In an increasingly globalized world, social cohesion and fragmentation are critical themes shaping contemporary society, particularly in India. This study delves into the philosophical underpinnings that define social cohesion, while analyzing the forces contributing to social fragmentation. Drawing on both classical and modern philosophical thought, the research investigates how identity, culture, and political discourse influence these phenomena. The motivation behind this study is to bridge theoretical insights with practical implications for fostering unity in a diverse society, a necessity in today's era of socio-political divisions. Methodologically, this study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating philosophical analysis with sociological and historical perspectives. By employing qualitative data, literature reviews, and case studies, the research critically assesses the dynamic interactions between collective social ideals and divisive trends. The findings suggest that while social cohesion is rooted in shared values and inclusive practices, fragmentation often arises from identity politics, economic inequalities, and cultural conflicts. The study concludes that a balance between unity and diversity is essential for social harmony. It highlights the significance of philosophical inquiry in addressing contemporary challenges of cohesion, providing valuable insights for policy interventions, community development, and educational frameworks. The research offers a holistic understanding of how philosophy can contribute to reducing fragmentation, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts to promote inclusivity, justice, and social stability in modern India. ocial cohesion and fragmentation have become pivotal concepts in understanding the dynamics of contemporary societies, especially in the context of increasing globalization, rapid technological advancements, and heightened political polarization. In recent years, both cohesion and fragmentation have been influenced by a range of factors, including identity politics, economic inequalities, migration, digital communication, and cultural transformation. The balance between social unity and division is crucial in determining a society's resilience, stability, and capacity for sustainable development. As globalization brings diverse communities into closer proximity, these interactions create opportunities for cohesion but also lead to tensions that can fragment societies. In India, with its rich diversity in language, religion, caste, and ethnicity, the question of social