Content uploaded by Rupesh Verma
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rupesh Verma on Mar 02, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Rupesh Verma
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rupesh Verma on Apr 03, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, p. 39-45. February 2018
DOI: 10.30954/2277-940X.2018.00150.07
Epidemiology of Common Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats reared
in Semi-Arid Region of India
Rupesh Verma1, Dinesh Kumar Sharma2*, Souvik Paul2, Kumaresan Gururaj2, Mahesh Dige2,
Vishesh Kumar Saxena3, Pramod Kumar Rout2, Saket Bhusan2 and P.S. Banerjee4
1Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, NDVS University, M.P., INDIA
2ICAR- Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom Farah Dist. Mathura (UP), INDIA
3ICAR: Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
4ICAR- IVRI Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
*Corresponding author: DK Sharma; Email: lkofwb@yahoo.co.in
Received: 04 Sept., 2017 Revised: 16 Dec., 2017 Accepted: 19 Dec., 2017
ABSTRACT
A total of 1419 faecal samples of goats collected and examined for gastrointestinal parasitic infestations for a period of 9
months (August 2015 to April 2016) revealed overall prevalence of 86.11 percent. The common parasitic infections prevalent
were coccidian (71.45%), strongyle (28.40%), Moniezia spp. (18.74%) and Strongyloides spp. (0.70%). Highest prevalence of
coccidia (81.07%) was observed in Jamunapari goats, while highest strongyle prevalence (30.64%) was observed in Barbari
goats. Jakhrana goats showed highest prevalence rate of Moniezia spp. infection. Age-wise, prevalence of coccidian oocysts
was highest in >6-12M age group while higher prevalence of strongyles was observed in > 6M age. Moniezia spp. infection,
however, was more prevalent in goats of 2-6M age group. Month-wise, prevalence was higher in during September and October.
The intensity of coccidian infection in terms of overall least squares means of coccidian oocysts count per gram of faeces
(LFOC) was 4.673±.007, while the corresponding least squares means (Transformed value) of eggs per gram of faeces (LFEC)
of strongyles and Moniezia spp. were 4.628±.002, 4.625±.003, respectively. Factors like breed, age of animal and collection
month signicantly inuenced (P<0.01) the total coccidian and strongyle intensity (faecal oocysts/ eggs count). Eimeria
infection involved was of mixed nature, while nematode infections showed preponderance of Haemonchus spp. The most
common Eimeria spp. recorded were E. arloingi and E. ninakohlyakimovae.
Keywords: Goat, epidemiology, gastrointestinal parasites
Goats are reared for milk and meat purpose. They are
more adapted to harsh environmental conditions and
have ability to efciently convert low-quality fodder into
energy efcient fat, muscle and milk. Goats’ demand in
food is growing rapidly as they provide the wonderful
source of animal proteins. However, gastrointestinal
parasite infections, mixed or single species, are major
problems affecting goats in tropical and temperate climates
(Rahman, 1994; Borgsteede and Dercksen, 1996). The
problems like anorexia, general weakness, gastritis,
enteritis, diarrhoea, anaemia caused by GI parasites lower
the production in goats. Stress factors such as weaning,
dietary changes, inclement weather, travel and regrouping
are common predisposing factors (Urquhart et al., 1987).
The study here deals with epidemiology of common
gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections affecting goats in
the light of various determinant factors like breed, age, sex
and various climate conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location of work and Animals
The study was conducted at Central Institute for Research
on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India, The institute
is located at 10°N longitude and 78.02°E latitude and
169m MSL in the ravine of Yamuna river in North India.
40 Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018
Verma et al.
The climate of the place is semi-arid with temperature
ranging 29-48 °C in summer and 1-10 °C in winters.
The vegetation is scarce in sandy soil with salinity of
drinking water as high as > 2000 tdn. The goat ocks are
maintained here in semi intensive system of goat rearing,
characterized with 4-6 hrs grazing in different seasons
and daily supplementation of concentrate mix depending
on physiological need of the animals and availability of
feed fodder in grazing ground. The animals are dewormed
routinely with application of anthelmintics viz. Valbazine,
twice annually i.e. pre and post monsoon, as scheduled in
health care management.
Sample collection and parasitological procedures
A total 1419 faecal samples of goats were collected and
examined at CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura, UP over a
period 8 months (August 2015 to March 2016). At the
time of sample collection, the breed, age and sex of goats
was also recorded. The faecal samples were collected
directly from the rectum and examined qualitatively using
oatation for evaluating the incidence of infections. For
quantication of infections, the oocysts per gram of faeces
for Eimeria spp. (FOC) and eggs per gram of faeces for
strongyles (FEC) in each positive sample were determined
by modied McMaster technique (Sloss et al., 1994).
Identication of the oocysts in the samples was made on
the basis of morphological and sporulation characteristics
in case of Eimeria species and morphology of eggs and
hatched out larvae in case of strongyles (Soulsby, 1982;
Hansen and Perry, 1994).
Statistical Analysis
Four factor factorial analysis of variance techniques was
used to adjudge the inuences of sex (male/female),
breed, month and age (2-6, >6-12 and above 12 month)
along with their possible interactions. Main effects were
further compared by Duncan’s multiple range tests at 5%
level of signicance. Data of faecal oocysts/eggs count
for kids and adults were subjected to log transformation
as it might be skewed. The log transformation was done
by adding 100 (FOC/FEC+100) as this transformation
was found suitable and appropriate for this data set. The
transformed data was used for statistical analysis by SPSS
V-16.0 including all main interactions. The results were
back transformed by taking antilogarithms of least squares
means, subtracting 100 and the nal result were presented
as Geometric means (GFOC/GFEC).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total 1419 faecal samples of goats were collected and
examined for presence of eggs/ oocysts of gastrointestinal
parasites by routine parasitological procedures. Results of
analysed data have been described in Table 1-3.
Prevalence of infection
Out of the 1419 animals examined, 1222 (86.05 %) were
found positive with one or more parasites. The prevalence
of coccidia, strongyles and Moniezia spp. was 71.45
(1014), 28.40 (403) and 18.74 (266) percent, respectively
(Table 1). Nematode infections showed preponderance of
Haemonchus contortus while Strongyloides papillosus
infection was sporadic. Moniezia infection involved two
common species Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni.
Depending on oocyst shape, size, presence or absence
of micropyle, oocyst wall and sporulation time, nine
species of Eimeria viz. Eimeria alijevi (17.65%), E.
apsheronica (0.14%), E. arloingi (36.90%), E. caprina
(1.01%), E. christenseni (18.08%), E. hirci (1.15%), E.
jolchijevi (0.14%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (22.28%) and
E. caprovina (2.60%) were identied (Table 2). Eimeria
arloingi predominated the eimerian infections and was
followed by E. ninakohlyakimovae. Age wise analysis
of data showed that goats in >6-12M group had higher
prevalence of coccidian infections compared to 2-6M and
>12M old goats (Table 1).
Sex wise data analysis showed that prevalence of various
infections like coccidia, strongyles and Moniezia spp. in
male goats was 71.55, 30.64 and 14.67 percent, respectively,
while corresponding values in females were 71.39, 27.00
and 21.28 percent, respectively (Table 1). Among breeds,
Jamunapari showed highest prevalence rate (81.07%)
of coccidian infection while highest strongyle (32.43%)
and Moniezia spp. (32.29 %) prevalence was recorded in
Barbari and Jakhrana, respectively (Table 1). During eight
months study, the hot and humid months of September and
October showed highest prevalence of infection (Fig. 1).
Study revealed that coccidia, strongyles and Moniezia
species were common gastro-intestinal parasitic infections
in goats. Other sporadic infection seen in goats during
Epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats
Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018 41
Table 1: Prevalence of parasitic infections in goats CIRG Makhdoom
Total Sample Coccidia
(%)
Strongyles
(%)
Moniezia
(%)
Strongyloides
(%)
Overall 1419 71.45 (1014) 28.40 (403) 18.74 (266) 0.70(10)
Age
2-6 Month 765 70.19 (537) 25.22 (193) 20.00 (153) 0.78(6)
>6-12 Month 343 79.88 (274) 32.06 (110) 26.23 (90) 0.29(1)
>12 Month 311 65.27 (203) 32.15 (100) 7.39 (23) 0.64 (2)
Sex
Male 545 71.55 (390) 30.64 (167) 14.67 (80) 1.28 (7)
Female 874 71.39 (624) 27.00 (236) 21.28 (186) 0.22(2)
Breeds
Barbari 632 65.98 (417) 32.43 (205) 16.61 (105) 0.94 (6)
Jamunapari 465 81.07 (377) 25.59 (119) 12.25 (57) —
Jakhrana 322 68.32 (220) 24.84 (80) 32.29 (104) 0.62(2)
Months
August 137 72.99 (100) 43.06 (59) 37.22 (51) 0.72 (1)
September 70 80.00(56) 71.42 (50) 44.28 (31) —
October 350 80.28 (281) 46.85 (164) 22.57 (79) 1.14 (4)
November 145 64.13 (93) 11.03 (16) 20.68 (30) —
January 412 78.39 (323) 21.11 (87) 15.53 (64) 0.72 (3)
February 96 55.20 (53) 6.25 (6) — 1.04 (1)
March 83 51.80 (43) 6.02 (5) 7.22 (6) —
April 126 51.58 (65) 12.69 (16) 3.96 (5) —
Table 2: Morphological characteristics of different Eimeria species in goats
Species Oocysts Length × Width (µm) Average Sporulation time
(days)
*Reference
(Min-Max.)
Observed (Min-max) Reference Observed
Eimeria alijevi No/inconspicuous micropyle 15-23 × 12-22 14- 22 × 11-22 1-5 1-5
E. apsheronica Micropyle present 24-37 × 18-26 25-36 × 18-25 1-2 1-6
E. arloingi Micropyle present with prominent cap 24-33 × 18-25 20-34 × 16-28 1-4 1-6
E. caprina Micropyle present with cap 30-42 × 20-28 28-39 × 20-29 2-3 1-6
E. christenseni Micropyle present with prominent
cap
32-46 × 20-29 32-48 × 20-30 2-6 1-5
E. hirci Micropyle present with polar cap 17-19 × 14-22 19-20 × 14-24 2-3 1-6
E. jolchijevi Micropyle present with polar cap 26-37 × 18-26 26-38 × 19-25 2-4 1-6
E. ninakohlyakimovae Micropyle present but may be
indistinct
19-28 × 14-23 19-28 × 15-23 1-4 1-5
E. caprovina Micropyle present with polar cap 22-26 × 21-28 22-28 × 21-30 1-4 1-6
Min –minimum, Max- maximum; *Taylor et al. 2007.
42 Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018
Verma et al.
study was of Strongyloides spp. Studies from different parts
of India (Singh et al., 2013; Choubisa and Jaroli, 2013;
Singh et al., 2015) also revealed high prevalence rates of
gastrointestinal parasites up to 94.48 percent. Variations
in prevalence of infections can be explained on the basis
of genetic variations among breeds and due to variability
in management practices like feeding, watering, housing,
rearing, stocking rate, health control measures along with
varied climatic conditions of geographical area.
72.99
80 80.28
64.13
78.39
55.2
51.8
51.5851.58
71.42
46.85
11.03
21.11
6.25
6.02
12.69
37.22
44.28
22.57
20.68
15.53
0
7.22
3.96
0.72 01.14 00.72
1.04
00
Coccidia Strongyles Moniezia Strongyloides
Fig. 1: Month wise percent prevalence of gastrointestinal
parasitic infections
Prevalence of coccidian infection (71.45 %) was highest
among gastrointestinal parasitic infections in present
study. Observations were similar to some other studies
conducted in India and abroad (Obijiaku and Agbede
2007; Jatau et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2015) describing
coccidiosis as major parasitic problem in small ruminants.
Sharma et al. (2009) reported coccidian prevalence of
42.86 percent in Jakhrana goats from CIRG, Makhodoom.
Nine Eimeria species identied in the present study were
similar to some previous reports (Sharma et al., 2009;
Chartier and Paraud 2012; Balicka-Ramisz et al., 2012).
Most frequent and predominant species, Eimeria arloingi
and E. ninakohlyakimovae were also reported earlier
(Kumar et al., 2005; Balicka-Ramisz, et al., 2012). The
difference in prevalence might be due to geographical and
agro-climatic variability, seasons and number of animals
included in various studies along with management
practices adopted locally.
Strongyle prevalence of 28.40 percent was comparable to
previous reports from India (Sharma et al. 2009; Singh et
al., 2013). However, our nding was in contrast to Brahma
et al. (2015) from West Bengal, India who reported much
higher GI helminth prevalence rate of 71 percent. Lower
prevalence rate in our study can be attributed to preventive
health control measures adopted at the farm at CIRG,
Makhdoom. Predominance of Haemonchus contortus
infection encountered in the present study was similar as
reported by some other workers (Faizal and Rajapakse,
2001; Almalaik et al., 2008; Ikem et al., 2013; Raza et
al., 2014). The nding can be attributed to the fact that
this nematode has a relatively short generation interval
and ability to take advantage of favourable environmental
conditions. Strongyloides spp. infection in the study was
similar as described by various workers from India and
abroad (Singh et al., 2010; Rabbi et al., 2011; Raza et al.,
2014; Khajuria et al., 2014) in goats.
The prevalence of Moniezia spp. infection (18.74 %) in
goats in the study was quite high. Finding was similar
to that of Hailelul (2002) from Ethiopia and Hossain et
al. (2015) from Bangladesh who reported moniezial
prevalence of 16.13, 23.81 and 35.56 percent, respectively.
High prevalence rate of Moniezia spp. infection suggests
the availability of intermediate host, the oribated mites.
Faecal oocysts/eggs count (FOC/FEC)
Faecal oocysts/egg counts (FOC/FEC) for coccidia and
strongyle infections recorded in goats during the present
study have been described as least squares means in Table
3. While overall mean LFOC was 4.673±.007(1403), the
overall means LFEC for strongyle worms and Moniezia
spp. were 4.628±0.002 (461), 4.625±0.002 (401)
respectively. Breed-wise Jamunapari had signicantly
higher LFOC (2229) than Jakhrana (1967) and Barbari
(1425) goats.
Age wise analysis of data revealed that there was
signicant difference (p<0.01) in mean LFOC/LFEC in
three age groups. The mean LFOC in 6-12 M age group
was signicantly higher than the corresponding values
in 2-6M and> 12 M age group. In contrast, mean LFEC
value for strongyles was signicantly higher in >12
M age group. Mean LFEC for Moniezia, however was
signicantly higher in 6-12M age group. The age of animal
was found to be a determinant factor inuencing the FOC/
FEC in G.I. parasites affected animals. Month wise mean
LFOC/ LFEC in G.I. parasite infected animals were found
Epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats
Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018 43
signicantly different. As such, the LFOC/LFEC in hot-
humid months i.e. August, September and October was
signicant higher. Statistical analysis of data showed that
both sexes were equally affected with coccidiosis as mean
LFOC/ LFEC in males and female goats were statistically
similar.
Age wise data analysis revealed variation in parasites
prevalence in different ages of goats. High prevalence rate
of gastrointestinal parasites in young animals recorded in
the present study is similar to that reported by Sharma et
al. (2009); Emiru et al. (2013) and can be supported by the
fact that kids are more vulnerable as compared to adults
and worm burdens decrease with increasing age due to
immunological maturity acquired after repeated exposure.
Higher coccidian prevalence and mean LFOC in Jamunapari
goats compared to Barbari and Jakhrana seems to be more
due to variations in management practices than the genetic
difference as coccidiosis is a management problem and
improved management and veterinary practices can reduce
the prevalence of coccidian. Higher strongyle prevalence
and mean LFEC in Barbari can be attributed to local
goat management at farm or due to physiological status
of animals involved in study as Jamumapari has been
considered a susceptible breed to Haemonchus infection
(Nimisha et al., 2012; Nimisha et al., 2015). Higher
moniezial prevalence in Jakhrana and Barbari goats can
be attributed to probable availability of intermediate host
of parasite in the vicinity. The prevalence of GI helminths
is governed both by genetics of the host as well as the
local management and environmental factors. However,
proportional contribution of any factor in particular case
is difcult to ascertain.
Effect of sex of animals was not signicant except in
strongyle infection where mean LFEC was signicantly
higher in female. Higher mean LFEC of strongyle eggs in
females has also been reported by Nimisha et al. (2015),
Table 3: Factor-wise Least Squares and Geometric Means of FOC/FEC of different parasites
Source of variation Obs. Coccidia Strongyles Moniezia
LFOC GFOC LFEC GFEC LFEC GFEC
Overall 1285 4.673±.007 1403 4.628±.002 461 4.625±.003 401
Breed
Barbari 545 4.674 a±.009 1425 4.634 a ±.003 584 4.620a±.004 299
Jamunapari 465 4.714b ±.009 2229 4.620 b ±.003 298 4.609 b±.003 77
Jakhrana 275 4.699 b ±.012 1967 4.618b±.004 258 4.640 c ±.005 708
Age
1-6 Month 719 4.703 a ±.008 2055 4.615 a ±.002 197 4.625a ±.003 400
>6-12 Month 343 4.699 ab ±.012 1967 4.634 b ±.004 585 4.618 a ±.005 258
>12 month 223 4.655 b ±.014 1021 4.647c ±.004 854 4.609b±.005 77
Sex
Male 534 4.677±.010 1489 4.624 a ±.003 380 4.626±.004 421
Female 751 4.668±.007 1296 4.632b ±.002 543 4.624±.003 380
Months
Aug. 129 4.728 c ±.015 2613 4.634 b ±.005 585 4.648 a ±.006 875
Sept. 70 4.731 c ±.019 2681 4.641 bc ±.006 729 4.643a ±.008 771
Oct. 350 4.680a ±.009 1554 4.651 c ±.003 938 4.618b ±.003 258
Nov. 145 4.658ab ±.014 1085 4.609 a ±.004 76 4.612 b ±.006 137
Jan. 412 4.721 c ±.010 2456 4.613 a ±.003 157 4.620 b ±.004 299
Feb. 96 4.659ab ±.017 1106 4.606 a ±.005 16 4.605 b ±.007 0
Mar. 83 4.633a ±.019 564 4.508 a ±.006 0 4.606 b ±.007 17
*Means in each main effect bearing same superscript do not differ signicantly (P<0.05); * LFOC/LFEC - Least Squares means of transformed
faecal oocyst/egg count data; *GFOC/ GFEC- Geometric means of faecal oocyst/egg count data.
44 Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018
Verma et al.
who attributed this variation to physiological status like
pregnancy/ lactation which causes dip in natural body
resistance in goats against parasites. Maqsood et al. (1996)
and Sharma et al. (2009) also reported higher prevalence
of gastrointestinal parasites in females than in males.
However, Fikru et al. (2006) and Tefera et al. (2009)
showed that sex of animals did not affect prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. Contrary
to the current results, Ayaz et al. (2013) reported that
prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in
males than females. Higher prevalence of gastrointestinal
parasite infection in wet months compared to winter
months has been reported by various workers (Nwosu et
al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2015).
The present study corroborates the previous ndings
(Table 1). The mean LFOC and LFEC in coccidial and
helminthic infections (both strongyle and Moniezia), for
wet and humid months were signicantly higher (Table 3).
High humidity and temperature during the post monsoon
period are favourable for the development, optimum
sporulation/ hatching, survival and translocation of pre-
parasitic stages, which might be the precipitating factors
for higher prevalence and intensity of infection (LFOC/
LFEC) in wet months. In winter, reduced grazing hours
also reduce the chances of contact between the host and
parasites leading to lower prevalence in winter months.
Further, inclement environmental conditions in winter
force the strongyles to go under hypobiosis, resulting
reduced egg production.
CONCLUSION
The results of study will help in better understanding of
parasitic problem in goats in local farm conditions and
emphasize the need based planning of control measures to
control GI parasites for ensuring better production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors duly acknowledge the nancial and technical
help of Director, Central Institute For Research on Goats,
Makhdoom and Director, IVRI, Izatnagar for co-ordinating
the research assistance.
REFERENCES
Agrawal N., Sharma, D.K., Mandal, A., Rout, P.K., Kushwah,
Y.K. 2015. Dynamics of faecal egg count in natural infection
of Haemonchus Spp. in Indian goats. Vet. World, 8: 38-41
Agrawal Nimisha, Sharma, D.K. and Mandal, Ajoy 2012.
Susceptibility pattern of Jamunapari and Sirohi goats to
natural infection with Haemonchus contortus in semi- arid
region of India. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 82: 581–585
Almalaik, A.H.A., Bashar, A.E. and Abakar, A.D. 2008.
Prevalence and dynamics of some gastrointestinal parasites
of sheep and goats in Tulus area based on post-mortem
examination. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 3: 390-399.
Ayaz, M.M., Raza, M.A., Murtaza, S. and Akhtar, S. 2013.
Epidemiological survey of helminths of goats in southern
Punjab, Pakistan. Trop. Biomed., 30: 62-71.
Balicka-Ramisz, A., Ramisz, A., Vovk, S. and Snitynskyj, V.
2012. Prevalence of coccidia infection in goats in Western
Pomerania (Poland) and West Ukraine region. Ann.
Parasitol., 58: 167-171.
Borgsteede, F.H.M. and Derckseen, D.P. 1996. Coccidial and
helminths infections in goat kept in the Netherlands. Vet.
Parasitol., 61: 321-326.
Chartier, C. and Paraud, C. 2012. Coccidiosis due to Eimeria in
sheep and goats, a review. Small Ruminant Res., 103: 84-92.
Choubisa, S.L. and Jaroli, V.J. 2013. Gastrointestinal parasitic
infection in diverse species of domestic ruminants inhabiting
tribal rural areas of southern Rajasthan, India. J. Parasit.
Dis., 37: 271-275.
Emiru, B., Amede, Y., Tigre, W., Feyera, T. and Deressa, B.
2013. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of small
ruminants in Gechi District, Southwest Ethiopia. Adv. Biol.
Res., 7: 169-174.
Faizal, A.C.M. and Rajapakse, R.P.V.J. 2001. Prevalence
of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematode infections in
crossbred goats in the dry areas of Sri Lanka. Small Ruminant
Res., 40: 233-238.
Fikru, R., Teshale, S., Reta, D. and Yosef, K. 2006. Epidemiology
of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in Western Oromia,
Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. M., 4: 51-57.
Hailelul, N. 2002. Study on prevalence of GIT helminths of
small ruminants in and around Wolayta Soddo, Southern
Ethiopia. DVM Thesis, Faculty of veterinary medicine,
Addis Ababa University, Debre-Zeit. Ethiopia, pp. 353.
Hansen, J. and Perry, B. 1994. The epidemiology, diagnosis
and control of helminth parasites of ruminants. A handbook.
ILCA, Addis Ababa, pp. 40-76.
Ikem, C.O., Rose, N.O., Doris, N.O. and Micheal Awi. 2013.
High prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasite in indigenous
goats of Nigeria. Paripex Indian J. Res., 2: 17-19.
Jatau, I.D., Abdulganiyu, A., Lawal, A.I., Okubanjo, O.O. and
Yusuf, K.H. 2011. Gastrointestinal and haemoparasitism
Epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats
Journal of Animal Research: v.8 n.1, February 2018 45
of sheep and goats at slaughter in Kano, Northern-Nigeria.
Sokoto J. Vet. Sci. 9:7-11.
Kumar L, Sinha, S.R.P., Sinha, S., Sharma, S.K., Mandal, K.G.
and Verma, S.B. 2005. Studies on Eimeria spp. in goats in
and around Patna. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 19:
139-141.
Maqsood, M., Iqbal, Z. and Chaudhry, A.H. 1996. Prevalence
and intensity of haemonchosis with reference to breed, sex
and age of sheep and goats. Pak Vet. J., 16 (1): 41–43.
Nwosu, C.O., Madu, P.P. and Richards, W.S. 2007. Prevalence
and seasonal changes in thepopulation of gastrointestinal
nematodes of small ruminants in the semi-arid zone of north-
eastern Nigeria. Vet. Parasitol., 144: 118 –124.
Obijiaku, I.N. and Agbede, R.I.S. 2007. Prevalence of
coccidiosis and associated pathology in lambs and kids from
three contrasting management systems. In: Proceedings of
the 44th Annual Congress of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical
Association (NVMA), Delta, pp. 229–23.
Rabbi, A.K.M.A., Islam, A., Anisuzzaman, M., Majumdar, S.
and Rahman, M.H. 2011. Does feeding system inuence
parasitism in Black Bengal Goats in Bangladesh. Progress.
Agric., 22: 85-95.
Rahman, W.A. 1994. Effect of subclinical Eimeria species
infections in tropical goats subsequently challenged with
caprine Haemonchus contortus. Vet. Rec., 134 (10): 236-237.
Raza, M.A., Younas, M., Schlecht, E. 2013. Prevalence of
Gastrointestinal Helminths in Pastoral sheep and goat ocks
in the Cholistan desert of Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 24:
127-134.
Sani, R.A., Awang, I.P.R. and Sheikh-Omar, A.R. 1985.Incidence
and factors effecting endoparasitism in Serdang,West
Malaysia. Kajian Veterinar., 17: 127-131.
Sharma, D.K., Agrawal, N., Mandal, A., Nigam, P. and Bhushan,
S. 2009. Coccidia and gastrointestinal nematode infections in
semi-intensively managed Jakhrana goats of semi-arid region
of India. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 11: 135-
139.
Singh, A., Hazarika, G.C., Phukan, A. and Hussain, P.
2010. Seasonal incidence of caprine gastrointestinal
nematodosis. Vet. World, 3: 321-322.
Singh, A.K., Das, G., Roy, B., Nath, S., Naresh, R. and Kumar,
S. 2015. Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasitic infections in
goat of Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Parasit. Dis., 39:716-719.
Singh, V., Varshney, P., Dash, S.K. and Lal, H.P. 2013. Prevalence
of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in and around
Mathura India. Vet. World, 6: 260-262.
Sloss, M.W., Kemp, R.L. and Zajac, A.M. 1994. Veterinary
Clinical Parasitology (Ed. 6). Iowa State University Press.
Soulsby, E.J.L. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of
Domesticated Animals. (7th Ed.) ELBS and Bailliere Tindall,
London, pp. 809.
Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. and Wall R.L. 2007. Veterinary
Parasitology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford OX4 2DQ,
UK.
Tefera, M., Batu, G. and Bitew, M. 2009. Prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats in and around
Bedelle, South-western Ethiopia. Int. J. Vet. Med., 8(2): 1-6.
Urquhart, G.M., Armour, J., Duncan, J.L., Dunn, A.M. and
Jennings, F.W. 1987. Longman Scientic and Technical,(3rd
Ed.) Burnt Mill, Harlow, UK, pp. 217-224.