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Patterns of Antibiotic Sales by Drug Stores and Usage in Poultry Farms: A Questionnaire-Based Survey in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria
... In developing countries including Nigeria, reports have shown widespread and inappropriate use of antibacterial on farm animals without recourse to veterinary prescription (Sirdar et al., 2012;Darwish et al., 2013). For example, the use of Nitrofurans in all food producing animals had been banned by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and WHO for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects but are still being used in poultry in many Nigerian states (Kabir et al., 2004;Ezenduka et al., 2011;Omeiza et al., 2012;Geidam et al., 2012;Galadima, 2016). Commercial poultry farming activities in Gombe has been on the increase over the years. ...
... Possible reasons for tetracyclines preference as observed in this study might be due to its broad spectrum of activity, efficacy, availability and relative affordability within the study area. Similar studies have reported tetracyclines as the most widely used antibacterial in poultry in Enugu (Ezenduka, 2014), in Kaduna (Kabir et al., 2004), in Jos (Fagbamila et al., 2010), in Maiduguri (Geidam et al., 2012;Galadima, 2016) and in Ibadan (Olatoye and Saraye, 2012). Mubito et al. (2014) in Tanzania, and in the Middle East by Al-Ghamdi et al. (2000) and Al-Wabel (2011) in Saudi Arabia and by Al-Mazeedi et al. (2009) in Kuwait. ...
... The residues of furaltadone and oxytetracycline can trigger immunopathological reactions such as autoimmune and carcinogenic responses (Nisha, 2008). Similar reports on nitrofurans use in poultry farms in Enugu State (Ezenduka et al., 2011), Kaduna (Omeiza et al., 2012) and Maiduguri (Geidam et al., 2012;Galadima, 2016). In Nigeria, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control has placed a ban on the use of chloramphenicol and nitrofurans in poultry and livestock since 1996 (NAFDAC, 1996). ...
... In the present study, high percentage of farmers (21%) administered antibiotics to their animals yearly compared to those that administered monthly (16%), biannually (14%), quarterly (12%), at any time (7.5%) and weekly or more frequently (4%). Similarly, Geidam et al., (2012) reported higher percentage (65%) of poultry farmers in Maiduguri that administered antibiotics on their chickens more frequently, and 35% administered biannually. The criteria for administering antibiotics weekly, monthly, quarterly, biannually or yearly or anytime as observed in this study could not be elucidated. ...
... asile et. al., 2014) which reported 50% of poultry farmers that relied on prescription by veterinary Doctor for antibiotic use and 43% relied on selfmedication, and in Ghana(Boamah et. al., 2016) which reported that 80% of poultry farmers relied on veterinary Doctor's recommendations for antibiotic use. Contrary to the finding in the present study,Geidam et. al., (2012) reported that 80% of poultry farmers in Maiduguri administered antibiotics without prescription. The present study however, did not compose of only poultry farmers unlike in the former studies and the findings in this study did not seem to contradict the former. ...
Potential overuse of antibiotics has been shown to create a clear opportunity for introduction and transmission of pathogens exhibiting high resistance against many antibiotics in both humans and animals. This survey was carried out to investigate antibiotic usage in livestock management by farmers in northeast Nigeria. Two hundred copies of a close-ended Questionnaire designed to seek information from farmers about antimicrobial use referred to one day to one year period prior to the survey was administered to 200 randomly selected livestock farmers keeping one or more types of animal or livestock in the northeast region of Nigeria, in a face-to-face interview during March to December 2013. The questionnaire was pre-tested on a sample of farmers randomly selected from the study population by a pilot study. The region was clustered into three with each cluster consisting of two states and one state from each cluster was randomly selected. The researcher with the assistance of trained veterinary and livestock workers from each of the sampling clusters visited the respective farmers who have orally consented to the study and administered the questionnaire on them. Data collected were entered into a personal computer and analyzed using an SPSS data package software version 14 (2016) for descriptive statistic. Rates were computed by cluster and the results were tested for responses using chi-square test. P value was considered significant at P < 0.05. Results revealed that majority (75%) of the farmers in northeastern Nigeria had sole ownership of the animals they kept and majority (52%) kept chickens more than other animals. About 67% of the farmers had less than or minimum of five years livestock management experience, and majority (75%) used antibiotics on their animals. The frequency of antibiotics usage showed that majority of the farmers administered antibiotics on their animals yearly (21%) and monthly (16%), and tetracyclines (25%) and penicillins (19.5%) appeared to be the most commonly patronized antibiotics by farmers in this region. Majority of the farmers indicated sourcing their antibiotics from veterinary pharmacy shops (31%) and veterinary clinics (27.5%), and most of the farmers indicated relying on veterinary Doctors for recommendation for antibiotic use (29.7%), dosage (27%) and withdrawal time (29.7%).The pattern of antibiotics use and administration observed in this survey revealed potential misuse of antimicrobials, despite the fact that more farmers relied on antibiotic prescriptions. Bearing in mind that antimicrobial resistance is a global issue of concern both in humans and animals, the need for policies promoting lower and more controlled use of antibiotics is imperative. Interventions that focus on training farmers on proper and judicious use of antimicrobials and improvement of existing Nigeria's veterinary law would help curtail antibiotic misuse in livestock.
... In the present study, high percentage of farmers (21%) administered antibiotics to their animals yearly compared to those that administered monthly (16%), biannually (14%), quarterly (12%), at any time (7.5%) and weekly or more frequently (4%). Similarly, Geidam et al., (2012) reported higher percentage (65%) of poultry farmers in Maiduguri that administered antibiotics on their chickens more frequently, and 35% administered biannually. The criteria for administering antibiotics weekly, monthly, quarterly, biannually or yearly or anytime as observed in this study could not be elucidated. ...
... asile et. al., 2014) which reported 50% of poultry farmers that relied on prescription by veterinary Doctor for antibiotic use and 43% relied on selfmedication, and in Ghana(Boamah et. al., 2016) which reported that 80% of poultry farmers relied on veterinary Doctor's recommendations for antibiotic use. Contrary to the finding in the present study,Geidam et. al., (2012) reported that 80% of poultry farmers in Maiduguri administered antibiotics without prescription. The present study however, did not compose of only poultry farmers unlike in the former studies and the findings in this study did not seem to contradict the former. ...
Potential overuse of antibiotics has been shown to create a clear
opportunity for introduction and transmission of pathogens
exhibiting high resistance against many antibiotics in both humans
and animals. This survey was carried out to investigate antibiotic
usage in livestock management by farmers in northeast Nigeria. Two
hundred copies of a close-ended Questionnaire designed to seek
information from farmers about antimicrobial use referred to one day
to one year period prior to the survey was administered to 200
randomly selected livestock farmers keeping one or more types of
animal or livestock in the northeast region of Nigeria, in a face-toface
interview during March to December 2013. The questionnaire
was pre-tested on a sample of farmers randomly selected from the
study population by a pilot study. The region was clustered into
three with each cluster consisting of two states and one state from
each cluster was randomly selected. The researcher with the
assistance of trained veterinary and livestock workers from each of
the sampling clusters visited the respective farmers who have orally
consented to the study and administered the questionnaire on them.
Data collected were entered into a personal computer and analyzed
using an SPSS data package software version 14 (2016) for
descriptive statistic. Rates were computed by cluster and the results
were tested for responses using chi-square test. P value was
considered significant at P < 0.05. Results revealed that majority
(75%) of the farmers in north-eastern Nigeria had sole ownership of
the animals they kept and majority (52%) kept chickens more than
other animals. About 67% of the farmers had less than or minimum
of five years livestock management experience, and majority (75%)
used antibiotics on their animals. The frequency of antibiotics usage
showed that majority of the farmers administered antibiotics on their
animals yearly (21%) and monthly (16%), and tetracyclines (25%)
and penicillins (19.5%) appeared to be the most commonly
patronized antibiotics by farmers in this region. Majority of the
farmers indicated sourcing their antibiotics from veterinary
pharmacy shops (31%) and veterinary clinics (27.5%), and most of
the farmers indicated relying on veterinary Doctors for
recommendation for antibiotic use (29.7%), dosage (27%) and
withdrawal time (29.7%).The pattern of antibiotics use and
administration observed in this survey revealed potential misuse of
antimicrobials, despite the fact that more farmers relied on antibiotic
prescriptions. Bearing in mind that antimicrobial resistance is a
global issue of concern both in humans and animals, the need for
policies promoting lower and more controlled use of antibiotics is
imperative. Interventions that focus on training farmers on proper
and judicious use of antimicrobials and improvement of existing
Nigeria’s veterinary law would help curtail antibiotic misuse in
livestock.
... Different researchers have reported oxytetracycline as being the drug most widely used by farmers, para veterinarians, and veterinarians. Geidam et al. [13] reported that oxytetracycline (36.5%) was the antibiotic most commonly marketed and used by poultry farmers, even without a prescription, in Maiduguri. Aliyu et al. [12] reported that the percentage of use of antibiotics by animal health practitioners (veterinarians and para veterinarians) is 99.2% for oxytetracycline, which is the highest in Niger state. ...
Background and Aim: Veterinary antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial diseases in various species of animals. However, despite the importance of these chemotherapeutic agents, their indiscriminate or extensive use can pose dangers to the animals or humans that consume edible tissues from animals contaminated with antibiotic residues. Therefore, concerns regarding their appropriate and judicious use in animals are of public health significance. This is because of the tendencies of developing resistance to targeted microbes and the ability of the parent compound or its metabolites to persist as residues in the animal tissues. This study aimed to determine the frequency and pattern of antibiotic usage and ascertain the level of awareness of clinicians on the judicious use of antibiotics at the University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
... Oxytetracycline has been found to be the most used antibiotics in Maiduguri by farmers, veterinarians, and para veterinarians through different research. According to Geidam et al. (2012) oxytetracycline (36.5%) was the most used and marketed antibiotic by poultry farmers in Maiduguri. Daniel et al. (2021) also reported that oxytetracycline was used by 78.7% of the clinicians in University of Maiduguri, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH). ...
... The findings in this study indicated that farmers administered antibiotics on their animals when the animals were sick (for treatment), to prevent secondary bacterial infection after a viral infection and on healthy animals (for prophylaxis). Similar observations were reported recently in poultry production systems in Nigeria (Adebowale et al., 2016;Oluwasile et al.,2014;Geidam et al., 2012), Cameroon (Kamini et al., 2016), Ghana (Boamah et al., 2016)and Brazil (Medeiros et al., 2011) in which antibiotics were administered for treatment and prophylaxis, and as growth promoters. This routine practice of administering antibiotic agents to domestic livestock for treatment, prophylaxis as well as, for growth promotion, is mostly found to influence the emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria that are subsequently transferred to humans through the food chain (Guetiya et al., 2016;Carlet et al., 2012;Byarugaba et al., 2011;Silveira et al., 2009;). ...
This survey was carried out to investigate antibiotics usage and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among farmers in Oyo town, Nigeria. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interviews. A snowball sampling technique was used to select 150 farmers and veterinary drug shop owners. The farmers were involved in cattle, fish and poultry farming. The farmers administered antibiotics to their animals when the animals were sick (curative), to prevent secondary bacterial infection after a viral infection and on healthy animals (for prophylaxis). Majority of the respondents had easy access to antibiotics and information about them. On average, farmers had some knowledge about antibiotics resistance but not on how it spread. About 62% of the respondents believed that antibiotic resistance was a problem of other countries not Nigeria. They also did not believe that sub-optimal dosing of antibiotics leads to resistance. It was concluded that there is need for public awareness on the risk of misuse of antibiotics in animals and of consuming livestock products with unsafe levels of antibiotic residues. Keywords: Antibiotics; Drug resistance; Livestock
... Farm owners also administered antibiotics without veterinary consultation mainly because of the cost of veterinary services. A study conducted in Nigeria by Geidam et al. (2012) reported that over 80% farmers admitted having purchased antibiotics without veterinarian prescriptions, and 60% did not complete drug treatment or followed manufacturer's instructions. Antibiotics are supposed to be a restricted medicine, only handled and used by trained professionals. ...
Poultry production contributes largely to the Nigerian economy. However,
antibiotics misuse by poultry farmers has resulted in multidrug resistance and
impeded efficiency of antibiotic treatments in the industry. The study was carried
out to assess antibiotic usage in commercial poultry farms. A survey using
a structured farm-manager questionnaire was conducted to obtain information
on socioeconomic characteristics of the farm owners or managers, the types of
antibiotics used, their frequency and purpose of use, the awareness of antibiotics
usage and associated consequences, and farmers’ preferred channels of information
on prudent antibiotic usage. The respondents’ level of education was
university or equivalent (70.9%), high school (12.6%), or no formal education
(13.6%). Antibiotics were primarily used for prophylaxis (> 60%) and therapeutics
(< 15%). Gentamicin (76.7%) was the most used, followed by tetracycline
(64.1%), enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (57.3%), furazolidone (49.5%), streptomycin
(46.6%), furaltadone (43.7%), chloramphenicol (41.7%), penicillin
(25.2%), erythromycin (24.3%), and nalidixic acid (11.7%). About half of the
farms used banned furazolidone and chloramphenicol. In total 82 (79.6%) farmers
were aware that the use of random antibiotics in the treatment of improperly
diagnosed diseases can lead to antibiotic resistance. However 73 (70.9%) were
less aware that antibiotics misuse in animals poses a serious threat to human
health. Antibiotics were not prudently used by poultry producers, whose lack
of awareness may contribute to the issue. It is anticipated that the results of this
survey will assist in developing relevant policies toward controlling antibiotic
use in poultry farms in Nigeria.
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