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... The information on the traditional use of herbal drugs in folk and veterinary medicine, human and animal nutrition, traditional customs and folk beliefs, and uses of plants for other purposes was recorded. The plants were authenticated by Prof. Pedja Janaćković (the corresponding author of the current study), following the professional literature [31][32][33][34][35]. Local names were harmonized upon Simonović [36]. ...
Background: Starting from the idea that unexplored areas may yield new and different ethnobotanical information, we performed a survey of traditional uses of plants in two neighboring districts situated in east Serbia (Bor and Aleksinac), both lacking in previous ethnobotanical reports, but characterized by an interesting history and culture, together with some specific features. In this study, we hypothesized that such small and specific areas could be of high ethnobotanical importance.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were used with 155 informants. Relative cultural importance (RCI) indices, such as the frequency of citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), relative importance index (RI), informant consensus factor (ICF-FIC), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI), were calculated, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed.
Results: In this study, 2333 use-reports and 114 plants were recorded. Of the 101 medical herbs, 33 are included in the European Pharmacopoeia Edition 8.0. The most frequently used mode of preparation was as an infusion (50.0%), while leaf (44.7%) was the most used plant part. The highest FC and RFC values were recorded for Hypericum perforatum L. (13.1 and 0.2, respectively), while the highest RI was documented for Urtica dioica L. (1.0). ICF and FL indices showed important differences among selected groups of informants. The PCoA showed three homogeneous plant groups. Plants were mostly used for the treatment of digestive (49.1%), circulatory (41.2%) and respiratory system disorders (35.1%). Thirty-seven (32.5%) herbs were used for human nutrition, 14 (12.3%) in veterinary medicine, 17 (14.9%) in rituals and ethnoculture, while 24 (21.0%) for miscellaneous purposes. The highest degree of similarity was determined with studies conducted in close proximity. Four species are new to Balkan ethnobotany. New uses for some well-known plants are highlighted.
Conclusion: The study indicated that small and specific areas in the Balkans may be an important reservoir of ethnobotanical knowledge.
... Svi pronađeni B hromosomi u rodu Narcissus dugi su oko 2/3 hromosoma iz garniture A, a koji nosi satelit (najčešće najkraćeg hromosomskog para u komplementu), sa subterminalnom centromerom, mogu biti vrlo slični ili morfološki varijabilni, te mogu ali i ne moraju biti heterohromatični (Fernandes, 1952;Wylie, 1952;Brandham i Kirton, 1987;Zonneveld, 2008). U relevantnoj literaturi postoji samo nekoliko referenci o 25 postojanju B hromosoma kod vrste N. poeticus (Takhtajan, 1990) Sistematski status, životni ciklus i životna forma su determinirani za svaku svojtu iz relevantne bibliografije (Beck, 1903(Beck, , 1916(Beck, , 1927Beck i Malý, 1950;Beck et al., 1967Beck et al., 1983Hayek, 1970;Josifović, 1970Josifović, 1977Sarić, 1986;Tutin et al., 1992Oberdorfer, 1994;Šugar, 1994;Šilić, 1996;Stevanović, 1999 ...
Habitats on serpentine substrate present a hostile environment for the plants development. They are characterized by a small number of species, but high levels of endemism. This study shows for the first time a series of data on genome size, chromosome number, ploidy level, the affinity to the substrate, the life cycle, the type and form of growth in the extreme northwest region of serpentine area in the Balkans. The sample includes 308 taxa belonging to 213 genera, with new values recorded for 28 genera and 99 species. Using Leitch's criteria, more than half of estimated taxa (55.63%) belong to the group of very small genomes, 22.19% small, 18.75% intermediary, 3.13% large and only 0.31% to very large genomes. Regarding the affinity to the substrate, the majority of species (171) were indifferent or facultative serpentinophytes (103). Concerning the life cycle, ~ 4% of species are annuals and 88.31% perennials, and 57% had very small genomes. Hemicryptophytes represent a dominant life form (48.38%), phanerophytes 17%, 1chamaephytes5%, therophytes 9% and geophytes 9%. It is clear that the water stress, high temperatures and presence of heavy metals in serpentine habitats have the high selective pressure and favor perennial species with very small genome.The Narcissus poeticus (Amaryllidaceae), facultative serpentinophyte, is the ancestor of cultivated daffodils. This is the first study of N. poeticus and its rhizosphere in natural populations. It shows tolerance to soil pH ranging from 4.64 to 7.85. Serpentine soils have total concentrations of nickel, cobalt and magnesium highest, compared with calcareous soils. Narcissus poeticus is characterized by the greater accumulation of manganese, nickel and magnesium in the aerial parts of plant. Against the cobalt has a uniform total concentration in all parts of the plant. Another unusual feature of N. poeticus is the highest molar ratio Ca / Mg in the underground parts, probably du to his life form (geophytes) and summer dormancy. It is obvious that although N. poeticus accumulate certain amounts of estimated heavy metals (Mn, Ni, Co, Fe), it does not a hyperaccumulator.An important part of this work concerns the variability of the chromosome structure, genome size, the ploidy level and the presence of B chromosomes in 13 natural populations growing on different soils and under different environmental conditions. The technique of flow cytometry was used to estimate the genome size, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the physical mapping of rDNA, the fluorochrome banding for the organization of heterochromatin and silver staining to estimate the activity of ribosomal genes. Organization of ribosomal genes and natural triploids have been reported here for the first time. Presence of individuals carrying B chromosomes (in 9 / 13 populations) and chromosomal translocations were detected. A particular system of B chromosomes presents three different morphotypes. The most common submetacentric type shows four different patterns in the organization of heterochromatin and rDNA. The AgNO3 staining showed that the number of nucleoli formed increases in the presence of B chromosomes carrying ribosomal genes, which proved their activity. The obtained results show that N. poeticus has a dynamic genome with the variable amount of DNA due to the presence of polyploidy, B chromosomes and chromosomal rearrangements. It seems that the observed changes reflect the response of the genome to different environmental conditions in which individuals carrying B chromosomes may have some selective advantages
Citation: Kozlowski, G.; Fragnière, Y.; Clément, B.; Gilg, O.; Sittler, B.; Lang, J.; Eidesen, P.B.; Lang, S.I.; Wasowicz, P.; Meade, C. Genome Size in the Arenaria ciliata Species Complex (Caryophyllaceae), with Special Focus on Northern Europe and the Arctic. Plants 2024, 13, 635. Abstract: The main aim of the present study has been the completion of genome size data for the diverse arctic-alpine A. ciliata species complex, with special focus on the unexplored arctic taxon A. pseudofrigida, the north-European A. norvegica, and A. gothica from Gotland (Sweden). Altogether, 46 individuals of these three Nordic taxa have been sampled from seven different regions and their genome size estimated using flow cytometry. Three other alpine taxa in the A. ciliata complex (A. multicaulis, A. ciliata subsp. ciliata, and A. ciliata subsp. bernensis) were also collected and analyzed for standardization purposes, comprising 20 individuals from six regions. A mean 2c value of 1.65 pg of DNA was recorded for A. pseudofrigida, 2.80 pg for A. norvegica, and 4.14 pg for A. gothica, as against the reconfirmed 2c value of 1.63 pg DNA for the type taxon A. ciliata subsp. ciliata. Our results presenting the first estimations of genome sizes for the newly sampled taxa, corroborate ploidy levels described in the available literature, with A. pseudofrigida being tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40), A. norvegica possessing predominantly 2n = 8x = 80, and A. gothica with 2n = 10x = 100. The present study also reconfirms genome size and ploidy level estimations published previously for the alpine members of this species complex. Reflecting a likely complex recent biogeographic history, the A. ciliata species group comprises a polyploid arctic-alpine species complex characterized by reticulate evolution, polyploidizations and hybridizations, probably associated with rapid latitudinal and altitudinal migrations in the Pleistocene-Holocene period.
In this study, Ziziphora taxa grown in Turkey along with those grown in different parts of the world were analyzed with respect to morphological revision and molecular systematic analyses using nuclear ribosomal ITS (nrITS) sequences and the chloroplast (trnL-F) sequences. Both nrITS and trnL-F sequences clearly suggested Ziziphora was a monophyletic genus. Morphological revision mostly confirmed the previous systematic position of the taxa examined, while for some taxa, morphological uncertainties combined with DNA sequence data suggested rearrangements and new taxa. With this respect, some of the unidentified Z. clenopodioides specimens were suggested as potentially 2 new subspecies while the status of Z. clenopodioides subsp. filicaulis was suggested to change from subspecies to species. Interestingly, four Z. tenuior ecotypes from the eastern, central and southern parts of Turkey displayed different nrITS sequences and hence they were suggested as four different new subspecies of Z. tenuior. This is the first report presenting a revised status of Ziziphora L. taxa in Turkey based on molecular systematic analysis, with respect to its related members in different parts of the world.
This datasheet on Persicaria wallichii covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Tribe Linnaeeae is a diverse group disjunctly distributed in the northern hemisphere between China and Japan and Mexico. The tribe consists of shrubs with showy flowers that are important in the horticultural industry. We present a detailed monograph of tribe Linnaeeae that includes descriptions, identification keys, botanical plates with line drawings and photographs, distribution maps, morphometric analysis of key characters, and discussion on evolution, cultivation and conservation. Twenty species, as well as five new varieties and four new forms, are recognised in six genera. Forty heterotypic names (not including the 218 names for Linnaea borealis) are listed as synonyms. 1,973 specimens were studied and databased from 13 herbaria (A, BM, CAS, E, GZAC, IBSC, KUN, KYO, MAK, PE, TNS, TOFO and TI). The Kolkwitzia–Dipelta–Diabelia clade radiated from the Qinling Mountain Range of China and is disjunctly distributed in Japan. The Linnaea–Vesalea clade may have migrated through the Bering Land Bridge and radiated along the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Abelia, which is most diverse in China, evolved in relation to the formation of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.
The understory vegetation (vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens) in an area dominated by boreal coniferous forests is subjected to detailed ecological analysis. Two hundred meso sample plots (1 m ² ) are used as basis for vegetation sampling, and provided with measurements of 33 environmental variables. Species abundance is recorded as frequency in 16 subplots. Parallel DCA and 2-dimensional LNMDS ordinations of meso sample plots were largely identical, both provided two coenocline axes interpretable in ecological terms. The first axis is interpreted as the response to a broad-scale topographical complex-gradient, made up of two independent complex-gradients; (1) a topography-soil depth complex-gradient in the pine forest (running from lichen-rich pine forests to submesic Vaccinium myrtillus-dominated spruce forests), and (2) a complex-gradient in soil nutrient status in the spruce forest. The second axis, mainly affecting the species composition of the bottom layer, is interpreted as a fine-scale paludification gradient. The causes of variation along these gradients are discussed: Desiccation tolerance is considered to act directly on the physiology of vascular plant species, setting their limits towards xeric sites. Similarly, cryptogams with optima in the more mesic sites are considered to be excluded from drier sites by physiological tolerance. Limits of cryptogams towards more mesic sites are, however, considered to be set by competitive ability (growth rates) in accordance with the competitive hierarchy theory. N availability is assumed to be the most important factor for differentiation of vascular plants along the nutrient gradient, while bryophytes are expected to respond to a complex of factors, including structural properties of the humus layer. Increasing N accumulation in the humus towards xeric sites may indicate oversaturation due to deposition of airborne NO 3 - or NH> 4 ⁺ . Fine-scale paludification, mainly of a soligenous type, occurred in sloping terrain with shallow soil. The cryptogams apparently make up a competitive hierarchy also along the paludification gradient. No other coenoclines could be identified by analysis of 0.0625 m ² micro sample plots, most probably because the response of vegetation to micro-scale environmental gradients (probably most important: the variation in microtopography) not essentially different from the meso-scale gradients, and because the importance of random processes increase towards finer scales. Structuring processes are discussed with reference to the observed patterns. The lack of a closed bottom layer in almost all sample plots is considered a strong indication of high importance of fine-scale disturbance and density-independent mortality in the investigated system, while interspecific competition is of lower importance. The methodology in vegetation ecological studies is discussed with particular reference to monitoring. The potential of an integrated concept using permanent plots, parallel investigation of vegetation and environmental parameters, and gradient analysis, is stressed. Several suggestions for future studies, based on this integrated approach, are made.
For most of the last glacial period, which ended about 10kaBP21kaBP=1000 years before present. All ages given are in radiocarbon years, and differ from calendar years. See text for details.2, the temperate forest species were restricted to small areas (termed refugia) with a milder climate, situated mostly along the Mediterranean borderlands and around the Black Sea. Species only started to expand from these glacial period refugia with the large-scale shifts in the global climate in the late-glacial (15–10kaBP) and the beginning of the Holocene period (10kaBP to present).Fossil pollen data from sites across Europe have been used to reconstruct the location of refugia of the deciduous oak species, and the spread from these refugia into their current ranges. Three areas of southern Europe have been identified as refugia for deciduous Quercus: southern Iberian peninsula, southern Italian peninsula and the southern Balkan peninsula.The spread of Quercus took place in two steps. First, in the late-glacial interstadial (13–11kaBP) Quercus spread to the central European mountains from these refugia. Second, with the stabilisation of a climate favourable to deciduous trees species in the Holocene, oak spread into northern Europe, rapidly into the north–west, and more slowly into the centre and east, due to physical barriers. The earlier distribution changes are strongly correlated with the shifts in climate, whereas the later changes are most strongly controlled by competition between species, landscape topography and other edaphic factors. By approximately 6kaBP, the deciduous oak had reached its maximum extension in Europe.Two types of refugia have been identified from the observed range expansion: primary, full glacial refugia; and secondary, temporary refugia, which supported populations of the oak during the short, climatically unfavourable late-glacial stadial.
Pour rechercher la variabilit morphologique intra- et inter-populations de Pistacia atlantica Desf., une tude portant sur huit populations spontanes dAlgrie a t effectue. Cette tude comprend une partie biomtrique des feuilles et fruits complte par une tude descriptive macro- et micro-morphologique. Lanalyse de la variance ainsi que la comparaison des moyennes des caractres morphologiques tudis ont rvl une diversit importante lintrieur et entre les diffrentes provenances correspondant des bioclimats diffrents. Lanalyse multivarie a permis, par la suite, la sparation de ces provenances en quatre groupes partir des variables discriminantes de dimensions de la feuille et de la foliole terminale, le nombre de paires de folioles, les ailes foliaires, lodeur de la feuille, la couleur de la feuille, la taille de la foliole terminale ainsi que la forme de son apex et enfin la couleur et la forme du fruit. Lanalyse des rsultats obtenus met en vidence loriginalit des populations algriennes par rapport celles communment dcrites pour cette espce dans la littrature, notamment par loccurrence de cire sur les feuilles. La variabilit morphologique de cette espce en Algrie peut tre due aux conditions cologiques, et les mcanismes physiologiques impliqus sont discuts dans cet article.
The vegetation of a poor mire is sampled by two procedures; 800 randomly placed sample plots made up the R data set, 765 subjectively selected plots in 153 sample plot series made up the S data set. DCA ordination and constrained ordination by DCCA of the data sets and subsets showed the existence of three coenoclines in the material: (1) the coenocline along the mire expanse: low to high median depth to the water table—mire margin gradient, (2) the poor-rich coenocline, dependent on a complex-gradient in substrate chemistry, and (3) a coenocline attributed to variation in peat productivity. Thus the assumption of Fennoscandian mire scientists embedded in numerous systems for classifying mire vegetation, that three gradients are the most important in the mire ecosystem, is partly confirmed. In the investigated area, two of the gradients normally considered make up one complex coenocline (1), and a fourth coenocline (3) has to be added. The effects of sampling techniques on correlations between coenoclines and on ordination results are discussed, and an improved sampling technique is suggested. The major faults of DCA: (1) the tongue effect, and (2) the instability, are described and discussed. It is concluded that if due attention is taken to reveal effects of the faults of the method, DCA is among the best ordination methods currently available.
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