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邱瑞珍、唐功培、韓德彥、蔡博方* (2017) 大解剖課的情意學習:啟用儀式與社會背景之比較探討。2017師資培育暨教育創新國際研討會會議論文集。教育心理與教育管理2-1,頁1-8。桃園,銘傳大學。

Authors:
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
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大體解剖課的情意學習:啟用儀式與社會背景之比較探討
邱瑞珍1、唐功培2、韓德彥3、蔡博方*4
臺北醫學大學醫學系解剖學暨細胞生物學科rueijen@tmu.edu.tw
臺北醫學大學醫學系醫學教育暨人文學科kptang@tmu.edu.tw
臺北醫學大學通識教育中心、handeyan@tmu.edu.tw
臺北醫學大學醫學系醫學人文研究所、pofang@tmu.edu.tw
通訊作者:作者四
摘要
本研究探究大體解剖課及相關活動對醫學生情意學習的影響。大體解剖課程是醫學生
接觸到大體及其家屬的第一門課,也是醫學教育中的一項不可或缺的活動。本研究團隊配合
解剖課,實施兩項體驗學習活動(大體啟用儀式以及大體捐贈家屬訪),以協助學生重新檢
視自己對「生命」及「大體」的評價(valuing)。本研究的重要性在於:目前較少研究對啟
用儀式與學生初級社會化進行評估比較,而生命教育研究也少以系所專業課程為對象。本研
究探討啟用儀式造成醫學生在「生死自主」及「負面情緒」兩種價值觀的改變,並分析「家
人親密程度」與「性別」對此作用的影響程度。本研究量性資料來自於生命態度量表與研究
者自編的初見大體情緒量表,測量北部某大學醫學系三年級 158 位學生 104 11 月大體啟
用儀式前後的狀況。研究發現,學生在啟用儀式之後,生死自主態度顯著提升、初見大體的
負面情緒降低,而家人親密程度僅對於啟用儀式進行之前生死自主態度有影響、性別則僅對
於啟用儀式之後負面情緒的降低程度有影響。整體而言,啟用儀式可以排除社會背景因素的
介入作用,大體解剖課程中關於醫學人文思維的啟用儀式,可以獨立於初級社會化的作用。
關鍵詞:大體解剖、醫學人文、情意學習、啟用儀式
壹、 緒論
20 世紀後半期以來,「醫學人文」(medical humanities)課程對醫學生的重要性逐漸
受到重視。醫學人文教育軟化傳統生物醫學典範將「人」視為「對象」的狹隘視野,進而使
醫學生在觀點、思維、語言等方面有「重新人性化」(re-humanize)的可能(Bleakley, 2014,
2015)。台灣醫學界大抵依此方向建構本土化的醫學人文教育。
然而 1990 年代以來,一些對於醫學人文教育的反省指出:醫學人文相關課程仍「侷
限」在醫學院系學生大學前兩年的預科生涯,且以通識教育的方式來進行(黃俊傑,1994
黃崑巖,1996;劉介修、劉克明,2004)。這種作法的缺點使基礎醫學與人文社會出現學習
斷裂,學生容易在學習態度上,出現從「以病人為中心」轉變為「以醫師為中心」的職業思
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
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維(高美英、陳秀蓉、呂碧鴻,2009);另一方面造成醫學專業院系教師與人文社會院系教
師,在課程規劃與師資人力的分工困難與低度整合,進而造成老師與學生、教與學的推動困
境(劉介修、劉克明,2004;高美英、呂碧鴻、褚齡霙2004)。換言之,教師們仍需在課
程規劃上整合「特殊性/一般性」、「醫學專業教師/人文社會教師」(高美英等人,2004
劉介修、劉克明,2004;崔紘彰、何明蓉,2008;吳健暉、徐歆惠、何明蓉,2008)。
目前關於醫學生學習醫學人文態度與動機的研究指出,無論多麼豐富、多元的醫學人
文課程規劃藍圖,也必須面對醫學相關院系學生,以未來執業為導向的學習特性,亦即:對
於非功利性課程的學習積極度問題(張天鈞,19911999;林啓禎、黃崑巖,1999;陳慶
餘、謝博生,1995)。因此,有必要在醫學專業課程中,置入各種具醫學人文思維與訓練內
容,以避免「預科課程/專業課程/臨床課程」過於斷裂的缺陷;其中從「講授的醫學人
文」medical humanities in lecturemedical humanities in
practice)便是一個可能的方向。
以醫學生所經歷的專業科目來說,大體解剖課程(gross anatomy具有重要地位,不
僅是醫學生學習生涯與自我認同的「通過儀式」(rite of passage),更是醫學生們首度面對
生死、人性等議題的關鍵(陳榮邦、馮琮涵、謝銘勳、曾啟瑞,2008;張淑卿,2015;盧蕙
馨,2011;賴其萬、張榮攀、曾國藩、曾運龍2002)。因此,在大體解剖課程的專業技術
教學的基礎上,置入相關的醫學人文教育內容,可說是體現「實踐的醫學人文」最佳之道。
近年來已有許多臺灣醫學校院採用隆重莊嚴的大體啟用儀式,強化學生的醫學人文素養,增
進學生在校學習效益與未來投身醫療的使命感。
因此,本文的研究目的在於:研究大體解剖課程中的重要儀式啟用儀式來理解醫
學生在各種態度與情緒上的變化。基於這個研究目的,本文進一步將的研究問題設定為:啟
用儀式與社會背景,對於醫學生經歷大體解剖課程之情意學習的作用與比較。
貳、 文獻探討
儀式是一種具有象徵意義的活動,於一定的時段與場合舉行,由個人或團體發起,具
有一種重要的情緒感染力,使得參加者得以宣洩情緒或者進入相同情緒之中(Kertzer, 1988;
吳永猛、謝聰輝,2011)。「通過儀式」是人類學上廣泛使用的概念,牽涉到個人在從出生
到死亡的生命過程中一連串的身分變化(Turner, 1969; van Gennep, 1960)。大體老師解剖教
學啟用典禮也具有「通過儀式」的概念,經由尊稱捐贈者為「大體老師」,使其身分從「實
驗樣本」轉換為教導學生認識人體知識的教師(盧蕙馨,2011)。
在啟用典禮中,死亡不再是令人畏怖的主題。啟用典禮表彰大體老師以不同形式延續
生命的犧牲奉獻精神,同時也感謝家屬的成全;一方面給予大體老師生命最終的肯定,另一
方面讓大體老師家屬獲得心靈安頓。對學生而言,受惠於大體老師的捨身育才,他們得以鑽
研人體知識。因此,許多學生在啟用典禮上許下未來將更認真學習、善盡職責的承諾,不管
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
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是在學校求學或者是日後成為一位醫生,不辜負大體老師及其家屬的期望,具有宣誓獻身醫
療的意義在內(盧蕙馨,2011)。
目前國外的研究指出,大體解剖實驗對醫學生而言是一門「首次面對、直接接觸
體結構且與生死有關的課程,學生明顯地會感受到擔心、害怕、新奇、驚訝等複雜的情緒
Dosani & Neuberger, 2016; Sándor ,Birkás & Győrffy, 2015; Bob, Popescu, Armean, Suciu &
Buzoianu, 2014; Getachew, 2014)。進一步說,大體解剖課程對學生會造成正面與負面的影
響。正面的衝擊在於,醫學生會連結到自己或他人親友離世經驗,進而透過情意學習而有生
命教育的效果,產生對於生命價值的思考(江蘭貞,2009;潘靖瑛,2011;許世璋、高思
明,2009);負面衝擊在於,醫學生在進入大體實驗課程的時候,剛開始會出現一些因調適
而生的情緒,例如:首次面對捐贈者、家屬產生的緊張(Arraez-Aybar, 2008; Bamber, 2014;
Basto, 2000; Bataineh, 2006)。
然而,較少研究關注醫學生的人口學背景因素對於這些效應的作用。目前僅有研究關
注此效應在性別之間的差異。例如:女性在情緒的感受力與敏感度上都大於男性,因而在初
步接觸大體時,女同學展現出比較多的恐懼與視覺回溯的經驗(Bataineh, Hijazi & Hijleh,
2006)。至於宗教信仰或家庭氛圍等社會背景因素,是否構成醫學生在接觸大體解剖課程之
前即有作用,抑或在此課程所產生的情緒效應中發揮相關作用,則尚未有明確的探討。
根據本研究團隊的長期觀察,啟用儀式對學生在情緒、認知上影響甚鉅。在情緒部
分,啟用儀式減少學生首次面對大體時的害怕、擔心等負面心情;在認知部分,啟用儀式增
進學生的生死態度,並提升學生對大體解剖課程與醫療生涯的投入使命感。然而,目前國內
外文獻並無實證研究說明此種儀式的影響力,因此,本研究嘗試採用適合的生命態度量表,
並自行發展測量大體解剖實驗學習效益與初見大體情緒的相關量表,以了解大體啟用儀式對
醫學系三年級學生的影響。由於家庭氣氛、宗教信仰有可能影響個體的生命態度(潘靖瑛、
謝曼盈,2010;盧蕙馨,2011),因此,本研究在年齡與性別之外,還納入了與家人親密程
度、宗教信仰的變項。
參、 研究設計與實施
本研究的測量工具有:生命態度量表、大體解剖實驗學習態度量表、初見大體情緒量
表。詳細的問卷題目與因素分析結果,可參見本研究團隊之前成果(邱瑞珍、蔡博方、韓德
彥,2016a;邱瑞珍、蔡博方、韓德彥、唐功培,2016b)。分析方法為兩階段:1.對樣本
前後測 t檢定,針對因素分析完成之後的六個依變項(指,關懷他人、生死自主、學習效
益、負向情緒、高層情緒、興奮情緒);2.變異數與共變數分析,將前測視為共變數放入對
於社會背景(指,性別、與家人親密程度)的分析模型(吳明隆,2010)。
「生命態度量表」為潘靖瑛、謝曼盈(2010)依據存在主義倡導者沙特(Jean-Pau1
Sartre, 1905-1980)、羅洛梅(Rollo May, 1909-1994),人本主義大師羅傑斯Carl Rogers,
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
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1902-1987),以及意義治療學派創立者弗朗克(Viktor Frankl, 1905-1997)等人的核心概念
而發展的工具,用以測量大學生生命態度的六個層面:理想、自主、愛與關懷、存在感、死
亡態度、生命經驗。評量方式採 Likert 7 點量表(1:非常不同意,7:非常同意),得分愈
高表示生命態度愈成熟。該量表內部一致性係數 α.93,相隔四週後重測信度為.91,且因
素分析所得架構與理論相符。為測量與醫療服務有關的生命態度,本計劃僅採用關係最為密
切的「關懷他人」與「生死自主」這兩個分量表,分別了解醫學生與周遭他人互動的態度與
採取的行動,以及對死亡的預期、態度及行動。本研究「關懷他人」與「生死自主」這兩個
分量表內部一致性係數 α分別為.91.70
大體解剖實驗學習態度量表」測量學生是否因為大體解剖實驗課程而有感謝、
惜、包容的心情,體會生死,並盡力學習成為好醫師(如「這門課程強化我當個好醫師的動
力」)。研究團隊根據過去學生在參與大體老師家訪後所描述到的項目,以及授課教師觀察
到的反應,共列出13個項目。評量方式採Likert 7點量表。經項目分析得知,並不因為刪去
任何一題可讓內部一致性大幅提升,因此題項全數保留,量表內部一致性係數α.96
初見大體情緒量表」測量家訪是否會使學生在第一次面對大體老師時比較平靜。研
究團隊根據過去學生在參與大體解剖實驗所描述到的情緒項目,以及授課教師觀察到的情緒
反應,共列出25個項目。評量方式採Likert 7點量表,初步得到量表內部一致性係數α.84
因素分析之後得到的3軸別命名為負向緒」(如:害怕、懼、毛毛)、「高
緒」(如:尊敬、珍惜、感恩)、「興奮情緒」(如:滿心期待、開心、好奇),內部一致
性分別為.88.90.84
本研究參與者為北部某大學醫學系三年級158位學生,平均年齡20.97±1.53歲;男性96
名、女性62名,有無宗教信仰各6987位,家人關係「很好」的人有96位。學生於104學年
度第1學期修習大體解剖正課,並在104學年度第2期修習該課實驗部分。研究團隊再收集
學生資料前進行文獻查證、量表編製,並在10411月下旬大體啟用儀式前、後7日內,2
分發問卷由學生現場填寫後收回。
「大體啟用儀式」的參加人員包括當年度大體捐贈老師家屬、醫學系三年級全體學生、
解剖學暨細胞生物學科全體教職員,地點在學校演講廳與大體解剖實驗室。在演講廳裡,各
組學生負責以影音設備介紹大體老師行誼,讓所有的參與人員一起緬懷當年度的大體老師,
內容包括生前生活故事、與家人朋友的相處、想要成為大體老師的因緣,資料來自學生與其
大體老師家屬的訪談。在大體解剖實驗室則進行獻花儀式,儀式結束後學生與家屬進行茶
敘,家屬可以跟學生表達感想與期望。最後,由學生將家屬送至校門口,結束啟用儀式。
肆、 研究結果與討論
本研究先以成對樣本進行雙尾t檢定,檢驗啟用儀式對各依變項的影響。結果發現學生
在歷經大體啟用儀式後,「生死自主」顯著提升,初見大體「負面情緒」降低,「關懷他
人」與「學習效益」則無顯著改變(見表1)。接著,本研究針對有顯著改變的「生死自
主」與「負面情緒」,進一步分析社會背景因素(性別、宗教信仰、與家人親密程度)在其
中的作用。分析的方法採用變異數分析修正後的「共變數分析」模型,將前測視為共變數放
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
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入模型,先進行迴歸係數同質性檢定,再進行共變數分析,以釐清「大體啟用儀式」的作用
與學生社會背景的作用之間的關係。
1 儀式前後成對樣本 t檢定
前測
後測
t
df
p
關懷他人
5.56±0.82
5.46±0.91
1.35
152
.178
生死自主
4.77±0.54
5.04±0.85
-4.12
151
.000**
學習效益
5.65±1.04
5.52±1.09
1.51
151
.132
負向情緒
2.98±0.94
2.52±0.95
5.62
151
.000**
高層情緒
5.52±1.07
5.39±1.12
1.35
151
.180
興奮情緒
3.96±1.02
4.08±0.90
-1.49
151
.138
大體啟用儀式後,學生的「生死自主」提昇,「負向情緒」下降,故研究者繼續針對
這兩個依變項進行分析,檢視「性別」、「家人親密程度」、「宗教信仰」等三個變項是否
為可能的干擾變項。結果發現:1.不同家人親密程度的學生在「生死自主」的前測呈現顯著
差異,後測則否,「性別」與「宗教信仰」則都沒有造成「生死自主」前後測的差異;2.
別在「負面情緒」的後測呈現顯著差異,前測則否,而「家人親密程度」與「宗教信仰」都
沒有造成任何差異。
可見,在大體啟用儀式進行前後有差異的「生死自主」與「負向情緒」,家人親密程
度、性別可能分別是兩個主要的干擾變項,而「宗教信仰」則無影響。因此,本研究進一步
探究「家人親密程度*生死自主」、「性別*負面情緒」之間的關係,採用「共變數分析」將
前測平均數視為「共變數」,依序進行兩個步驟:1.迴歸係數同質性假定;2.共變數分析。
在同質性假定的檢測上,「家人親密程度*死自主前測」交互作用項的F值為1.106
p=.334>.05,接受虛無假設,表示三種家人親密程度之別的迴歸線斜率相同,亦即:共
變項(前測)與依變項(後測)的關係不會因為自變項(與家人親密程度)的不同而有所差
符合迴歸係數同質性假定,繼續進行共變數分析發現:「與家人親密程度」的F
.926p=.399>.05,接受虛無假設,表示後測不會因為「與家人親密程度」的不同,而
有顯著的差異。
在同質性假定的檢測上,「性別*負面情緒前測」交互作用項的F值為.138p
=.71>.05,接受虛無假設,表示三組迴歸線斜率相同,亦即:共變項(前測)與依變項(後
測)的關係不會因為自變項(性別)的不同而有所差異。符合迴歸係數同質性假定,繼續進
行共變數分析。「性別」的F值為6.403p=.012<.05,拒絕虛無假設,表示後測會因為
「性別」不同,而有顯著的差異。
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
6
2 迴歸係數同質性檢測與共變數分析
同質性檢測
共變數分析
生死自主
F=1.051 p=.352
F=.926 p=.399
F=12.27 p=.001*
F=28.94 p=.000*
F=1.106 p=.334
----
負向情緒
F=.166 p=.684
F=6.403 p=.012*
F=33.78 p=.000*
F=38.03 p=.000*
F=.137 p=.710
----
綜上分析,本研究發現:大體啟用儀式進行之前,家人親密程度僅是「好」的學生在生
死自主態度平均值的前測顯著地低於「很好」與「其他」的學生;在大體啟用儀式之後,學
生整體的「生死自主」提高、「負向情緒」顯著降低,其中女學生的負向情緒的後測平均值
顯著地低於男學生。
伍、 結論與建議
本研究主要發現包括以下兩項:
一、以大體啟用儀式為基準,進行三種態度與三種情緒的前後測,其中,「
主」與「負向情緒」呈現出前後測之間的差異,其餘兩種態度(指,關懷他人、學習效益)
與兩種情緒(指,高層情緒、興奮情緒)未展現出啟用儀式前後測差異。
二、對於啟用儀式前後展現出差異的「生死自主」與「負面情緒」,有兩種社會背景
因素值得關注。「家人親密程度」影響啟用儀式前的「生死自主」,但是,對於啟用儀式的
作用(指,後測)卻沒有交互作用,也沒有顯著影響。與之相反,「性別」的作用卻對於啟
用儀式前的「負面情緒」沒有作用,也與啟用儀式沒有交互作用,但是,會影響啟用儀式之
後的「負向情緒」的變化。
大體啟用儀式讓醫學生在生死自主上有更成熟的進步,有助於日後行醫態度與醫學人
文素養的表現,這個作用不受到醫學生家庭狀況(例如:與家人親密程度)的影響。此外,
本研究證實醫學生參加儀式後初次見到大體的負面情緒降低,確實具有平復情緒的功效,只
是男女學生之間的降低還具有顯著差異。本研究結果支持臺灣多所醫學校院在大體解剖課程
中採取啟用儀式,以提升醫學生的人文關懷精神(賴其萬等人,2002)。
2017 師資培育暨教育創新國際學術研討會:回顧與展望
7
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