No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Gender-Based Violence Against Female Students in European University Settings
Abstract
Due to their age and lifestyle, female students in general are at an increased risk of various forms of sexual violence. Particular sociocultural contexts also form the background of gender-based violence in professional and academic structures. Yet despite institutional and legal efforts to protect (potential) survivors of sexual violence from primary (and secondary) victimization, persistent assaults demonstrate the reluctance of organizations and individuals to fully accept women’s experiences as being physically and psychologically harmful. Based on quantitative and qualitative data obtained in the context of the European research project “Gender-Based Violence, Stalking and Fear of Crime”, ¹ this article presents a comparative analysis of the prevalence of sexual violence, feelings of safety (or a lack thereof) and the reasons for (non-)disclosure for five European countries. A dataset of about 21,000 responses from German, British, Italian, Spanish and Polish students indicates that sexualized violence is a major problem at universities and that it has yet to be recognized as such. This – added to the fact that it is generally suppressed or concealed by universities – makes it society’s problem as well. The article discusses widespread social myths about victims and perpetrators, the role of the new media in victimization, and the issues of universities’ responsibility for their students (through institutional policy and specific responses to incidents of gender-based violence). The results presented here demonstrate the contradictory perceptions that students have in regard to their experiences and the nature of sexualized violence in an academic environment.
... For this reason, data on the role of alcohol and drug consumption in incidents must be interpreted with caution to avoid the individualisation of the structural problem of gender-based violence. Universities and research organisations need to accept their institutional responsibility of ensuring a safe work and study environment in academia [50,53,54]. ...
Introduction
Assessing the problem of gender-based violence in academia internationally is challenging due to a lack of empirical evidence and differences in how it is measured. The contribution of this article is to reflect on survey measurements and to propose new avenues for future quantitative measurements of gender-based violence, its determinants, and consequences in an academic context. For this purpose, we present the results of a scoping review of ten national and cross-national prevalence studies on gender-based violence. We examined the studies’ quantitative operationalisation of (1) sex and gender, (2) prevalence of gender-based violence, (3) socio-demographic determinants from an intersectional perspective, individual and contextual factors, (4) and consequences.
Materials and methods
Prevalence studies were identified through a comprehensive search of electronic databases and specialised data repositories. The selection criteria included studies with a focus on gender-based violence, the use of closed-ended survey questions, i.e., in a questionnaire, the potential for applicability in different national contexts, and the specific context of higher education. Eligible sources also described the quantitative operationalisation of the survey measurements.
Results
Our work critically reviews previous efforts to measure gender-based violence, its determinants, and consequences in academic contexts. The findings of our assessment show, first, that quantitative gender-related measurements tend to conflate the concepts of sex and gender, and hence their operationalisation in quantitative surveys. Second, there is a strong emphasis on sexual harassment and sexual violence to the detriment of other relevant forms of violence, as well as a rooting of measurement concepts in locally valid but diverse legal definitions of gender-based violence. Third, there is a lack of socio-demographic determinants to provide an intersectional lens, as well as a focus on measurement frameworks that individualise the experiences of gender-based violence. This prevents a conceptualisation of harassment and abuse as a structural problem in the academic sector and ignores that violence is both as a cause and a consequence of unbalanced gendered power relations and inequalities in institutional and societal contexts. Fourth, there is generally a retrospective approach to measuring the consequences of gender-based violence, which may represent a source of potential bias. We reflect on how future survey instruments could address these issues in academic environments.
Discussion
Overall, our paper demonstrates how the evidence generated by different conceptualisations and operationalisations of gender-based violence in academia, as well as its determinants and consequences, shapes how we think and talk about the problem. In doing so, this article contributes to the ongoing methodological discussion on the measurement of gender-based violence and provides a rationale for improving its measurement framework in academic environments by taking a feminist-theory informed approach to collecting these data.
... In contrast, secondary school students, while not immune to safety risks, may have comparatively lower exposure to such incidents due to more structured environments and less autonomy. Moreover, university students will likely have broader access to discussions and educational resources about gender roles and violence prevention, which can amplify their perception and concern over such issues (Feltes et al., 2017). Additionally, this discrepancy may be attributed to the prevailing socio-cultural circumstance of Bangladesh, where female students within higher secondary schools predominantly attend single-sex educational institutions as opposed to co-educational systems. ...
Sexual violence against women is a significant issue in Bangladesh, yet little research explores its impact on young female students’ safety concerns. This study examines the relationship between fear of sexual assault and personal safety among 403 female students from Dhaka, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Khulna. Data were collected using the Personal Safety Scale (PSC) and the Fear of Sexual Crime Scale(FSCS), with hierarchical regression analysis employed to examine the relationships. The findings revealed that even when controlling factors such as age and education, fear of sexual assaults had a significant negative impact on personal safety, with β= −0.609 (95% CI: −0.31 to−0.41, p < .001). Fear of sexual assault accounted for 42.3% of the variation in safety concerns, with a unique variance of 33.1%. Thus, higher levels of fear of sexual assault significantly correlate with increased safety concerns among female students in Bangladesh.
... Sexual harassment has lasting impacts on future victimization (Chiodo et al., 2009) as well as on the learning, psychology, and well-being of victims (Anwar et al., 2022). List (2017) avers that perpetrators of sexual violence against female students are predominantly male, with under-reporting and trivialization still high for rape and sexual assault. Inadequate institutional responses and fear of not being believed deter victims from reporting, while universities often delay responses to preserve reputations or due to lack of evidence, reinforcing students' fears. ...
major corrupt practice in educational institution is sexual harassment. It has gotten to an alarming and preposterous level not only in Nigeria but globally. In spite of studies and laws to address this social problem and menace, it remains alarming. This paper examined the drivers of sexual harassments in Nigeria educational institutions, manifestations and responses. The study adopts a qualitative methodology and therefore descriptive. Primary and secondary sources of the study were majorly from video documentary, music, literature review, media reports and personal observations. The paper found that the factors responsible for the menace are among other things precarious working/learning conditions, weak educational system, a normalization of gender-based violence, toxic academic masculinities, a culture of silence, lack of active leadership or low level of accountability, depression from victims and predators, lack of proper orientation lot parental care, drug abuse, eroding values and indiscipline. Though responses have majorly come from federal and state legislations as well as a few higher institutions, the problem is still prevalent. The paper argues that profiling sexual harassment as a tertiary institution phenomenon is one of the reasons why the laws, policies and interventions made in the past and in recent past have all failed to address the hydra phenomenon. Recommendations of the study were based on the findings of the study. This includes the need for a comprehensive law to address the menace of sexual harassment across the country.
... Cilj je ovog istraživanja identificirati obilježja percepcije i iskustava studentica o seksualnom uznemiravanju i ucjenjivanju, posebice u akademskoj sredini. Ranija istraživanja (List, 2017;Miller Gialopsos, 2017;Hagerlid i dr., 2023) pokazala su da je spomenuta skupina u akademskoj sredini višestruko ranjiva -i statusno i rodno. To se posebice odnosi na ono akademsko, ali i šire društveno ozračje koje je okarakterizirano "seksističkom radnom kulturom, ... strogom hijerarhijom u kojoj su žene tradicionalno zauzimale niže pozicije" (Hagerlid i dr., 2023), ali i prihvaćanjem kulturnih obrazaca šutnje i krivice žrtve, kao i nedovoljno razvijenim institucionalnim mehanizmima preveniranja i reagiranja. ...
Istraživanje seksualnog uznemiravanja i ucjenjivanja u suvremenom srpskom društvu novijeg je datuma. Ranija istraživanja pokazuju da se ono može dogoditi u najrazličitijim situacijama. Međutim, sveučilište je rijetko bio kontekst u kojem se taj problem analizirao, usprkos evidentnoj hijerarhiji moći baziranoj na različitim izvorima. Kako su studentice višestruko ranjiva skupina, ovaj se rad fokusira na istraživanje njihove percepcije i (ne)izravnog iskustva seksualnog uznemiravanja i ucjenjivanja, kao i očekivanja od institucionalne reakcije. Analiza se temelji na rezultatima dvije diskusije fokusnih skupina u kojima su sudjelovale 22 studentice sa svih razina studija na Filozofskom fakultetu i Fakultetu sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Univerziteta u Novom Sadu. Rezultati su istraživanja pokazali senzibiliziranost studentica za problem seksualnog uznemiravanja i ucjenjivanja, uz određenu dozu (auto)cenzure u razgovoru o navedenom problemu, posebice s roditeljima ili drugim odraslim osobama iz primarne sredine. Također, primijećen je kontinuitet (ne)izravne izloženosti studentica seksualnom uznemiravanju i ucjenjivanju u (izvan)akademskom kontekstu. Studentice očekuju da fakultet i sveučilište reagiraju na pojavu seksualnog uznemiravanja i ucjenjivanja, dok istovremeno jedan dio smatra da bi institucionalni odgovor trebalo osigurati izvan fakulteta, pa i akademskog konteksta u cilju dodatne zaštite žrtve. Kao važan dio institucionalnog odgovora ističe se potreba za sustavnom edukacijom o tom problemu, kako studenata, tako i svih sveučilišnih zaposlenika. Istraživanje je potvrdilo kompleksnost i višeslojnost analiziranog problema te može poslužiti kao inspiracija za dodatne analize seksualnog uznemiravanja i ucjenjivanja u akademskom kontekstu.
... A metaanalysis reported a prevalence for harassment and discrimination during undergraduate medical training and clerkship of 59.6% [6]. The majority of studies focused predominantly on white, female undergraduate students [7,8]. Studies in France are sparse; one study was conducted among all the curricula in 2020: 5% of female students had been a victim of rape, and 10% of female students had been a victim of sexual violence [9]. ...
Objectives
The aims of the current study were 1) to provide the prevalence of five types of gender-based violence (GBV) among male and female healthcare students; 2) to describe perpetrators’ status, where the GBV occurred, and psychological and behavioural impacts of the GBV; and 3) to identify factors associated with GBV.
Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted among voluntary healthcare students in France.
Setting
Health Campus at Rouen and nursing schools in Normandy, France.
Participants
Volunteer healthcare students of 18 years and over.
Data collected
Five types of GBV were recorded: GBV1: damage to a person’s image due to a sexual connotation on social networks, GBV2: sexist remarks and behaviour, GBV3: comments with sexual connotations, GBV4: sexual assaults and GBV5: rape or attempted rape. Perpetrators’ status, where the GBV occurred, psychological and behavioural impacts of GBV were also recorded.
Results
One thousand one hundred and fifty-two students were included. The mean age was 20.8 years (SD = 2.26), 82.6% of students were women (0.4% non-binary). Since the beginning of their healthcare study, 41.2% of students CI 95% [39.7–42.6] were victim of at least one type of GBV: 15.8% among men CI 95% [13.2–18.4] and 46.0% CI 95% [44.4–47.6] among women (p < 0.001). The perpetrators were student peers, regardless of the type of GBV, healthcare workers for the GB2 and GBV3, and patients except for GBV5. The main consequences of GBV on health was psychological and eating related. After multivariate analysis, being a woman, LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Trans, Queer and other), a nurse, a physiotherapist student, having a job, living with roommates and year of study were risk factors for GBV.
Conclusion
GBV is so common at healthcare universities and could have such severe consequences for students that more work is needed to generate a culture change and ensure safe learning environments.
... In addition, a recent systematic review on teen dating violence among ten European countries concluded that there is a great variability in prevalence rates of psychological, physical, sexual and cyber teen dating violence victimization and perpetration with female adolescents is reported in higher rates in all forms of teen dating violence victimization than males [6]. Similarly, several studies report higher rates of sexual harassment among females [7,8] both online and offline [9] and it should be noticed that many women in Asia consider sexual harassment and violence a regular occurrence in their daily lives [10]. However, there was an earlier study in Israel which found higher reporting rates among males, explaining that this may be related to the fact that females interpret differently the violence in that society context while males are not ashamed to report that they were sexually harassed [11]. ...
Sexual harassment is a crucial public health issue among adolescents. In order to develop school health promotion programs, there is a need to involve adolescents themselves paying particular attention to their perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the adolescents’ perceptions about sexual harassment as well as the ways it could be prevented. Four focus groups were conducted during an online “camp” in autumn 2021, facilitated by members of SHEHAP project research team. Participants were secondary school students from Finland, Greece, Lithuania and Portugal. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Concerning how participants perceive sexual harassment, the themes that emerged were: physically expressed sexual harassment; verbally expressed sexual harassment; virtually expressed sexual harassment; violation of self-determination. Virtual environment; school environment; public environment; familiar environment, were identified as the places where sexual harassment may occur. Finally, in regard to the participants’ views on the prevention of sexual harassment, the following themes emerged: youth education; adult education aiming teachers and parents; professional, peer and family support; official consequences; health education methods. The findings of the current study can be used for the development of school-based programs aiming to prevent sexual harassment among adolescents.
... The obtained outcomes represent an alarming rate that corroborates previous studies within different populations. 11,15 More specifically, emotional violence was the most reported amongst the female students from South Brazil (78.9%). This type of violence denotes psychological maltreatment and abuse 16 and may include verbal insults and intimidation. ...
Violence against women is a hot topic in the spotlight of contemporary science. In the academy, most of the courses are structured in a hierarchical system, in which students – especially female, become potentially vulnerable to emotional, physical and even sexual harm. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and study associated factors of emotional, physical and sexual violence against female students in medical, dental and psychological courses in South Brazil. A questionnaire‐based survey was performed combining two previously validated tools for the investigation of workplace violence. The questionnaires were digitally provided to women undergoing Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology courses in South Brazil. The study was conducted between April and July, 2018. The final sample consisted of 241 students (57 medical students; 91 dental students and 93 psychology students). Reports of general violence reached a prevalence rate of 45.2%. In particular, emotional violence reached 78.9% of the cases, while physical and sexual violence reached 4.6% and 8.3%, respectively. Among the identified offenders, professors figured as the most prevalent (18.4%). Alarming rates of violence against women were detected in this study. Institutional preventive strategies must be designed to protect female students in their study/workplace and enable a safe routine of academic activities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hochschulen sind als spezifisches (akademisches) Feld (Bourdieu 1988) in Bezug auf soziale Ungleichheiten durch zwei Prinzipien als besonders resistent charakterisiert: Zum einen gilt hier das Prinzip der Meritokratie, d. h. die Idee, dass unabhängig von der Person allein die Leistung zähle (dazu kritisch: Solga 2005). Zum anderen sind Hochschulen als Organisationen durch ein hohes Maß an Informalität gekennzeichnet, d. h. ungeschriebene Regeln bestimmen maßgeblich das Miteinander. Diese sind für Neulinge in diesem Feld oft schwer zu erkennen oder zu durchschauen (Neusel 1998).
Uns geht es darum, gesellschaftliche Heterogenität auch in der Hochschule abzubilden, d. h. Zugangs- und Studier- sowie Arbeitsmöglichkeiten für alle, die die notwendigen Voraussetzungen mitbringen, zu schaffen. Dies ist zum einen ein demokratischer Grundsatz, zum anderen wird dies auch durch das AGG gefordert
(auch wenn dies nicht für alle Statusgruppen an Hochschulen gleichermaßen bindend ist). D. h. es geht auch um eine diskriminierungsfreie und – sensible Hochschulkultur.
Die Beiträge in diesem Band, der im Kontext einer gleichnamigen Tagung im Jahr 2022 entstanden ist, diskutieren in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Dimensionen, wie sich soziale Ungleichheiten auch im Hochschulkontext bemerkbar machen und dieses formulierte Ziel untegraben. Zugleich werden Maßnahmen und Strategien diskutiert, soziale Ungleichheiten zu bearbeiten und ungleicher Teilhabe entgegenzuwirken.
Scottish charity EmilyTest was set up in memory of undergraduate student Emily Drouet, who took her own life in 2016 following abuse from a fellow student. This grassroots organisation campaigns around gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, intervention, and support in further education (FE) and higher education (HE), working closely with the government and individual institutions through advocacy work, training, and their new GBV Charter for universities and colleges, which aims to instil minimum standards and excellent in GBV policy and practice. This chapter captures Emily’s story in the words of founder, CEO, and mother of Emily, Fiona Drouet MBE, detailing the circumstances underpinning the charity’s formation. Followed on discussion by EmilyTest’s researcher, Poppy Gerrard-Abbott, the chapter captures the sociological and political picture needed to understand GBV in the education context, interrogating why it is such an urgent, critical area of need and the unique failures and challenges the sector confronts.KeywordsDomestic abuseSuicideHigher educationFurther educationUniversitiesPreventionInterventionGender-Based ViolenceHope
The aims of the current study were to describe five types of gender-based violence (GBV) among healthcare students; and to identify factors associated with GBV. A cross-sectional study was conducted among voluntary healthcare students in France. Five types of GBV were noted: (1) damage to a person’s image due to a sexual connotation on social networks, (2) sexist remarks and behaviour, (3) comments with sexual connotations, (4) sexual assaults and (5) rape or attempted rape. One thousand one hundred and fifty-two students were included. The mean age was 20.8 years (SD = 2.26), 82.6% of students were women (0.4% non-binary). Since the beginning of their studies, 41.2% of students CI 95% [39.7–42.6] were exposed to at least one type of GBV: 15.8% among men CI 95% [13.2–18.4] and 46.0% CI 95% [44.4–47.6] among women (p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, being a woman, LGBTQ+, a nurse, a physiotherapist student, having a job, living in a roommate and year of study were risk factors for GBV. GBV is so common at colleges and universities and can have such severe consequences for students that more work is needed to generate a culture change and ensure safe learning environments.
Správa z výskumu – Sexuálne obťažovanie na vysokých školách predstavuje výsledky reprezentatívneho celoslovenského kvantitatívneho prieskumu sexuálneho obťažovania medzi študentkami a študentmi denného štúdia na Slovensku. Výsledky výskumu poukazujú nie len na mieru prevalencie obťažovania, ale poskytujú aj informácie o tom, komu sa študentky a študenti s touto skúsenosťou zdôverujú a čo si o sexuálnom obťažovaní myslia.
Interaktívna HTML verzia: https://iropovik.github.io/sexualneObtazovanieVS
This chapter examines how alcohol, fear, and female dress are constructed as risk factors in female university students’ accounts of violence on campus. A racially diverse group of 10 female students who resided at the on-campus residence at the University of KwaZulu-Natal participated in the qualitative study on which this chapter draws. The aim of the chapter is to investigate female students’ vulnerability to gender violence and how this is interlinked with substance use, fear and the discursive production of female dress. Participants argued that female students’ “deviation” from traditional gendered scripts increased their vulnerability. They saw women’s acquiescence within hetero-patriarchal settings not as an indication that their femininity was passively constructed, but that it was a protective strategy enabling them to mediate and reduce the risk of violence. Our participants also demonstrated agency through actively proposing ways of raising consciousness about gender violence in the student body, and suggesting roles that men could play in the prevention of violence. The chapter concludes with recommendations for working with female students’ agentic capacities to challenge violence.
Objective
The aim of the current study was to provide estimates of both overall and specific forms of sexual harassment among male and female college and university students.
Design and setting
Data stem from a recent national student health survey from 2018 for higher education in Norway (the SHoT study ( Students’ Health and Wellbeing Study )).
Participants
50 054 full-time students (69.1% women) aged 18–35 years participated, yielding a response rate of 31%.
Main outcome measure
Sexual harassment was defined according to Norwegian legal regulations, and was assessed by self-report on seven items covering verbal, non-verbal and physical sexual harassment. We also collected data on the timeframe and frequency of the sexual harassment, in addition to the formal position of the perpetrator of the harassment.
Results
Lifetime sexual harassment was reported by 24.2% (women 31.3%, men 8.0%), while 16.7% (women 21.6%, men 5.7%) reported having been sexually harassed within the past year. The most common forms of lifetime (ever having experienced) sexual harassments were ‘sexual expressions, suggestions or comments about your body’ and ‘unwanted touching, hugging or kissing’ (both 15.4%), while rape and rape attempt were reported by 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively. Exposure to all forms of past-year sexual harassments was significantly more common among women and the youngest age cohorts. Fellow students committed the past-year sexual harassment in 18%–29% of the instances, while a university staff member was reported to have committed the harassment in 0.6%–4.6% of cases.
Conclusion
Given the potential consequences suffered by those exposed to sexual harassment and assault, both the institutions and student welfare organisations should intensify their efforts to put the theme on the agenda and provide both legal and health services to victims of sexual harassment. The low response rate means that care should be taken in interpreting and generalising the findings to the whole student population.
Cyberbullying has become an international public health concern among adolescents, and as such, it deserves further study. This paper reviews the current literature related to the effects of cyberbullying on adolescent health across multiple studies worldwide and provides directions for future research. A review of the evidence suggests that cyberbullying poses a threat to adolescents' health and well-being. A plethora of correlational studies have demonstrated a cogent relationship between adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying and negative health indices. Adolescents who are targeted via cyberbullying report increased depressive affect, anxiety, loneliness, suicidal behavior, and somatic symptoms. Perpetrators of cyberbullying are more likely to report increased substance use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors. Mediating/moderating processes have been found to influence the relationship between cyberbullying and adolescent health. More longitudinal work is needed to increase our understanding of the effects of cyberbullying on adolescent health over time. Prevention and intervention efforts related to reducing cyberbullying and its associated harms are discussed.
Current research indicates that an alarming number of students are affected by cyberbullying. However, most of the empirical research has focused on psychological explanations of the phenomenon. In an explorative survey study based on the reconstruction of 2 complete school networks (NP = 408), we expand the explanation strategies of cyberbullying to higher levels of social abstraction. Using statistical and structural analysis, and visual inspection of network environments, we compare explanations on individual and structural levels. In line with previous research, the findings support traditional explanations via sociodemographic and personality factors. However, the findings also reveal network positioning to be a comparably strong predictor for cyberbullying. Therefore, we argue that without taking structural factors into account, individual explanations will remain insufficient.
Backlash critics of campus rape research have claimed that researchers exaggerate their figures by labeling as rape victims those women who experience bad dates. Although researchers have compared stranger with acquaintance rape victims, they have not compared women raped while too drunk to resist and those raped by force. This study of 65 rape victims (in a sample of 388 college seniors) found no evidence for critics' claims. Women raped by intoxication are not less emotionally affected and do not blame themselves more. Most women did not classify their experiences as rape, although all were victims under criminal law. This lack of recognition is what causes hidden victims, who do not report or seek help.
This study was intended (1) to explore the potential of using the World Wide Web (WWW) of the Internet to sample hidden populations and (2) to collect exploratory data on the hidden population of nonabusive, recreational users of illicit drugs. The survey modules were designed to assess demographics and lifestyle, drug experiences (including absence of DSM-IV criteria for abuse or dependence), legal history (drug-related arrests, etc.), and mental health as measured by the General Well-Being Schedule (GWBS). The survey was completed by 276 persons, aged 18 to 62, with a mean age of 32.34. The sample was predominantly white (93%), male (78%), college educated (75%), and employed full-time (76%). The WWW is a useful tool for reaching hidden populations but is likely to impose a bias toward male, better educated, and more computer-involved samples on the respondents reached. This survey further documents the existence of a nonclinical population of drug users which is generally healthy, well-adjusted, and productive.
Furcht vor Kriminalität bedeutet Furcht vor Gewalt- und Sexualdelikten. In der internationalen kriminologischen wie kriminalpolitischen Diskussion ist die Kriminalitätsfurcht ein vielbedachtes Phänomen, das erstmalig in den sechziger Jahren in den USA problematisiert und erforscht wurde (vgl. Boers 1991: 15– Ferraro 1995: 1–5). Insbesondere am amerikanischen Beispiel lassen sich auch jene innenpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen nachzeichnen, die in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren in den USA wie in Westeuropa das öffentliche Bewusstsein beherrschten und das damals aufkommende Interesse an dieser Thematik ganz wesentlich beeinflussten. Die Geschichte der Kriminalitätsfurcht ist deshalb vor allem auch eine politische Geschichte (Lee 1999).
This dissertation explores how companies communicate their ethical stance on their Web sites. The author analyzed the Web sites of six companies: BellSouth, Lockheed Martin, Ben & Jerry's, McDonald's, Nike, and Levi Strauss. This sample offers both typicality and systematic variety as the six companies belong to three different ethics paradigms. The linguistic analysis of the Web pages draws on a functional approach to discourse analysis, focusing on the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual function of discourse. Despite the fact that the companies selected for the dissertation project have adopted different approaches to corporate ethics, their communicative strategies turned out to be quite similar regarding content, persuasive appeals, self-reference, audience address, and message organization.
This article is based on a study which employs the notion of vulnerability to explore perceptions of safety among people living in poverty. It is suggested that'fear of crime' among poor people should not be seen in isolation from other insecurities which they may experience as a result of local, national, and international processes.1 Analysis based on the 1994 British Crime Survey demonstrates strong support for the view that some population groups-either because of their physical inability to defend themselves or social and economic position-may feel less safe than others.
Internationale Studien, Folgen und Versorgung; citation_author=Klein
- Gewalt
A Study of Women Students’ Experiences of Harassment, Stalking, Violence and Sexual Assault
- Marks
Gender-based Violence, Stalking and Fear of Crime
- Feltes Thomas
- List Katrin
- Schneider Rosa
- Höfker Susanne
- Balloni Augusto
- Bisi Roberta
- Sette Raffaella
- Czapska Janina
- Klosa Magdalena
- Lesińska Elżbieta
- Bodelon Encarna
- Igareda Noelia
- Casas Gloria
- Stenning Philip
Report of the Universities UK Taskforce Examining Violence Against Women, Harassment and Hate Crime Affecting University Students
- U K Universities
Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG)
- Bundesministerium Der Justiz Und Für
- Verbraucherschutz
Sexual Harassment of Students by University Staff Hidden by Non-Disclosure Agreements.” The Guardian
- Weale Sally Batty David
College and University Responses to Forced Marriage: Funded by the Forced Marriage Unit
- Freeman Marilyn Klein Renate
Sweden’s Rape Crisis Isn’t What it Seems.” The Globe and Mail
- Saunders Doug
Why the Stanford Attacker’s Smiling Photo is Far More Telling Than Any Mugshot
- Dvorak Petula
Gender-Based Violence, Stalking and Fear of Crime
- Stenning Philip
- Mitra-Kahn Trishima Gunby Clare
Pragmatisch, Offensive, Meidend – Weibliche Coping-Strategien als Reaktion auf Kriminalitätsfurcht
- Holst
Jung, Weiblich, Online – Sind Studentinnen Besonders Häufig von Stalking Betroffen?
- Schneider