cho and Lee 2017)of smartphone usage which can result in negative consequences, i.e. symptoms such as withdrawal, and impeded user productivity, social relationships, physical health or emotional well-being in daily life (Horwood and Anglim 2018;Shin and Dey 2013) that impair the daily functioning of the user (Ezoe et al. 2009;Horwood and Anglim 2018;Lepp, Li, and Barkley 2016;Shin and Dey 2013). Some other scholars have conceptualised PMPU as a behavioural addiction, i.e. a condition similar to other forms of addictions such as gambling or Internet addiction, as it can similarly lead to uncontrolled use, craving, withdrawal symptoms and anxiety when not available (Bian and Leung 2015;Billieux 2012;Jun 2016;Seo, Kim, and David 2015). ...
... Akıllı telefonu aşırı kullanan gruplarda durumluk kaygı, sürekli kaygı ve depresyonun normal kullanım grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğuna dair kanıtlar sağlanmıştır (Geng, Gu, Wang ve Zhang, 2021;Vahedi ve Saiphoo, 2018). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiyi irdeleyen çalışmalar ise bu iki bağlam arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişkiyi ortaya koymakta (Chen ve Li, 2017;Kayis, Satıcı, Deniz, Satıcı ve Griffiths, 2021) ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığının iyi oluş için olumsuz bir yordayıcı olduğunu belgelemektedir (Horwood ve Anglim, 2018) ...
... The FFM identifies conscientiousness as a fundamental personality trait [62], whereby individuals high in conscientiousness are often diligent, reliable, organized, and committed to their work responsibilities. The HEXACO model is an extension of the FFM that also includes a dimension called dutifulness, which emphasizes integrity, responsibility, and a willingness to fulfill obligations [63]. In the theory of work-related values [64], dutifulness aligns with the "conformity" value, the belief in following rules, fulfilling obligations, and maintaining order in the workplace. ...
This study is aimed at identifying the structure and traits of college counselors’ professional personality. Following existing methodology in conducting face-to-face and open-ended interviews, specialist evaluations, and a literature review, we develop a pilot test questionnaire measuring college counselors’ professional personality traits (79 questions) based on salient data collected from a random sample of 2372 university/college students across China. We also conduct explorative factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to construct the formal “scale for college counselors’ professional personality traits” (SCCPPT, 45 terms) using SPSS 20.0 and LISREL 8.80 software. The results show that this scale features a second-order, 5-factor structure covering the following five dimensions of professional personality: dutifulness, loyalty, affinity, dedication, and innovation. The findings indicate that the reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) of these five factors ranges from 0.741 to 0.952 and that their validity is supported. Identifying their professional personality enables college counselors to have a more sustainable career and promote the faster growth and higher quality development of students, and the SCCPPT can be used as a measurement tool, supporting research on college counselors’ professional personality. Thus, this study expands both the theoretical and practical literature concerning professional personality traits. It can also provide a novel perspective, which can help global educators understand Chinese higher education; it is also a reference with international implications for professional groups of student affair administrators or instructors.
... These terms include smartphone addiction (24), smartphone overuse (25), and problematic smartphone use (26). In the identified literature, there is currently no exact distinction among these terms (27), and most studies use the terms smartphone addiction and excessive smartphone interchangeably. Therefore, we do not differentiate between smartphone addiction and smartphone overuse and use the definition of smartphone addiction to describe the phenomenological problem of addiction to smartphones. ...
Background
Despite the fact that an increasing number of older adults are addicted to smartphones, the existing addiction literature still focuses primarily on adolescents. To address this issue, this study draws from the perspectives of subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict to examine older adults’ smartphone addiction based on their key characteristics.
Methods
This study investigates the effects of subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict on older adults’ smartphone addiction through a survey of 371 subjects in China.
Results
The results show that subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict affect older adults’ smartphone addiction through a sense of alienation. In addition, older adults’ perceived power moderates the relationship between alienation and smartphone addiction.
Discussion
This study offers new perspectives on the study of smartphone addiction from the perspective of older adults, and sheds light on how to improve the older adults’ quality of life in their later years.
... Sedangkan dampak negative: Kesehatan: menggangu perkembangan anak, peningkatan resiko kanker karena radiasi, pengguanan gadget lebih dari 30 menit bisa mengakibatkan ketulian ( acoustic neourema), (Elna Yuslaini Siregar & Rodiatul Hasanah Siregar, 2013) penglihatan kabur; sulit berkosentrasi pada belajar atau bekerja; rasa sakit pada pergelangan tangan, bahu, dan belakang leher serta kepala; penurunan kemampuan menahan diri (Selfrestraint), perilaku kompulsif, distorsi kognitif, impulsive, meningkatan kecemasan dan depresi serta mengganggu interaksi sosial (Billieux et al., 2015), ; (Chiu, 2014), (Elhai et al., 2016) (Brand et al., 2016). Penggunaan media sosial kompulsif mengakibatkan tekanan psikologis serta dapat memperburuk kondisi emosional hubungan antara pribadi (Pontes, 2017),dan gangguan dalam kinerja (nilai turun, partisipasi di dalam kelas menurun, tidak dapat menyelesaikan tugas tepat waktu), kurang tidur, , (Horwood & Anglim, 2018), (Nayak, 2018) Dampak pada budaya: lunturnya data atau kebiasaan yang berlaku di daerah tersebut karena kesibukan menggunakan gadget, masuknya informasi tanpa adanya filter dari mereka yang mengikutinya, mengurangi informasi nasional dan kurang nasionalisme. Dampak pada sosial: cenderung autis/ isolasi. ...
Pandemi covid 19 membawa perubahan kebijakan didunia pendidikan. Kebijakan tersebut membuat remaja sekolah tidak melakukan tatap muka dikelas dan menggantikan dengan metode pembelajaran jarak jauh berbasis internet atau daring yang banyak menggunakan Gagdet. Remaja bebas menggunakan gagdet untuk mengakses internet. Remaja lebih rentan terhadap kecanduan smartphone daripada orang dewasa. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah Pemberdayaan remaja dengan memberikan Cognitive commitment Behaviora therapy (CCBT) sebagai penanggkal kecanduan gadget pada remaja di Panti Asuhan St. Louis De Monfort, Sikumana Kupang. ceramah, bermain, small group discussion dan demonstrasi dengan didahului dan diakiri dengan pre test dan post test menggunakan kuisioner Kecanduan internet. Pemberian psikotherapy CCBT 5 sesi dan monitoring evaluasi. Kegatan ini dilaksanakan pada 5 Mei samapi 5 Juni 2021. Remaja sebanyak 62 orang. Hasil: Kecanduan gadget tingkat berat dari awal 52% turun menjadi 12%, Tingkat sedang dari 24% menjadi 52%, ringan 16% menjadi 20% dan normal 8% menjadi 16%. Remaaja yang kecanduan berat disarankan rujuk ke psikiatrik dan yang tingkat sedang meneruskan mencatat dalam Buku Pekerjaan rumah kegiatan pengalihan remaja dan di dampingi oleh pengasuh panti memonitor ketergantungan remaja dengan format yang tersedia dalam buku Kerja. Remaja sangat kooperatif dalam psikotherapi ini sehingga perlu dilkaukan secara berkala agar remaja dapat menggunakan gadget dengan bijak
Background and aims
Despite previous research identifying anxiety as a risk factor for problematic smartphone use among students, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relationship between the two aforementioned variables are poorly understood. This study aims to explore the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use among first-year junior high school students, together with the mediating effects of school adjustment and the moderating effects of physical activity on the mentioned relationship.
Method
This study was conducted using a Web-based self-report questionnaire survey with data collected from 445 first-year junior high school students in Jinan City, Shandong Province. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS.
Results
The results showed that anxiety predicted problematic smartphone use not only directly but also indirectly via school adjustment. School adjustment played a partial mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Physical activity also played a moderating role in the relationship between anxiety and school adjustment.
Conclusion
School adjustment and physical activity may be important variables in the relationship between anxiety and problematic smartphone use.
Bu araştırmada ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinin internet ve akıllı telefon bağımlılık düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi oluşları arsındaki ilişkide yalnızlığın aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 538 ortaokul ve lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veriler; Demografik Bilgi Formu, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Kısa Formu, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği ve Stirling Çocuklar İçin Duygusal ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde pearson korelasyon ve yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM) analiz tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucuna göre, psikolojik iyi oluş ile internet bağımlılığı, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık arasında negatif yönde; internet bağımlılığı ile akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık arasında ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile yalnızlık arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler vardır. İnternet bağımlılığının dışsal değişken olduğu 1. modelin YEM analizi sonucuna göre internet bağımlılığı ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide yalnızlık kısmi aracı rol üstlenmektedir. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığının dışsal değişken olduğu 2. modelin analiz sonuçlarına göre yalnızlığın akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.
We re-oriented the HEXACO personality dimensions to approximate the Big Five, using two measures of the Big Five as targets in a derivation sample and then in cross-validation samples. The HEXACO approximations of Big Five Agreeableness represented blends of HEXACO Agreeableness, Emotionality, and Honesty-Humility. The HEXACO approximations of Big Five Neuroticism represented blends of Emotionality with low Agreeableness and low Extraversion. The residual sixth dimension, unrelated to the Big Five, contrasted Honesty-Humility with HEXACO Agreeableness. We then examined, in additional samples, some correlates of the original and re-rotated HEXACO dimensions. In the original HEXACO factor space, Honesty-Humility was the strongest correlate of unethical behaviors (selfishness and cheating), participant age, and "assumed similarity" to a friend or partner. Upon re-rotation of the HEXACO factors, associations involving these variables were divided between Big Five Agreeableness and the residual sixth dimension. Sex differences were mainly associated with Emotionality but after re-rotation of the HEXACO factors were divided between Big Five Agreeableness and Neuroticism. We discuss the relative merits of the original and Big Five-targeted HEXACO dimensions with reference to the practical utility of Big Five Agreeableness and Neuroticism and the simplicity and theoretical interpretability of the original HEXACO factors.
Previous research on distractions and the use of mobile devices (personal digital assistants, tablet personal computers, or laptops) have been conducted almost exclusively in higher education. The purpose of the current study was to examine the frequency and influence of distracting behaviors in Bring Your Own Device secondary school classrooms. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 181 secondary school students (55 female and 126 male) enrolled in three schools across Canada. Almost 80% of the students reported being on task regularly when using mobile devices in class. However, students also engaged in at least one of five distracting activities occasionally or regularly with their mobile devices including emailing (64%), surfing the web (65%), using social media (52%), instant messaging (32%), and playing games (30%). Female students engaged with social media significantly more than male students, whereas male students played games significantly more than female students. Students were rarely distracted by peer use of mobile technology devices. Students were more distracted by their own use of mobile devices when engaged in independent or group work, and less distracted with lectures and student presentations. Students claimed that teacher and school restrictions were probably the most effective method to limit distracting behavior while learning.
Conclusion:
The results emphasize that owning a smartphone tends to entail sleep disturbance. Therefore, adolescents and parents should be informed about the potential consequences of smartphone use on sleep and health. What is Known: • The use of electronic media plays an important role in the life of adolescents. • Smartphone use is increasing among young people and allows them to be connected almost anytime anywhere. What is New : • Adolescents owning a smartphone sleep less hours on school days than their peers. • Smartphones seem to have an important impact on youths' sleep duration.
Background: Smartphones are becoming a daily necessity for most undergraduates in Mainland China. Because the present scenario of problematic smartphone use (PSU) is largely unexplored, in the current study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of PSU and to screen suitable predictors for PSU among Chinese undergraduates in the framework of the stress-coping theory.
Methods:
A sample of 1062 undergraduate smartphone users was recruited by means of the stratified cluster
random sampling strategy between April and May 2015. The Problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire was used to identify PSU. We evaluated five candidate risk factors for PSU by using logistic regression analysis while controlling for demographic characteristics and specific features of smartphone use.
Results:
The prevalence of PSU among Chinese undergraduates was estimated to be 21.3%. The risk factors for PSU
were majoring in the humanities, high monthly income from the family (≥1500 RMB), serious emotional symptoms, high perceived stress, and perfectionism-related factors (high doubts about actions, high parental expectations).
Conclusions:
PSU among undergraduates appears to be ubiquitous and thus constitutes a public health issue in
Mainland China. Although further longitudinal studies are required to test whether PSU is a transient phenomenon or a chronic and progressive condition, our study successfully identified socio-demographic and psychological risk factors for PSU. These results, obtained from a random and thus representative sample of undergraduates, opens up new avenues in terms of prevention and regulation policies.
The mobile phone is a breakthrough advance for human communication. But with the plethora of choices available via smartphone, individuals who are deficient in self-regulation or with a propensity for addiction may face challenges in managing these choices strategically. To examine this potential dysfunctional aspect, we examined the effect of multitasking when studying or doing homework and found that both frequency and attention to texting and social media were positively related to mobile phone interference in life (MPIL). However, frequency of music use during study was not associated with MPIL, although allocated attention to music while studying was positively associated with MPIL. Ownership of a smartphone and the number of Facebook friends were positively associated with MPIL and women reported more MPIL than men.
This study investigated the relationship between the Big 5, measured at factor and facet levels, and dimensions of both psychological and subjective well-being. Three hundred and thirty-seven participants completed the 30 Facet International Personality Item Pool Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affectivity Schedule, and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Cross-correlation decomposition presented a parsimonious picture of how well-being is related to personality factors. Incremental facet prediction was examined using double-adjusted r2 confidence intervals and semi- partial correlations. Incremental prediction by facets over factors ranged from almost nothing to a third more variance explained, suggesting a more modest incremental pre- diction than presented in the literature previously. Examination of semi-partial correlations controlling for factors revealed a small number of important facet-well-being correlations. All data and R analysis scripts are made available in an online repository.
Adolescence is a time of increasing vulnerability for poor mental health, including depression. Sleep disturbance is an important risk factor for the development of depression during adolescence. Excessive electronic media use at night is a risk factor for both adolescents' sleep disturbance and depression. To better understand the interplay between sleep, depressive symptoms, and electronic media use at night, this study examined changes in adolescents' electronic media use at night and sleep associated with smartphone ownership. Also examined was whether sleep disturbance mediated the relationship between electronic media use at night and depressive symptoms. 362 adolescents (12-17 year olds, M = 14.8, SD = 1.3; 44.8 % female) were included and completed questionnaires assessing sleep disturbance (short sleep duration and sleep difficulties) and depressive symptoms. Further, participants reported on their electronic media use in bed before sleep such as frequency of watching TV or movies, playing video games, talking or text messaging on the mobile phone, and spending time online. Smartphone ownership was related to more electronic media use in bed before sleep, particularly calling/sending messages and spending time online compared to adolescents with a conventional mobile phone. Smartphone ownership was also related to later bedtimes while it was unrelated to sleep disturbance and symptoms of depression. Sleep disturbance partially mediated the relationship between electronic media use in bed before sleep and symptoms of depression. Electronic media use was negatively related with sleep duration and positively with sleep difficulties, which in turn were related to depressive symptoms. Sleep difficulties were the more important mediator than sleep duration. The results of this study suggest that adolescents might benefit from education regarding sleep hygiene and the risks of electronic media use at night.
Today's cell phones increase opportunities for activities traditionally defined as sedentary behaviors (e.g., surfing the internet, playing video games). People who participate in large amounts of sedentary behaviors, relative to those who do not, tend to be less physically active, less physically fit, and at greater risk for health problems. However, cell phone use does not have to be a sedentary behavior as these devices are portable. It can occur while standing or during mild-to-moderate intensity physical activity. Thus, the relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and physical fitness is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships among a sample of healthy college students.
Participants were first interviewed about their physical activity behavior and cell phone use. Then body composition was assessed and the validated self-efficacy survey for exercise behaviors completed. This was followed by a progressive exercise test on a treadmill to exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) during exercise was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Hierarchical regression was used to assess the relationship between cell phone use and cardiorespiratory fitness after controlling for sex, self-efficacy, and percent body fat. Interview data was transcribed, coded, and Chi-square analysis was used to compare the responses of low and high frequency cell phone users.
Cell phone use was significantly (p=0.047) and negatively (ß= -0.25) related to cardio respiratory fitness independent of sex, self-efficacy, and percent fat which were also significant predictors (p<0.05). Interview data offered several possible explanations for this relationship. First, high frequency users were more likely than low frequency users to report forgoing opportunities for physical activity in order to use their cell phones for sedentary behaviors. Second, low frequency users were more likely to report being connected to active peer groups through their cell phones and to cite this as a motivation for physical activity. Third, high levels of cell phone use indicated a broader pattern of sedentary behaviors apart from cell phone use, such as watching television.
Cell phone use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised; (3) the construct validity of self-reports on scales measuring the H factor; (4) the theoretical distinction between H and A; (5) similarity and assumed similarity between social partners in personality, with a focus on H and A; (6) the extent to which H (and A and E) variance is represented in instruments assessing the "Five-Factor Model" of personality; and (7) the relative validity of scales assessing the HEXACO and Five-Factor Model dimensions in predicting criteria conceptually relevant to H, A, and E.