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The effect of cutting origin and organic plant growth regulator on the
growth of Daun Ungu (
Graptophyllum pictum
) through stem cutting
method
To cite this article: S P Pratama et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 142 012056
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ICSAE IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 142 (2018) 012056 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/142/1/012056
The effect of cutting origin and organic plant growth
regulator on the growth of Daun Ungu (Graptophyllum
pictum) through stem cutting method
S P Pratama1 , A Yunus 2, E Purwanto 2 and Y Widyastuti3
1Student of Agrotechnology Studi Program, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sebelas
Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
2Lecturer of Agrotechnology Studi Program, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sebelas
Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
3Research center for Medicinal Plant and Traditional Drug, Tawangmangu, Indonesia
E-mail: yunus.uns7@yahoo.com
Abstract. Graptophyllum pictum is one of medical plants which has important chemical
content to treat diseases. Leaf, bark and flower can be used to facilitate menstruation, treat
hemorrhoid, constipation, ulcers, ulcers, swelling, and earache. G. pictum is difficult to
propagated by seedling due to the long duration of seed formation, thusvegetative propagation
is done by stem cutting. The aims of this study are to obtain optimum combination of cutting
origin and organic plant growth regulator in various consentration for the growth of Daun
Ungu through stem cutting method. This research was conducted at Research center for
Medicinal Plant and Traditional DrugTanjungsari, Tegal Gede, Karanganyar in June to August
2016. Origin of cuttings and organic plant growth regulator were used as treatments factor. A
completely randomized design (RAL) is used and data were analyzed by F test (ANOVA) with
a confidence level of 95%. Any significant differences among treatment followed with Duncan
test at α = 5%. The research indicates that longest root was resulted from the treatment of 0,5
ml/l of organic plant growth regulator. The treatment of 1 ml/l is able to increase the fresh and
dry weight of root, treatment of 1,5 ml/l of organic plant growth regulator was able to increase
the percentage of growing shoots. Treatment of base part as origin of cuttings increases the
length, fresh weight and and dry weight of shoot, increase the number of leaves. Interaction
treatment between 1 ml/l consentration of organic plant growth regulator and central part
origin of cuttings is capable of increasing the leaf area, whereas treatment without organic
plant growth regulator and base part as planting material affects the smallest leaf area.
1. Introduction
Indonesia has many plant species that contain high efficacy for natural medicines that can be use to
heal various diseases that are free from side effects. Pharmacological studies on crude extracts of Daun
Ungu plant are reported for anti-inflammatory, oxytocic and anti implantation activities [1]. Medicinal
plants have important benefits in the world of health and have been used by humans since ancient
times, one of them is Daun Ungu (G. Pictum). Daun Ungu is one of the traditional herbs that usually
grows in Indonesia as a bush that has a chemical and nutritious content to treat the disease [2]. Leaves
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 142 (2018) 012056 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/142/1/012056
can be used to treat wounds, swelling, ulcers, skin diseases, liver and ears [3]. Daun Ungu containing
saponins, tannins, and flavonoids glycosides [4]. The presence of flavonoid extract cause a decrease in
blood sugar levels [5].
Daun Ungu is difficult to propagate with seeds because no seeds formation and require long time to
obtain the seed, therefore it is done by vegetative propagation using stem cutting. The cutting is
important because of the ease of reproduction [6]. Vegetative propagation is generally chosen due to
the difficulty of obtaining seeds in continuity according to irregular season and seed keeping period.
The benefits of propagation using cutting methodsare capable of produce similar plant to its parent in a
relatively short time and simple [7]. The origin of cuttings were taken from the shoots, middle and the
base. Those origin have a different C/N ratio and chance of growing cuttings as well. The origin of
cuttings for multiply vegetatively should come from the parent tree which its growth rate has been
known, as well as the quality and quantity of its production.
Plant growth regulator called ZPT, are the organic non-nutrient compounds that affect to the
physiological processes of a plant. Organic ZPT is more environmental friendly, easy to obtain, safe to
use and cheaper. In this study organic ZPT containing cytokines (zeatin and kinetin), auxin (IAA), and
gibberellins was used. Cytokinin works for the growth of side shoots, auxin serves to trigger cell
elongation in the end meristem and roots. Moreover, Giberelin trigger the elongation of stems and
accelerate cell division.
2. Methods
The research was conducted in garden of medicinal plants B2P2TOOT, Tanjungsari, Tegal Gede,
Karanganyar. Research in the field was done for three months in June until August 2016. The
geographic location of the research location is at -7 0 36.687 'S and 110 0 57.766' E. The altitude of
this research location is about 215 meters above sea level. Temperature is ranging from 27°C - 30°C.
Factorial experimental design with combination of 2 factors of treatments that are organic plant
growth regulator and origin of cuttings treatments. The first factor is organic ZPT (S) consisting of
four levels S0 (Without organic ZPT), S1 (organic ZPT 0.5 ml / L), S2 (organic ZPT 1 ml / L) and S3
(organic ZPT1.5ml / L). The second factor is the origin of cuttings (B) consisting of three levels that
are B1 (Shoots) B2 (Middle Section) B3 (The base). The origin of this cuttings comes from the parent
plants of Daun Ungu that have a lifespan of approximately 3 years. The origin of this cuttings each
section has a number of different nodes. The top part has 8 nodes, the middle has 6 nodes, and the base
has 4 nodes. Observed data will be analyzed based on F (ANOVA) test with 95% confidence level.
Any significant different will be proceed to DMRT test at 5%.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Shoot Length
Shoots are newly grown part of plants to form a new part that can be stems, juvenile leaves,
prospective flowers and fruit candidates. Length of shoot is used as parameter to determine whether
the plant is growing or not.Calculations are done from the base to the tip of the shoot. Observation of
shoot length is done in the last week which is the 8th week or when cuttings are ready to be moved.
The treatment of cuttings origin gives a significantly different result to shoot length variables. The top
of the shoot has the lowest average shoot length than the other parts, which is 2.05 cm. Secondly, the
middle section has an average shoot length of 6.61 cm and the base has the highest average shoot
length with a value of 9.35 cm (Figure 1).
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2,05 a
6,61 b
9,35 c
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Shoot Part Middle Part Base Part
Shoot Lenght (cm)
Origins of Cuttings
Figure 1. Histogram of the effect of origin of cuttings to the
length of shoot
Based on these results then the best origin of cutting to support the long shoots is the base of shoot.
This happens because the base has larger diameter of the stem than the tip and the center of shoot.
Large trunk diameter has food storage more than the smaller diameter [8]. The diameter of the base of
the stem has the largest size so the food or energy reserves to support the growth of shoot length is
greater so that the cells in the area of elongation will grow longer. In Figure 1 the length is smaller as
the stem goes to upper part, this is due to the food storage in upper part is getting smaller so that the
growth of shoot is low as well.
3.2. Percentage of Growing Shoots
Figure 2. Histogram of the effect of organic ZPT towards
the percentage of growing shoots
The lowest percentage of shoot growth occurred without organic ZPT treatment as indicated by the
mean of 49.17%. The percentage of growing shoots that appear to be low in the treatment without
organic ZPT is due to unavailibility of growth hormone, thus, stem cuttings become less able to
trigger the emergence of new shoot buds. The organic ZPT treatment of 1.5 ml/l has the highest
percentage of shoots with an average value of 70.28% because the amount of organic ZPT given is
suitable to trigger shoot growth, whereas in the organic ZPT treatment of 1 ml/l the shoot growth
percentage tends to decrease with average score of 64.17%. The decrease of shoot percentage growth
in organic ZPT treatment 1 ml/l is suspected because the amount of hormone given not enough so
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0,51 a
1,95 b 2,15 b
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Shoot Part Middle Part Base Part
Fresh Weight Shoots (g)
Origin of Cuttings
0,05 a
0,19 b 0,21 b
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Shoot Part Middle Part Base Part
Dry Weig ht Shoots (g)
Origins of Cuttings
buds grow less optimal. Applying plant growth regulators needs to consider the accuracy of the
dosage, because if the dose applied is too high or too low it will not trigger growth but inhibit the
growth of plants instead and cause toxicity in all plant tissues.
3.3 Shoots Weight
Figure 3. Histogram of origin cuttings effect on fresh weight
shoots
The appearance of shoots is an important part in determining the success of cuttings. The presence
of shoots on cuttings will help the process of formation of natural growth regulator which is then
circulated to the bottom or basal to form the roots [9]. The weight of these shoots was measured in the
last week of observation measured in terms of fresh weight buds and dry weight of buds.The treatment
of shoot part has the lowest fresh weight of shoots compared to the center and the base. This is
assumed because the shoots only produce buds that have a small size and length. Treatment of the base
has the highest fresh weight of shoots because it has a larger shoot length value than other parts so that
the average value of fresh weight shoots are larger as well. Another factor that affects the fresh weight
of buds is the presence of water content in the bud. Wet or fresh weight is strongly influenced by water
content in plant tissue. Treatment of the base has a larger size and longer shoot length so it can store
more water which can affect the fresh weight of the shoots.
Figure 4. Histogram of origin cuttings effect on dry weight
shoots
Based on the 5% duncan test the shoots treatment has the lowest dry shoot weight value compared
to the middle and the base part. This is directly proportional to the fresh weight of buds, the greater the
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value of fresh weight the dry weight of the buds is also greater. The shoot part treatment has the lowest
dry shoot weight is assumed because the shoots have only a small amount of food or energy reserve to
form the shoot so it only produces shoots that have small size and length. The treatment of the base
has the highest dry weight of the shoots because it has enough food or energy reserves to trigger the
growth of the size and length of the larger shoots so that it affects the shoot dry weight compared to
other parts. Another factor is the impact of the photosynthesis process. Photosynthesis results in
increased dry weight of plants due to CO2 retrieval, whereas the process of catabolism of respiration
causes CO2 exposure and reduces dry weight [10].
3.4 Root Lenght
Based on the analysis of the variety of zeatin treatment and the origin of cuttings gives no significant
difference on root length variables. Treatment without zeatin has a root length with an average of
24.19 cm. The zeatin treatment of 0.5 ml/l has an average root length of 30.24 cm. Zeatin treatment of
1 ml/l has an average root length value of 25.97 cm. Treatment of 1.5 ml/l has an average value of root
length of 27.27 cm. This suggests that with the little addition of zeatin may affect root growth but with
a certain amount. Cytokinin has the ability to encourage the occurrence of cell division and tissue
differentiation on certain shoot bud formation and root growth [11]. The shoot treatment has the
highest root length with an average value of 27.95 cm. The middle part has the second longest root
length value after the shoot, which is 27.33 cm while the base has the lowest root length with an
average value of 25.48 cm. It is suspected that the base of the stem has hardened so that the root is
difficult to grow. The cutting material with high C/N ratio will be easier and faster to form the root but
because the cell wall begins to harden so the root primordia is difficult to penetrate, thus, the roots are
rather difficult to form [12].
3.5 Root Weight
The cutting position and age of origin cuttings important role in rooting and plant growth [13]. Root
weight is one indicator of success in the cuttings. The weight of the roots is closely related to the
number of roots in which the greater the number of roots, the greater the weight of the roots. The
occurrence of roots on the multiplication of stem cuttings is very important because at the time the
roots have not appeared then the cuttings grow with the food or energy reserves that exist at the origin
of the cuttings itself.
Figure 5. Histogram of the Effect of Organic ZPT towards
Fresh Weight Roots
Growth can be shown by increasing plant height, length, width, and leaf area, as well as the dry
weight of each organ including roots, stems, leaves and fruits. The organic ZPT treatment has the
lowest fresh root weight compared to the others, whereas the 1.5 ml/l organic ZPT treatment gave the
highest yield of fresh root weight. Treatment of organic ZPT 1.5 ml/l gives the most effective effect to
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increase root weight. Cytokinin is a plant hormone that affects many developmental processes, one of
which is able to increase the shoots of plants, such as buds [14]. Shoots and roots have a close
relationship in plants. The good growth of shoots will lead to the good formation of the leaves, so the
process of photosynthesis increases, thus resulting more carbohydrates and may be used to form roots
[15].
Figure 6. Histogram of the Effect of Organic ZPT towards
Dry Weight Roots
The organic ZPT treatment of 1.5 ml / l has the highest dry weight value. This is directly
proportional to the fresh weight of the roots, which organic ZPT 1.5 ml / l has the highest dry weight
of plant roots that is affected by the administration of organic ZPT. Good root growth allows plants to
produce a lot of energy for the purposes of metabolic processes and for further growth process, so
indirectly dry weight also increases [15].
3.6 Leaf Amount
Leaves are one of the most important plant organs [16]. The leaves become the site of the process of
photosynthesis that will produce food for plants and make up the dry matter of plants. Food products
from this photosynthesis process will be distributed to all parts of plant body
Figure 7. Histogram of the effect of origin cuttings on the
number of leaves
According to the analysis, the variety treatment of origin of cuttings gives significantly different
result to the variable of the number of leaves. The top of the shoot has the greatest number of leaves
compared to the center and the base, while the middle and the base part has the same effect. The top of
5,86 a
8,40 b 8,91 b
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Shoot Part Middle Part Base Part
Leaf Amount (sheet)
Origin of Cuttungs
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the shoot has the largest number of leaves with an average value of 5.86 pieces. The middle has the
second greatest number of leaves with an average value of 8.40 strands. The base has an average
number of shoots of 8.91 strands (Figure 5). This is directly proportional to the percentage of growing
shoots, the higher the percentage of shoots growth, the more the average leaves grow in each cut.
3.7 Leaf Area
Leaf is the place where the process of photosynthesis to construct the plant dry matter is occur. Leaf
area is the result of leaf length, leaf width and leaf constant multiplication [10]. Leaf area on a plant is
important to be counted because it can affect the process photosynthesis in plants. An important factor
to note in measuring leaf area is the accuracy of measurement results and measurement speed [16].
Table 1. Effect of organic PGR and origin of cuttings towards Leaf area (sheets) on Daun Ungu done
by Stem cuttings (G. pictum)
Organic ZPT
The Origin of Cuttings
Average
Shoot Part
Middle Part
Base Part
Without Organic
ZPT
13,94 a
16,86 a
13,08 a
14,63
0,5 ml/l
27,20 c
22,88 b
23,18 b
24,42
1 ml/l
27,76 c
29,76 c
21,54 b
26,35
1,5 ml/l
27,20 c
28,08 c
20,94 b
25,41
Average
24,03
24,40
19,69
22,70
The combination of treatment of cuttings with organic ZPT on the wide varieties of these leaves
gives significantly different results. The treatment of the origin of the central cuttings with organic
ZPT 1 ml / L has the largest average leaf width, which is 29.76 cm2, whereas the lowest average value
is on the treatment of origin of the base cuttings with no organic ZPT, which is 13.08 cm2 . This is
presumably because the middle treatment of 1 ml / L has an active cell that still divides and has
enough food reserves to enlarge the leaf area, other than that, addition of organic ZPT 1 ml/l can
trigger the leaf area growth to become more optimal. Treatment of the base without organic ZPT only
has the smallest average value of the leaf area, because this section is old so that there is only a few
cells that divide, but in the absence of application of organic ZPT make the leaf area only grow small.
The use of exogenous cytokines through the leaves can increase the growth of leaf area and delayed
leaf senesen [17].
4. Conclusion
Treatment of organic ZPT of 0.5 ml / L is able to increase root length; 1 ml / L treatment is able to
increase fresh and dry root weight and treatment of 1.5 ml / L is able to increase the percentage of
growing shoots. Treatment of the origin of the base cuttings can increase the length of shoots, fresh
weight, dried buds, and the number of leaves. The combination of treatments between organic ZPT 1
ml / L and the central cuttings were able to increase the leaf area, whereas the treatment without
organic ZPT and the origin of the cuttings gives the smallest leaf area effect.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Medicinal Plant and Traditional Drug, Tawangmangu, Indonesia.
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