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Valorization of carob biomass for bioethanol production
Abstract
The present work intends to evaluate the possibility to produce bioethanol through fermentation of the carob. This sustainable process could revive the economy of rural areas of the Mediterranean basin. In particular in Italy, where you can find the largest cultivation of carob in the world. Italy is the leading producer of carob in the world and yet it is difficult to find this fruit and its derivatives such as syrups and flour on sale. The feasibility study has sought to evaluate the convenience of producing energy from the carob tree. They wanted to show how the exploitation of energy from biomass residual can make it possible to transform the waste materials in energy products that permit the production of renewable energy from biomass without the use of agricultural land for energy purposes. © 2018, SRAC - Romanian Society for Quality. All rights reserved.
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Nowadays, bioethanol production is one of the most important technologies by the necessity to identify alternative energy resources, principally when based on inexpensive renewable resources. However, the costs of 2nd-generation bioethanol production using current biotechnologies are still high compared to fossil fuels. The feasibility of bioethanol production, by obtaining high yields and concentrations of ethanol, using low-cost medium, is the primary goal, leading the research done today. Batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation of high-density sugar from carob residues with different organic (yeast extract, peptone, urea) and inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) was performed for evaluating a cost-effective ethanol production, with high ethanol yield and productivity. In STR batch fermentation, urea has proved to be a very promising nitrogen source in large-scale production of bioethanol, reaching an ethanol yield of 44 % (w/w), close to theoretical maximum yield value and an ethanol production of 115 g/l. Urea at 3 g/l as nitrogen source could be an economical alternative with a great advantage in the sustainability of ethanol production from carbohydrates extracted from carob. Simulation studies, with experimental data using SuperPro Design software, have shown that the bioethanol production biorefinery from carob wastes could be a very promising way to the valorization of an endogenous resource, with a competitive cost.
This paper offers a different framework for managing Mediterranean drought carob-tree orchard ecosystems. Two dry-farming systems were compared during two consecutive years: pure productive orchards and mixed orchards in a total of 360 mature trees distributed by 18 plots with areas of 0.55 and 0.30 ha per plot, respectively. Carob, fig, almond and olive trees compose mixed orchards. Trees of the mixed orchards were more productive than those of pure orchards. The main problem of both systems was the large variability and the low fruit production due to non-bearing trees, inducing unfavorable economic returns. Yield varied between 7.7 and 28.5 kg tree−1 respectively in pure and mixed orchards. In this paper we propose to use carbon sequestration calculations as an added benefit to farmers. A carbon stocking model estimation was established, based on trunk diameters of different trees. We depicted two management scenarios based on fruits production and carbon sequestration incomes: a low value scenario, using mean fruit production, and a high valuable scenario based on the hypothesis that all trees reached its potential maximum. Since under dry-farming systems fruit production irregularity is still a pendent problem, mixed orchards may offer a potential higher revenue, while maintaining higher crop diversification and whole biodiversity. C sequestration benefit, as here we purpose, may represent 125–300 % of income, respectively under low or high valuable scenario. Thus, CO2 equivalent is a novel ecological economic incentive that may potentiate a new income for farmers while assuring carob ecosystem services.
Nowadays, food waste is one of the main global paradoxes and raises profound questions from the social point of view. The causes of food losses and food waste are varied and differ according to the various stages of the food chain. The problem of food waste prompted the European Parliament to proclaim 2014 the “European year against food waste” and to adopt a resolution which should lead to a reduction of 50% of waste by the year 2025. This study proposes the possible corrective actions, to be taken at the level of retail distribution and facing the end customer, to achieve the goal reducing of food waste (Fiore et al., 2008). The research was conducted by a group of scholars of the Department of Economics, Business, Environmental and Quantitative Methods, at the University of Messina, on a sample area of eastern Sicily. In particular thirteen retail outlets were analyzed by collecting and processing data on sales, broken down by sector, for the period 2009 to 2013. The research conducted has shown that the food sector that contributes most to food waste, in the area investigated, is that of fruit and vegetables, the study has provided a detailed analysis of the ten most wasted foods. The work finally comes to processes that involve many different scenarios for reducing waste, encouraging a comparison, of the products most wasted, by providing potential solutions or corrective actions aimed at reducing the phenomenon analyzed.
Scattered mainly along the coast of Cyprus, a series of modest stone built carob warehouses provide a historical legacy of the agricultural, social and economic life of the rural areas of Cyprus during the late 19th and early 20th century. They were constructed of local materials and employed local building techniques, and have become a largely unrecognized part of the local landscape. Most remain in a dilapidated condition through neglect and weathering throughout the years. It is suggested that this is largely due to a lack of understanding of their cultural significance, and a lack of vision as to how a holistic conservation approach could help to address wider strategic policy objectives in the areas of sustainable tourism/place marketing, and rural economic development. More specifically it is suggested that a tourism path incorporating former carob collecting routes could support the adaptive re-use of the former warehouses based upon contemporary cultural needs and opportunities. The development of such an approach will require a multiagency, cross-sectoral involvement that sees these buildings as a significant cultural resource.
Progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels with increasing energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to a move towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. In this work, carob pod (Ceratonia Siliqua) is proposed as an economical source for ethanol production, especially, in arid regions. The carob tree is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated for its edible seed pods and it is currently being reemphasised as an alternative in dryland areas, because no carbon-enriched lands are necessary. The global process of bioethanol production from carob pod by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast cells were analyzed in a previous work. To take into account environmental impacts of the process, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique was applied, which allowed detailed analysis of material and energy fluxes. On the life-cycle basis, the net energy yield of carob pod (2.36 MJ/MJ) was found to be similar than to those values for traditional crops (i.e. Wheat, 2.25 MJ/MJ).
Total mass transfer coefficients of soluble solids (SS) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined during carob extraction. The Arrhenius equation was applied to determine the efficiency of process temperature, as an alternative approach to Fick's second law. Carob pod, cut into small pieces (internal diameter: 5–7 mm), was contacted with water in batch system to extract SS by continuous circulation of water at different temperatures (20, 50 and 85C). The process was also performed at 85C using an industrial-scale extractor. Activation energies for both SS and TPC diffusions were calculated as 5.84 and 0.072 × 10−3 kJ/mol, respectively. As expected, higher extract concentrations were achieved with higher temperatures. In contrast, high extraction temperature, even at 85C, did not cause hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation. As the increase in temperature does not affect formation of HMF during carob pod extraction, higher operational temperatures such as 80–90C may be applied to obtain higher solute concentrations.
In this paper, we apply the principles of Biogasdoneright® to agriculture in Sicily (Italy), or more generally to Mediterranean agriculture. We propose new potential crop rotation schemes using Sorghum spp. drip irrigated second harvest and Italian sainfoin (Hedysarum coronarium L.) between two cycles of durum wheat to produce biogas and perhaps biomethane subsequently under the Biogasdoneright system. The Biogasdoneright system is a new model for sustainable biogas production based on sequential cropping and integration with food production. In Sicily, as in other Mediterranean countries, sequential crops and some perennial crops such as Opuntia spp. might be cultivated in environmentally critical areas prone to erosion, desertification, and fires. Therefore, biogas produced according to the crop rotation schemes as illustrated in this paper avoids competition with food and feed crops, while offering to the Sicilian agricultural sector many agronomic, economic, environmental, and social benefits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
This article examines the potential of biogas and second-generation biomethane (BM) obtainable from Mediterranean feedstock through a process of anaerobic digestion (AD), within the territorial context of Sicily. An estimation of the amount of biomass that is suitable for AD produced in Sicily has been calculated using a methodology that has already been employed for other territorial contexts, and which takes into account the loss of biomass during harvesting and of that used for livestock feed. Therefore, the estimate was made for the net availability of biomass after losses and alternative uses, in order to avoid conflicts between food and feed. The assessment of the biogas potential has enabled the examination of Sicily's potential in the field of bioenergetics that, today, is little exploited. In fact, Sicily is lagging behind compared to the rest of Italy, both in terms of the number of biogas plants and electrical installed capacity. The study has allowed us to estimate a figure of slightly more than 3.9 million tons per year of feedstock (from whey, pomace, stalks and dregs, olive residue, slaughter waste, pulp, cattle slurry, pig slurry, straw from cereal crops, fruit and vegetable scraps, crops in rotation, crops in the spring-summer cycle, long-term weed crops/shrub biomass) that is capable of producing 255 million Nm3 of biogas a year that, net of losses and self-consumption, is enough to produce 408072.1 MWhel/year of electrical energy and 305672.0 MWhter/year of thermal energy. Another alternative could be that of the production of 145 million Nm3 of second-generation BM to be used, according to recent Italian legislation, for the transport sector or for feeding into the national methane grid.
This study was designed and developed to investigate the bread sector, by addressing the environmental issues associated with the supply chain of ‘Pagnotta del Dittaino’, a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) durum wheat bread produced in the central-east area of Sicily.
In particular, the study discusses the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to highlight the most significant and representative environmental impacts for this bread production system. Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Carbon Footprint (CF) were also estimated to address the usage of primary-energy sources and the emissions of GreenHouse Gases (GHGs).
Cultivation is the system hotspot, mostly because of the production of urea and diammonium phosphate,
and of the agricultural activities. Significant contributions arise from ammonia volatilisation and nitrous oxide
emission due to mineral fertilisation, affecting ‘Human health’ and ‘Climate Change’. ‘Resources’ were impacted by the non-renewable energy use (natural gas and crude oil) which, in turn, is due to the production
and transport of fertilisers and to the agricultural activities. Additionally, the CED-analysis highlighted the
important contribution made by the use of biomass energy, as a consequence of the energy sequestered by the plant during growth. CO2 resulted to be the most relevant and representative GHG in this food system.
The study contributes to the subject knowledge and literature, and can be of interest for researchers, LCA
practitioners, farmers and producers, policy makers and other stakeholders, and could support the implementation of environmental labels
Purpose
In the food chain the identification of household food wastes represents the most problematic aspect to analyze: both as regards the assessment of its qualitative and quantitative aspects and for the detection of measures to reduce or control its generation. In 2012, in fact, the analyzed area showed an inequality index for disposable income of 6.3, and a relative poverty risk index of 42.3. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to get deeper insights into consumers’ wasting behaviors, a survey on food waste generation in households was carried out in a province of Sicily (Italy). The questionnaire has been formulated taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics for the person who, in the family, usually makes the expenditure, in particular: gender, age, marital status, number of household members, education level, type (single, with or without children, married with or without children), worker and/or student if responsible for food shopping, the number of monthly meals, the kind of ready meal eaten (frozen, fresh, canned or freeze-dried), net monthly income for the family, etc. (adapted by Bae et al. , 2010). The data collected from the statistical return of the consumers were drawn up to transform the same data into information of simpler and more concise interpretation.
Findings
The results of the survey are presented in this paper. They can help understand the reasons for discarding edible food and to identify the food groups that are most wasted.
Research limitations/implications
The analysis of a larger land area or community allows most relevant conclusions. The research has an exploratory perspective since the sample strategy is not probabilistic.
Social implications
The findings could be susceptible to support practical and social implications for the identification of measures and instruments aimed at reducing food waste and at increasing consumers’ awareness on that issue.
Originality/value
The study can stimulate sustainable consumption and consumer behavior especially in light of the current economic crisis.
Carob, widely grown in Mediterranean countries, contains several types of sugars such as 34 42% sucrose, 7-10% glucose, and 10-12% fructose. Due to the high sugar concentration, it is used for production of many value added products via fermentation such as ethanol, lactic acid, citric acid, pullulan, and mannanase. In this study, ethanol production conditions from carob extract through repeated-batch fermentation by using Saccharomycess cerevisiae in biofilm reactor were optimized by response surface methodology. Initial sugar concentration (4-10°Bx), agitation speed (100-200 rpm), and pH (5.0-6.0) were used as variable parameters. Results showed that initial sugar concentration had a significant effect on yield and maximum production rate. Optimum conditions were found to be 7.71°Bx, 120 rpm, and 5.18, respectively. After validation experiments ethanol concentration, yield, maximum production rate, and sugar utilization yield were determined as 24.51 g/L, 48.59%, 2.14 g/L/h, and 87.33%, respectively and fermentation time was reduced to 12 h using a biofilm reactor due to high biomass concentration as biofilms. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen sources used in media and non-enriched medium were also investigated. According to results while ethanol production, yield, and maximum production rate were considerably reduced compared to optimized conditions in biofilm reactor, sugar utilization yield was slightly similar. Consequently, whether ethanol production from carob extract in biofilm reactor was victoriously performed, fermentation time was significantly decreased compared to data in the literature.
The main topic of the paper concerns multifunctional farms, their activities and motivations for starting up, and on the other hand visitor satisfaction. To this purpose, a preliminary sample survey was carried out addressed to 13 farms in 3 Sicilian provinces. The aim was to identify positive and negative aspects of the services offered. The most relevant findings of the survey are the variety of activities and services, a widespread use of internet services, efficient means of communications and a significant growth in labour force. On the other side, long time is generally needed in order to obtain administrative authorizations or to carry out farm plants, as well as excessive pay-back time. © 2016, SRAC - Societatea Romana Pentru Asigurarea Calitatii. All rights reserved.
An important objective in livestock feeding is to promote the use of local feeds and by-products in order to reduce feeding costs. Carob pulp had been frequently used for feeding ruminants in the Mediterranean areas. This study aimed to evaluate carob pulp as an alternative dietary energy source to barley in a diet for growing rabbits. Three dietary treatments designated as D0 (commercial feed without carob pulp), D8 (commercial feed incorporating 8% carob pulp) and D15 (commercial feed incorporating 15% carob pulp) were fed to 60 rabbits (20 rabbits per group) weaned at 28 d of age to evaluate growth performance (from 29 to 70 days of age). At the end of the growth trial, 10 rabbits were slaughtered in each group, and used for the evaluation of carcass traits. Another 15 rabbits (5 rabbits per group; 2,100±200 g) were used in a digestibility trial to determine digestibility coefficient of diets. No significant effect was detected on the final weight and the daily gain. The feed intake was higher in rabbits fed the commercial diet (D0) than in other rabbits (123.3, 109.5 and 119.1 g/d in rabbits fed the D0, D8 and D15, respectively; P<0.05). Similarly, feed conversion tended to be higher (3.33, 3.05 and 3.03 kg/kg in rabbits fed D0, D8 and D15, respectively; P<0.05), while dressing out percentage was significantly lower (57.67, 59.08 and 59.89% in rabbits fed D0, D8 and D15, respectively; P<0.05) in rabbits fed the commercial diet. There were small significant differences in digestibility of energy and organic matter between the 3 experimental diets. It can be concluded from the finding that incorporation of carob pulp at 15% inclusion level can replace barley grain as an energy source for growing rabbits.
The paper analyzes the biomass resulting from the processing of olive oil, in order to evaluate, in terms of economic sustainability, its importance in energy processes and the use of alternative paths other than the normal disposal process of the residues of the oil industry productive chain. Attention has been focused on the manufacturer of “Valdemone DOP” extra virgin olive oil, located in Sicily (Italy), in order to evaluate the possible energy recovery, directly by the farmer, of by-products of the production chain of olive oil, in order to make the whole process more efficient, using the scraps from the mill directly on site. The economic analysis aims at identifying measures for energy recovery from by-products; in order to reduce the incidence of the cost of waste disposal on the cost of the production of the oil; to energy conservation through the use of by-products as renewable fuel.
The aim of this paper is to portray the main features and characteristics of the social farms and to examine how these organizations can contribute to the definition and the implementation of new pathways of change in rural areas, providing several benefits for individual with specific needs and local community. This close analisys addresses conceptual issues useful to understanding the main activities and initiatives to better answer to the needs of different involved actors, such as individuals, farmers, and local community. © 2015, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences. All Rights Reserved.
The aim of this paper is to examine the quality of websites and the entrepreneurial perception of the importance of the website to improve the business performance in nurseries and gardening companies adopting web-marketing strategies. On this purpose, the paper firstly analyses which structural features enable a potential website to be labelled as good; the awareness of these aspects is pivotal to define effective web-marketing solutions. Secondly, it examines whether the plant nursery entrepreneurs perceive the company website as a tool of additional sales able to increase the firm turnover. The results show that the websites are well framed and with a well-groomed design, but lacking in some essential functions able to improve their usability. Moreover, the surveyed companies give a little importance to the customer and community services; in fact, few of them have a chat or a forum. The adoption of the website as sales channel is hardly diffused. The website has stimulated sales that were ultimately transacted both via phone, fax and e-mail, and directly in firm. Lastly, almost all interviewees consider the website an effective tool to boost their company image, leading to an improvement in their economic performance, although not readily quantifiable.
The carob-tree (Ceratonica siliqua L.) grows in arid to semi-arid Mediterranean areas and adapts well to poor soils. Carob pod, the fruit of carob tree is a sugar-rich biomass which may theoretically be ideal for biofuel production. During this study, the potential of hydrogen production from carob pod was evaluated in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank bioreactor using mixed microflora. A carob pod extract consisting of soluble carbohydrates at a concentration of 42.6 g/L was obtained from a standard extraction process. The reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 and 18 h and an organic loading rate of 155.8 and 311.6 mmol glucose/L/days respectively. The results showed a maximum hydrogen production yield of 8.4 L H2 per kg of carob pod biomass or 0.43 mmol H2 per mmol glucose consumed at the HRT of 18 h. Butyric acid was found to be the dominant metabolic product at both examined HRTs while propionic acid production decreased as HRT decreased. The present work suggests that carob tree, an alternative dryland forest crop, can be utilized for the efficient production of biohydrogen.
Through a direct survey conducted on a sample of firms operating in
the Sicilian fruit and vegetable sector, the present study provides an empirical
evidence on the degree of diffusion of ICTs as well as on relationships with the
regional distribution system. To pursue this goal, a multiple regression analysis
model was implemented to identify which factors affect more the economic
results of fruit and vegetable enterprises. The main results of the analysis
indicate that firms using specific software for accounting, warehousing,
payment and sales orders and contracts, are more likely to obtain higher
economic performances under the ‘coeteris paribus’ condition, as well as firms
which are equipped with larger plants for product processing. As to other
variables dealing with logistics, it was not possible to extend the model results
to the whole population of fruit and vegetable firms, since their coefficient
estimates were not considered significant.
In the last few decades, industrialized nations have become aware of the extent of how unsustainable some of the production models used are and have therefore adopted policies that aim both to save energy and to safeguard the environment through the use of alternative energy sources and, among these, biomass. The use of these alternative energy sources is very important: for example, this allows the saving of 200 g of CO2 per product, in addition to avoiding the emission of sulfur and other pollutants. The energy produced from biomass can be recovered by burning the material directly for heat, and turning it into fuel, to make it more convenient to use. The choice of destination of biomass depends on the characteristics of the biomass available, because the content of carbon and nitrogen, moisture and volatile substances influence the choice of energy conversion. The aim of this work is to briefly outline an analysis on the importance that biomass can have especially 'pastazzo', which is the squeezed pulp (of the processed citrus fruits), for the enhancement of a sustainable economy, sought after in recent years not only by the EU but in an entire international context. The study is conducted by a research group as part of the Department Sefisast, Section of Agricultural Economics and Policy, specifically directed by Prof. M. Lanfranchi. The research is based on the assumption that one can obtain both energy and bio-ethanol, not only from agricultural waste but also from the waste products of the citrus industry arising from the processes of extracting juice and oil from skins. The use of the 'squeezed pulp' could possibly help solve some of the serious environmental problems especially in the Mediterranean basin, particularly in Sicily, which is a major citrus producing region. This particular study aims to assess the cost of producing ethanol from squeezed pulp, with particular attention to the processing of lemons, a product in which the province of Messina has a leading role in terms of utilized agricultural area. The first part of this work presents a discussion on the evolutionary aspects of EU energy policy; in the second part, it explains the importance of biomass and its potential uses, and the last part contains data on the potential calories that can be obtained from the processing of squeezed pulp.
There is a growing interest worldwide to find out new and cheap carbohydrate sources for production of bioethanol. In this context, carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua) is proposed as an economical source for bioethanol production, especially, in arid regions. The carob tree is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated for its edible seed pods and it is currently being reemphasised as an alternative in dryland areas, because no carbon-enriched lands are necessary. In this work, the global process of ethanol production from carob pod was studied. In a first stage, aqueous extraction of sugars from the pod was conducted, achieving very high yields (>99%) in a short period of time. The process was followed by acid or alkaline hydrolysis of washed pod at different operating conditions, the best results (R = 38.20%) being reached with sulphuric acid (2% v/v) at 90 °C, using a L/S (liquid/solid) ratio of 7.5 and shaking at 700 rpm for 420 min. After that, fermentation of hydrolysates were tested at 30 °C, 125 rpm, 200 g/L of sugars and 15 g/L of yeast with three different kinds of yeasts. In these conditions a maximum of 95 g/L of ethanol was obtained after 24 h. Finally, the distillation and dehydration of water–bioethanol mixtures was analyzed using the chemical process simulation software CHEMCAD with the aim of estimate the energy requirements of the process.
Bio-fuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels. A number of environmental and economic benefits are claimed for bio-fuels. Bio-ethanol is by far the most widely used bio-fuel for transportation worldwide. Production of bio-ethanol from biomass is one way to reduce both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution. Using bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel for automobiles can significantly reduce petroleum use and exhaust greenhouse gas emission. Bio-ethanol can be produced from different kinds of raw materials. These raw materials are classified into three categories of agricultural raw materials: simple sugars, starch and lignocellulose. Bio-ethanol from sugar cane, produced under the proper conditions, is essentially a clean fuel and has several clear advantages over petroleum-derived gasoline in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in metropolitan areas. Conversion technologies for producing bio-ethanol from cellulosic biomass resources such as forest materials, agricultural residues and urban wastes are under development and have not yet been demonstrated commercially.
Carob has been widely grown in the Mediterranean region for a long time. It has been regarded as only a forest tree and has been neglected for other economical benefits. However, in recent years, this fruit has gained attention for several applications. As petroleum has become depleted, renewable energy production has started to gain attention all over the world; including the production of ethanol from underutilized agricultural products such as carob. In this project, the optimum extraction conditions were determined for the carob fruit by using the response surface design method. The obtained extract was utilized for production of ethanol by using suspended Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation. The effect of various fermentation parameters such as pH, media content and inoculum size were evaluated for ethanol fermentation in carob extract. Also, in order to determine economically appropriate nitrogen sources, four different nitrogen sources were evaluated. The optimum extraction condition for carob extract was determined to be 80 degrees C, 2h in 1:4 dilution rate (fruit: water ratio) according to the result of response surface analysis (115.3g/L). When the fermentation with pH at 5.5 was applied, the final ethanol concentration and production rates were 42.6g/L and 3.37 g/L/h, respectively, which were higher than using an uncontrolled pH. Among inoculum sizes of 1%, 3%, and 5%, 3% was determined as the best inoculum size. The maximum production rate and final ethanol concentration were 3.48 g/L/h and 44.51%, respectively, with an alternative nitrogen source of meat-bone meal. Overall, this study suggested that carob extract can be utilized for production of ethanol in order to meet the demands of renewable energy.
Produzione di bioetanolo da polpa di carrube. Studio di fattibilità di un impianto in Sicilia
- M Brugaletta
- E Minardo
- S Zocco
- D Brugaletta
- S La Malfa
Brugaletta, M., Minardo, E., Zocco, S., Brugaletta, D., La Malfa, S. (2013). Produzione di bioetanolo da polpa di carrube.
Studio di fattibilità di un impianto in Sicilia. CAREX Carob Exploiters.
An overview of economic and medicinal importance of carob plants (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in the Mediterranean basin
- M Öztürk
- Ö Seçmen
- S Gucel
- S Sakcali
Öztürk, M., Seçmen, Ö., Gucel, S., Sakcali, S. (2012). An overview of economic and medicinal importance of carob plants
(Ceratonia siliqua L.) in the Mediterranean basin. Acta Horticulturae, 964, 197-204.