No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Anatomy of Seed Plants. Second Edition.
... In canonical periderm development, an initial layer of periderm typically forms during the first year of growth (Esau, 1977) and the timing of its initiation is influenced by factors such as water availability, temperature, and light intensity (Borger & Kozlowski, 1972). In stems, the periderm originates from cortical layers in the vicinity of the epidermis, whereas in roots it originates in the pericycle (Esau, 1977). ...
... In canonical periderm development, an initial layer of periderm typically forms during the first year of growth (Esau, 1977) and the timing of its initiation is influenced by factors such as water availability, temperature, and light intensity (Borger & Kozlowski, 1972). In stems, the periderm originates from cortical layers in the vicinity of the epidermis, whereas in roots it originates in the pericycle (Esau, 1977). In both cases, the phellogen forms a continuous layer around the circumference of the organ. ...
... Canonical and wound periderm may have similar origin, growth, and cellular components (Esau, 1977), but wound periderm is initiated in response to mechanical wounding or invasion by parasites and is not a part of normal ontogeny (Struckmeyer & Riker, 1951). Wound closing by periderm involves two developmental processes that have been documented in Solanum tuberosum (potato; Lulai et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2021): formation of a closing layer, followed by Biological Reviews (2024) 000-000 © 2024 Cambridge Philosophical Society. ...
Periderm is a well‐known structural feature with vital roles in protection of inner plant tissues and wound healing. Despite its importance to plant survival, knowledge of periderm occurrences outside the seed plants is limited and the evolutionary origins of periderm remain poorly explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of the taxonomic distribution of periderm in its two main forms – canonical periderm (periderm formed as a typical ontogenetic stage) and wound periderm (periderm produced as a self‐repair mechanism) – with a focus on major plant lineages, living and extinct. We supplement the published occurrences with data based on our own observations and experiments. This updated body of data reveals that the distribution of wound periderm is more widespread taxonomically than previously recognized and some living and extinct groups are capable of producing wound periderm, despite canonical periderm being absent from their normal developmental program. A critical review of canonical and wound periderms in extant and fossil lineages indicates that not all periderms are created equal. Their organisation is widely variable and the differences can be characterised in terms of variations in three structural features: ( i ) the consistency in orientation of periclinal walls within individual files of periderm cells; ( ii ) the lateral coordination of periclinal walls between adjacent cell files; and ( iii ) whether a cambial layer and conspicuous layering of inward and outward derivatives can be distinguished. Using a new system of scoring periderm structure based on these criteria, we characterise the level of organisation of canonical and wound periderms in different lineages. Looking at periderms through the lens provided by their level of organisation reveals that the traditional image of periderm as a single generalised feature, is best viewed as a continuum of structural configurations that are all predicated by the same basic process (periclinal divisions), but can fall anywhere between very loosely organized (diffuse periclinal growth) to very tightly coordinated (organized periclinal growth). Overall, wound periderms in both seed plants and seed‐free plants have lower degrees of organisation than canonical periderms, which may be due to their initiation in response to inherently disruptive traumatic events. Wound and canonical periderms of seed plants have higher degrees of organisation than those of seed‐free plants, possibly due to co‐option of the programs responsible for organizing their vascular cambial growth. Given the importance of wound periderm to plant survival, its widespread taxonomic distribution, and its early occurrence in the fossil record, we hypothesise that wound periderm may have had a single origin in euphyllophytes and canonical periderm may have originated separately in different lineages by co‐option of the basic regulatory toolkit of wound periderm formation. In one evolutionary scenario, wound periderm regulators activated initially by tissue tearing due to tensional stresses elicited by woody growth underwent heterochronic change that switched their activation trigger from tissue tearing to the tensional stresses that precede it, with corresponding changes in the signalling that triggered the regulatory cascade of periderm development from tearing‐induced signals to signalling induced by tension in cells.
... Whereas FRs develop xylem vessels and fibers, SRs develop, almost exclusively, xylem parenchyma (Vanderschuren and Agusti, 2022). Xylem vessels are the major water transporters, thus supporting a strong water pressure (Esau, 1961). The fibers´ role is mainly complementary to that of vessels, providing mechanical support (Dickison, 2000). ...
... For these reasons, vessels and fibers develop thick secondary cell walls that are strongly lignified (Ruzicka et al., 2015). The xylem parenchyma cells do not develop lignified secondary cell walls (Esau, 1961). ...
... Instead, these xylem cells possess the ability of synthesizing and storing starch (Esau, 1961;Ruzicka et al., 2015). Considering that xylem cells develop from the cambial meristematic cells, undergoing several maturing steps that lead them to acquire their final identity (Agustí and Blázquez, 2020), understanding how cassava cambial cells proliferate and how developing xylem cells acquire the parenchymatic identity, can tremendously help improving cassava productivity. ...
The storage root (SR) of cassava is the main staple food in sub-Saharan Africa, where it feeds over 500 million people. However, little is known about the genetic and molecular regulation underlying its development. Unraveling such regulation would pave the way for biotechnology approaches aimed at enhancing cassava productivity. Anatomical studies indicate that SR development relies on the massive accumulation of xylem parenchyma, a cell-type derived from the vascular cambium. The C3HDZ family of transcription factors regulate cambial cells proliferation and xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis and other species. We thus aimed at identifying C3HDZ proteins in cassava and determining whether any of them shows preferential activity in the SR cambium and/or xylem. Using phylogeny and synteny studies, we identified eight C3HDZ proteins in cassava, namely MeCH3DZ1-8. We observed that the expression of MeC3HDZ1 in SR cambium and xylem is higher than that of any other MeC3HDZ gene in any of the SR vascular tissues or any of the other vegetative organs. We established an in-silico pipeline which revealed the existence of a number of theoretical C3HDZ targets displaying significant preferential expression in the SR. Subsequent Y1H analyses proved that MeC3HDZ1 can bind canonical C3HDZ binding sites in the promoters of these targets. Transactivation assays demonstrated that MeC3HDZ1 can regulate the expression of genes downstream of promoters harboring such binding sites, thereby demonstrating that MeC3HDZ1 is a C3HDZ transcription factor which constitutes a strong candidate for future biotechnology strategies directed at increasing cassava productivity.
... In this study, T2 had a significantly similar germination percentage to that of T1, but different from that of T3 (Table 5). The morphology distinction of angiosperm seeds and the relative consistency of seed structures in narrow taxonomic units allow the use of seed characteristics in taxonomic research (Esau 1977). The most significant seed morphological characters are shape, size, testa surface, the position of hilum and the presence or absence of specialized structures such as aril, caruncle or elaiosomes. ...
... In this study, welldeveloped leaf primordium can be observed in all of the embryos after radicle protrusion (Fig. 2). Seed anatomical characters showed value in verifying taxonomic relationships (Esau 1977). P. indicus f. echinatus was found to have a root tip cap of 7 -10 layers of cells. ...
Previous studies on the embryo structure of legumes species had resulted in the division of the Fabaceae family into two great subfamilies based on embryo axis curvature. Research on seed morphology and anatomy adds to the knowledge of taxonomy, evolution and ecology. This study determined the seed developmental anatomy, pod and seed morphology as well as germination characteristics of the observed variants (T1-small prickles; T2-medium prickles; T3-long prickles) of Pterocarpus indicus Willd. f. echinatus locally known as prickly narra in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR). Based on the anatomy of the root (radicle) and shoot apex, the formation of the leaf primordium in T2 seeds after radicle protrusion was more progressive. It was observed that the germination rate and the percentage were the highest in T2, where the apical dome was well-developed. The germination, pod and seed morphological characters as well as seed anatomical characters were proven to be systematically informative by showing significant differences among the variants.
... Compared to other leaf cells, sieve elements are diminutive with a small cross-sectional area when viewed perpendicularly to the long axis of a vein (Esau, 1977;Adams et al., 2013;Cohu et al., 2013aCohu et al., , 2014Muller et al., 2014a,b;Stewart et al., 2017a). Sieve elements also comprise the smallest single tissue fraction of foliar veins (Cohu et al., 2013aMuller et al., 2014a,b;Stewart et al., 2016Stewart et al., , 2019 or the leaf as a whole (Esau, 1977;Muller et al., 2014b). ...
... Compared to other leaf cells, sieve elements are diminutive with a small cross-sectional area when viewed perpendicularly to the long axis of a vein (Esau, 1977;Adams et al., 2013;Cohu et al., 2013aCohu et al., , 2014Muller et al., 2014a,b;Stewart et al., 2017a). Sieve elements also comprise the smallest single tissue fraction of foliar veins (Cohu et al., 2013aMuller et al., 2014a,b;Stewart et al., 2016Stewart et al., , 2019 or the leaf as a whole (Esau, 1977;Muller et al., 2014b). Nevertheless, the sieve element plays an outsize role in the leaf. ...
In this review, a central position of foliar sieve elements in linking leaf structure and function is explored. Results from studies involving plants grown under, and acclimated to, different growth regimes are used to identify significant, linear relationships between features of minor vein sieve elements and those of 1) leaf photosynthetic capacity that drives sugar synthesis, 2) overall leaf structure that serves as the platform for sugar production, 3) phloem components that facilitate the loading of sugars (companion & phloem parenchyma cells), and 4) the tracheary elements that import water to support photosynthesis (and stomatal opening) as well as mass flow of sugars out of the leaf. Despite comprising only a small fraction of physical space within the leaf, sieve elements represent a hub through which multiple functions of the leaf intersect. As the conduits for export of energy-rich carbohydrates, essential mineral nutrients, and information carriers, sieve elements play a central role in fueling and orchestrating development and function of the plant as well as, by extension, of natural and human communities that depend on plants as producers and partners in the global carbon cycle.
... For the study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background [15] . Anatomical studies Collection of specimens plant specimens were collected from Yercaud foot hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ...
... All the extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests. [15] Results and Discussion ...
Gynandropsis pentaphylla Linn (Fam:Cleomaceae) is also known as Arkapushpika, Suryavarita in Sanskrit, Churota, Arkahuli in Hindi, Velai keerai, Thaivelai in Tamil, belonging to the family of Cleomaceae is an annual, erect, branched, 0.6-1.2 m in height, stems and branches striate, white spreading hairs. Leaves 3-5 foliolate, petioles 5-7.6 cm long, and seeds muricate dark brown. The plant has been traditionally used as an anthelmentic and rubefacient. Leaves are applied externally over the wounds to prevent the sepsis. The plant also used in the treatment of malaria, piles, rheumatism and in tumour. The decoction of the root is used to treat fevers. The juice of the root is used to relieve scorpion stings. The leaves, applied as a poultice, are used as a vesicant and rubefacient in the treatment of rheumatism. The juice of the leaves is a remedy for pain in the ear. The whole plant is used in the treatment of scorpion stings and snake bites. The present investigation deals with the qualitative and quantitative microscopic evaluation of the leaf material and establishment of the quality parameters including physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of mesophyll tissue, venation pattern, anomocytic stomata and glandular trichomes etc,. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, saponins, protein and amino acids, steroids, etc was done by standard methods.
... same type, the anomocytic type. According to Esau [8] , anomocytic stomata type is a type of stomata whose cell cover is accompanied by a number of accessory cells whose shape and size cannot be distinguished from other epidermal cells. Anomocytic stomata types are also found in some plants such as Citrullus lanatus and Cucurbita pepo [13], Rindyastuti and Lia [18] also found anomositic stomata types in several other plants namely Calophyllum inophyllum, Schleichera oleosa, Draconto-melon dao, and Madhuca longifolia. ...
... has a stomata type that is different from the two previous plants, namely the parasitic type. Esau [8] states that the parasitic stomata type has a closing cell that is accompanied by accessory cells which are located parallel to the stomata axis. This shows that three plants of this Syzygium have two stomata type, namely anomocytic and parasitic. ...
... For the study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background [15] . Anatomical studies Collection of specimens plant specimens were collected from Yercaud foot hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ...
... All the extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests. [15] Results and Discussion ...
... For the study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background [15] . Anatomical studies Collection of specimens plant specimens were collected from Yercaud foot hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ...
... All the extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests. [15] Results and Discussion ...
... Internal secretory spread out in the polyhedral parenchymatous tissue of the plant's organs involving mesophyll in leaves and cortex and pith in root and rhizome ( Figure 1). Essau (1987) 8 and Evert (2006) 9 explained that secretory structures are divided into external secretory and internal secretory. There were no laticifer channels in the secretory cells of Zingiberaceae. ...
... Internal secretory spread out in the polyhedral parenchymatous tissue of the plant's organs involving mesophyll in leaves and cortex and pith in root and rhizome ( Figure 1). Essau (1987) 8 and Evert (2006) 9 explained that secretory structures are divided into external secretory and internal secretory. There were no laticifer channels in the secretory cells of Zingiberaceae. ...
A secretory structure is a structure that produces a plant’s metabolite substances. Secretory structures are grouped into an internal and external. Zingiberaceae plants are known as traditional medicine plants and as spice plants due to secretory structures in their tissues. The objective of the research were to describe the secretory structure of Zingiberaceae plants and to discover the qualitatively primary metabolite substances in plant’s tissues via histochemistry test. The research was conducted by observation descriptive design, quantitative data including the density of secretory cells per mm². The quantitative data were analyzed by ANOVA and continued by Duncan at α = 5 %. The results showed that the secretory structures in leaves, rhizome, and the root of 14 species of Zingiberaceae plants are found in the mesophyll of leaves and cortex, and also pith in rhizome and roots. The type of secretory structure is internal. Within the root of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.(bengle), Curcuma domestica Val. (kunyit), Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe (kunyit putih), Zingiber zerumbet (L.) J.E. Smith (lempuyang), Alpiniapurpurata K. Schum (lengkuas merah), and Curcuma aeruginosa Val. (temu ireng) were found amylum grains, while in Kaemferia galanga L. (kencur), Boesen bergiapandurata L. (temu kunci), and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (temulawak) there were no amylum grains in the root as well as in the leaves. The roots of bengle had the greatest density of amylum grain, it had 248.1 ± 9.8 secretory cells of amylum grains per mm². Lipids (oil droplets) were found in the root of bengle, Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. emprit (jahe emprit), Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. Gajah (jahe gajah), Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. Rubrum (jahe merah), Keampferia angustifolia L. (kunci pepet), kunyit, kunyit putih, lempuyang, lengkua smerah, Curcuma aeruginosa Val. (temu ireng), and Curcuma mangga Val. and van Zijp (temu mangga); the root of lempuyang had the greatest density of oil droplets, it had 10.4 ± 2.1 secretory cells of oil droplets per mm². All of Zingiberaceae’s root and leaves did not have secretory cells of protein. Zingiberaceae’s rhizomes had amylum grain, protein granules, and oil droplets. Jahe merah’s rhizomes had the greatest density of amylum grain, it had 198.3 ± 21.1 cells of amylum grain per mm². Jahe emprit’s rhizomes had the greatest density of protein granules, it had254.0 ± 90.0 cells of protein granules per mm². Kunyit putih’s rhizomes had the greatest density of oil droplets, it had 254.0 ± 90.0 cells of oil droplets per mm².
... For the study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background [15] . Anatomical studies Collection of specimens plant specimens were collected from Yercaud foot hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ...
... All the extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests. [15] Results and Discussion ...
Gynandropsis pentaphylla Linn (Fam:Cleomaceae) is also known as Arkapushpika, Suryavarita in Sanskrit,
Churota, Arkahuli in Hindi, Velai keerai, Thaivelai in Tamil, belonging to the family of Cleomaceae is an annual,
erect, branched, 0.6-1.2 m in height, stems and branches striate, white spreading hairs. Leaves 3-5 foliolate, petioles
5-7.6 cm long, and seeds muricate dark brown. The plant has been traditionally used as an anthelmentic and
rubefacient. Leaves are applied externally over the wounds to prevent the sepsis. The plant also used in the treatment
of malaria, piles, rheumatism and in tumour. The decoction of the root is used to treat fevers. The juice of the root is
used to relieve scorpion stings. The leaves, applied as a poultice, are used as a vesicant and rubefacient in the
treatment of rheumatism. The juice of the leaves is a remedy for pain in the ear. The whole plant is used in the
treatment of scorpion stings and snake bites. The present investigation deals with the qualitative and quantitative
microscopic evaluation of the leaf material and establishment of the quality parameters including physicochemical
and phytochemical evaluation. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of mesophyll tissue, venation
pattern, anomocytic stomata and glandular trichomes etc,. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the
presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, saponins, protein and
amino acids, steroids, etc was done by standard methods.
... For the study of crystals, starch grains and lignified cells, polarized light was employed. Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background [15] . Anatomical studies Collection of specimens plant specimens were collected from Yercaud foot hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ...
... All the extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of various groups of phytoconstituents using different chemical tests. [15] Results and Discussion ...
Gynandropsis pentaphylla Linn (Fam:Cleomaceae) is also known as Arkapushpika, Suryavarita in Sanskrit, Churota, Arkahuli in Hindi, Velai keerai, Thaivelai in Tamil, belonging to the family of Cleomaceae is an annual, erect, branched, 0.6-1.2 m in height, stems and branches striate, white spreading hairs. Leaves 3-5 foliolate, petioles 5-7.6 cm long, and seeds muricate dark brown. The plant has been traditionally used as an anthelmentic and rubefacient. Leaves are applied externally over the wounds to prevent the sepsis. The plant also used in the treatment of malaria, piles, rheumatism and in tumour. The decoction of the root is used to treat fevers. The juice of the root is used to relieve scorpion stings. The leaves, applied as a poultice, are used as a vesicant and rubefacient in the treatment of rheumatism. The juice of the leaves is a remedy for pain in the ear. The whole plant is used in the treatment of scorpion stings and snake bites. The present investigation deals with the qualitative and quantitative microscopic evaluation of the leaf material and establishment of the quality parameters including physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of mesophyll tissue, venation pattern, anomocytic stomata and glandular trichomes etc,. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, saponins, protein and amino acids, steroids, etc was done by standard methods.
... Correlation analysis was used to explain the relationship between spore density and root colonization and the following factors; soil reaction (pH), available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity (CEC) [31]. ...
The mutual relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is ancient. However, there are some environmental factors, which affect the occurrence and diversity of this relationship. This study was conducted to investigate the indigenous AMF occurrence and diversity indices at six sites (two sites from Gezira, two from Sennar and one from each of Gedarif and North Kordofan States) which represent four geographical locations in the Sudan in 2016. Three rhizosphere samples from sorghum were taken from each site to estimate soil physical and chemical properties, total spores density, invalid spores percentage and root colonization to evaluate their roles in AMF occurrence and diversity. Results showed that the average total spores density ranged from 418 /100g soil at Gedaref to 1781 /100g soil at North Kordofan. The highest invalid spores percentage was found at Gedaref (21.5%) and the lowest at North Kordofan (12.5%). Root colonization percentage ranged from (11.3%) at Gedaref to (32.1%) at North Kordofan. There was a highly positive correlation between root colonization percentage and total spores density, invalid spores and sand percentage. A highly negative correlation existed between root colonization percentage on one hand and CEC, clay percentage and soil pH on the other hand. Twelve genera and 26 species were morphologically identified and two species were not identified. Rhizophagus, Glomus, Claroideogloms, Funneliformis, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Entrophospora were dominant genera at all sites. However, Septoglomus and Ambispora were normally distributed genera and Gigaspora, Scelerocystes and Dentiscutata were rare genera. Diversity index detected a normal diversity and richness except for Gedarif having a lower diversity index, and the situation was reversed for North Kordofan, having a higher diversity index. It could be concluded that AMF occurrence and diversity were affected by soil chemical and physical properties. It is recommended to add AMF inoculums to heavy clay soils to increase spore density.
... Stomata atau yang biasa disebut mulut daun merupakan bukaan atau bukaan kecil yang dikelilingi oleh dua sel penjaga pada daun. juga disebut sel khusus yang disebut sel penjaga, yang bertangung jawab mengatur ukuran pori-pori stomata (Esau, 1977). ...
Langsa City is a city located in the province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam with an area of 262.41 km2 with a population of 165,890 people. Meurandeh Village is one of the villages located in Langsa city, precisely in Langsa Lama. Meurandeh is one of the places that produces plants from the Tradescantia genus. This research aims to identify and differentiate the stomata of three types of plants from the Tradescantia genus. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with observational data collection techniques. The results of this research show that the three types of plants from the Tradescantia genus have three neighboring cells and a tetracytic type of stomata. Of these three types of plants, there are differences in the shape and structure of the stomata.
... The lamina (expanded part of the leaf) develops from several rows of cells in three cell layers along the margin of the axis. In dicotyledonous leaves the cells of the outermost layer (LI or dermatogen) give rise exclusively to the single cell layered epidermis by dividing anticlinally (Esau, 1965). This may be deduced from the orientation of cell plates in this region early in development and also from chimeras, although very little quantitative information exists on the nature of these divisions (Maksymowych and Erickson, 1960;Fuchs, 1968). ...
Leaf shape in cotton is regulated by the developmental age of the shoot and by several major genes that affect leaf lobing. The effect of these factors was investigated by allometric analysis, cell lineage analysis, and by studying the expression of the leaf shape mutation, Okra, in genetic mosaics. Allometric analysis of leaf growth suggests that leaf shape is determined during the initiation of the primordium rather than during the expansion phase of leaf growth. Clonal analysis demonstrates that both the rate and duration of cell division are fairly uniform throughout the leaf. Cells in the marginal region of the developing cotton leaf contribute more to the growth of the lamina than they do in tobacco. The Okra mutation acts early in the development of a leaf and appears to accentuate a developmental pattern that is also responsible for heteroblastic variation in leaf shape. The expression of this mutation in genetic mosaics demonstrates that its effect does not diffuse laterally within the leaf primordium.
... Sel sekretori merupakan sel idioblas yaitu satu sel atau lebih yang memiliki ukuran, bentuk, dan isi kandungan yang berbeda dari sel-sel lainnya dalam satu jaringan. Sel idioblas dapat memiliki variasi bentuk dan ukuran berbeda pada organ yang sama (Esau 1977). Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil pengamatan bahwa sel-sel sekretori dalam biji melinjo ditemukan dalam ukuran yang bervariasi dan memiliki bentuk yang berbeda. ...
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a tropical plant that has an abundant distribution and it widely used in Indonesia. Study on the utilization of melinjo is began to developed in the realm of utilization as a source of medicinal compounds, especially the seeds of melinjo which so far have only been used as food. The seeds of melinjo contain secondary metabolites that are active including phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. These compounds are anatomically produced by the secretory tissue of melinjo seeds. The distribution of the secretory tissue and the compounds produced is thought to be influenced by the maturity phase of the melinjo seeds. The maturity phase of melinjo seeds is marked by the color of the seed coat starting from the most mature, namely red, yellow, and green. In this study, histochemical tests were carried out to determine the distribution of secretory tissue in melinjo seeds and the compounds produced. In addition, antioxidant activity tests were also carried out using the DPPH method. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins are scattered in each layer of melinjo seeds, namely sarcotesta, sclerotesta, endotesta and endosperm at different levels in each stage of maturity. The highest antioxidant activity was in the extract of yellow melinjo seeds with an IC50 value of 24.37 g/mL. Antioxidant activity melinjo seeds are related to the composition of compounds contained in melinjo seeds.
... Leaf clearing, quantitative microscopy for determining stomatal number, stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein islet ratio and vein termination were carried out as per the standard procedure of Sass (1940). For histochemical localisation of lignin and to measure the size of the individual cells, standard procedures of Esau (1979) and Fahn (1987) were followed. ...
... Pada pertengahan abad ke-18, pengamatan karakter anatomi yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan pembentukan karakter morfologi dan penerapannya dalam sistem filogeni taksonomi telah mulai dilakukan (Chikmawati & Tjitrosoedirdjo 2020), dengan fokus pengamatan pada sel dan jaringan (Esau 1977). Namun dalam perkembangan berikutnya, karakter anatomi telah banyak dimanfaatkan dalam interpretasi fenomena fisiologi dan interaksi ekologi (Yeung 1998) serta kajian forensik (Bock & Norris 2016). ...
This study aims to observe the micromorphological characterization of the newly recorded Ficus in Java, namely F. auriculata, F. maclellandii, and F. natalensis subsp. leprieurii. The specimens were collected from Bogor, Bandung, and Madura. The observation was based on paradermal and transversal sections slides. There were 28 qualitative and 18 quantitative blades and petioles characters were observed. The qualitative characters used to distinguish the species were the epidermal anticlinal wall, sto-matal cell type, location of the stomatal guard cells, the density of spongy mesophyll, type of protective organs , the structure of vascular bundles, the distribution of tannin cells, lithocyst, and oxalate crystals. The quantitative characters used for the species differentiation are the stomata, the stomata index, number of palisade mesophyll, collenchyma, and parenchyma layers. The presence of double-layered epidermal structure, thick cuticle layer, and proportion of more than 50% palisade in mesophyll found in F. maclellandii indicate xeromorphic function or resistance to drought stress, requiring further physiological studies.
... In plants that utilize sucrose as the primary sugar for long-distance transport, it must be loaded into the phloem sieve tubes, which are composed of sieve elements (SE) connected end to end (Julius et al., 2017;Zimmermann and Ziegler, 1975). Mature SE are enucleate and rely on metabolic support from companion cells (CC), and hence these cells are referred to as SE-CC complexes (Esau, 1977). These SE-CC complexes have very few plasmodesmatal (cellular conduits connecting the cytosol of adjacent cells) connections to neighboring cells in most crop species (Evert et al., 1978(Evert et al., , 1996Gamalei, 1989;Haritatos et al., 2000;Robinson-Beers and Evert, 1991). ...
Carbohydrate partitioning, the process of transporting carbohydrates from photosynthetic (source) tissues, such as leaves, to non-photosynthetic (sink) tissues, such as stems, roots, and reproductive structures, is vital not only for the growth and development of plants but also for withstanding biotic and abiotic stress. In many plants, sucrose is the primary form of carbohydrate loaded into the phloem for long-distance transport and unloaded into the sink tissues for utilization or storage. We highlight recent findings about 1) phloem loading in grasses, 2) the principal families of sugar transporters involved in sucrose transport, and 3) novel mechanisms by which the activities of sugar transporters are modulated. We discuss exciting discoveries from eudicot species that provide valuable insights regarding the regulation of these sugar transporters, which may be translatable to monocot species. As we better understand the intricate pathways that control the activities of various sugar transporters, we can utilize this knowledge for developing improved crop varieties.
... Photosynthesis (the process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy), is a complex biophysical and chemical process (Douthe et al. 2018). In most plants, photosynthesis occurs in the leaves, which are in these cases specialized for photosynthesis (Douthe et al. 2018), and which are sensitive to environmental changes (Esau 1977). Moreover, chloroplasts, which are present in different concentrations in different angiosperm species, are the organelles responsible for the process of photosynthesis, and can influence the rates of photosynthesis in these plant species (Mathur et al. 2018). ...
Photosynthetic capacity plays an important role in plant vegetative growth, and is often regarded as a key determinant of adaptability in plant species, including the hybrids. Interspecific hybridizations are common and can easily occur in Buddleja. The F1 hybrid investigated in this study is a newly discovered interspecific hybrid between B. crispa and B. officinalis, and it was found in the Sino-Himalayan region. In this study, the morphological traits, the stoichiometric characteristics and the gas-exchange traits in F1 hybrids and their parents were measured under the cultivation conditions. Buddleja F1 hybrids showed the high leaf mass per area, which was similar to B. officinalis. Although F1 hybrids presented a low light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, they did not reduced carbon cost by increasing the specific leaf area or decreasing the leaf dry mass per unit area. Compared to the parental species, F1 hybrids had low leaf C:N and C:P ratios, C concentration, as well as photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. However, they had a great respiration efficiency through a markedly reduced rate of respiration. Furthermore, F1 hybrids showed similar photochemical efficiency to B. officinalis, which was significantly higher than that in B. crispa. These findings suggest that the F1 hybrids in our study show a high similarity to their parental species in the leaf economic spectrum and photosynthetic capacity.
... Stomates, or modified stomates known as hydathodes, have been suggested as a primary entry for viral particles (Jones and Dangl 2006). Pathogens and parasitic organisms can enter the wounds of a plant (Esau 1977), which takes on a similar method of penetration into the plant body as in viral invasion of stomates. Insects and herbivores can also play a large role in the plant-virus relationship (Stout et al. 2006). ...
DMV-D10 is a strain of Dahlia mosaic virus (DMV) that is classified as an endogenous virus and does not induce any visible symptoms in the host plant. Endogenous viruses have the ability to integrate their viral sequences into the host plant genome, which can be transmitted to offspring. No studies have examined the host range of DMV-D10 outside of the Dahlia genus. Because DMV-D10 has only been observed in Dahlia, the objective for this study was to determine if presence of DMV-D10 follows an evolutionary relationship among species closely related to Dahlia. An addition objective of this study was to determine if species infected with DMV-D10 may also be infected with Dahlia common mosaic virus (DCMV) because these plant viruses are closely related. It was hypothesized species in the same tribe (Coreopsideae) as Dahlia were more likely to be infected with DMV-D10 compared to species in other Asteraceae tribes. Ten tribes consisting of thirty-five species were collected, and DNA was extracted to determine DMV-D10 infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for a movement protein gene indicate DMV-D10 is widely spread across Asteraceae. Specifically, gel electrophoresis results suggest presence of DMV-D10 in thirteen species across seven tribes. Additionally, DCMV was detected in six species across five tribes of Asteraceae. Although, phylogenetic relationship of host plants does not necessarily determine DMV-D10 infection. This leads to questions of how this virus can move to species in other Asteraceae tribes. Some potential hypotheses include pollen transmission or possible plant-virus coevolution.
... Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the scale -bars. Descriptive terms of the anatomical features are as given in the standard anatomy books (Esaa, 1964). ...
The earth is home to a rich and diversity assemblage of living organisms. Natural plant products play a dominant role in the development of novel drug leads for the treatment and prevention of diseases. The phytochemical screening and qualitative estimation of Millingtonia hortensis showed that the leaves were richin steroids, terpenoids, fatty acids, tannins, saponins, anthocyanins, coumarins and emodins. Sulphated ash was higher than the total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash. The information obtained from the present study is useful during the time of collection and also during extraction process. Using thesestandards, the plant can be differentiated from other related species. This study will contribute to the existing knowledge over the standardization aspects of the raw drug M. hortensis.
... Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background. [11] Materials and methods for Anatomical studies Collection of specimens The plant specimens were collected from Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Care was taken to select healthy plants and for normal organs. ...
... To identify specific plant residues in thin sections, an understanding of the anatomy of plants in general, as well as that of the particular plant species growing at the site, is necessary. As an aid to identify the components of higher plants under the microscope, several handbooks and atlases in the field of botany, plant anatomy and plant physiology are available (e.g., Bracegirdle & Miles, 1971;Esau, 1977;Schweingruber, 1982;Gifford & Foster, 1989;Schoch et al., 2004;Botanical Society of America, 2008;Upton et al., 2011). Especially in waterlogged, anaerobic environments, where plant remains are mainly well preserved, it is often possible to differentiate between wood, wood bark, twigs (and/or roots), deciduous leaves, remains of true grasses (Poaceae), seeds/fruits and mosses (see Ismail-Meyer, 2017). ...
... The toxic effect of the detergent was observed from 5% to 25% effluent concentrations in the form of reduction of trichome density and number of epidermal cells on both surfaces, this perhaps may be a strategy to reduce stress from physiological processes on the adaxial surface since it is the surface receiving much of the solar radiation and engage in photosynthesis more. This had been previously affirmed by Esau (1965) that the degree of sinuosity of epidermal cells was premised on the extent of impact exerted on the stomata in the course of developmental process. The stomata density increased significantly at 20% concentration. ...
The impact of detergent effluent on the growth, yield and foliar epidermal characters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was investigated. The variety of tomato ((ROMA VF) was grown on soil contaminated with different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of the effluent. It was observed that the effluent affected the time of germination, flowering and fruiting of the tomato plant. The number and weight of fruits produced were also affected although the extent varied with concentrations. There were significant variations in the plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, number of fruits and weight of fruits among the different treatments at 0.05 level of probability. At lower effluent concentrations, it was observed that the growth and number of fruits were relatively higher than the control (plants not treated with the effluent). The foliar anatomical study on the tomato showed that the effluent affected the structures of the plants. Significant reductions were observed in the stomata density, trichome frequency and number of epidermal cells on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces as the concentration increases. This study revealed that detergent effluent had significant effect on the growth, yield and the foliar anatomy of Solanum lycopersicum especially at higher concentration (25%).
... G. muralis Linnaeus (1753: 408), and G. repens Linnaeus (1753: 407) was investigated by Schweingruber (l.c.). Further minor studies on the anatomical structure in Caryophyllaceae were by Metcalfe (1946), Barkoudah (1962), Esau (1977), Fahn (1990), Ataşlar (1999), Ataşlar (2004), Çinbilgel et al. (2007), Yıldız & Minareci (2008), Özdemir et al. (2010), Atasagun et al. (2016), and Li et al. (2016). ...
Gypsophila osmangaziensis, an endemic species from Eskişehir (Turkey) is here studied from the anatomical and micromorphological points of view for the first time. Root, stem and leaf cross-sections as well as seed, leaf and pollen grains surfaces are investigated. Root shows perennial characteristics. Pericycle layer of the stem is composed of sclerenchymatic cells that have 15–17 very thick, layered cell walls. Leaf mesophyll is isobilateral and partly carries druse crystals. Seed surface has an obtuse tubercle. Pollen shape is oblate spheroidal.
... Internal secretory spread out in the polyhedral parenchymatous tissue of the plant's organs involving mesophyll in leaves and cortex and pith in root and rhizome ( Figure 1). Essau (1987) ...
We develop research focused on the environmental quality through a survey of herpetofauna in a threatened area with minimum data. The collected data supported by literature was used to predict the highest threat in the Prevab forest and to recommend a conservation area according to priority. The survey was conducted on three main sites: Senadam lake, camp area, and Buntu river. Each location was surveyed using a Visual Encounter Survey in a 1 km transect, from 7 to 11 p.m. for 3 days (21–23 October 2016). This study has identified 25 species herpetofauna from 76 individuals, consisting of 3 orders: Squamata, Anura, and Crocodilia. The highest number of individuals found were Chalcorana raniceps (n:18), Hemidactylus frenatus (n:7), Hemidactylus platyurus (n:10), Eutropis sp. (n:5), Cyrtodactylus yoshii (n:4), Crocodylus porosus (n:4), Hylarana erythraea (n:3), Varanus salvator (n:3). Two species were categorized as ‘Threatened’ species in the IUCN Red List, and one (Ptychozoon horsfieldii) was categorized as ‘Data Deficient.’ One species, Limnonectes paramacrodon, was categorized as ‘Near Threatened’. There were 2 species categorized as Appendix II CITES: Varanus salvator and Crocodylus porosus. Only one species, Crocodylus porosus, was protected by Indonesia’s regulation. Chalcorana raniceps and Limnonectes paramacrodon were found in high numbers in Buntu river, while the camp area was mostly visited by Hemidactylus platyurus, Hemidactylus frenatus, and Ptychozoon horsfieldii. Senadam lake was found to be the habitat for Crocodylus porosus.
... Thus in recent years there have been an emphasis in standardization of medicinal plants of therapeutic potential. According to World Health Organization (WHO) the macroscopic and microscopic description of a medicinal plant is the first step towards establishing its identity and purity and should be carried out before any tests are undertaken [1] Correct botanical identity based on the external morphology is possible when a complete plant specimen is available. Anatomical characters can also help the identification when morphological features are indistinct. ...
... The aesthetic value of the genus Hydrangea comes from its colored bracts, which are foliar organs, as well as petals, but less modified (Esau, 1977). Microscopic observations have confirmed that hydrangea bracts show a high number of stomata, more similar to leaves than petals, which could explain the severe fresh weight loss despite the high solution uptake observed, (Table 4) since the balance between transpiration and water uptake is crucial during the vase life of cut flowers (van Doorn, 1997). ...
Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) is widely used as an ornamental plant and cut flower due to its inflorescence, which is composed of colored bracts. As cut flowers, hydrangeas show a postharvest life of up to 1 month at 2 degrees C, but little is known about their postharvest life during air shipment. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Triton X-100 (surfactant) and ClO2 (biocide) during an air shipment simulation of hydrangea harvested at two floral stages of development: fresh and antique. Vase life, fresh weight loss (FWL) and solution uptake were evaluated after an air shipment simulation. Furthermore, bacterial counts and microscopic observation of the bracts were performed in order to understand the water relations of hydrangea during vase life. The longest vase life was observed in antique hydrangeas, and the control (deionized water) was the best treatment, reaching up to 32.7 days in this floral stage. FWL was faster when using Triton X-100 (3.83 days to lose 20% of FW) compared to deionized water (8.75 days). However, this flower preservative was efficient at promoting solution uptake (31.96 mL). Bacterial plugging did not appear to occur considering that the high presence of microorganisms counted did not affect solution uptake or vase life. The presence of stomata on the bracts seems to be crucial for the dehydration of the inflorescence, a problem that was not solved by the higher water uptake promoted by Triton X-100. Thus, deionized water was the best treatment, and the effect of flower preservatives in order to extend vase life of hydrangea cut flowers was insignificant.
... Since these structures have birefringent property, under polarized light they appear bright against dark background. [11] Materials and methods for Anatomical studies Collection of specimens The plant specimens were collected from Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Care was taken to select healthy plants and for normal organs. ...
... The fragrant flowers of mindi were arranged in a panicle (Esau 1976). The erected inflorescences appeared at the tip of a branch. ...
The study was aimed to determine flower initiation, floral morphology and to observe the stages of flowering and fruit development of mindi (Melia azedarch L) within a population for one period of time 2008–2009. The methods used were observing directly over the trees and some vegetatives and generatives buds were sampled for dissecting. The observation revealed that the inflorescence type of mindi was panicle, located at the end of a branch. The number of flower varied among inflorescences, ranged between 30–80 that bloomed simultaneously. The flower was hermaphroditic with position of anther was closed to stigma that selfing might be happened. Usually, the ovary contained 5 ovules that developed into seeds. Reproductive cycle was proceeded for 6–7 months within the year, first observation commenced from flower initiation that occur in August, generative buds to flower burst in September–October. Early fruits were formed in October–November and fruits reached physiological-maturity in January–February. Reproductive success was 34%, indicated that the rate of fertilized ovules proportion to be potencially viable seeds were relatively low.Keywords: indian lily, phenology, reproductive biology, reproductive cycle, seed production
A Anatomia Vegetal estuda as partes internas das plantas, assumindo caráter interdisciplinar para enriquecer suas pesquisas. No âmbito acadêmico, frequentemente apresenta-se como uma disciplina difícil e desestimulante. Desta forma, investigamos a percepção dos licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas da FECLI/UECE sobre Anatomia Vegetal. O entendimento da Anatomia Vegetal foi considerado relevante, importante e com abordagem interdisciplinar pelos participantes. Todavia, eles destacaram como aspecto negativo a elevada especificidade dos termos nomenclaturais e a carga horária limitada para o conteúdo. A forma de ensino de maior aprendizagem foram as aulas práticas, e a revisão dos conteúdos foi mencionada como um método de estudo em casa. Dentre os temas estudados, o conteúdo de anatomia foliar foi citado, simultaneamente, como um dos assuntos mais fáceis e um dos mais difíceis. Isso mostra uma aprendizagem fragmentada de conceitos em certos pontos do conteúdo e nos faz refletir sobre as metodologias que visam o ensino-aprendizado mais significativo.
Elevated [CO 2 ] (E[CO 2 ]) mitigates agricultural losses of C4 plants under drought. Although several studies have described the molecular responses of the C4 plant species Sorghum bicolor during drought exposure, few have reported the combined effects of drought and E[CO 2 ] (E[CO 2 ]/D) on the roots. A previous study showed that, among plant organs, green prop roots (GPRs) under E[CO 2 ]/D presented the second highest increase in biomass after leaves compared with ambient [CO 2 ]/D. GPRs are photosynthetically active and sensitive to drought. To understand which mechanisms are involved in the increase in biomass of GPRs, we performed transcriptome analyses of GPRs under E[CO 2 ]/D. Whole‐transcriptome analysis revealed several pathways altered under E[CO 2 ]/D, among which photosynthesis was strongly affected. We also used previous metabolome data to support our transcriptome data. Activities associated with photosynthesis and central metabolism increased, as seen by the upregulation of photosynthesis‐related genes, a rise in glucose and polyol contents, and increased contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. Protein–protein interaction networks revealed that proliferation, biogenesis, and homeostasis categories were enriched and contained mainly upregulated genes. The findings suggest that the previously reported increase in GPR biomass of plants grown under E[CO 2 ]/D is mainly attributed to glucose and polyol accumulation, as well as photosynthesis activity and carbon provided by respiratory CO 2 refixation. Our findings reveal that an intriguing and complex metabolic process occurs in GPRs under E[CO 2 ]/D, showing the crucial role of these organs in plant drought /tolerance.
The germination processes of Fabaceae seeds are well studied based on physiological parameters. However, in many cases, especially in wild seeds, there is a predominance of dormancy processes that must be reversed to finally produce germination, generally applying scarification processes. In the anatomical studies of seeds, a certain conformation of the structure of the cover is appreciated, with a predominance of sclerenchymatic tissues and waxy covers that are the cause of the difficulty of the entry of water to produce the imbibition of the seed. Mechanical or chemical scarifications are usually recommended to produce effective scarification. The characterization of the anatomical details of the seed coat allows us to predict the appropriate scarification technique with which optimal seed germination can be obtained.
The relevance of improving the knowledge on Triassic conifers resides in that the modern clades originated during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic*More than 30 conifer-like fossil woods are known from the Triassic strata of Argentina*Whereas some have not been linked to any family, others have been related to the "Protopinaceae", Taxaceae, Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, or Hirmeriellaceae (=Cheirolepidiaceae)*The diversity of woods with anatomy close to derived conifers contrasts with the scarce Triassic record of leaves and micro and megasporangiate cones, which could be explained by a combination of taphonomic and evolutionary causes*In order to provide information to resolve this controversy, the anatomy and systematic affinities of Triassic permineralized conifer-like trunks and woods described to date for Argentina were reassessed*As a result of this review, it emerged that the woods previously assigned to Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae do not have enough preserved characters to support such assignment, or they have characters that are homoplasic in the context of Mesozoic gymnosperms and therefore their affinity is ambiguous*On the contrary, the reevaluation of the woods related to the Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae and Hirmeriellaceae (=Cheirolepidiaceae) allows us to support their affinity with these families. © 2023 Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina. All rights reserved.
The intrinsic mechanical properties of nanocelluloseNanocellulose, with a specific stiffness and specific strength higher than most metals and alloys, are superior engineering materials. This makes the renewable yet abundantly available nanocelluloseNanocellulose a promising material in multi-fold stimulating applicationsApplication involving high strength and toughness. This chapter sheds light on the principle mechanistic design features leading to the superb mechanical properties in nanocelluloseNanocellulose-based materials. Some of them, such as nanocelluloseNanocellulose-based filmsFilm, macrofibers, bulk woodWood and lightweight nanocompositesNanocomposites, are discussed. Different modeling approachesModeling approaches focusing on the underlying mechanism behind these fascinating mechanical properties are also reviewed. Finally, some broader future perspectives that can enrich this discipline are analyzed, which hopefully will stimulate the readers to explore the fertile opportunities of nanocelluloseNanocellulose-based sustainable materials engineering in the foreseeable future.
This study demonstrated the correlation between Thymus life-forms and conditions in the Tien Shan mountains, in which different vegetation belts can be located at different altitudes depending on a particular ridge. We selected four species of Thymus that are widespread in Tien Shan mountains (Thymus diminutus Klokov, Thymus dmitrievae Gamajun, Thymus karatavicus Dmitrieva, and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov). Eco-morphological and phytocenotic approaches were used to study the life-forms and biomorphs within the genus Thymus in this region. The module structure and sympodial axis were analyzed according to the slope steepness and stone and (or) herbaceous covering. Acrotonic and basitonic module branching types are characteristics of dwarf shrub and dwarf subshrub life-forms, respectively. The dwarf shrub develops in open spaces in the steppe and forest, and the dwarf subshrub develops in different vegetation belts from steppe to alpine. Thymus dwarf shrub and dwarf subshrub life-forms were characterized by an implicitly polycentric biomorph type (mature plant comprising several closely located growth centers). Thymus species in the Tien Shan mountains exhibited morphological variability. We propose that the branching of Thymus plants can be used as an indicator of a specific vegetation belt in the Tien Shan mountains, and can be used to predict the behavior of other species with similar morphology.
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, a devastating plant disease, responsible for serious losses on many crop plants. R. solanacearum phylotype II-B1 strains have caused important outbreaks in temperate regions, where the pathogen has been identified inside asymptomatic bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) plants near rivers and in potato fields. S. dulcamara is a perennial species described as a reservoir host where R. solanacearum can overwinter, but their interaction remains uncharacterised. In this study, we have systematically analysed R. solanacearum infection in S. dulcamara, dissecting the behaviour of this plant compared with susceptible hosts such as tomato cv. Marmande, for which the interaction is well described. Compared with susceptible tomatoes, S. dulcamara plants (i) show delayed symptomatology and bacterial progression, (ii) restrict bacterial movement inside and between xylem vessels, (iii) limit bacterial root colonisation, and (iv) show constitutively higher lignification in the stem. Taken together, these results demonstrate that S. dulcamara behaves as partially resistant to bacterial wilt, a property that is enhanced at lower temperatures. This study proves that tolerance (i.e., the capacity to reduce the negative effects of infection) is not required for a wild plant to act as a reservoir host. We propose that inherent resistance (impediment to colonisation) and a perennial habit enable bittersweet plants to behave as reservoirs for R. solanacearum.
In this review, the scope of morphological diversity of fruits within the class Liliopsida belonging to the flora of Ukraine compared to the world flora diversity was analyzed. For the first time, the taxonomic diversity of monocot plants of the flora of Ukraine was analyzed, which includes 235 genera and about 1050 species, and the distribution of fruit types in the largest monocot families revealed. It was found that among monocot plants of the world flora, as also of the Ukrainian flora, more than 70% of generic and species diversity is taken up by the Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae families having dry uniform fruits: inferior capsule (Orchidaceae) and one-seeded enveloped fruit (Poaceae and Cyperaceae). An annotated list of morphological fruit types was compiled for all 38 families of the natural and cultural flora of monocot plants of Ukraine. Among 12 families of the subclass Alismatidae, apocarpous polymerous or trimerous fruits, mostly with one-seeded fruitlets, occur in six families (Alismataceae, Butomaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Zannichelliaceae). In 12 of 16 families of the subclass Liliidae, trimerous capsules are the most common (Agapanthaceae, Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Hemerocallidacae, Hyacinthaceae, Iridaceae, Liliасеае, Melanthiaceae, Orchidaceae), while in six families berry-like fruit occurs in all members or in the single genus (Asparagaceae, Ruscaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Melanthiaceae (Paris), Liliасеае (Streptopus), Smilacaceae). Among 10 families of the subclass Commelinidae, in four families superior dry one-seeded fruits occur (Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae), while another four families have trimerous capsules (Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Juncaceae, Pontederiaceae). In general, the most typical fruit on the familial taxonomical level is the capsule (17 families), berries occur in 10 families, aggregate fruits and one-seeded fruits are represented each in seven families, while the rarest fruit type is the schizocarp (Juncaginaceae). No monomerous follicles, poricide and operculate capsules, winged fruits and loments were found. The most controversial fruit types are found in two groups of families, for both of them the problem is the gynoecium type. These are families with one-seeded fruit (Аrасеае (Lemna), Cyperaceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Najas), Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae, Zosteraceae) and families with initial carpel fusion (Hydrocharitaceae (Stratiotes), Juncaginaceae, Melanthiaceae (Veratrum), Scheuchzeriaceae, Tofieldiaceae). As a result of our work, the key and the most relevant areas of carpological studies in Ukraine were defined, particularly, unifying the terminology, examination of the anatomical structure of the pericarp, revealing of the evolutionary and ecological aspects of fruit morphology.
The global electric circuit and the marine layer in coastal regions result in the presence of atmospheric negative polarity ions within the canopy of plants. This leads to the hypothesis:
In the presence of negative polarity atmospheric ions plants activate a plant wide system to absorb and utilize these negative polarity ions.
This plant wide system, termed Extracellular Transport System (ETS), is focused on nitrate movement. The object of this paper is to verify the existence of ETS by characterizing 1) how ETS absorbs ion from the atmosphere and 2) within the plant how ETS moves ions from source to destination. Over the past 2-years characteristics of ETS were examined in pecans, pistachios, lemons, wine grapes, cotton, corn, avocados and chili peppers in production agriculture fields in Arizona and California. Nitrate movement was separated into three physical locations: Location I, in the atmosphere outside the plant; Location II, in the interfacial volume between the atmosphere and the plant surface; Location III, in the plant itself. The paper is divided into three parts. Each part is concerned with a particular location of nitrate movement. The major tool of verification is presentation of simultaneous patterns of nitrate ion arrival rate on a simulated plant surface and subsequent movement of nitrate within the extracellular region of the plant. Use of this tool is illustrated in corn, lemons, chili peppers and avocados.
A base functionality of ETS has been developed: ETS is a transient, plant wide system wherein 1) nitrate ions are putatively absorbed by a variety of epidermal structures including trichomes and transferred into the extracellular region, 2) hydrated pathways are produced in the extracellular region through which these nitrate ions pass 3) electrical potential gradients are created in the extracellular region which provide a force field to provoke movement of nitrate ions through these pathways. Anthropomorphic climate has three dimensions: light, temperature and moisture. Phytomorphic climate has five dimensions: light, temperature, moisture, earth tides and atmospheric ion presence. ETS is a natural adaptation of plants to the transient nature of atmospheric negative polarity ion presence. It provides a mechanism for plants to utilize this ubiquitous and renewable source of nitrate.
Maesopsis eminii is one of alien and invasive plant in Indonesia and planted in Resort Bodogol, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. The results showed M. eminii has dorsiventral and hypostomatic leaf type with anomocytic stomata, drusse type of CaCO3 crystal, multicellular and uniseriate trichomes in the upper and lower surface. While its stem has variation in its ray initial layer depend on its trunk circumference.
This study aims to compare the leaf morphoanatomical characteristics of seven Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera white cultivars with different geographical origin, grown side by side at the same "terroir". The leaf morphoanatomical traits analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed large variability among genotypes. Significant differences between cultivars were observed in single leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf density and in the thickness of cuticle, upperand lower epidermal cells and mesophyll. Leaf dry mass per area presented a significant positive correlation with leaf density but showed no correlation with leaf thickness, results that can be explainedby the quite different mesophyll structure, epidermal cells and cuticle thickness. 'Alvarinho', 'Encruzado', 'Macabeu' and 'Viosinho' were the cultivars with the highest thickness of cuticle and mesophyll tissues. Under SEM magnification three types of stomata were identified: sunken, at the same level and raised above, with the same level type presenting the higher percentage in all cultivars. Stomata density presented significantdifferences between cultivars, with 'Macabeu' showing the highest value and 'Alvarinho'and 'Arinto' the lowest ones. The hairs on the lower surface presented a similar woolly aspect in all cultivars. Calcium oxalate crystals, raphids and druses were visible and widely distributed in theparenchyma tissues. The observed differences in leaf traits among genotypes suggest a major role of leaf anatomy in determining grapevine capacity for coping with different environmental conditions. © 2018, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agraria e das Pescas.
The seed coats of several conifers contain terpene-filled resin vesicles, which may be involved in the protection of the dormant embryo and the seed storage tissue against herbivores or pathogens. We analyzed the terpenoid composition of seeds from four Abies species (Abiesamabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes, Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., Abiesgrandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl., and Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), two Thuja species (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don and Thujaoccidentalis L.), and three Tsuga species (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carrière, Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carrière, and Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and examined histological features of resin vesicles in seeds from one species from each genus. Resin vesicle morphology was generally similar among the species analyzed. The composition of the seed terpenes varied largely between species. The described seed terpene profiles of the nine species will serve as a foundation for future studies into the function of seed terpenes and resin vesicles in the seed coat.
Background
Mycorrhizal strategies are very effective in enhancing plant acquisition of poorly-mobile nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P) from infertile soil. However, on very old and severely P-impoverished soils, a carboxylate-releasing and P-mobilising cluster-root strategy is more effective at acquiring this growth-limiting resource. Carboxylates are released during a period of only a few days from ephemeral cluster roots. Despite the cluster-root strategy being superior for P acquisition in such environments, these species coexist with a wide range of mycorrhizal species, raising questions about the mechanisms contributing to their coexistence.
Scope
We surmise that the coexistence of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal strategies is primarily accounted for by a combination of belowground mechanisms, namely (i) facilitation of P acquisition by mycorrhizal plants from neighbouring cluster-rooted plants, and (ii) interactions between roots, pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi, which enhance the plants’ defence against pathogens. Facilitation of nutrient acquisition by cluster-rooted plants involves carboxylate exudation, making more P available for both themselves and their mycorrhizal neighbours. Belowground nutrient exchanges between carboxylate-exuding plants and mycorrhizal N2-fixing plants appear likely, but require further experimental testing to determine their nutritional and ecological relevance. Anatomical studies of roots of cluster-rooted Proteaceae species show that they do not form a complete suberised exodermis.
Conclusions
The absence of an exodermis may well be important to rapidly release carboxylates, but likely lowers root structural defences against pathogens, particularly oomycetes. Conversely, roots of mycorrhizal plants may not be as effective at acquiring P when P availability is very low, but they are better defended against pathogens, and this superior defence likely involves mycorrhizal fungi. Taken together, we are beginning to understand how an exceptionally large number of plant species and P-acquisition strategies coexist on the most severely P-impoverished soils.
Acclimation of conifer needle anatomy to climate change is poorly understood. We studied needle anatomy, shoot gas exchange, current-year shoot length, and stem diameter growth in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings exposed to elevated ozone (1.35× to 1.5× ambient concentration) and elevated temperature (0.9–1.3 °C + ambient temperature) alone and in combination for two exposure seasons in two separate open-field experiments in central Finland. Pines grew also at two soil nitrogen levels. In spruce, warming increased mesophyll intercellular space and reduced gas exchange and shoot growth and made needles narrower and the epidermis and hypodermis thinner. In pine, warming made needles bigger, increased shoot and stem growth, stomatal row number, and proportions of vascular cylinder, phloem, and xylem and reduced the proportion of mesophyll. These responses indicate that pine benefited and spruce suffered from moderate warming. Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species, reduced stomatal density in spruce, and increased proportions of phloem, xylem, and sclerenchyma and reduced growth in pine. Ozone responses suggest increased oxidative stress defense. Stomatal responses were affected by interactions of elevated temperature and ozone in both species. Nitrogen availability modified ozone and temperature responses, particularly in the vascular tissues in pine.
Maesopsis eminii is one of alien and invasive plant in Indoensia and planted in Resort Bodogol, Gunung Gede PangrangoNational Park. The results showed M. eminii has dorsiventral and hypostomatic leaf type with anomocytic stomata, drusse type ofCaCO3 crystal, multicellular and uniseriate trichomes in the upper and lower surface. While its stem has variation in its ray initiallayer depend on its trunk circumference.
Roots of Khaya ivorensis andK senegalensis were studied with reference to the anatomical structure of the secondary xylem. Though growing in ecologically contrasting habitats and showing morphologically different root systems, the two species do not differ anato- mically. There are more vessels in the roots than in the stem. Compared with the vessels of the stem they are wider in the lateral roots, narrower in the vertical roots. The amount of parenchyma tissue does not vary greatly, but storage of starch is denser in the roots, especially in the septate fibres. In the very superficial lateral roots of K ivorensis no anatomical differences can be observed between aerial and underground portions. A comparison is made with a few other tropical woody plants.
Vitex trifolia Linn (Verbanaceae) is commonly known as chaste tree (English), Nirnochi (Tamil) and jalanirgundi (Sanskrit) and is reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. Vitex Leucoxylon Linn. (Verbenreae) is found commonly in India. This plant is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as Songarbhi (Marathi). Because of the same species, the plants look alike and it is difficult for the collection and authentication of the plant. This comparative study aims at differentiating the plants on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluations. Morphological studies of leaves showed the presence of various diagnostic characters. In the microscopical studies of both leaves showed the presence of vascular bundle, trichomes, epidermal cells, spongy parenchyma cells etc. Ash value and extractive value was determined for quality standard of drugs. Phytochemical investigation shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, protein and amino acids, tannins, phytosterols, saponins etc.
The discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater into the environment is common in Africa and other developing nations of the world. The conventional treatment systems available in developed economies are very expensive for many African countries. The quest to find a unique and greener way of treating the growing wastewater volume, both at the micro and macro scale in Africa, led to this study. The study evaluated biological and mechanical properties of an unknown African endemic species of Vetiver grass (Chysopogon nigritanus) and the South Indian species (Chysopogon zizanioides). It further analysed their effectiveness in cleaning industrial effluent and compared the potential of the African species with the South Indian species, which potential in treating wastewater is wellestablished by research. Untreated effluents were collected from an abattoir, a quarry site and fertilizer and cassava processing companies. Untreated leachate from a public refuse dump, wastewater from urban drains and crude oil polluted water were also collected and treated with these bio-resources (Chysopogon nigritanus and Chysopogon zizanioides). Pre and post treatment properties of effluents assessed were BOD, COD, pH, N, P. Cd, Pb, Zn, Ar, Ni, Fe, Mg, among others. All pre-treatment properties exceeded the WHO/FAO and USEPA safe levels for wastewater before discharge or re-use. Treatment using the African bio-resource for 2, 4 and 6 days reduced the pollutants significantly to acceptable safe levels. In some cases, contaminants were completely removed bringing the wastewater quality to acceptable safe levels for urban agriculture. The African species, just like the South Indian species, has a high potential in cleaning wastewater. However, while the African species was more effective in removing phosphate, the South Indian species was more effective on nitrate. Both species fit into the global call for promoting a Green Economy, more specifically, in the area of managing wastewater with bio-resources before discharge or for re-use.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.