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Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants
... It is a good source of minerals and vitamins, in total its nutritional value is comparable to other vegetables, and has several medicinal properties (Khan, 1979) [22] . The area between India and Indochina is considered to be the centre of brinjal diversity (Vavilov, 1992) [41] . The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi has the major responsibility of collecting, characterizing and conserving the brinjal diversity in the country, and presently maintains over 2500 accessions. ...
... It is a good source of minerals and vitamins, in total its nutritional value is comparable to other vegetables, and has several medicinal properties (Khan, 1979) [22] . The area between India and Indochina is considered to be the centre of brinjal diversity (Vavilov, 1992) [41] . The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi has the major responsibility of collecting, characterizing and conserving the brinjal diversity in the country, and presently maintains over 2500 accessions. ...
ITS-RFLP (Internal Transcribed Spacer-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) marker were used to study the genetic variability among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae isolates from different regions of Marathwada collected during the summer 2018-2019. A total 2 restriction enzymes were used for the digestion of ITS region of the Fom isolates Study of ITS-RFLP analysis for genetic diversity shows the genetic relationship between the 8 Fom isolates. The major cluster I consisted of seven isolates viz. Fom-1 (Soegaon), Fom-2 (Ambajogai), Fom-4 (Badnapur), Fom-5 (Chakur), Fom-6 (Kinwat), Fom-7 (Tuljapur) and Fom-8 (Gangakhed) while second major cluster II comprises single isolates Fom-3 (Sengaon) shown 33% genetic similarity with cluster I and genetic diversity 67% with all isolates.
... Wilczek), a diploid (2n=22) self-pollinating species of the Leguminosae family, originated in the Indo-Burma region (Vavilov, 1935). This vital legume, cultivated primarily in South-East Asia, serves as a protein-rich food for vegetarians, offering superior digestibility and a nutrient-dense profile with 22-28% protein, 59-65% carbohydrates, and abundant iron and folate (Keatinge, et al., 2011). ...
Mungbean landraces plays a vital role in maintaining genetic diversity, which is essential for enhancing resilience against both biotic and abiotic challenges. These landraces exhibit distinct characteristics that can lead to improvements in yield, adaptability, and nutritional value. By assessing yield and associated traits, it becomes possible to identify superior genotypes suitable for breeding initiatives. This approach promotes sustainable production through the development of high-yielding, stress-resistant varieties, while also addressing the issue of genetic erosion. Leveraging the potential of landraces contributes to food security and fosters climate-resilient agricultural practices in mungbean farming. Eighteen genotypes of mungbean were systematically evaluated to elucidate the character associations between yield and its component traits. The experiment was conducted between March to May of the year 2021 at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability within the population. In general, genotypic correlations were observed to be higher than their phenotypic counterparts, reflecting a stronger intrinsic association between traits at the genetic level. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that seed yield per plant exhibited a significant and positive association with most traits, except for days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pod setting, days to maturity, and biological yield, where associations were non-significant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis identified that traits such as days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield, and harvest index exerted a direct positive effect on seed yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. These findings underscore the pivotal role of these traits in determining seed yield. The results highlight that seed yield is predominantly influenced by the direct and indirect effects of these attributing characters. Consequently, these traits should be accorded priority during selection programs aimed at genetic enhancement of mungbean for yield improvement.
... Azerbaijan is recognized as one of the world's primary gene centers, distinguished by its rich diversity of cereal plants and their wild ancestors, which thrive across various altitudes and landscapes [1,2]. The preservation and study of this unique biodiversity are essential for the development of high-quality crop varieties that can withstand abiotic and biotic stress factors, which are increasingly relevant in the face of climate change and environmental degradation [3][4][5][6]. ...
Azerbaijan, a primary gene center, contains a rich diversity of wheat at different altitudes. Studying this diversity is crucial for improving adaptability and resilience to climate change in high altitude regions. A total of 158 bread wheat accessions were analyzed using SSR markers, following CTAB and PCR-based DNA extraction, fragment analysis on an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyzer and subsequent statistical evaluation. Thirty- five alleles were identified, ranging from 4 to 16 per primer, with an average value of 8.8. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.453 to 0.858, with barc212 showing the highest value, while the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.392 to 0.846. Var. ferrugineum showed the highest genetic variability, while var. albidum showed the least. The accessions were grouped into three main clusters in the dendrogram. Three accessions from Hajikend (collected from 1258 m) formed distinct clusters with genetic distances ranging from 0.33 to 0.5. Similarly, accessions from Kankendi (700-800 m) showed a genetic distance of 0.67 between clusters. Overall, SSR marker analysis of local bread wheat revealed significant polymorphism, with accessions from high altitude contributing to the diversity. These results provide valuable information for selecting different parental combinations in breeding programs and hybridization efforts, enhancing crop sustainability and food security.
... Africa is considered the primary center of origin, exhibiting the greatest diversity of both wild and cultivated sorghum (de Wet 1967;Doggett 1988;Kimber 2000). The Indian sub-continent represents a secondary center of origin (Vavilov 1992;Damania 2002). Sorghum is being grown in India in both kharif (rainy) and rabi (post rainy) seasons. ...
In sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] hybrid breeding, milo serves as the primary source of cytoplasmic male sterility and is widely utilized in commercial hybrid production. The risks associated with this limited cytoplasmic base are evident, prompting the identification of new diverse male sterile cytoplasmic sources such as A2, A3, A4, maldandi, VZM, and G1. However, the commercial use of these sources has been hindered by challenges in fertility restoration. With this background a study was conducted at two environments, namely Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur (rabi 2022) and University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (rabi 2023) to evaluate various sorghum germplasm lines for their ability to restore or maintain fertility on maldandi cytoplasm. Sixty-six diverse germplasm accessions were crossed as pollinators with M31-2A (maldandi) male sterile line. Based on the seed set on bagged ear heads of F1 hybrids, the pollinators were classified as fertility restorers or maintainers. The restoration research indicated that eight pollinator lines exhibited strong fertility restoration (> 90% seed set) on maldandi cytoplasm. These identified restorers viz., 2118–3, IC 352433, IC 352208, IC 287925, PEC 18, EC 6, IC 352411, ST-GRPM-PU 31 will be useful in strengthening maldandi cytoplasm based rabi sorghum hybrid breeding programme.
... The absence of Allosauridae in the European Middle Jurassic record seems to indicate a true absence, whereas in North America, there seems to be a bias resulting from the lack of fossiliferous outcrops. On the other hand, the diversity hotspot of Allosaurus is clearly in North America, suggesting that the genus originated and proliferated first in North America, as the hotspot genetic diversity is normally associated with the origin of the species (Vavilov center of origin [69]). This, however, has never been tested for genus-level and deep-time vertebrate paleontology. ...
Allosaurus is one of the most famous theropod dinosaurs, but the validity and relationships between the different species have been confusing and often questioned. Portugal is relevant to the understanding of the genus in light of the discovery of A. europaeus ML415 from the Early Tithonian of Lourinhã and Allosaurus MNHNUL/AND.001 from Andrés. However, the exact classification and validity of these two specimens has always been controversial. The presence of Allosaurus in Portugal is strong evidence for a North America–Europe Late Jurassic dispersal, later supported by other taxa. A detailed cranial description and specimen-based phylogeny were performed and resolved many of the open questions: (1) The diversity of Allosaurus is limited to three named species: A. fragilis, A. europaeus, and A. jimmadseni. (2) Nine autapomorphies were found in A. europaeus, confirming the validity of the species. (3) Phylogenetic analyses place both Portuguese specimens in the genus Allosaurus, based on the following synapomorphies: jugal bone lateral view, relative heights of quadratojugal prongs, the dorsal prong is equal in height, the jugal bone in lateral view shows shallow accessory pneumatization of the antorbital fossa, the palatine pneumatic recess shape is small, and lacrimal horn morphology has a triangular horn. (4) The Andrés specimen is placed with the A. europaeus and they are considered here to be the same species, which is paleo-geographically and biochronologically congruent. (5) A. europaeus and A. jimmadseni are sister taxa and closer to each other than to A. fragilis. The genus is distributed in occurrences from the United States, Germany, and Portugal, and from the Late Kimmeridgian to the Late Tithonian, while the Cenomanian report from Japan is reidentified as Segnosaurus.
... CWRs hold higher levels of genetic diversity and have coevolved in sympatry with plant pathogens in natural ecosystems. Moreover, the centers of diversity and domestication of crop plants harbor a wealth of species (Harlan, 1971) that could serve as hosts for plant pathogens (Vavilov, 1992). Despite the latter, natural ecosystems are undervalued economically, which limits funding for studies (Fisher et al., 2012). ...
The barley disease Septoria Speckled Leaf Blotch, caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria passerinii, last appeared in North America in the early 2000s. Although rare in crops, field sampling of wild grasses in the Middle East revealed the disease persistence in wild barley.
Identification of Z. passerinii in various wild barley species prompted us to examine genomic signatures of host specialization and trace the emergence of the domesticated‐barley‐infecting lineage. Furthermore, we applied virulence assays and confocal laser microscopy to evaluate whether the disease development differs between wild and domesticated barley.
Wild‐ and domesticated‐host‐infecting populations have diverged, and phylogenetic relationships support the evolution of sympatric host‐specialized lineages in wild hosts. Cross‐virulence assays showed that Z. passerinii from domesticated hosts infect domesticated barley and its wild ancestor, Hordeum spontaneum. However, wild isolates from Iran did not infect domesticated barley. Wild and domesticated pathosystems have similar disease timing and progression, suggesting its persistence does not depend on a shorter period of incubation.
The study supports that a wide range of hosts can foster the evolution of host‐specialized lineages in sympatry and provide novel insights into the evolution of understudied fungal pathogens on wild hosts.
... The development of agriculture is arguably the most significant element of the so-called Neolithic in different regions across the globe, recognized as centers of domestication [4]. This shift was likely in part driven by major climate changes at the end of the Pleistocene, which included a reduction in climate variability, a rise in atmospheric CO 2 levels, and an increase in rainfall, all of which dramatically transformed the Earth's environment [5]. ...
... It may be grown both wild and cultivated under various ecological conditions (Vavilov, 1992). Furthermore, growing interest is being shown in many locations in the production of hemp, a multipurpose industrial plant with a great potential for economic return in the form of fibres and seeds (Wimalasiri et al., 2021). ...
Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is a highly commercialized crop used in the production processes of more than 25,000 products in many different industries. Industrial hemp is a versatile, sustainable plant with a variety of applications in its various forms, including fiber from hemp stalks, foods from hemp seeds, and oil from hemp flowers and seeds. Hemp seeds in their hulled or whole form, stalks and grass, leaves, oil and oil meal have high potential for use as an alternative raw feed material in animal nutrition. Considering the fact that the share of feed cost in overall production costs in animal husbandry is around 70%, and the most important part of this feed cost is the protein source feed raw materials, it is important to reveal the possibilities of using alternative feed raw materials. Although there are many studies in the field of animal nutrition using hemp and its by-products, studies in sheep are limited. Because of their tendency to extensive feeding and their ability to use feed resources that other animals cannot use, sheep are known to breed well with a wide range of alternative feedstuffs. Due to these characteristics, research on feeding hemp to sheep has been increasing in recent years. In this review, the nutrient contents of hemp and its products and the findings of previous studies on feeding hemp to sheep were summarized and the possibilities of using hemp in sheep feeding were strived to be revealed.
... N.I. Vavilov (1992) attributed hop to the Mediterranean origin of cultivated plants, the range of which spread to northern Europe, where it was introduced into cultivation. However, the prevalence of three species of the genus in China suggested that hop originated in Asia. ...
Citation: Khlebova LP, Brovko ES, Bychkova OV, Mironenko ON, Nebylitsa AV (2024) Viruses in natural populations of wild hop in the south of Western Siberia.
... Minimum fruit diameter (24.67 cm) was observed in H1 (2021/SPGHYB-1). The better performance of one variety over another in terms of enhanced fruit length, diameter and weight can be attributed to genetic factors and environmental conditions [17][18][19][20][21]. Varieties with genetic traits that promote increased cell division and elongation in fruits can result in longer and larger fruits. ...
The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the year 2023-24 with a view to check the performance of different hybrids of sponge gourd in terms of growth, yield and quality. Hybrids comprised of H1 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-1), H2 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-2), H3 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-3), H4 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-4), H5 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-5), H6 (AVT-1 2021/SPGHYB-6), H7 (GENNEXT Ayushi) and H8 (VNR Alok). Among the different hybrids VNR Alok performs best in terms of growth parameters like early germination, maximum vine length, flowering parameters like earliness in flowering and maturity, yield parameters like early fruit setting, maximum length of fruit, early harvesting, highest fruit yield/ha and quality parameters like Vit-C and TSS. Maximum B:C ratio was obtained in the same hybrid.
... Bu çeşitlilik içinde yerel kültür bitkisi türlerine ait yabani akrabaları da bulunmaktadır. Kültür bitkilerinin geniş dağılım gösterdiği ve zengin bir çeşitlilik gösteren orijin merkezlerinden ikisi (Yakın Doğu ve Akdeniz Merkezleri) Türkiye'yi de kapsamaktadır (Vavilov, 1987). Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) Türkiye'nin Güneydoğu ile Suriye'ye bağlayan bölgesinden köken almıştır (Van Der Maesen ve Somaatmadja, 1992). ...
Gen bankası koleksiyonlarındaki bitki türlerinde çeşitliliğin tanımlanması, ıslah çalışmalarında yeni çeşit geliştirme ve genetik havuzun genişletilmesi amacıyla yapılacak yeni toplama çalışmalarının verimliliği açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Ulusal Gen Bankasında bulunan 327 nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) genetik kaynağı, fenotipik çeşitliliği belirlemek için 13 özellik açısından değerlendirilmiştir ve kanopi yüksekliği, kanopi genişliği, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bazal ikincil dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı, tek bitki verimi ve parsel veriminde önemli oranda farklılık gözlenmiştir. Parsel verimi10-680 g, bitkide tane sayısı 2-195 adet, bitkide bakla sayısı 3-152 adet, kanopi yüksekliği 16-50 cm ve kanopi genişliği 10-87 cm arasında değişmiştir. İncelenen özelliklerden verim ile kanopi yüksekliği, kanopi genişliği, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı arasında önemli ve yüksek pozitif korelasyonlar belirlenmiştir. İncelenen 13 özellik için ana bileşen analizi yapılmıştır. Ana bileşen analizinde ilk dört ana bileşen varyansın %75’ini açıklarken ilk üç ana bileşen sırasıyla %40, %19 ve %9 oranlarında katkıda bulunmuştur. Kanopi yüksekliği, kanopi genişliği, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı ve tek bitki verimi birinci ana bileşene pozitif katkı sağlayan özellikler olarak belirlenmiştir Gen bankalarındaki çeşitliliğin karakterizasyonu ve verim ile morfolojik karakterler arası ilişkinin ortaya konması, ıslah çalışmalarında başlangıç materyali oluşturmada ve çeşitlerin performanslarının iyileştirilmesinde önemli rol oynayacaktır.
... g). Minimum average fruit weight (67.47 g) was observed in H5 (2020/SPGHYB-5).The better performance of one hybrid over another in terms of enhanced fruit length, diameter and weight can be attributed to genetic factors and environmental conditions [16][17][18][19][20]. Hybrids with genetic traits that promote increased cell division and elongation in fruits can result in longer and larger fruits. ...
The present experiment was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the year 2023-24 with a view to check the performance of different hybrids of sponge gourd in terms of growth, yield and quality under Prayagrajagro climatic condition. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design having 8 hybrids with three replications. Hybrids comprised of AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-1, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-2, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-3, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-4, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-5, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-6, AVT-II 2020/SPGHYB-7 and GENNEXT Ayushi. The result from the present investigation revealed that among the different hybrids GENNEXT Ayushi performs superior in terms of growth parameters like early germination, maximum vine length also best in flowering parameters like earliness in flowering and maturity, maximum numbers of female flowers, maximum length of fruit, highest fruit yield/ha, quality parameters like high vit-c content, high TSS (Total Soluble Solid) content having dark green colour of fruit. In terms of economics, the best benefit cost ratio was also obtained by GENNEXT Ayushi hybrid with high returns.
... It is a diploid self-pollinated species with chromosome number 2n=2x=14 [1]. According to Vavlov [2], the Indo-Burma region of Hindustan is where cucumbers first appeared. It is primarily grown in China, India, Turkey, Iran, and other southeast Asian nations. ...
Cucumber is a popular vegetable belonging to the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). It is widely cultivated and consumed worldwide for its refreshing and crunchy texture. Cucumbers are typically grown as annual climbing or creeping vines, producing elongated, cylindrical, or oval-shaped fruits with green skin and edible seeds. They are known for their high-water content, making them an excellent hydrating and low-calorie food option. It has a mild, slightly sweet flavor. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif season 2022-2023 with a view to check performance of different Hybrids of cucumber under Prayagraj agro climatic conditions. From the above experimental finding it was be concluded that the Hybrid NBH-842 was statistically significant and higher in terms of growth 487 parameters like vine length, earliness in flowering and maturity and variety NBH-842 yield parameters like fruit weight and fruit yield per vine while NBH-Manvi plus for fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit yield per vine. Hybrid Prasad-100 showed best performance for quality parameters including TSS and Vitamin C content.
... The center of origin of a crop is generally also its center of deep genetic diversity, as suggested by the Russian botanist N.I. Vavilov as early as the 1920s (Vavilov and Dorofeyev 1992) and nowadays, that notion has been for the most part confirmed by genomic data. Likewise, diversity of a pathogen should follow the same patterns as those of its hosts and very often, but not always, the center of origin of a pathogen corresponds to that of its host (Zaffarano et al. 2006). ...
The adoption of agriculture in several parts of the world during the early Neolithic period led to a fundamental change in human migration. By introducing newly domesticated crops into new environments, pathogens and parasites were also inadvertently transferred from their regions of origin and underwent a considerable population growth. In the newly settled regions, some pests of indigenous plants adapted to new crops by host switching. This review is limited to three basic migration events and mainly to agricultural crops of the temperate zone: (1) the migration of the first farmers from SE Asia to Europe, (2) European expansion from the 16th century onward, (3) modern globalization since the 20th century. Molecular analyses offer the opportunity to study the evolutionary history of pest populations, their origin and dynamics and their spread around the world. Cereals’ rusts and powdery mildew, storage insects were the first to spread with wheat species, barley, and pulses from the Levant across Eurasia. The Columbian exchange of crops to and from the Americas brought entirely new pests to Europe while old world pathogens spread to the Americas and subsequently to all other regions colonized by Europeans. Modern globalization further facilitated the spread of pathogens and insects worldwide, as previously inconceivable amounts of agricultural products, business travelers, and maybe tourists have elevated global accessibility. This is illustrated by case studies based on fungi and insects. In the near future, pests will have colonized all crops in all countries where they can exist according to their agro-climatic requirements.
... For millennia, farmers have preferred to grow mixtures of tetraploid wheat landraces to add variety to their diet and to reduce the risks of losses due to new disease or pest outbreaks or due to unusual environmental conditions (Pecetti and Damania, 1996) because of useful alleles they possess as compared to hexaploid wheat. Ethiopia is a centre of diversity for the cultivated tetraploid wheat (2n = 4x = 28) (Vavilov, 1929;Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al., 2019). Despite this potential, Ethiopia remains a net importer of wheat due to the huge gap between production and consumption (Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al., 2019) emanating from very low national yield (Haile et al., 2013a(Haile et al., , 2013b and increased demand for wheat (Zegeye et al., 2020). ...
Tetraploid wheat species from Ethiopia hold ample genetic variation, which could provide a source for improvement of wheat. A total of 196 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat ( Triticum turgidum spp.) accessions, including 174 landraces and 22 improved cultivars, were evaluated at Sinana and Debrezeit to assess morphological variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation based on 11 phenotypic traits. Except for spike length, highly significant variation ( P < 0.001) among genotypes for all traits was observed. The observed mean and range values of the phenotypic traits revealed high variability in the accessions. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values were high for grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. Seed yield showed highly significant ( P < 0.001) negative correlation with days to booting and days to maturity and positive correlation with all traits. The estimates of heritability (H ² ) for grain yield and the number of spikelets per spike respectively ranged from 41.78 to 84.62%. The genetic advance as a percentage of mean was low for the number of seeds per spikelet, days to booting and days to maturity; intermediate for plant height, thousand kernel weight and spike length and high for the number of spikelets per spike, the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index, respectively. The number of spikelets per spike gave a high value of genetic advance and heritability implying high genetic gain from its selection.
... In 1926, he introduced the idea of "centers of origin" for crop plants, which may be characterised as a region with the greatest genetic variety for a crop. He then named eight different centers of origin for crop plants [Vavilov et al., 1992]. The Vavilovian centers of origin were subsequently converted into eight-mega gene centers of crop diversity and four micro gene centers of crop wild relatives. ...
Germplasm is an important natural resource in plant diversity, and its usage is critical. It gives us information about the genetic structure of a species. In the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of species that are disappearing from the spontaneous flora as a consequence of environmental stress. Experts are concerned about the conservation of critically endangered species because of the well-known threat that more and more plant species in our country face extinction. Effective use of genetic plant resources requires the collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange of germplasm. The depletion of plant genetic resources necessitated the creation of novel ex situ and in situ conservation techniques. New methods for protecting and assessing plant germplasm have been made possible by advances in biotechnology. A few conservation approaches include slow growth cultures, cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, botanic gardens, genetic reserves, and farmer's fields. The goal of this chapter is to emphasize the various approaches utilised to conserve the genetic material of threatened or endangered species, as well as the direction this field is likely to follow in the future.
... Scholars have proposed cannabis originated either in Central Asia, based on Vavilovian principles of modern distribution of highly diverse cultivated populations and archaeological pollen analyses (i.e. Vavilov and Dorofeyev 1992;Russo 2007;Long et al. 2017;McPartland et al. 2019;Rull 2022), or Northern China, due to the relative high number and frequency of early archaeological finds (Chang 1986;Wu et al. 2003;Crawford 2006). Others have proposed that modern cannabis cultigens may also derive from multiple, independent domestications (Vavilov 1926;Clarke and Merlin 2013;McPartland and Hegman 2018;Rull 2022), however recent phylogenetic analyses have posited that cannabis originated in Southwest China (Zhang et al. 2018;McPartland et al. 2019;Ren et al. 2021). ...
Cannabis grains are frequently reported from archaeological sites in Asia, and hypothesized centers of origins are China and Central Asia. Chinese early cannabis remains are often interpreted as evidence of hemp fabric production, in line with early textual evidence describing ritualistic hemp cloth use and hemp cultivation as a grain crop. Modern measurements on cannabis varieties show distinct sizes between fibre or oil/fibre and psychoactive varieties, the former having larger seeds on average than the latter. This paper reviews the current macro-botanical evidence for cannabis across East, Central and South Asia and builds a comparative framework based on modern cannabis seed measurements to help identify cannabis use in the past, through the metric analysis of archaeologically preserved seeds. Over 800 grains of cannabis were retrieved from the 2008 excavation of Haimenkou, Yunnan, Southwest China, dating to between 1650 and 400 bc. These are compared with other known archaeological cannabis and interpreted through the metric framework. This offers a basis for exploration of the seed morphometrics potential to infer cannabis cultivation and diversification in uses. At Haimenkou, cannabis seeds size mostly plot in the range of overlapping psychoactive/fibre types; we therefore suggest that the cannabis assemblage from Haimenkou is indicative of a crop beginning to undergo evolution from its early domesticated form towards a diversified crop specialized for alternative uses, including larger oilseed/fibre adapted varieties.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6.
... According to Pareek [2], it can be found in both wild and cultivated forms from the warmer arid and semi-arid regions up to an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level. The centre of origin of Ber is Central Asia (India & China), where it is found growing under different climatic conditions, requirement of temperatures ranges from 39-42 0 C and it can tolerate temperatures as high as 49-50 0 C [3]. It is cultivated widely for its resistance to grow in drought and other diversified soil and climatic condition. ...
... "The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of Southeast Asian, South Asian, Ethiopian, and West African origins. It is originated from Ethiopia" [2]. "Pods and vegetables have historically held a place in dietary guidance because of their concentrations of vitamins, especially vitamin A and C; minerals, especially electrolytes; and more recently phytochemicals especially antioxidant. ...
A study was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj (UP) during 2022. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the plants in terms of various parameters such as plant height, Leaf Area Index, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvesting, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, pod yield per plant, pod yield per plot, pod yield per hectare, total soluble solids (TSS), Vitamin C and benefit-cost ratio. The results of the study indicated that the application of mixture of 50% inorganic fertilizers and 50% FYM improved the growth and yield of Okra. The highest pod yield (12.06 t/ha), pod weigh (25.42 g), TSS (9.47 Brix) and Vitamin C content (24.26) were observed in the plants treated with 50 % through Chemical fertilizer + 50 % through FYM. The benefit-cost ratio was also found to be higher in the treated plants compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that the application of 50 % through Chemical fertilizer + 50 % through FYM can be an effective and sustainable method for enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of Okra.
... Genetically determined differences between C. alyssum and C. sativa, associated with the flax mimicry, were also identified quite a long time ago (Zinger, 1909). C. alyssum is also known to share the same distribution dynamics with flax (Stebbins, 1950;Vavilov, 1992). Currently, C. alyssum is almost extinct from Central Europe (Francis and Warwick, 2009). ...
Camelina or false flax (Camelina sativa) is an emerging oilseed crop and a feedstock for biofuel production. This species is believed to originate from Western Asian and Eastern European regions, where the center of diversity of the Camelina genus is located. Cultivated Camelina species arose via a series of polyploidization events, serving as bottlenecks narrowing genetic diversity of the species. The genetic paucity of C. sativa is foreseen as the most crucial limitation for successful breeding and improvement of this crop. A potential solution to this challenge could be gene introgression from Camelina wild species or from resynthesized allohexaploid C. sativa. However, both approaches would require a complete comprehension of the evolutionary trajectories that led to the C. sativa origin. Although there are some studies discussing the origin and evolution of Camelina hexaploid species, final conclusions have not been made yet. Here, we propose the most complete integrated evolutionary model for the Camelina genus based on the most recently described findings, which enables efficient improvement of C. sativa via the interspecific hybridization with its wild relatives. We also discuss issues of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, aimed on improving C. sativa and overcoming the genetic paucity of this crop. The proposed comprehensive evolutionary model of Camelina species indicates that a newly described species Camelina neglecta has a key role in origin of tetra- and hexaploids, all of which have two C. neglecta-based subgenomes. Understanding of species evolution within the Camelina genus provides insights into further research on C. sativa improvements via gene introgression from wild species, and a potential resynthesis of this emerging oilseed crop.
... & G.Martens, is a common vegetable, grown worldwide mostly for root consumption (Iorizzo et al., 2013). Nikolai Vavilov (1992) proposed central Asia as the center of origin of cultivated carrots, where the species has been used as a root vegetable for at least 1000 years. Genetic studies have provided strong support for a single origin of cultivated carrot in central Asia, followed by dispersal of domesticated carrot across Asia and the Mediterranean region, and then to the Americas (Iorizzo et al., 2013Rong et al., 2014). ...
Premise of the study:
Cultivated species and their wild relatives often hybridize in the wild and crop-wild hybrids can survive and reproduce in some environments. However, it is unclear whether cultivar alleles are permanently incorporated into the wild genomes or whether they are purged by natural selection. This question is key to accurately assessing the risk of escape and spread of cultivar genes into wild populations.
Methods:
We used genomic data and population genomic methods to study hybridization and introgression between cultivated and wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) in the United States. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained via genotyping by sequencing for 450 wild individuals from 29 wild georeferenced populations in seven states and 144 cultivars from the United States, Europe, and Asia.
Key results:
Cultivated and wild carrot formed two genetically differentiated groups, and evidence of crop-wild admixture was detected in several but not all wild carrot populations in the United States. Two regions were identified where cultivar alleles were introgressed into wild carrots: California and the Nantucket Island, in Massachusetts. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of introgression in some populations with a long-known history of sympatry with the crop, suggesting that post-hybridization barriers might prevent introgression in some areas.
Conclusions:
Our results support the introgression and long-term persistence of cultivar alleles in wild carrots populations. Based on this observation, we anticipate the release of genetically engineered (GE) cultivars would lead to the introduction and spread of GE alleles in wild carrot populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... These works support evidence about the origin of agriculture (Casas and Caballero, 1995). Domestication processes are also ancient in China, Southeast Asia, and India, as well as in the Abyssinian plateau region and the equatorial strip of Africa (Hawkes, 1983;Vavilov, Apple Academic Press Author Copy Non Commercial Use 1992; Harlan, 2005). Agriculture may have started nearly 11,000 years back in the Fertile Crescent but in Mesoamerica, this could have happened 9000 or 10,000 years back. ...
... These works support evidence about the origin of agriculture (Casas and Caballero, 1995). Domestication processes are also ancient in China, Southeast Asia, and India, as well as in the Abyssinian plateau region and the equatorial strip of Africa (Hawkes, 1983;Vavilov, Apple Academic Press Author Copy Non Commercial Use 1992; Harlan, 2005). Agriculture may have started nearly 11,000 years back in the Fertile Crescent but in Mesoamerica, this could have happened 9000 or 10,000 years back. ...
... According to Pareek [2], it can be found in both wild and cultivated forms from the warmer arid and semi-arid regions up to an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level. The centre of origin of Ber is Central Asia (India & China), where it is found growing under different climatic conditions, requirement of temperatures ranges from 39-42 0 C and it can tolerate temperatures as high as 49-50 0 C [3]. It is cultivated widely for its resistance to grow in drought and other diversified soil and climatic condition. ...
The experiment was conducted at Instruction farm, College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (U.P.) during the year 2021-2022. The trail consisting of ten treatments (T1 -Thai Ber, T2 -Umran, T3 -Banarasi Karaka, T4 -Seb, T5 -Gola, T6 -Chhuhara, T7 -Kaithali, T8 -Mundia, T9 -Elaichi and T10 –Rashmi). The variability was recorded in fruit shape (ovate oblong, oblong, ovate and round), fruit colour (green, yellow green, golden yellow and green) and pulp colour (creamy white and creamy). The yield attributes variability was observed in fruit length (3.40-5.72 cm), fruit width (2.13-4.20 cm), fruit weight (20.27-48.33 g), fruit volume (21.21-49.25 cc), stone length (1.59-2.80 cm), stone width (0.86-2.07 cm), stone weight (1.41-2.83 g), pulp weight (16.22-44.24 g), pulp and stone ratio (11.31-15.61) and specific gravity (0.95-0.98). The quality attributes parameter also showed wide range of variation in chemical properties i.e., TSS (10.61-16.62 0Brix), ascorbic acid (80.5-115.33 mg/100g), reducing sugars (4.05-7.11 %), non-reducing sugars (3.90-4.75 %), total sugars (7.95-11.86 %), acidity (0.32-0.75 %), protein (0.40-0.70 %) and pH (3.0-5.0). Therefore, on the basis of quality attribute among the different evaluation; the variety T7 (Kaithali), T2 (Umran) and T3 (Banarasi Karaka) found to be superior. These promising varieties can be recommended for commercial cultivation at farmer’s field.
... This suggests a protracted domestication process, with ancient, mild domestication, followed by more intensive selection in industrial times, as reported for example in maize (Allaby et al., 2008;Janzen & Hufford, 2016). The modern improvement process leads to a more drastic domestication syndrome, but also to worrying losses of diversity, threatening biodiversity conservation, jeopardising future strain improvement and leading to product uniformity (Vavilov, 2009). Our discovery of a new P. roqueforti population with higher diversity and contrasting phenotypes in Termignon cheeses is thus highly valuable for the sustainability of bluecheese making and for strain improvement. ...
Domestication is an excellent case study for understanding adaptation and multiple fungal lineages have been domesticated for fermenting food products. Studying domestication in fungi has thus both fundamental and applied interest. Genomic studies have revealed the existence of four populations within the blue‐cheese‐making fungus Penicillium roqueforti. The two cheese populations show footprints of domestication, but the adaptation of the two non‐cheese populations to their ecological niches (i.e., silage/spoiled food and lumber/spoiled food) has not been investigated yet. Here, we reveal the existence of a new P. roqueforti population, specific to French Termignon cheeses, produced using small‐scale traditional practices, with spontaneous blue mould colonisation. This Termignon population is genetically differentiated from the four previously identified populations, providing a novel source of genetic diversity for cheese making. The Termignon population indeed displayed substantial genetic diversity, both mating types, horizontally transferred regions previously detected in the non‐Roquefort population, and intermediate phenotypes between cheese and non‐cheese populations. Phenotypically, the non‐Roquefort cheese population was the most differentiated, with specific traits beneficial for cheese making, in particular higher tolerance to salt, to acidic pH and to lactic acid. Our results support the view that this clonal population, used for many cheese types in multiple countries, is a domesticated lineage on which humans exerted strong selection. The lumber/spoiled food and silage/spoiled food populations were not more tolerant to crop fungicides but showed faster growth in various carbon sources (e.g., dextrose, pectin, sucrose, xylose and/or lactose), which can be beneficial in their ecological niches. Such contrasted phenotypes between P. roqueforti populations, with beneficial traits for cheese‐making in the cheese populations and enhanced ability to metabolise sugars in the lumber/spoiled food population, support the inference of domestication in cheese fungi and more generally of adaptation to anthropized environments.
... Una de las características de muchas regiones montañosas en el mundo, incluida la zona andina, es que son consideradas como centros primarios del origen de cultivos (Vavilov, 1992); este es el caso de los Andes, que alberga especies importantes para la agricultura de montaña, ya que su diversidad genética actual se mantiene alrededor de los 3000 m.s.n.m., donde probablemente contribuyan con la novedosa diversidad genética que se necesitaría para una futura mejora global del germoplasma (NRC, 1989;de Haan et al., 2010). La zona andina abarca a aquellos países que recorre la cordillera de los andes, desde Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile y Argentina cuya altura promedio es de 3000 y 4000 m.s.n.m. ...
El cambio climático viene afectando de manera diferenciada a la agricultura, en particular, en la zona andina, dada su alta exposición, sensibilidad y baja capacidad adaptativa. Se evaluó la respuesta adaptativa de la agricultura andina frente a una variación de la disponibilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático en base al modelo hidro-económico que integra dos módulos: el modelamiento hidrológico en base al SWAT y un modelo económico de optimización en base al PMP. Se determinó una alta vulnerabilidad agrícola frente al cambio climático situación que podría revertirse al aplicar una política agraria en base al uso eficiente del agua.
... In agreement with this Bellachew and Labouisse (2008) reported as Ethiopia holds a unique position in the world as Coffea arabica L. has its primary centre of diversity in the south-western highlands of the country. This fact is strongly authenticated by observations and publications of travelers and scientists (Vavilov, 1935) and, more recently, by several studies using DNA-based genetic markers, it is realized that Arabica coffee is highly diversified in Ethiopia (Anthony et al., 2002). Additionally, several authors like Teketay and Tigneh (1991) reported that some truly wild coffee populations can still be found in a few remote pockets of mountain rainforest, mainly in the southwestern highlands, near Tepi, Gore (Illubabor), along Upper Didessa River (Wollega), and possibly in the Harenna Forest (Bale) in the south-east of the country (Aga et al., 2003). ...
... Aunada a esta significativa singularidad biológica, la larga y compleja ocupación humana en un relativo aislamiento histórico en lo que hoy es el territorio mexicano, le confiere a este ser considerado, junto con varios países de Centroamérica, como centro de domesticación y diversificación original de plantas y animales (Vavilov 1992;Harlan 1972;Colunga y Zizumbo 2008, característica que comparte con otros 7 centros a lo largo y ancho del planeta. Del total de plantas vasculares que se conocen en México, unas 5.000-7.000 ...
La propuesta de hacer una coedición del libro Saberes locales, paisajes y territorios
rurales en América Latina desde la Universidad del Cauca es una posibilidad de
ser coherentes con nuestros postulados por construir una academia conectada
con las problemáticas de las comunidades, sus saberes y realidades. El texto fue
publicado inicialmente en la Universidad Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brasil en alianza
con la Red Internacional CASLA-CEPIAL de ese país, demostrando una conexión
entre problemas y preocupaciones por la diversidad, los movimientos sociales y su
impacto sobre los conocimientos y realidades de comunidades rurales de diversos
paises latino-americanos.
El libro que presentamos ofrece estudios realizados en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Paraguay y México, en él se ha logrado reunir once estudios de caso que vienen a confirmar el conjunto de tesis y principios arriba señalados. Realizadas en contextos muy diferentes y hasta contrastantes, cada investigación contribuye a demostrar la
existencia integrada de lo biológico y lo cultural, como una totalidad que es espacial y temporalmente ubicable, un ‘holón’, en el sentido en el que fue definido por Koestler (1972), como un conjunto o sistema que es autónomo y que posee la capacidad de autorregularse. El libro puede leerse como un recorrido por casos que ejemplifican la bioculturalidad, pero también como evidencias que apuntan hacia una nueva utopística. Hoy la “nueva utopística”, según la acepción que ofreció I. Wallerstein (2003:112), es la creación gradual y paulatina de zonas emancipadas, de islas ganadas al control ciudadano o social, de territorios defendidos primero y liberados después.
Plant domestication is a coevolutionary process in which plants are selected to make them more useful to humans and adapted to the environment created by humans, while at the same time becoming less adapted to their original habitat in nature. This process is often considered to be related to the origins of agriculture, which occurred later but simultaneously in several regions of the earth, including the Neotropics. However, plant domestication in the Neotropics occurred within agroecological systems that focused on individual plants rather than populations, as is typical of agriculture. In this chapter we define the concepts of population domestication and landscape domestication, as well as different levels of plant population domestication, such as incidentally co-evolved, incipiently domesticated, semi-domesticated, and domesticated plants, and centers of domestication, including single and multiple independent centers of plant domestication in this part of the American continent. We examined the roles of archaeology, archaeobotany, paleobiolinguistics, genetics and genomics, and ethnobotany for a greater understanding of plant domestication in the Neotropics. We also define the concepts of domestication syndromes, genetic drift, selection signatures, among others, related to domestication in the Neotropics. Numerous plant species were domesticated in the Neotropics, such as Capsicum spp., Manihot esculenta, Theobroma spp., Phaseolus spp., Bertholletia excelsa, Annona cherimola, Bixa orellana, Cucurbita spp., among others, and case studies were presented for Ananas comosus, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum and Bactris gasipaes. Finally, we present future directions in the study of plant domestication in the Neotropics.
The conservation and exploitation of industrial crops at the Cereal and Industrial Crop Centre of the Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics (CREA-CI, the Bologna and Rovigo Research Centres) date back to the beginning of the 20th century and has led to the development of a germplasm bank containing 2,237 accessions. This collection reflects the multidisciplinary approach to the study of these crops and consists of wild relatives, traditional ecotypes and landraces collected in Italy and Europe, breeding lines and populations, as well as ancient and modern varieties. The main crops of this collection are sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., 381 accessions), flax (Linum usitatissimum L., 283 accessions), hemp (Cannabis sativa L., 90 accessions), potato (Solanum tuberosum L., 45 accessions), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., 95 accessions), several species of the Brassicales order (75 accessions), castor bean (Ricinus communis L., 18 accessions) and grain legumes (1,250 accessions).This germplasm is maintained according to international standards; most of the accessions are stored in triple-layer vacuum bags and generally kept in two separate locations, at -20° to -25°C and/or in a cold chamber under low temperature (5°C) and low humidity, while the potato collection is maintained in vitro. Each of these crops has been studied using different approaches, including genetic and genomic studies as well as chemical analyses. This article describes the genesis and the evolution of the collection preserved at CREA-CI and how these plant genetic resources are fundamental to facing climate change, and ensuring global food security and environmental sustainability.
La domesticación de organismos es un conjunto de conocimientos y prácticas que han generado, a lo largo de la historia y durante la prehistoria, diversos saberes y procedimientos, a la par que nuevos linajes o poblaciones particulares. El conocimiento obtenido de esos procesos, en particular el que está relacionado con la variación biológica y la diversificación de poblaciones, se convirtió en un elemento clave en el origen del pensamiento evolutivo lamarckiano y darwiniano, no sólo en el sentido de evidenciar la diversificación de las especies domesticadas y el efecto de la transformación de las especies, sino también en el desarrollo de la explicación científica de la evolución. Es decir, en fundamentar la aplicación racional de los conocimientos sobre la domesticación en las discusiones sobre la transformación, en la evidencia indirecta, en las hipótesis de trabajo y en la figura análoga a partir de la cual se construyó el concepto de selección natural. Las ideas sobre la variación de plantas y animales en estado doméstico definieron el sentido de las ideas de variación biológica, descendencia con modificación y ancestro común. En términos más amplios, fue un elemento crucial para darle un sentido epistémicamente radical al conocimiento obtenido en las prácticas que los seres humanos han realizado durante miles de años, para entender lo que la naturaleza ha hecho durante millones de años. Nuevos y recientes análisis, obtenidos a partir de estudios arqueológicos, antropológicos, etnoecológicos y etnobiológicos, muestran que los procesos de domesticación continúan con gran vigor actualmente, sobre la base de los conocimientos tradicionales acumulados por millones de comunidades de campesinos y pastores del mundo contemporáneo. Estos conocimientos son especialmente muy relevantes para la conservación de la biodiversidad y la agrobiodiversidad, el uso de los recursos naturales, los patrimonios bioculturales y el futuro sustentable del planeta.
Apples are one of the most valued tree fruit crops around the world. Currently, a few highly popular and economically successful apple cultivars dominate the commercial production and serve as main genetic contributors to the development of new apple cultivars. This limited level of genetic diversity grown as a clonally propagated monoculture renders the apple industry vulnerable to the wide range of weather events, pests, and pathogens. Wild apple species are an excellent source of beneficial alleles for the wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors challenging apple production. However, the biological barriers of breeding with small-fruited wild apples greatly limit their use. Using a closely related wild species of apple such as Malus sieversii can improve the efficiency of breeding efforts and broaden the base of available genetics. M. sieversii is the main progenitor of the domesticated apple, native to Central Asia. The similarity of fruit morphology to domesticated apples and resistances to abiotic and biotic stresses makes it appealing for apple breeding programs. However, this important species is under threat of extinction in its native range. Preserving the wild apple forests in Central Asia is vital for ensuring the sustainable protection of this important genetic resource. The insufficient awareness about the complete range of challenges and opportunities associated with M. sieversii hinders the maximization of its potential benefits. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on the cultural and historical context of M. sieversii, current genetic knowledge for breeding, and the conservation challenges of wild apple forests.
Central Asia, located at the heart of Eurasia, is renowned for its varied climate and vertical vegetative distribution, which support diverse biomes and position it as a global biodiversity hotspot. Despite this ecological richness, Central Asia's fungal diversity, particularly wood-inhabiting macrofungi, remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the diversity, ecological roles, and potential distribution of poroid Hymenochaetoid fungi in the region. By conducting field surveys, collecting basidiomes, and reviewing the literature and herbarium records from five Central Asian countries, we compiled a comprehensive checklist of these fungi. In total, 43 Hymenochaetoid species belonging to 18 genera were identified, with Inonotus, Phellinus, and Phylloporia being the most species-rich. Notably, Inonotus hispidus and Phellinus igniarius were found to be the most widespread species. These macrofungi play essential ecological roles as saprotrophs and pathogens of various identified host plant families, aiding in lignin degradation and exhibiting diverse enzymatic activities. For the first time, we modelled the potential distribution patterns of Hymenochaetoid fungi in Central Asia, revealing that their distribution is strongly influenced by host plant availability and temperature-related factors. The three most critical variables were host plant density, annual temperature range (Bio7), and mean temperature of the warmest quarter (Bio10). The distribution of suitable habitats is uneven, with highly suitable areas (4.52%) concentrated in the mountainous border regions between Kazakhstan, These results underscore the significance of specific environmental conditions for the growth and survival of Hymenochaetoid fungi in this region. Our findings highlight the urgent need for continued mycological and host plant research and expanded conservation initiatives to document and preserve macrofungal and botanical biodiversity in this under-explored area. In light of climate change, the collected mycological and botanical data provide a valuable reference for promoting forest health management globally.
Mangoes (Mangifera indica Linn.), a member of the Anacardiaceae family are frequently referred to as the “king of fruits” in tropical regions. This evergreen, medium- to large-sized can grow to a height of 10 to 40 m. Inflorescences are polygamous, bearing hermaphroditic and purely staminate flowers borne in the same inflorescences. Botanically, Mangifera’s fruit is a fleshy, compressed drupe. Due to the wide variability existing in the region, South Asia is usually acknowledged as the native region of mango, and India is supposed to be the progenitor of commercial mango cultivars. Later, intensive breeding programmes started in South Florida, resulting in many commercial cultivars, and hence has been considered the secondary center of origin and domestication for mango. Many related species of Mangifera possess ethnocultural significance, are used in cancer therapy, utilized for vigorous growth traits, special aroma, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, etc. Mango germplasm Conservation and maintenance are considered crucial for its utilization in breeding programmes since many of them have been listed as endangered and even extinct. Efforts are being taken internationally, nationally, and locally to conserve these valuable germplasm resources. There is a rich diversity of varieties in mango broadly classified into the Indo-Chinese group, which has roots in Southeast Asia, and the Indian mango varieties. Recent advances in mango breeding involve the use of molecular markers and linkage maps, invitro culture, somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformations. Further improvement in various qualitative characteristics of mango is possible only through the utilization of wide genetic resources and its propagation. Hence strategies have to be worked out for extensive field surveys, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, supply of quality planting materials, rootstock breeding, high-density planting, etc.
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop characterized by high drought tolerance. In conditions of increasing climate aridisation in Russia, especially in the southern regions, agricultural producers are becoming interested in this crop. It is especially important to develop new varieties capable of producing stable yields even in severely arid regions. Experiments were laid in 2022-2023 in the conditions of the Astrakhan region. They studied Carthamus tinctorius L. F1 hybrids which were obtained from crossing seven promising varieties selected from the collection of FRC N. I. Vavilov All - Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) a nd two varieties developed at the Precaspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Centre. Preliminary self-pollination of parental pairs was carried out for three years using insulators made of non-woven material, which allows air to pass through, but does not allow insects and pollen to pass through. Crossing was carried out in 2022 according to the method of T. V. Leus and E. V. Vedmedeva (2013) using pollen flushing followed by pollination for three days. In 2023, seeds of F1 hybrids obtained by crossing were sown in a wide-row method on 2 m ² plots for their economic and biological evaluation and comparison with parents. On the basis of the obtained data, promising hybrids (prickly) were identified, which exceeded the parental pairs in yield and oil content: 1/22 (from crossing Oker x Astrakhansky 747) – by 0.18–0.20 t/ha and 3-4 abs.%; 4/22 (ʻCentre 70ʼ x ʻAstrakhansky 747ʼ) – by 0.11–0.29 t/ha and 6 abs.%, respectively. Among non-spiny hybrids, the following hybrids stood out: 5/22 (ʻShahalli-260ʼ x ʻAstrakhansky 646ʼ), 9/22 (ʻTsambuliʼ x ʻShirkasʼ), 7/22 (ʻTsambuliʼ x ʻAstrakhansky 646ʼ), yields of which exceeded parental pairs by 0.17–0.72 t/ha, oil content – by 1–5 abs.%.
The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with three replications during the Zaid season 2023 at field experimentation centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj, U.P. The aim of experimentation was to analyse genetic diversity present among green gram germplasms. Plant to plant distance was 10 cm and row to row distance was 30 cm. the data were recorded from randomly selected five plants for each genotypes for each replications for thirteen characters viz. days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pod setting, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, seed index (g), biological yield (g), harvest index and seed yield per plant (g). From the present investigation it was concluded that among 31 genotypes of greengram on the basis of mean performance 3 genotypes were found to be superior for seed yield per plant over check variety Samrat viz., IC-76569, IC-121220 and IC-119006. On the basis of Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics 31 genotypes of greengram were grouped into five clusters. Maximum numbers of 13 genotypes were included in cluster 1 followed by cluster 2 with 7 genotypes, cluster 3 with 5 genotypes, cluster 4 with only single genotypes in each cluster. The highest intra cluster D2 value was recorded for cluster 5 (43.09) with 5 genotypes followed by cluster 2 (30.45) with 7 genotypes. The maximum inter cluster value of 153.82 was recorded between cluster 3 and cluster 5. It was also reported that the characters like seed yield per plant, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and harvest index contributed about 71.13% towards total divergence alone. Therefore, selection should be done based on these characters considering the diversity and genetic variability present in greengram.
Conservation, characterization and exploitation of agrobiodiversity are key factors to guarantee food security and face future challenges such as climate changes. These issues are the subject of a series of international agreements, such as the Convention of Biological Diversity, with its Nagoya Protocol, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. Italy ratified the Treaty in 2004 and instituted a long-lasting program, RGV-FAO, to implement it. CREA is one of the three organizations involved in the RGV-FAO Program, together with the National Research Council (CNR) and Reti Semi Rurali. CREA maintains a total of 40,186 accessions including cereals, vegetables, fruits, forages, industrial crops, forest and woody crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, and their wild relatives. Accessions are conserved using different ex situ conservation systems (seeds, in vivo plants, vegetative organs and in vitro plantlets), and characterized using genetic, morpho-phenological and/or biochemical methods. Herein, we will present the CREA long-lasting program RGV-FAO with some examples of the use of plant genetic resources in breeding programs, including molecular approaches. Some critical issues related to access and benefit sharing in PGRFA, such as the Nagoya Protocol and the Digital Sequence Information, will be discussed, highlighting their potential impact on food security and on the advancement of knowledge.
Humans have a long history of transporting and trading plants, contributing to the evolution of domesticated plants. Theobroma cacao originated in the Neotropics from South America. However, little is known about its domestication and use in these regions. In this study, ceramic residues from a large sample of pre-Columbian cultures from South and Central America were analyzed using archaeogenomic and biochemical approaches. Here we show, for the first time, the widespread use of cacao in South America out of its native Amazonian area of origin, extending back 5000 years, likely supported by cultural interactions between the Amazon and the Pacific coast. We observed that strong genetic mixing between geographically distant cacao populations occurred as early as the middle Holocene, in South America, driven by humans, favoring the adaptation of T. cacao to new environments. This complex history of cacao domestication is the basis of today's cacao tree populations and its knowledge can help us better manage their genetic resources.
Domestication can be considered a specialized mutualism in which a domesticator exerts control over the reproduction or propagation (fitness) of a domesticated species to gain resources or services. The evolution of crops by human-associated selection provides a powerful set of models to study recent and rapid evolutionary adaptations and their genetic bases. Moreover, the domestication and dispersal of crops like rice, maize, and wheat during the Holocene transformed human social and political organization by serving as the key mechanism by which human societies fed themselves. Here we review major themes and identify emerging questions in three fundamental areas of crop domestication research: domestication phenotypes and syndromes, genetic architecture underlying crop evolution, and the ecology of domestication. Current insights on the domestication syndrome in crops largely come from research on cereal crops like rice and maize, and recent work indicates distinct domestication phenotypes can arise from different domestication histories. While early studies on the genetics of domestication often identified single large-effect loci underlying major domestication traits, emerging evidence supports polygenic bases for many canonical traits like shattering and plant architecture. Adaptation in human-constructed environments also influenced ecological traits in domesticates like resource acquisition rates and interactions with other organisms like root mycorrhizal fungi and pollinators. Understanding the ecological context of domestication will be key to developing resource-efficient crops and implementing more sustainable land management and cultivation practices.
The central problem that Vavilov was investigating was the overall concept of global plant genetic resources. The theoretical basis of this concept consisted of the law of homologous series in variation, research on the problem of species as a system, botanical and geographical bases of plant breeding, and the key theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. The VIR global collection of plant genetic resources collected by Vavilov and his associates from all over the world reflects the fullness of botanical, morphological and genetic diversity, and can be used for historical, evolutionary, phylogenetic and applied breeding research aimed at unlocking the potential of all the collection material. The whole diversity of cultivated oats, as was proved by Vavilov, had originated from segetal weeds. This process can be clearly traced in Spain on the example of the cultivated diploid species A. strigosa , A. abyssinica in Ethiopia, A. byzantina in Turkey and Iran, and on segetal forms of A. sativa . The studies of the morphological features as a whole do not yield a complete picture of the evolutionary and systematic status of some oat species and forms. The methods and approaches that use DNA markers and genomic technologies, and are promising for the study of oat polymorphism and phylogeny have been actively researched recently. A number of works devoted to the molecular aspects of the evolution and phylogeny of the genus Avena have recently appeared. The research uses various markers of genes, gene regions, intergenic spacers (internal and external), both nuclear and chloroplast and mitochondrial, genomic approaches and other modern methods. On the basis of a comprehensive study of the complete intraspecific diversity from different zones of the distribution range of cultivated oat species as well as on the basis of an analysis of data on the geography of forms and species distribution ranges, it was established that the process of hexaploid species formation also took place in the western part of the Mediterranean, and subsequently, when moving eastward, these forms started occupying all the vast spaces in the region of the Southwest Asian center, forming a large intraspecific diversity of wild forms and weedy ones in transit to cultivated hexaploid oat species. An analysis of the intraspecific diversity of landraces has specified the centers of morphogenesis of all cultivated oat species. The phylogenetic analysis of the representative intraspecific diversity of cultivated and wild Avena species carried out using next generation sequencing (NGS) showed that diploid species with A-genome variants are in fact not primary diploids, but a peculiar Mediterranean introgressive hybridization complex of species that sporadically enter into interspecific hybridization. It was established that the tetraploid cultivated species A. abyssinica had most likely originated from the wild A. vaviloviana . An analysis of the ways of A. sativa and A. byzantina domestication showed that the most widespread ribotype of the A. sativa hexaploid was inherited from A. ludoviciana , and the second most widespread one, from A. magna , while A. byzantina has two unique ribotype families, most likely inherited from an extinct oat species or a still undiscovered cryptospecies.
In this chapter, the taxonomical complexities of the genus Triticum are presented. Following the biological concept of species, the genus contains six species, two diploids, two tetraploid, and two hexaploids. The characteristic morphology of the genus and that of the wild forms, their geographic distribution, and ecological affinities, as well as their preadaptation for domestication and the processes leading to wheat domestication are reported. The origin and evolution of the diploid species, and the genome analysis of the allopolyploids are reviewed. Origin of the A, B, and D subgenomes of allopolyploid wheats, are presented. The relationships between Triticum species and other Triticineae are discussed.
Each ethnic group has developed a food culture that enjoys delicious food by consuming natural materials or agricultural products from their respective regions. Because soybeans originated in Korea and are abundant there, a way to make delicious soybeans has been developed. Jang is a food made by fermenting soybeans, and representative types include doenjang , gochujang , kanjang , and cheongkukjang . Koreans usually season their food with jangs instead of salt. The representative seasoning of Korea traditional food is jang and yangnyom . When soybeans are fermented, soybean proteins decompose and produce fermentation by-products such as peptides, amino acids, and organic acids that provide new taste and flavor. Therefore, seasoning with jang provides a much richer taste than salt alone. Jang is an essential element of Korean food, adding taste and flavor to other dishes. Since jang is the most important and widely used food in Korean cuisine, Koreans have devoted all their efforts to making jang . These efforts include cleaning the surrounding environment, hanging meju (the blocked soybean) under the roof to dry, using charcoal and red pepper, and more. From a modern scientific perspective, their earnest devotion served functions of hygiene, moisture control, microbial inoculation, and salt control. Jang is a unique Korean food culture born from the tireless efforts of Korean mothers to feed their families with the most delicious food possible, even during times of food scarcity when they had to survive on rough grass.
Context
Under natural field conditions, plants confront the co-occurrence of stresses. A comprehensive insight into combined-stress tolerance is requisite to developing stress resilience in cultivars of oats (Avena sativa L.) for saline–alkaline soil.
Aims
This study was undertaken to characterise diverse oat genotypes for seedling growth attributes under two saline and alkaline concentrations and under combined saline–alkaline conditions.
Methods
We screened 105 accessions of the genus Avena with the following treatments: control, reverse osmosis water; moderate salinity (50 mM); high salinity (100 mM); moderate alkalinity (15 mM); high alkalinity (30 mM); combined moderate salinity–alkalinity (50 mM + 15 mM); and combined high salinity–alkalinity (100 mM + 30 mM). For saline treatments, NaCl and Na2SO4 salts were used in equimolar concentrations, and for alkaline treatments, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3.
Key results
Analysis of variance showed significant (P ≤ 0.001) variation among treatments and genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed 83.3% of the total genetic variation accounted for in the first two principal components. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between final germination percentage and seedling vigour index. Stress tolerance index identified tolerant and sensitive oat genotypes under high saline and alkaline stress, and multi-trait stability analysis confirmed the stability of performance of some genotypes under the imposed treatments.
Conclusions
According to the stress tolerance index and multi-trait stability analysis, genotypes IG-20-477, OS-377, IG-20-798 and IG-20-575 were found suitable for high saline–alkaline stress.
Implications
The identified tolerant oat genotypes can be used as donors for the development of stress-resilient oat cultivars, and for generating mapping populations in oat.
Since the 1600s, a pasta wheat locally known as Sargolla, Saragollio or Saragollo has been cultivated in central and southern regions of Italy, including Abruzzo and Puglia. To identify if distinctive Saragolla landraces are present in Abruzzo and with a view to registering them as Conservation Varieties in the Abruzzo Regional Register of Genetic Resources, a quantitative botanical characterization of 11 farm-saved seed samples from Abruzzo and a previously defined Saragolla landrace from Puglia was performed. All twelve samples were grown for two years at the CREA-CI field station in Foggia, Puglia (Italy), and were morphologically characterized according to the criteria used by the botanist Johan Percival in 1921. In the 12 samples, we identified 9 taxonomically different botanical types, the most frequent of which were the italicum (32%), found in every population from Abruzzo. The leucurum and the affine were the main components of the previously defined Saragolla from Puglia. Results of the multivariate analysis indicated that the samples collected from farms in Abruzzo are more similar to each other than to the landrace of Saragolla from Puglia and support the registration of a specific Saragolla landrace for the Abruzzo region. The diachronic comparison of the botanical diversity of the currently cultivated Saragolla, with that observed in Sicily and Algeria at the beginning of 1900, suggests that a high degree of genetic diversity still exists in the 11 Saragolla populations from the Abruzzo Region.
Purpose. The main goal of the authors was to prove the suitability of the concept of noosphere ecosystems to interpret not only ecological phenomena and processes, but also phenomena of socio-natural content, and, subsequently, possibly geopolitical processes, in particular, spatial expansion of certain ethnic groups.
Methods. In the course of our research a set of methodological approaches and scientific methods was used. The set of methods includes: empirical, which was implemented in the sequential implementation of the following operations: observation, modeling, forecasting; comparative – was implemented while comparing the main functions of natural and agroecosystems.
Results. The formation of agricultural areas is the second stage in the transformation of natural ecosystems into agroecosystems. The main assumption of our work is the possibility of the existence of an agricultural system that has a dual character of borders. Our assumption was tested on the territory of Kharkiv region – one of the most developed agricultural territories of Ukraine. Based on the assumption that soil is both a condition and a result of human agricultural activity, as well as the fact that it connects natural and economic boundaries of agroecosystems in space-time, we calculated the balance of matter in the soil and coefficient of ecological danger. Mapping the values of the coefficient of ecological danger showed that out of 429 farms in the region, only 7 farms have values of the coefficient more than 1. This means that under the conditions of intensive agriculture there is a constant shortage of matter and energy, which leads to a negative balance of humus in the soil. According to the author's concept, one of the main causes of environmental problems lies in the different rates of development of nature and society.
Conclusions. The “memory” of the former structurally and informationally unchanging biosphere is embedded in agroecosystems. According to modern notions of rhizome, such a memory is soil. Such “memory” at the level of agroecosystems provides self-regulation of the “human ecosystem” through both direct regulation of the human population (disease, war) and indirect impact on planetary spatial structures. In particular, due to the preservation of certain proportions between the territories with “naturalized” and “commodity” economy.
Abduraimov OS, Maxmudov AV, Kovalenko I, Allamurotov AL, Mavlanov BJ, Shakhnoza SU, Mamatkasimov OT. 2023. Floristic diversity and economic importance of wild relatives of cultivated plants in Uzbekistan (Central Asia). Biodiversitas 24: 1668-1675. The countries of Central Asia are considered one of the Centers of origin of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. Indigenous people have used these plants for several centuries. Our study was carried out in 2020-2022 in different biogeographical regions of Uzbekistan. Data from field studies and literature showed that in the flora of Uzbekistan, there are 24 families, including 202 species belonging to 102 genera. In the current investigation, an attempt has been made to document the floristic diversity and economic importance of wild relatives of cultivated plants in Uzbekistan. Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants (WRCP) and cultivated species form an integral part of the genetic resources of plants that determine the food security of the assessment and are subject to conservation at the international level. The WRCP includes species of natural flora that are evolutionarily close to cultivated plants, are included in the same genus, and are potentially suitable for introducing into culture for creating or improving cultivated plant varieties. Most wild relatives of crop plants worldwide need to be addressed and utilized, recognizing their real potential. Humans have been using these plants for several centuries. In recent years, the demand for food has been increasing. Our study suggests making them possible to use these varieties of plants regularly.
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