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The potential health benefits of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.): Role of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
... In this group, the dominant compound is cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71 to 93% of the total anthocyanins). Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside; cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside; and peonidin, pelargonidin, and delphinidin glycosides are also present in smaller amounts [3][4][5][6][7]. Among other polyphenolic compounds present in these fruits, we can distinguish phenolic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols [1,3,4,[6][7][8][9]. ...
... Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside; cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside; and peonidin, pelargonidin, and delphinidin glycosides are also present in smaller amounts [3][4][5][6][7]. Among other polyphenolic compounds present in these fruits, we can distinguish phenolic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols [1,3,4,[6][7][8][9]. Thanks to the above composition, haskap berries are often called "superfruits" due to their potential health-promoting properties, namely, antibacterial and antidiabetic effects and ability to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, hypertension, anemia, ischemic heart disease and gastrointestinal disorders [4,10]. ...
... Among other polyphenolic compounds present in these fruits, we can distinguish phenolic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols [1,3,4,[6][7][8][9]. Thanks to the above composition, haskap berries are often called "superfruits" due to their potential health-promoting properties, namely, antibacterial and antidiabetic effects and ability to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, hypertension, anemia, ischemic heart disease and gastrointestinal disorders [4,10]. However, there are few scientific reports on the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of haskap berry fruit extracts. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative fruit profiles of ten cultivars (cvs.) of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) to determine their antioxidant activity (ABTS test, CUPRAC test, ability to capture superoxide (O2˙−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙)), cytotoxic activity (against cancer cell lines breast, MCF-7; colon, HT-29; and melanoma, SK-Mel-28) and physicochemical properties. Most of the selected cultivars had not previously been analyzed for these properties. A total of 19 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the fruits of the tested genotypes, with a quantitative range of 2166.3–3597.0 µg/g. The polyphenol profile was dominated by anthocyanins (90.0–92.4%), and the remaining classes occurred in the following order: phenolic acids > flavonols > flavan-3-ols. The highest concentrations of these polyphenol groups were found in the cultivars ‘Honeybee’, ‘Sinij Uties’ and ‘Usłada’. The fruits of these cultivars were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity (546.6–683.5 µg/mL for O2˙− and 541.2–652.1 µg/mL for OH˙) and cytotoxic activity (103.6–649.2 µg/mL). The data obtained indicate that the fruits of the new haskap cultivars are a good source of bioactive compounds with possible health-promoting properties.
... Among numerous berry fruits, the haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) stands out as a promising powerhouse of nutrients and phytochemicals, with the potential to diversify and enrich food products [1]. The haskap berry has captivated the attention of health-conscious consumers due to the presence of bioactives associated with specific health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [2], and most recently, antidiabetic properties [3]. As this berry is highly perishable, some attempts have been made to prolong its marketability through modern processing, such as fermentation [4] or drying [5]. ...
... Besides the initial composition of raw material, the modification of a fruit-based matrix by processing has an impact on the chemical and biological properties of the end products [9] that can be additionally altered by the type of processing additives, as in the case of plant powders -carriers [13]. In the present study, four major groups of phenolics were identified and quantified, namely, anthocyanins (4 compounds), phenolic acids (6), flavonols (12), and flavan-3-ols (2). The content of total phenolics in powders was linked to the presence of anthocyanins being a dominant group [1,17,18] that consisted of more than 60% of all identified components. ...
... Among the carriers used for production of juice powders, trehalose addition resulted in the highest content of anthocyanins when samples were FD, excluding peonidin-3-O-rutinoside. Palatinose addition caused the highest content of these constituents in products gained after SD. The anthocyanin content was linked to the presence of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, which was present in all the powders analysed at more than 80% [2,20], followed by cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (approx. 13%), cyanidin-(2.8%), ...
The study investigated the impact of Lonicera caerulea L. juice matrix modification and drying techniques on powder characteristics. The evaluation encompassed phenolics (514.7–4388.7 mg/100 g dry matter), iridoids (up to 337.5 mg/100 g dry matter), antioxidant and antiglycation capacity, as well as anti-ageing properties of powders produced using maltodextrin, inulin, trehalose, and palatinose with a pioneering role as a carrier. Spray drying proved to be competitive with freeze drying for powder quality. Carrier application influenced the fruit powder properties. Trehalose protected the phenolics in the juice extract products, whereas maltodextrin showed protective effect in the juice powders. The concentrations of iridoids were influenced by the matrix type and drying technique. Antiglycation capacity was more affected by the carrier type in juice powders than in extract products. However, with carrier addition, the latter showed approximately 12-fold higher selectivity for acetylcholinesterase than other samples. Understanding the interplay between matrix composition, drying techniques, and powder properties provides insights for the development of plant-based products with tailored attributes, including potential health-linked properties.
... The composition of LCFs predominantly contains polyphenolic compounds, with a significant percentage up to 79-92% of the total anthocyanin content and more than 60% of the total phenolic content being represented by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) [30]. Gorzelany et al. established that the phenolic content of LC varies depending on the cultivar. ...
... Viskelis et al. demonstrated that the vitamin C content is higher in northern countries than in southern ones [43]. Furthermore, Rupasinghe et al. emphasized in their 2018 review the superior abundance of vitamin C in haskap cultivars (ranging from 29 to 187 mg/100 g), compared to other vitamin C-rich sources such as strawberries (58.8 mg/100 g FW), blackberries (21 mg/100 g FW), raspberries (26.2 mg/100 g FW), and oranges (53.2 mg/100 g FW) [30]. Vitamin C is vital for health because it has antioxidant action and has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects [44]. ...
... The Ainu aboriginal people of Japan have long recognized the curative properties of haskap fruits [46]. According to popular belief, it has been historically employed in traditional medicine as a means to potentially mitigate the likelihood of developing hypertension, glaucoma, heart failure, anemia, malaria, osteoporosis, and digestive disorders [10,30,47]. A phytochemical composition rich in polyphenols has numerous benefits for the human body, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, with major conveniences in chronic diseases [48,49]. ...
In the light of growing concerns faced by Western societies due to aging, natality decline, and epidemic of cardio-metabolic diseases, both preventable and treatable, new and effective stra-tegical interventions are urgently needed in order to decrease their socio-economical encumbrance. The recent focus of research has been redirected towards investigating the potential of haskap (Lo-nicera caerulea L.) as a novel functional food or superfruit. Therefore, our present review aims to highlight the latest scientific proofs regarding the potential of Lonicera caerulea L. (LC), a perennial fruit-bearing plant rich in polyphenols, in reversing cardio-metabolic dysfunctions. In this regard, a systematic search on two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from 1 January 2016 to 1 De-cember 2023 was performed, the keyword combination being Lonicera caerulea L. AND the searched pharmacological action, with the inclusion criteria consisting of in extenso original articles, written in English. The health-enhancing characteristics of haskap berries have been examined through in vitro and in vivo studies from the 35 included original papers. Positive effects regarding cardiovas-cular diseases and metabolic syndrome have been assigned to the antioxidant activity, hypoli-pidemic and hypoglycemic effects, as well as to the hepatoprotective and vasoprotective potential. Latest advances regarding LCF mechanisms of action are detailed within this review as well. All these cutting-edge data suggest that this vegetal product would be a good candidate for further clinical studies. Citation: Bora, L.; Lombrea, A.; Batrina, S.L.; Buda, V.O.; Esanu, O.-M.; Pasca, O.; Dehelean, C.A.; Dinu, S.; Diaconeasa, Z.; Danciu, C.
... Bal yemişinin içerisindeki flavonoidlerin, antosiyaninlerin ve iridoidlerin [6,7]. Bünyesinde bulunan iridoidlerle bağlantılı polifenollerin etkileri incelendiğinde, antienflamatuvar, antidiyabetik, antikanserojen, antimikrobiyal oldukları kanıtlanmıştır [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. ...
... Bal yemişinin içerisindeki flavonoidlerin, antosiyaninlerin ve iridoidlerin [6,7]. Bünyesinde bulunan iridoidlerle bağlantılı polifenollerin etkileri incelendiğinde, antienflamatuvar, antidiyabetik, antikanserojen, antimikrobiyal oldukları kanıtlanmıştır [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Bal yemişi meyvelerinde, hâkim antosiyaninin; siyanidin-3-Oglukozit olduğu ve toplam antosiyanin içeriğinin 88-273 mg C3GE 100 g⁻¹ sınırları içerisinde değişim gösterdiği bildirilirken, yüksek antosiyanin içerdiği vurgulanmıştır. ...
... Miktarının olduğu, Bal yemişi meyvelerindeki C vitamini miktarı, C vitamini ile zengin olduğu bilinen mavi yemişten 3 kat daha fazla ölçülmüştür [14]. Farklı çalışmalarda içerdiği C vitamini miktarı 29 ile 187 mg/100 g arasında değişim göstermiştir [7,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Meyve haricinde farklı kısımlarının da (bitki, yaprak, tohum vb.), farklı amaçlar doğrultusunda değerlendirilme potansiyelinin olduğu bildirilmektedir [24, 25, 26]. ...
Sahip oldukları tat ve aromaya ek olarak, içerdikleri antioksidan türevi zengin biyokimyasallarca, sağlık üzerine pozitif etkiler gösteren yabani veya ticari öneme sahip üzümsü meyveler ülkemizde giderek popüler hale gelmektedir. Hem süs bitkisi olarak kullanılabilen hem de eşsiz tada sahip yenilebilir meyveleri olan tetraploid bal yemişi de (Lonicera caerulea L. s.l., 2n=36) bu fonksiyonel türlerden birisi olarak potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bal yemişine Avrasya’nın Kuzey Kutbu, Tayga iklim bölgelerinin ormanlık ve dağlık bölgelerinde rastlanmaktadır. En çok bilinen popülasyonlarına (L.caerulea L. s.l) Kuril Adalarında, Kamçatka Yarımadasında, Okhotiya ve Yakutya’da, Sikhote-Alin Dağlarında, Amur Nehri boyunca, Sayany ve Altay Dağlarında, Urallarda, Pechora’da, Severnaya Dvina Vadileri ve Kola Yarımadasında rastlanmaktadır. Polimorf bir tür olan bal yemişi, Rusya haricinde Japonya’da Hokkaido’da, Kuzey Çin’de Xeilongjiang ve Xinjiang eyaletlerinde, Tacikistan, Kırgızistan ve Kazakistan’da yoğun popülasyona sahiptir. Avrupa, İskandinavya ve Alplerde nadiren görülmektedir. Önemli temel germplazma grupları Rusya, Japonya ve Kuril Adalarının çok soğuk iklimleriyken, Kuzey Amerika’nın kuzeyinde yabani formlarına rastlanmaktadır. Rusya ve Japonya’da geniş çapta kültüre alınmıştır. Kamçatka, Kuril Adaları ve Altay Dağlarından gelen formların ıslah amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. L.caerulea’nın intraspesifik sınıflandırması için bu bitki üzerine daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir
... A study by Orsavová et al. [2] indicates that, depending on the variety and location of cultivation, honeysuckle berries contain, in 100 g of dry weight, about 1752-5408 mg of polyphenols, 171-568 mg of anthocyanins and 1628-2855 mg of vitamin C. Among the colorants responsible for the deep, blue color of honeysuckle, the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside dominates, accounting for 79-92% of all anthocyanins [7]. The rest of the anthocyanin compounds include cyanidin-3-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-Ogucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside [8]. ...
... The rest of the anthocyanin compounds include cyanidin-3-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-Ogucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside [8]. Numerous health-promoting compounds present in honeysuckle berry and its products contribute to their anti-ageing, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic or antimicrobial properties [1,2,[5][6][7]. In addition, the berry is known to counteract other civilization diseases. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside extracted from these fruits has been shown to be a substance with high potential to inhibit pulmonary carcinogenesis [9], and has a significant role in the antiproliferation of breast and liver cancer cells [10]. ...
... Also, peonidin-3-glucoside was identified, which accounted for less than 1%. The shares of individual anthocyanins were within the limits normally reported in the literature [7,34]. ...
The blue honeysuckle berry is a fruit known as a rich source of many bioactive substances with proven health-promoting effects. Due to its sour taste with a noticeable hint of bitterness, fruits of this plant are rarely consumed and the consumer prefers the processed form. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cooking method on the biological quality of honeysuckle berry confiture. The selected recipe was used to make confiture in a vacuum evaporator using lowered pressure and in a thermomix vessel under atmospheric pressure. Then, the content of the chosen compounds and antioxidant activity of the two types of confitures were compared. The confitures were analyzed right after production and through 180 days of refrigerated storage. The pH, TA and TSS parameters remained unchanged regardless of the production process and storage time. Ascorbic acid, polyphenol and anthocyanin concentrations were greater in the confiture from vacuum cooking. Also, the same confiture showed a lower rate of degradation of bioactive substances during storage. The antioxidant activity of the two types of confiture was significantly different shortly after production, but equal at the end of 180-day storage. HMF content was four times higher in confitures cooked under atmospheric pressure than under vacuum. The confiture made from the honeysuckle berry was very rich in bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. Vacuum cooking proved to be the best method for confiture production as a result of lower temperatures used and less aeration of the mass.
... Haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.), also known as blue honeysuckle, honeyberry, or sweet berry honeysuckle, is native to Siberia, China, and Japan and is a recently commercialized berry in North America (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). Haskap berry is a rich source of anthocyanins and (poly)phenols with a notable enrichment of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G), a potent anti-inflammatory agent. ...
... Haskap berries, often referred to as a superfood, have garnered interest for their highly enriched bioactive (poly)phenols predominantly anthocyanins i.e. C3G (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). In the present study, we investigated the potential of a C3G-rich haskap berry extract (CE) in alleviating the effects of an HFHS obesogenic diet. ...
... Haskap berries have a greater amount of anthocyanins (>200 mg/ 100 g FW) compared to other berries, such as cranberries, Saskatoon berries or high-bush blueberries (<100 mg C3GE /100 g FW). Moreover, compared to other anthocyanins, C3G has more bioavailability and is readily absorbed in the small intestine (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). In our study, the BP-and CEsupplemented diets have been expressed as mg C3GE/g DW and comprised of 1.69 mg total anthocyanins (C3GE) per mouse per day which is equivalent to 320 mg total anthocyanin per day for a human. ...
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berry is enriched in anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G). It remains unknown whether C3G counteracts metabolic alterations of the pathogenesis of obesity. In this study, mice were fed high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet supplemented either with C3G-rich extract (HFHS + CE) or berry powder with low C3G (HFHS + BP). Mice fed HFHS + CE displayed short-term protection against weight gain, independent of food intake. HFHS + CE mice had lower hepatic diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols content and reduced expression of key lipogenic transcription factors. These metabolic changes also translated into improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed altered gut microbiota composition in the HFHS + CE group. In summary, we demonstrate that C3G enrichment in the HFHS diet attenuates short-term weight gain, decreases hepatic lipid content by suppressing key lipogenic gene expression and improves glucose homeostasis during obesity development, supporting the therapeutic utility of C3G as a bioactive phytonutrient to manage obesity-related complications.
... Thus, the rich content in anthocyanidins differentiates L. caerulea from other edible Lonicera species. Finally, another group of phenols present in haskap fruits are proanthocyanidins [27,67,68]. Haskap fruits are known for their high content of anthocyanins (from 400 to 1500 mg/100 g) [45]. ...
... Among minerals, iron, potassium, and manganese are the most abundant, with 10,000-30,000 mg/kg DW [68]. Vitamin C is another component with important health benefits, with concentrations of 85-300 mg/kg, and even up to 1860 mg/kg FW according to some authors, which are among the highest found in known fruits [28,81]. ...
... Among minerals, iron, potassium, and manganese are the most abundant, with 10,000-30,000 mg/kg DW [68]. ...
Lonicera caerulaea L. and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot fruits are frequently used for their health benefits as they are rich in bioactive compounds. They are recognized as a source of natural and valuable phytonutrients, which makes them a superfood. L. caerulea presents antioxidant activity three to five times higher than other berries which are more commonly consumed, such as blackberries or strawberries. In addition, their ascorbic acid level is the highest among fruits. The species A. melanocarpa is considered one of the richest known sources of antioxidants, surpassing currants, cranberries, blueberries, elderberries, and gooseberries, and contains one of the highest amounts of sorbitol. The non-edible leaves of genus Aronia became more extensively analyzed as a byproduct or waste material due to their high polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid content, along with a small amount of anthocyanins, which are used as ingredients in nutraceuticals, herbal teas, bio-cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, food and by the pharmaceutical industry. These plants are a rich source of vitamins, tocopherols, folic acid, and carotenoids. However, they remain outside of mainstream fruit consumption, being well known only to a small audience. This review aims to shed light on L. caerulaea and A. melanocarpa and their bioactive compounds as healthy superfoods with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic effects, and hepato-, cardio-, and neuro-protective potential. In this view, we hope to promote their cultivation and processing, increase their commercial availability, and also highlight the ability of these species to be used as potential nutraceutical sources, helpful for human health.
... Blue honeysuckle contains multiple anthocyanins [3,7], including cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-rutinoside, the major anthocyanin in blue honeysuckle berry was identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside [8,9], accounting for 79-88% of total anthocyanins [10]. Blue honeysuckle has been developed into food products, in early 20th century, Russia used the blue honeysuckle berries to make jam and drink for astronauts because of high anthocyanins content [11], it also can be processed into many kinds of functional food, such as juice, dried fruit, fruit wine, fruit tea, yogurt, ice cream, freeze-dried powder, freeze-dried snacks, blue honeysuckle purees and canned blue honeysuckle, the color of most of blue honeysuckle foods are purple, because the color of anthocyanins is purple-red with high antioxidant ability [12][13][14][15][16][17], the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), C3G derived from blue honeysuckle fruit has been reported that it has beneficial effects on whole body metabolism as a food Functional raw material, C3G enrichment in the diet attenuates weight gain [18,19]. ...
... The results showed that the current method is precise and stable. Blue honeysuckle is rich in anthocyanins, the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is C3G [19,33]. The C3G content reported for Canada-bred blue honeysuckle varieties range between 68 and 649 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) [6,19,34]. ...
... Blue honeysuckle is rich in anthocyanins, the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is C3G [19,33]. The C3G content reported for Canada-bred blue honeysuckle varieties range between 68 and 649 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) [6,19,34]. C3G in blue honeysuckle constituted 221 mg/100 g FW (82%) and 170 mg/100 g FW in Polish bred 'Zielona' and Canada bred 'Borealis' cultivars, respectively [35][36][37]. In this study, the average C3G content in "Berel", "Lanjingling", "Wulan" is 462.69, ...
Blue honeysuckle is a source of anthocyanins with great potential as a food colorant, and a healthy and functional food material, and contains much cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), which has many benefits for human health. A rapid, reliable, accurate quantification method of anthocyanin content in different varieties of blue honeysuckle is critical to help in breeding and selecting excellent varieties which are used in the food processing industry and healthcare industry. Our objective was to verify the modified quantification method of C3G and quantified C3G content in three blue honeysuckle varieties of ‘Berel’, ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Wulan’ using the modified HPLC method by Agilent 1200 system and CAPCELL PAK C18 column (150 mmⅹ4.6 mm, I. D., 5 μm, Japan), with detection at 530 nm, the solvent flow rate was 1 mL/min, the temperature of the column chamber is 35 °C. The results indicated that the modified method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 = 0.999), precision (RSD = 0.61%), stability (RSD = 5.23%), and recovery with a good level, and C3G can be quickly quantified in blue honeysuckle. In addition, ‘Wulan’ contains the highest C3G level compared with ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Berel’.
... mg·100 g −1 ( Table 2). The results obtained in this study are comparable to those obtained by Rupasinghe et al. [9]; the C3G content of Lonicera caerulea fruit ranged from 68 to 649 mg·100 g −1 . C3G content was comparable to that reported by Khattab et al. [35], and the C3G content in the fruit of the cultivars 'Tundra', 'Berry Blue' and 'Indigo gem' reached 79-88% of the total anthocyanin content. ...
... C3G content was comparable to that reported by Khattab et al. [35], and the C3G content in the fruit of the cultivars 'Tundra', 'Berry Blue' and 'Indigo gem' reached 79-88% of the total anthocyanin content. The C3G content of the Lonicera caerulea fruit was significantly higher compared to the strawberry fruit (3.7 mg·100 g −1 ), blueberry (3.0 mg·100 g −1 ), and the cranberry (0.7 mg·100 g −1 ) [9]. C3G is the most prevalent anthocyanin in edible fruits and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemotherapeutic, and epige-netic effects [9]. ...
... The C3G content of the Lonicera caerulea fruit was significantly higher compared to the strawberry fruit (3.7 mg·100 g −1 ), blueberry (3.0 mg·100 g −1 ), and the cranberry (0.7 mg·100 g −1 ) [9]. C3G is the most prevalent anthocyanin in edible fruits and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemotherapeutic, and epige-netic effects [9]. Fruits with a larger diameter and harvested at the optimal harvest time will have a higher anthocyanin content due to the larger skin area [15]. ...
Lonicera caerulea fruits are a rich source of vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, which are characterised by their health-promoting properties. The content of bioactive compounds in this fruit may vary depending on the cultivar and the harvest date. The fruits of the L. caerulea var. kamtschatica cultivars ‘Duet’ and ‘Aurora’ and the L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx cultivars ‘Lori’, ‘Colin’ and ‘Willa’ were used in this study. L. emphyllocalyx fruit, especially the cultivar ‘Willa’, was characterised as having a higher acidity by an average of 29.96% compared to L. kamtschatica. The average ascorbic acid content of the L. kamtschatica fruit was
53.5 mg·100 g−1 f.w., while L. emphyllocalyx fruit had an average content that was 14.14% lower. The antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) varied according to the cultivar and the species of fruit analysed. The total polyphenol content differed significantly depending on the cultivar analysed; fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar ‘Willa’ were characterised by the lowest content of total polyphenols—416.94 mg GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—while the highest content of total
polyphenols—747.85 GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—was found in the fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar ‘Lori’. Lonicera caerulea fruits contained 26 different phenolic compounds in their compositions, of which the highest content was characterised by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (average: 347.37 mg·100 g−1). On the basis of this study, it appears that both L. kamtschatica fruits and L. emphyllocalyx fruits, especially of
the cultivars ‘Lori’ and ‘Willa’, can be used in food processing.
... These novel berries and small fruits have nutritional value comparable to or exceeding that of common berry varieties; for example, haskap berries (sometimes called "haskaps") contain physiologically active phytochemicals (such as flavonoids and phenolic acids), which have the potential to help prevent chronic diseases (Rupasinghe et al., 2012(Rupasinghe et al., , 2018. The flavonoid content in haskap berries is reported to be between 301 and 401 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) 100 g −1 fresh weight (FW), which is 1.6 times as much as the amount found in blueberries ( = 190.3 mg QE 100 g −1 FW). ...
... Current publications have mostly focused on horticultural attributes (Gerbrandt et al., 2018;Leisso et al., 2022), nutritional or antioxidant characteristics (Mazza, 2005;Miller, 2016;Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Wojdyło et al., 2014), or postharvest characteristics, such as ethylene production in these cultivars (Rogiers & Knowles, 1998). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published research on the consumer market potential for these fruit types. ...
... The juice supernatant was titrated to pH 8.2 with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Results are expressed in grams of acid per liter of juice for each cultivar according to the predominant acid, which is citric acid for haskap (Rupasinghe et al., 2018) and malic acid for saskatoon (Mazza, 2005) and DSC. No public data was available for the DSC cultivar studied, but malic acid is the predominant acid in a related sour cherry, Prunus cerasus (Wojdyło et al., 2014), and present results are expressed accordingly. ...
Novel cold‐hardy berries and small fruits represent an opportunity for growers in the Intermountain West, USA, as the harsh environment is not suited for other common berries and small fruits. This study analyzed the fresh market and value‐added potential of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea), saskatoon berries (Amelenchier alnifolia), and dwarf sour cherry (DSC) fruit (Prunus x kerrasis) by instrumental and consumer studies. Fresh and 2‐week stored haskap (cv. Aurora), saskatoon (Lee 3), and DSC (Romeo) were measured for fruit weight, flesh firmness, bulk titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solid content. Participants (n = 115) in at‐home sensory tests scored these fruits for overall liking (OL, 9‐point hedonic scale), purchase intent (PI, 5‐point scale), and willingness‐to‐pay (WTP, 5‐point scale). Ten participants further shared insight on these fruits in focus groups. Instrumental testing found a significant decrease in flesh firmness for 2‐week stored haskap, but the consumers’ OL was still comparable to fresh haskap. The fresh and 2‐week stored haskap received significantly higher OL, PI, and WTP scores (7.7 ± 1.0, 3.8 ± 1.0, and 3.7 ± 1.0, respectively) compared to saskatoon (6.1 ± 1.8, 2.8 ± 1.1, and 3.1 ± 1.0, respectively) (α = 0.05). The focus groups indicated that participants want to support local produce. The participants expressed interest in fresh unprocessed haskap berries, but preferred saskatoon and DSC in different value‐added formats. Hence, this study concluded that there is an untapped fresh‐market potential for haskap berries and there are value‐added opportunities to extend the sale season and improve the palatability of saskatoon and DSC.
Practical Application
This research has examined consumer perception of three species of novel small fruits by determining fresh‐market potential and linking this to the opportunity for value‐added product development. For haskap berries, the study not only indicated fresh market potential, but for the cultivar Aurora, consumer liking was not meaningfully altered by 2 weeks of cold storage. These results are meaningful because they will assist growers in the Intermountain West with market planning, including the possibility of formulating products that utilize these novel crops. This study provides growers the opportunity to diversify their income stream by utilizing local produce.
... Blue honeysuckle, scientifically known as Lonicera caerulea L., is a member of the Caprifoliaceae family. It goes by various names such as "haskap", "sweet berry honeysuckle", "edible honeysuckle", "Kamchatka berry" and "honeyberry", as mentioned in previous papers by Jurgoński et al. (2013), Jurikova et al. (2012a), Becker and Szakiel (2019), and Rupasinghe et al. (2018). With a circumpolar geographic distribution, predominantly thrives in the boreal and arctic forest zones of Eurasia, this plant is a mesophytic perennial fruitbearing shrub that originated from Siberia and northeastern Asia and boasts remarkable characteristics as an emerging fruit crop, such as exceptional resilience to harsh winters, flower resistance against severe frosts, and early-season phenology. ...
... In Poland, the assortment include 'Wojtek', 'Jolanta', 'Atut', 'Duet', 'Brazowa', 'Czarna', and 'Warszawa' (Becker and Szakiel, 2019;Kaczmarska et al., 2015;Ochmian et al., 2012;Ochmian et al., 2008). Meanwhile, the most popular Canadian varieties are 'Blue Belle', 'Blue Bird', 'Blue Moon', 'Blue Velvet' 'Tundra', 'Aurora', 'Borealis', 'Indigo Gem' and 'Honeybee' (Becker and Szakiel, 2019;Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Rupasinghe et al., 2012). The fully developed shrub displays a dense, upright shape. ...
The blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a perennial fruit-bearing shrub that originated from distant Siberia and northeastern Asia. The objective of this study is to present the morphological traits of 16 varieties of Lonicera sp. from a young orchard established in micro-tunnels and 3 varieties in an open field planted in 2023 at distances of 3.0 × 1.0 m. The characteristics of each variety were analyzed in detail, including height, crown shape, leaf parameters, branch structure, as well as flowers and fruits distinctive traits. The research was conducted in the experimental field of the
... In addition, the burgeoning demand for fresh blue honeysuckle berries on the market is further fueled by the rapid advancements in cold-chain logistics [10]. Owing to its elevated concentration of health-promoting phytochemicals such as phenolics, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and iridoids [11][12][13][14], blue honeysuckle exhibits potential applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and medicine [15,16]. Previous studies have documented that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is the predominant anthocyanin in blue honeysuckle berries, with a concentration range of 67.7-886.6 mg/100 g [11,17,18]; the total phenolics of blue honeysuckle berries exhibited a range of 12.5-87.5 ...
... Plants 2023,12, 3758 ...
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is an emerging fruit crop; however, determining its proper harvest time in commercial cultivation remains challenging due to its rapid fruit development characteristics. In this study, we investigated 17 agronomic traits of three blue honeysuckle cultivars harvested on 5 successive dates within their respective harvest windows. ‘Lanjingling’, ‘Wulan’, and ‘Berel’ showed solid–acid ratios (SS:TA) ranging from 10.00 to 16.01, 8.13 to 10.23, and 5.77 to 7.11, respectively; anthocyanin contents ranged from 233.85 to 276.83 mg/100 g, 236.38 to 312.23 mg/100 g, and 235.71 to 334.98 mg/100 g, respectively; vitamin C contents ranged from 88.43 to 99.68 mg/100 g, 108.13 to 191.23 mg/100 g, and 89.71 to 120.40 mg/100 g, respectively; phenolic contents ranged from 25.22 to 37.59 mg/g, 25.40 to 36.52 mg/g, and 37.66 to 50.00 mg/g, respectively. The results revealed the SS:TA value consistently increased with delayed harvesting and were significantly negatively correlated with fruit firmness, total acidity, shelf life, and respiration intensity, suggesting it is an ideal maturity indicator for blue honeysuckle berries. The factor analysis suggests that the suitable harvest date for ‘Lanjingling’ could be either 47 days after flowering (DAF) with an SS:TA value of approximately 10.0, characterized by high firmness, extended shelf life, and elevated levels of anthocyanins and phenolics; or 67 DAF (SS:TA ≈ 16.0), characterized by high vitamin C content and sweetness, and larger size and weight. For ‘Wulan’, it suggests the suitable harvest date is either 54 DAF (SS:TA ≈ 9.0), yielding fruit with high levels of anthocyanins and vitamin C; or 62 DAF (SS:TA > 10.0), yielding fruit with high sweetness and large size and weight. For ‘Berel’, it is suggested to be either 52 DAF (SS:TA ≈ 6.5), resulting in fruit with high levels of anthocyanins and vitamin C; or 62 DAF (SS:TA > 7.0), resulting in balanced levels of the fruit quality traits.
... Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.), an emerging commercial berry, has been known for its health benefits among the people of Russia, Japan, and Northeastern China for centuries [1]. Japanese aborigines called it the "elixir of life". ...
... Haskap berries are rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, which can act as antioxidants within biological systems, promoting health [2]. Haskap consumption has also been reported to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective health benefits [1,3,4]. Previous studies asserting implications for human health were based on in vitro analysis, as well as preclinical trials in animal models and humans [5,6]. ...
This research is the first study on the influence of juicing methods on the ‘Aurora’ haskap juice quality. Three common juice extraction methods, namely, using a steam juicer, a centrifugal juicer, and a bladder wine press, were applied for haskap juice extraction. Both physicochemical assays and tests of antioxidant activities were employed to evaluate the qualities of the haskap juice. Generally, the centrifugal juicer increased and the steam juicer reduced concentrations of measured juice components relative to the press. The juice from the centrifugal juicer had the highest cloudiness. Sugar concentrations were about 40% lower in steam juice compared to the centrifugal juicer. Pressed juice had a slightly lower soluble solid content than the juice made with the centrifugal juicer and concentrations of glucose and fructose were similar between these methods. The methods altered pH and malic acid content without affecting the concentrations of tartaric and malic acids. Similar effects of juicing methods were seen in secondary compounds associated with health benefits and antioxidant capacities. Anthocyanin concentrations in press and centrifugal juicer extracts were similar, about 1.6 times higher than steam juicer extracts. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities were from two to four times higher in the centrifugal juicer extraction compared to steam juicing. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoid content in the haskap juice was increased by centrifugal juicing and decreased by steam juicing compared to the press. Overall, the juice extracted with the centrifugal juicer had concentrations of juice components that were 1.5–2 times higher than the steam juicer. The pressed juice had similar to slightly lower concentrations of components compared to the centrifugal juicer.
... They are rich in amino acids and their derivatives, vitamins, minerals, sugars (e.g., fructose, glucose, sucrose, saccharose, sorbitol, and others), phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carotenoids (Senica et al., 2018b, Zhang et al., 2023. Based on the presence of a range of vitamins, several studies have referred to it as a "super fruit" compared to citrus fruits (Rupasinghe et al., 2018). ...
... Considering the therapeutic effectiveness of medicinal plants, they may be feasible alternatives for treating sarcopenia (10). Haskap berry (HB) (Lonicera caerulea L.), also known as sweet berry, honeysuckle blue, honeyberry, or honeysuckle, is native to Siberia, Japan, China & North America (14). Several studies have been carried out to characterize the phytoconstituents of HB and its impact on human health (15). ...
Introduction: Sarcopenia is an inflammatory disease caused by a disruption of muscle homeostasis. Lonicera caerulea L. (Haskap berry) (HB) extract and omega-3 (ω−3) possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study assesses the potential ameliorating effects of HB extract and ω−3 supplementation on dexamethasone (DEXA)-induced sarcopenia. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups; the negative control group was injected with saline (i.p.); groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were injected with DEXA (2 mg/kg/d, i.p.); groups 3 and 4 also received 400 mg/kg/d and 100 mg/kg/d of HB extract and ω−3, respectively, while group 5 received both treatments daily for 21 days. The ameliorative effects of treatments were investigated by measuring lysosomal proteolytic enzyme cathepsin activity, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) activity, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) level, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity. The gene expression levels of muscle ring-finger protein (MuRF) and forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor were also evaluated. Biochemical and histological examinations were done on muscle tissues. Results: DEXA caused a significant elevation (P<0.05) in NF-κβ level and cathepsin activity in muscle tissue. Also, it significantly upregulated the muscle atrophy markers. Meanwhile, PI3K and HO-1 activities were significantly reduced. HB extract and ω−3 administration significantly (P≤0.05) reversed these effects and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of MuRF and FOXO. Also, the histopathological examination confirmed these results. Conclusion: The current study proved the ameliorative effects of HB extract and ω−3 on sarcopenia parameters. Therefore, they might be potential therapeutic agents for myopathy/sarcopenia.
... They are rich in amino acids and their derivatives, vitamins, minerals, sugars (e.g., fructose, glucose, sucrose, saccharose, sorbitol, and others), phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carotenoids (Senica et al., 2018b, Zhang et al., 2023. Based on the presence of a range of vitamins, several studies have referred to it as a "super fruit" compared to citrus fruits (Rupasinghe et al., 2018). ...
... Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.), which belongs to the honeysuckle family, is an emerging small berry that is currently mainly grown in northeastern Asia and parts of North America (Rupasinghe et al., 2012). Since ancient times, the fruit of L. caerulea L. has been widely used in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese folk medicine (Vasantha Rupasinghe et al., 2018). Moreover, it is rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and other active substances that can promote human health; thus, it has high medicinal value and health care functions (Celli et al., 2014;Khattab et al., 2015). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Lonicera caerulea L. ethanol extract (LCEE) and water extract (LCWE) in vitro. We primarily evaluated the improvement effect of LCWE and LCEE on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory damage in RAW 264.7 cells by detecting oxidation-related indicators and inflammatory factors, respectively. Cellular studies showed that LCWE and LCEE increased superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide peroxide levels in H2O2-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, LCWE and LCEE decreased the secretion of inflammatory factors [e.g., interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α] in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, LCWE and LCEE demonstrated excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. However, LCWE was superior to LCEE, which may be related to its chemical composition and requires further research.
... The focus of the current study was to investigate the potential of microencapsulated or non-encapsulated AHF alone or in combination with probiotics in attenuating the severity of acute colitis. The majority of haskap anthocyanins consist of C3G [7]. C3G has been shown to have many physiological benefits in protecting gut health, including repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier and relieving inflammation by modulating the level of colitis-related indicators and signaling pathways [6]. ...
Haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a rich dietary source of anthocyanins with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, isolated haskap berry anthocyanins were encapsulated in maltodextrin and inulin (3:1) by freeze-drying to improve stability and bioavailability. The structural properties of microcapsules, encapsulation yield, efficiency, recovery, and powder retention were evaluated. The microcapsules that exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (60%) and anthocyanin recovery (89%) were used in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis in mice. Thirty-five BALB/c male mice of seven weeks old were divided into seven dietary supplementation groups (n = 5) to receive either free anthocyanins, encapsulated anthocyanins (6.2 mg/day), or probiotics (1 × 109 CFU/day) alone or as combinations of anthocyanin and probiotics. As observed by clinical data, free anthocyanin and probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the severity of colitis. The supplementary diets suppressed the DSS-induced elevation of serum inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor) and apoptosis markers (B-cell lymphoma 2 and Bcl-2-associated X protein) in mice colon tissues. The free anthocyanins and probiotics significantly reduced the serum IL-6 levels. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of haskap berry anthocyanins and probiotics protects against DSS-induced colitis possibly by attenuating mucosal inflammation, and this combination has the potential as a health-promoting dietary supplement and nutraceutical.
... Zawartość kwasu askorbinowego waha się od 13 mg/100 g do nawet 186 mg/100 g [2, 28]. W niewielkich ilościach oznaczano witaminy: A, B1, B2, B6, B12 i K, a także, niacynę, kwas pantotenowy, foliowy i tokoferole [3,10,14,29]. Badania naukowe wykazały, że wartość odżywcza i skład chemiczny jagody kamczackiej są różne w zależności od odmiany, genotypu, i dojrzałości rośliny. Skład owoców jagody kamczackiej przedstawiono w Tabeli 2. ...
Zainteresowanie społeczeństwa zdrowym odżywianiem powoduje, że producenci owoców i przetworów owocowych poszukują nowych, bogatych w składniki bioaktywne surowców. Jedną z takich roślin jest jagoda kamczacka, która, chociaż znana jest od wielu lat, dopiero niedawno została dopuszczona do obrotu handlowego w Polsce. Dzięki wczesnemu terminowi dojrzewania jest ona pożądanym owocem, zdatnym do bezpośredniej konsumpcji, a dzięki wysokiej zawartości antocyjanów stanowi atrakcyjny surowiec dla przemysłu przetwórczego. Charakteryzuje się ona również wysoką zawartością związków fenolowych oraz rzadko występujących w owocach irydoidów, co przekłada się na jej szerokie działanie prozdrowotne.
... A high content of polyphenolic compounds in Lonicera fruits was also reported by other authors [10,11]. Some of the health-promoting activities of Lonicera fruit consumption have also been attributed to its anthocyanin content [12,13]. In addition to having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, anthocyanins have a broad spectrum of colors, making this class of compounds a potential replacement for synthetic dyes used in most industries (food, textile and cosmetics). ...
This paper aimed to investigate the bioactive compounds in the dry powder residue of honeysuckle cultivars after extracting the juice. Based on the analyses performed on the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, carotenoids and vitamin C, the results indicated that dried Lonicera caerulea residue represented a rich source of phenolic compounds (8041.36 mg GAE 100 g−1), of which about 80% were tannins (6432.10 mg GAE 100 g−1). The flavonoid content varied around 2436.95 mg CE 100 g−1. Vitamin C (185 mg 100 g−1), lycopene and β-carotene (over 2.5 and 2.8 mg 100 g−1, respectively) were also quantified. Among the phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid predominated (316 mg 100 g−1), followed by cryptochlorogenic acid (135 mg 100 g−1) and neochlorogenic acid (32 mg 100 g−1). Flavonoids were mainly represented by catechin (2594 mg 100 g−1) and anthocyanins (1442 mg 100 g−1). Similar amounts of epicatechin and rutin were measured (156 mg 100 g−1 and 148 mg 100 g−1), while the isoquercetin concentration was below 15 mg 100 g−1. In conclusion, the high level of phytocompounds and the diverse composition of dry Lonicera caerulea residue support its high nutraceutical value and high health-promoting potential.
... Rys. 1. Zmiany w zawartości polifenoli ogółem w sokach z jagody kamczackiej i aronii czarnoowocowej w trakcie ich przechowywania Dominującym antocyjanem w soku jagodowym był cyjanidyno-3-O-glukozyd, a w aroniowym cyjanidyno-3-O-galaktozydw sokach 100-procentowych stanowiły one odpowiednio 84,3 % i 66,3 % składu antocyjanowego. W przypadku pierwszego soku uzyskany wynik potwierdza dane literaturowe, mówiące, że cyjanidyno-3-Oglukozyd stanowi od 79 do 92 % całej puli antocyjanów jagody kamczackiej [18]. W przypadku soku z aronii, Błaszczak i wsp. ...
Background. Consumer awareness of a healthy lifestyle is gradually growing. Fruits are a rich source of health-promoting anthocyanins or polyphenols. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the storage time of mixed juices made from black chokeberry and honeysuckle berry on selected quality characteristics. In this study, it was hypothesized that the storage time of mixed juices would be a factor affecting the content of polyphenols, anthocyanins and color. The test material included black chokeberry and honeysuckle berry juices and mixed juices with a share of juices in the range of 10 ÷ 90 %. Results and conclusions. The honeysuckle berry juice proved to be a more valuable source of poly phenols and anthocyanins (308.3 and 234.5 mg/100 cm3 ) than the chokeberry juice (229.9 mg and 122.2 mg/100 cm3 ). Similarly, the mixed juices with a higher share of honeysuckle berry juice were char acterized by a higher content of these compounds, and consequently, a potentially higher health-promoting value. The highest value of L*, a* and b* was found in the 100 % black chokeberry sample. For storage, it was demonstrated that the most intense degradation changes in the bioactive components took place in the first month, whereas in the later period, the rate of changes in these compounds was lower. The one-month storage resulted in a decrease in the content of polyphenols by 12.1 ÷ 14.2 % and anthocyanins by 19.7 ÷ 33.5 %, depending on the juice variant. In the case of color, it was observed that extending the storage time had a significant effect on the brightening of the tested products, as well as on changes in the values of the a* and b*.
... The mechanism of LC action may result from its specific composition of active substances and their biological properties, including an influence on lymphocyte activity and cytokine production. The important anthocyanin of LC, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, downregulated Th2 cytokine production (IL-4 and IL-13), but it did not affect the synthesis of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-2) [31,32]. Such a mechanism of action of major cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from LC extract could explain the fact that the extract, despite affecting the mechanisms of worm expulsion from the intestine (e.g., goblet cells and VH/CD ratio), did not reduce the number of parasites in the intestine. ...
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC) berries on histopathological changes in the intestines and muscles during experimental trichinellosis in mice. The LC extract was administered to uninfected mice (LC group) and Trichinella-spiralis-infected mice (T+LC) orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals, from day 3 prior to infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi). Jejunum samples were collected on 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, and their histological assessment involved the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), goblet cell (GC) number, and morphological changes. In the T. spiralis-infected muscles, the extent of inflammatory infiltration on the 14th and 21st dpi was assessed. LC in the infected mice restored the VH/CD ratio to control values on 14 dpi. A beneficial effect of the LC extract on the villus height was also observed 14 dpi in the LC and T+LC groups. No differences in the extent of inflammatory infiltration in the muscles between the T+LC and T groups were observed. In conclusion, the iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry contributed to alleviating the symptoms of the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection.
... Moreover, iridoids show hepatoprotective and antitumor effects, as well as hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic activities. A honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) has already been considered by Japanese Ainu aborigines as an "elixir of life", and its healing properties have been applied in traditional folk medicine mainly to treat hypertension, anaemia, glaucoma, and osteoporosis [31][32][33]. A recent study revealed that honeysuckle berries possess greater health-promoting properties than other berries which are widely consumed [34]. ...
Smoothies are claimed to be an effective way of promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. They are a rich source of bioactive compounds and provide numerous health benefits. Strawberries and apples are among the most popular smoothie ingredients. Additionally, chokeberry presents antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Another interesting fruit with a wide range of health benefits is the honeysuckle berry. In this study, a dry extract from the mentioned fruit was combined to produce a smoothie enriched in bioactive compounds of unique health-promoting properties. The smoothies were rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and iridoids. Smoothies with higher concentrations of a polyphenol-iridoid honeysuckle berry extract (0.50%) were the products of a greater content of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant activity compared to those with no extract or a lower amount (0.25%). However, the sensory evaluation showed that, according to customers, the least attractive smoothies are those with the greatest amounts of the honeysuckle berry extract. Therefore, the correct balance between taste and bioactivity should be sought in order to obtain an innovative product showing characteristics of functional food.
... Furthermore, blue honeysuckle berries are rich in iridoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce the risk of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and are rarely found in fruits (Oszmiański & Kucharska, 2018). Studies have indicated that blue honeysuckle berries conferred more health-promoting benefits than other fruits (Rupasinghe et al., 2018). Recent studies on blue honeysuckle berries have focused on their chemical composition, processing technology and antioxidant properties. ...
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries are nutritionally rich and unique in flavor. However, its aroma compounds have not been known well. In this study, the key aroma-active compounds in 8 different varieties of blue honeysuckle berries were studied by sensory-directed analysis. Sensory evaluation suggested that the aroma profile of blue honeysuckle berry was fruity, floral, grassy, sweet, and sour. A total of 68 aroma compounds were detected by two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry analysis (GC × GC-O-MS). Then, aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) and odor activity value (OAV) showed that 12 compounds were indicated to be the major aroma contributors. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) results, eight varieties were divided into three categories for their differences on alcohols and terpenoids content. Finally, the aroma recombination and omission experiments determined that linalool, hexanal, eucalyptol, octanal, nonanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate were the key aroma-active compounds in blue honeysuckle berries.
... The fruits of blue honeysuckle are noted for their abundant nutrient content, including amino acids, vitamins, mineral elements, and anthocyanins, and the products derived from these fruits, including juices, wines, jams, and canned fruit, are particularly popular (Celli et al., 2014). Moreover, these fruits are also used as raw materials for the extraction of natural edible pigments, which have broad potential applications (Vasantha et al., 2018). ...
... Moreover, the obtained data highlights the effectiveness of the HP-20 column (diaion resin column) in the isolation and the separation of phenolic compounds from DES solvent, cyaniding-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin (which is a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds) related to the coloring of plant, flower, and fruits. various studies have investigated the antioxidant potential of C3G which displayed a stronger antioxidant activity than that of ascorbic acid over the same concentration and effectively scavenged ROS (Sun et al., 2012;Rupasinghe et al., 2018). On the other hand, rutin is a vital phytochemical with multiple pharmacological activities. ...
... Moreover, the obtained data highlights the effectiveness of the HP-20 column (diaion resin column) in the isolation and the separation of phenolic compounds from DES solvent, cyaniding-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin (which is a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds) related to the coloring of plant, flower, and fruits. various studies have investigated the antioxidant potential of C3G which displayed a stronger antioxidant activity than that of ascorbic acid over the same concentration and effectively scavenged ROS (Sun et al., 2012;Rupasinghe et al., 2018). On the other hand, rutin is a vital phytochemical with multiple pharmacological activities. ...
... Besides, they have anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic effects [27,28]. In addition, researchers proved their strong cardio-protective and neuroprotective properties [29,30]. So these features promoted the possibility of their use for food or pharmaceutical applications. ...
The objective of this study is to optimize a new extraction method of plum peels phenolics and its application in food industries, based on the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolic compounds followed by their encapsulation by spray drying. Maltodextrin percentage in the coating material (30–70%), coating to core ratio (2:1–4:1) and air inlet temperature (130–190 °C) were selected as the independent variables according to a Box Behnken design, and their effects on response variables (encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency and moisture content) were evaluated. Optimum conditions were a maltodextrin percentage of 60%, a coating to core ratio of 4:1 and an inlet temperature of 190 °C. Under these conditions, the experimental response variables were an encapsulation efficiency of 94.64%, an encapsulation yield of 76.97% and a moisture content of 1.29% and were in strong agreement with predicted values. Detailed physicochemical analyses revealed that the optimum microcapsules had the high solubility and encapsulation efficiency, acceptable electrical and thermal stability and good morphological structure. Microcapsules color and antioxidant capacity were preserved during storage. These findings suggest the effectiveness of the optimized spray drying process for producing high quality microcapsules and the possibility of their use in functional foods or pharmaceutical products.
... Its diverse and high content of phytochemicals also provided hepatoprotective activity and potential benefits in neurodegenerative diseases [9]. Haskap berries have an increased content of anthocyanins, in particular of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, compared to other berries, such as strawberries, blueberries, cranberries and chokeberries [6]. ...
Lonicera caerulea L., (blue honeysuckle, blue honeyberry or haskap) is an Eastern Siberian shrub with fruits known to have potential medicinal applications. The aim of this paper was to investigate the physico-chemical properties, composition and the correlation to the total antioxidant capacity of some fluid extracts of haskap berries for their use as nutraceuticals. The dried fruits were collected from Moldavia region in NorthEastern Romania and the extracts were prepared at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in ethanol concentrations of 50:50 (v:v), 70:30 (v:v) and 96:4 (v:v), respectively. The total content of main bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, lycopene, lutein, vitamin C and carbohydrates was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assays. Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed by photochemiluminescence method, in comparison to Trolox®, an analogue of vitamin E, used as antioxidant standard. The obtained results emphasized that the hydroalcoholic extract in 70:30 (v:v) ethanol had significantly (p<0.01) higher content of vitamin C, carbohydrates and carotenoids than the other two extracts, and similar quantities of total phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene and lutein, In accordance, the same extract had the highest total antioxidant activity and close to
... The bio-accessibility of anthocyanin components comprising C3G through the different compartments of the digestive tract firstly start from their release from the food matrix. C3G and other anthocyanin components after liberation enter in contact with some micro-molecules, enzymes, and other phenolic compounds, which might affect their bio-accessibility [99][100][101][102][103]. Anthocyanin components including C3G have frequently been reported to poorly assimilate in the different compartments of the digestive tract or gastrointestinal track, and they have a low diffusion rate, which limits their application in functional food (foods with physiological benefits). ...
The current growing attractiveness of natural dyes around the world is a consequence of the increasing rejection of synthetic dyes whose use is increasingly criticized. The great interest in natural pigments from herbal origin such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is due to their biological properties and their health benefits. However, the chemical instability of C3G during processing and storage and its low bioavailability limits its food application. Nanoencapsulation technology using appropriate nanocarriers is revolutionizing the use of anthocyanin, including C3G. Owing to the chemical stability and functional benefits that this new nanotechnology provides to the latter, its industrial application is now extending to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. This review focuses on the various nanoencapsulation techniques used and the chemical and biological benefits induced to C3G.
... About 79-92% of the anthocyanin content of haskap berries is composed of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). C3G shows significant antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-diabetic properties [106]. It is documented that NNK-induced A/J mice treated with C3G could markedly decrease the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 in lung tissues [33]. ...
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. Cigarette smoking is strongly connected with lung cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) are the main carcinogens in cigarette smoking. Evidence has supported the correlation between these two carcinogens and lung cancer. Epidemiology analysis suggests that lung cancer can be effectively prevented through daily diet adjustments. This review aims to summarize the studies published in the past 20 years exploring dietary phytochemicals using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Dietary phytochemicals mainly include medicinal plants, beverages, fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. Moreover, the perspectives on the challenges and future directions of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will be provided. Taken together, treatment based on the consumption of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will produce more positive outcomes in the future and offer the possibility of reducing cancer risk in society.
Background:
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), is an anthocyanin mainly found in berries, and can also be produced by microorganisms. It has been traditionally used as a natural coloring agent for decades. Recently, it has been investigated for its high antioxidant activity and anti-cancer attributes. C3G has low bioavailability and is sensitive to oxidation and gastric pH; therefore, it is encapsulated in nanoliposomes to enhance its bio-availability, targeted delivery- and efficacy against chronic disease.
Scope and approach:
In this review, the role of C3G nanoliposomes against major chronic diseases has been discussed. The focus was on research findings and the mechanism of action to affect the proliferation of cancer, neuro disease and cardiovascular problems. It also discussed the formulation of nanoliposomes, their role in nutraceutical delivery and enhancement in C3G bioavailability.
Key findings and conclusions:
Data suggested that nanoliposomes safeguard C3G, enhance bioavailability, and ensure safe, adequate and targeted delivery. It can reduce the impact of cancer and inflammation by inhibiting the ß-catenin/O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) pathway and upregulating miR-214-5p. Formation of C3G nanoliposomes significantly enhances the nutraceutical efficacy of C3G against major chronic disease therefore, C3G nanoliposomes might be a future-based nutraceutical to treat major chronic diseases, including cancer, neuro problems and CVD, but challenges remain in finding correct dose and techniques to maximize its efficacy.
Lonicera caerulea L. fruits are a rich source of vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, which are characterised by their health-promoting properties. The content of bioactive compounds in this fruit may vary depending on the cultivar and the harvest date. This study analysed the effect of applying 5 ppm gaseous ozone for 1, 3, and 5 min on the chemical properties of L. kamtschatica varieties and newly created clones of L. emphyllocalyx for three years of cultivation. The fruits harvested from L. emphyllocalyx, depending on the year of harvest, had significantly larger size and weight compared to L. kamtschatica. On average, the acidity of the L. emphyllocalyx clones was 6% higher than other tested varieties. The average content of ascorbic acid was highest in L. emphyllocalyx clone ‘21-17’—57.80 mg·100 g−1; the year of harvest will significantly affect the content of vitamin C, reaching the highest level in 2022—53.92 mg·100 g−1. The total content of polyphenols was significantly dependent on the year of cultivation; reaching, on average, 54.8% more in 2022 compared to the rest of the years. The total antioxidant value using the FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS methods varied depending on the variety; exposure to ozone significantly increased the antioxidant value in each case. On the basis of the study, both botanical varieties can be used in food processing. Gaseous ozone exposure can significantly influence chemical composition, increasing the health-promoting value of fruit.
This study explores the potential of microencapsulation to enhance the stability and bioaccessibility of anthocyanins
from black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus). Anthocyanins, known for their health benefits, are often
limited in their application due to poor stability and bioaccessibility. We investigated microencapsulation using
maltodextrin alone (BAM) and in combination with sericin proteins (BAMS1, BAMS2, BAMS3), a novel approach.
Spray drying was employed to encapsulate anthocyanins, with maltodextrin (20%) and varying concentrations of
sericin protein (1%, 2%, 3%) as wall materials. Comprehensive analysis encompassed parameters such as production
yield, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution,
surface morphology, FTIR, amino acid profiling, storage stability under diverse temperature conditions (4 ◦C,
25 ◦C, 37 ◦C), and simulated gastrointestinal conditions to assess bioaccessibility. Results indicated a range of
production yield (51.05%–59.13%) and encapsulation efficiency (87.68%–94.01%), with moisture content between
5.24% and 6.47%. Sericin incorporation notably influenced moisture content and particle density. Particle
size varied from 74.14 μm to 160 μm, with discernible differences attributed to sericin concentration. SEM
revealed smooth-continuous surface morphologies, indicating the influence of sericin on capsule structure.
Preservation of essential amino acid profiles underscored the efficacy of the encapsulation process. Enhanced
stability and degradation kinetic parameters of anthocyanins, particularly evident in BAMS3 microcapsules,
underscored the protective role of sericin. In vitro digestion studies confirmed controlled release dynamics,
highlighting the potential for improved anthocyanin bioaccessibility facilitated by the sericin-maltodextrin
composite encapsulation approach.
Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is utilized in Chinese, Japanese, and Russian folk medicines for centuries. The berries referred to as blue honeysuckle are recently gaining popularity in central and southern Europe due to remarkable therapeutic potential and widespread use as an ingredient in dietary supplements. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of blue honeysuckle extract on human ovarian cells – both non-cancerous HGL5 (immortalized human ovarian granulosa cell line) and cancerous OVCAR-3 (human ovarian carcinoma cell line). Cell viability, secretion of steroid hormones (17ß-estradiol and progesterone), human transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ-2) and its receptor (TGFBR2), and the level of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were examined in ovarian granulosa cells HGL5, and the same parameters (excepting the steroid hormones) were assessed in ovarian epithelial cancer cells OVCAR-3. Blue honeysuckle ethanolic extract was applied to cells for 24 hours. AlamarBlueTM assay was used to assess cell viability, whereas secretion of steroid hormones was evaluated by ELISA. ELISA was also used to assess the levels of TGF-β2, its receptor TGFBR2 and AIF in HGL5 and OVCAR-3 cell lysates. Based on a range of doses ranging from 5 – 100 μg/mL, the extract from blue honeysuckle had no adverse effects on the viability of human ovarian cells. Futuremore, it did not affect their secretory activity – be it the release of steroid hormones or that of growth factor TGF-β2 and its receptor TGFBR2, nor did induce apoptosis (as revealed by the AIF). The present pilot study for the first time reports the effect of blue honeysuckle extract on ovarian cell models using both non-cancerous cells HGL5 and cancerous OVCAR-3 cells. These findings provide initial insights into the safety and potential utility of blue honeysuckle extract, warranting further investigation into its therapeutic applications. In further research, it is possible to examine a longer exposure time to see if it affects the cells.
Natural herbal constituents have been continuously utilised as a source of medicine since ancient times to cure diverse types of disorders that ail human body, like cardiovascular disease (CVDs), diabetes mellitus (DM), bacterial and viral infections. Several studies have recently been conducted on flavonoids derived from various parts of plants, and their diverse functions are being widely explored. Flavonoids are nutraceuticals that have a wide range of biological activities. Their antioxidant properties account for the majority of their protective effects including minimizing oxidative stress and inflammation besides their potential to modulate the activities of enzymes. Flavonoids are also used to manage and treat diabetes, as well as diabetes associated comorbidities. Increased risk of mortality during diabetes and diabetes associated comorbidities like hypertension, stroke, neuropathy, nephropathy etc. are directly related to the elevated glycemic index of diabetics. Here we discuss the importance of flavonoids derived from nature for their medicinal roles, factors leading to the onset of diabetes and its associated complications. Finally, this review discusses the potential role of various flavonoids as an alternative remedial approach to mitigate the condition of diabetes.
Anthocyanins' potential health benefits have garnered significant interest. However, due to low bioavailability, the gut microbiota-associated metabolites are suspected to mediate their bioactivity. In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was fermented with fecal inoculum to simulate colonic microbiota interaction in vitro. The metabolites and antioxidant properties of pre- (P-C3G) and post-fermentation (F-C3G) were determined. Fermentation significantly increased contents of five metabolites (cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). Additionally, F-C3G demonstrated superior radicals scavenging than P-C3G, as well as to alleviate H2O2-induced damage in HepG2 cell via increasing superoxide dismutase by 43.26% and catalase by 39.83%, reducing malonaldehyde by 16.40% and cellular ROS production, and activating Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, F-C3G significantly extended the survival rate by 20.67% of Caenorhabditis elegans under heat stress by antioxidation in vivo. This study suggested that anthocyanins metabolism by gut microbiota produce specific metabolites, which potentially exerts protection.
Anthocyanins are a class of dietary polyphenols that exhibit technological and bioactive-relevant properties. C3G is absorbed in its unmodified molecular form in the upper digestive tract, goes through the extended first-passage metabolism and its metabolites enter the bloodstream. The C3G metabolites possess health benefits such as antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-thrombotic activities. However, the efficacy and distribution of C3G in the human body are restricted due to its low stability and bioaccessibility. Inspiringly, the lipid-, polysaccharide-, protein-, and nanocapsule-associated conjugates have achieved targeted delivery with enhanced bioaccessibility and controlled release. In this review, the absorption and transportation modes, decomposition and metabolism processes, functional activity mechanisms, and improved methods for enhancing the bioavailability of C3G are summarized. Moreover, the aspects of the gut microbiota regulation, C3G-mediated cytoprotection and different biocompatible materials applications are briefly discussed.
Microencapsulation of purple corn anthocyanins was carried out via an electrostatic extruder using alginate as a wall material. The influence of alginate concentration (1-2 %), extract concentration (20-30 %), and extrusion voltage (3-5 kV) on encapsulation efficiency and mean particle size was evaluated using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were obtained to produce two different extract-loaded microbeads. Microbeads with the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) and minimum particle size were achieved at 1 % alginate, 20 % extract, and 5 kV extrusion voltage (EEC3G = 70.26 %, EETPC = 91.59 %, particle size = 1.29 mm). In comparison, the microbeads with the efficient entrapment and maximum particle size were obtained at 1 % alginate, 26 % extract, and 3 kV (EEC3G = 81.15 %, EETPC = 91.01 %, particle size = 1.87 mm). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore size, and pore volume decreased after the inclusion of extract, with the lowest values reported for the smallest microbeads containing the extract. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained by BET method and demonstrated fewer cracks and lower shrinkage of encapsulated samples. Fourier-transform infrared results proved the presence of anthocyanins and further possible interactions between phenolics and alginate. Stability studies revealed the color maintenance of anthocyanins-loaded microbeads during 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C and 8 °C. Moreover, the small and large particles showed a 7.6 and 3.4-fold reduction in degradation rate at 4 °C compared to their unencapsulated counterparts. Anthocyanins-loaded alginate microbeads retained over 80 % of cyanidin-3-glucoside at 4 °C and 8 °C, suggesting a promising potential of optimized microbeads for intelligent packaging applications.
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (CND) is a frequently-used anthocyanin that has excellent antioxidant properties but a limited bioavailability in bloodstream. Complexation of CND with alginate can improve its therapeutic outcome. Here we have studied the complexation of CND with alginate under a range of pH values from 2.5 to 5. CND is positively charged at low pH, and becomes neutral, and then negatively charged as pH increases. CND/alginate complexation was studied by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, STEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). CND/alginate complexes at pH 4.0 and 5.0 form chiral fibres with a fractal structure. At these pH values, CD spectra show very intense bands, which are inverted compared with free CND. Complexation at lower pH results in disordered polymer structures and CD spectra show the same features as for CND in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest the formation of parallel CND dimers through complexation with alginate at pH 3.0, while at pH 4.0 CND dimers form in a cross like arrangement.
This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of Lonicera japonica against particulate-matter (PM)2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). The extract of Lonicera japonica reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells. The extract of Lonicera japonica decreased serum T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and total T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and immunoglobulins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), in PM2.5-induced BALB/c mice. The extract of Lonicera japonica protected the pulmonary antioxidant system by regulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In addition, it ameliorated mitochondrial function by regulating the production of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Moreover, the extract of Lonicera japonica exhibited a protective activity of apoptosis, fibrosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways in lung tissues. This study suggests that the extract of Lonicera japonica might be a potential material to improve PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
To explore the effect of Lonicera caerulea fruit polyphenols (LCP) on caries-causing bacteria, strain RYX-01 with high production of biofilm and exopolysaccharides (EPS) was isolated from the oral cavity of caries patients and was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus by 16S rDNA analysis and morphology. The characteristics of EPS produced by RYX-01 (EPS-CK) and those produced by adding L. caerulea fruit polyphenols (EPS-LCP) were compared to reveal whether LCP reduced the cariogenicity of RYX-01 by influencing the structure and composition of EPS. The results showed that LCP could increase the content of galactose in EPS and destroy the original aggregation state of EPS-CK but had no significant effect on the molecular weight and functional group composition of EPS (p > 0.05). At the same time, LCP could inhibit the growth of RYX-01, reduce EPS and biofilm formation and inhibit the expression of quorum sensing (QS, luxS)- and biofilm formation (wzb)-related genes. Therefore, LCP could change the surface morphology, content and composition of RYX-01 EPS and reduce the cariogenic effect of EPS and biofilm. In conclusion, LCP can be used as a potential plaque biofilm inhibitor and QS inhibitor in drugs and functional foods.
The aim of the study was to compare the variability of the composition, chemical identity and content of biologically active phenolic compounds in the fruits and leaves of the blue honeysuckle (Lonicera subsection Caeruleae) plants of different environmental and geographic provenances, sampled from the introduction plantation station in the forest steppe zone near the Ob River (Novosibirsk, Russia). In extracts from the leaves 25 individual compounds representing various polyphenolic classes were identified using HPLC-MS technique; seven of the compounds were identified as hydroxycinnamic acids, five compounds were flavonols, and eight compounds represented flavones. The maximal number of individual compounds was present in samples of the Altai subspecies of the tetraploid species L. caerulea subsp. altaica, whereas the minimal number was detected in samples of L. boczkarnikowae, a diploid species from the Russian Far East (Primorsky region). The lowest total polyphenolics content (6,260 mg/100 g of air-dry phytomass) was found in samples of L. caeruleae subsp. pallasii, whereas the content in samples from other blue honeysuckle subspecies ranged within 11.620-14.030 mg/100 g of air-dry phytomass. High content of flavones in extracts from leaves, always exceeding the flavonol content, was found to be a characteristic feature of L. caerulea subsp. altaica. Among L. сaerulea subspecies, L. сaerulea subsp. pallasii was shown to have the largest ratio of flavonols to flavones. L. boczkarnikowae also had high content of flavonols, significantly exceeding the flavones content in the plants organs. The main component of anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-glucoside, accounting for up to 91%. The fruits of L. caerulea subsp. altaica, L. сaerulea subsp. venulosa and L. boczkarnikowae had the highest anthocyanin content, ranging 2.950–3.200 mg/100 g air-dry phytomass, whereas the fruits of L. сaerulea subsp. pallasii had the lowest one (1,573 mg/100g). Extracts from the leaves were found to have significantly higher polyphenolics content as compared to the ones from the fruits; thus the leaves can be recommended as a prospective medicinal source.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor that induces metabolic disorders. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) has multiple functional activities and is the most abundant anthocyanin belonging to the flavonoid subgroup. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of C3G on BPA-induced liver lipid metabolism disorder and explore its mechanism via lipidomics analysis. The results showed that C3G supplementation significantly ameliorated the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TG), and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST). Furthermore, liver lipidomics indicated that C3G effectively facilitated the recovery of differential lipid metabolites, including TGs, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositol, cholesteryl esters, and phosphatidylserine, and reversed the levels of hepatic lipid synthesis-related genes. Our results suggest that C3G has an effective regulatory effect on BPA-induced disorders of lipid metabolism.
Nitric oxide (NO) is known as an unstable signaling molecule that can be produced by three different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms. It plays a vital role in a wide range of physiological processes in the body. For instance, in cardiovascular system NO acts as a blood vessel relaxant, while in central nervous system (CNS) it acts as a neurotransmitter. In reproductive system it regulates gonadotropin hormone, oocyte maturation, ovulation, movement of fallopian tube, contraction of uterus during labor, capacitation of sperm, erection, and ejaculation. It has been reported that NO regulates secretion, absorption and motility of gastrointestinal system. It also plays a significant role in the whole process of inflammation and dynamics of Ca⁺² muscles are regulated by NO concentrations. This gas also relaxes the blood vessels and airways of respiratory system. It regulates angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis. In this review article, several studies on NO and biological processes were investigated using PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Web of Science. NO acts like a double-edged sword in physiology and pathology of the biological systems. Due to the important role of NO in biological systems, it can be used as a therapeutic goal in various diseases. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the importance and role of NO in biological systems and related process including inflammation, blood clotting, cancer, and metastasis. © 2017, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Iridoid and polyphenol profiles of 30 different honeysuckle berry cultivars and genotypes were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion modes and quantified by HPLC-PDA. The 50 identified compounds included 15 iridoids, 6 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 2 flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), 5 flavones, 6 flavan-3-ols, and 7 phenolic acids. 8-epi-Loganic acid, pentosyl-loganic acid, taxifolin 7-O-dihexoside, and taxifolin 7-O-hexoside were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time. Iridoids and anthocyanins were the major groups of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle constituents. The total content of quantified iridoids and anthocyanins was between 128.42 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) ('Dlinnoplodnaya') and 372 mg/100 g fw ('Kuvshinovidnaya') and between 150.04 mg/100 g fw ('Karina') and 653.95 mg/100 g fw ('Amur'), respectively. Among iridoids, loganic acid was the dominant compound, and it represented between 22% and 73% of the total amount of quantified iridoids in honeysuckle berry. A very strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and the quantity of anthocyanins. High content of iridoids in honeysuckle berries can complement antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds.
Background and aims:
Anthracyclines are effective anticancer drugs that have improved prognosis of hundred thousand cancer patients worldwide and are currently the most common chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of blood, breast, ovarian and lung cancers. However, their use is limited because of a cumulative dose-dependent and irreversible cardiotoxicity that can cause progressive cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Aim of the present study was to determine the cardioprotective activity of a dietary source of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), such as purple corn, against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.
Methods and results:
In vitro studies on murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes showed that pretreatment with both pure C3G and purple corn extract improved survival upon DOX treatment. However, C3G and purple corn extract did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX on human cancer cell lines. We then validated in vivo the protective role of a C3G-enriched diet against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by comparing the effect of dietary consumption of corn isogenic lines with high levels of anthocyanins (purple corn - Red diet - RD) or without anthocyanins (yellow corn - Yellow diet - YD) incorporated in standard rodent diets. Results showed that mice fed RD survived longer than mice fed YD upon injection of a toxic amount of DOX. In addition, ultrastructural analysis of hearts from mice fed RD showed reduced histopathological alterations.
Conclusion:
Dietary intake of C3G from purple corn protects mice against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
To investigate the antitumor effect of anthocyanins extracted from Chinese bayberry fruit (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.), a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was established. Treatments with C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside, an anthocyanin) significantly suppressed the growth of SGC-7901 tumor xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in p21 expression, indicating that the cell cycle of tumor xenografts was inhibited. qPCR screening showed that C3G treatment up-regulated the expression of the KLF6 gene, which is an important tumor suppressor gene inactivated in many human cancers. Western blot showed that C3G treatments markedly increased KLF6 and p21 protein levels, inhibited CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, but did not notably change the expression of p53. These results indicated that KLF6 up-regulates p21 in a p53-independent manner and significantly reduces tumor proliferation. This study provides important information for the possible mechanism of C3G-induced antitumor activity against gastric adenocarcinoma in vivo.
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are plant secondary metabolites from the flavonoid family. Red to blue fruits are major dietary sources of ACNs (up to 1 g/100 g FW), being cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) one of the most widely distributed. Cy3G confers a red hue to fruits, but its content in raspberries and strawberries is low. It has a good radical scavenging capacity (RSC) against superoxide but not hydroxyl radicals, and its oxidative potential is pH-dependent (58 mV/pH unit). After intake, Cy3G can be metabolized (phases I, II) by oral epithelial cells, absorbed by the gastric epithelium (1%–10%) and it is gut-transformed (phase II & microbial metabolism), reaching the bloodstream (<1%) and urine (about 0.02%) in low amounts. In humans and Caco-2 cells, Cy3G's major metabolites are protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinaldehyde which are also subjected to entero-hepatic recycling, although caffeic acid and peonidin-3-glucoside seem to be strictly produced in the large bowel and renal tissues. Solid evidence supports Cy3G's bioactivity as DNA-RSC, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic chemo-preventive and as an epigenetic factor, exerting protection against Helicobacter pylori infection, age-related diseases, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and oral cancer. Most relevant mechanisms include RSC, epigenetic action, competitive protein-binding and enzyme inhibition. These and other novel aspects on Cy3G's physical-chemistry, foodomics, and health effects are discussed.
Ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental harmful factor that has emotional impact on human skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism of protection of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage to human HaCaT keratinocytes. Our results show that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by UVB treatment. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside also decreased the UVB-augmented levels of the DNA damage indicators phospho-p53 and phospho-ATM/ATR. In addition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protected keratinocytes from UVB-induced injury by overturning the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and reversing apoptosis. The expression of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was attenuated in UVB-exposed cells but restored in UVB/cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-treated cells. Furthermore, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and the key apoptosis executer cleaved caspase-3 were increased in UVB-irradiated cells and decreased in UVB/cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-treated cells. For these reasons, the results demonstrate that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the use of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the fight against light damage.
Tumor cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of reactive oxygen species. Whereas such oxidative stress conditions would be harmful to normal cells, they facilitate tumor growth in multiple ways by causing DNA damage and genomic instability, and ultimately, by reprogramming cancer cell metabolism. This review outlines the metabolic-dependent mechanisms that tumors engage in when faced with oxidative stress conditions that are critical for cancer progression by producing redox cofactors. In particular, we describe how the mitochondria has a key role in regulating the interplay between redox homeostasis and metabolism within tumor cells. Last, we will discuss the potential therapeutic use of agents that directly or indirectly block metabolism.
Anthocyanins exert neuroprotection in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. However, no details regarding their brain-related pharmacokinetics are so far available to support claims about their direct neuronal bioactivity as well as to design proper formulations of anthocyanin-based products. To gather this missing piece of knowledge, we intravenously administered a bolus of 668 nmol cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in anaesthetized Wistar rats and shortly after (15 s to 20 min) we collected blood, brain, liver, kidneys and urine samples. Extracts thereof were analysed for C3G and its expected metabolites using UPLC/MS-MS. The data enabled to calculate a set of pharmacokinetics parameters. The main finding was the distinctive, rapid distribution of C3G in the brain, with an apparently constant plasma/brain ratio in the physiologically relevant plasma concentration range (19–355 nM). This is the first report that accurately determines the distribution pattern of C3G in the brain, paving the way to the rational design of future tests of neuroprotection by C3G in animal models and humans.
Two species of edible honeysuckle were studied in the trial established in the autumn 1994. The spacing used was 2.0 x 1.5 m and the experiment included irrigated as well as non- irrigated variants. The aim of this study was to provide a summary of nutritional values of Lonicera kamtschatica and Lonicera edulis berries under the Nitra conditions during the period 2001-2003. The berries were examined for the content of dry mater, sugar, organic acids, ascorbic acid, mineral substances - K, Ca, P, Mg, Na and anthocyanins from pomace and juice. The results of our experiments refer to the exceptionally high content of ascorbic acid ranging from 28.56 up to 86.96 mg/100 g, potassium 10,175 to 14,764 mg/kg and anthocyanins from pomace 6.245-17.36 g/kg. The values of ascorbic acid varied and they were statistically significantly depending on the year; similarly, only year can be taken into account as a statistically significant factor for forming content of sugar, magnesium and sodium. The content of dry mater, organic acids, potassium, calcium and anthocyanins in juice was influenced not only by year but also by species. The interaction species - year as a source of statistically significant differences is evident in the case of phosphorus and organic acids. A significant influence of irrigation on all evaluated nutrients was not confirmed.
Background:
The poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is attributed to a high recurrence rate after surgery. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) is an important regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and transformation. COX2 overexpression is significantly associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of diverse cancers; however, its expression and significance in ESCC remains unclear.
Methods:
We enrolled 118 patients with ESCC who had undergone Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. The expression profile of COX2 was examined by immunohistochemistry.
Results:
A high expression of COX2 correlated with a higher T staging (P = 0.014), lower differentiation degree (P = 0.002), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.009), recurrence status (P = 0.004), and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that TNM stage (P = 0.001), differentiation degree (P = 0.001), and high COX2 expression (P = 0.004) were independent risk factors of prognosis.
Conclusion:
Our data indicated that COX2 expression level is associated with key clinicopathological features and could be an effective biomarker to predict ESCC prognosis.
The aim of the study was to evaluate different methods used for the preparation of powders from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica) cv. ‘Wojtek’, and the effects of these methods on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lyophilized powders and pomace. The analyzed samples were evaluated for their basic chemical composition dry weight, pH, total acidity, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS). Polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Thirty eight polyphenolic compounds, including eight phenolic acids, eight anthocyanins, five flavan-3-ols, twelve flavonols and five flavones were identified in blue honeysuckle products. The highest content of bioactive compounds was detected in juice pressed from peels, as compared with fresh berries and other products. The study showed that peel-based pomace of blue honeysuckle is a better material for the production of dried product rich in bioactive compounds than the pomace obtained from whole berries.
The effects of dietary polyphenols on human health have mainly been discussed in the context of preventing degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The antioxidant properties of polyphenols have been widely studied, but it has become clear that the mechanism of action of polyphenols extends beyond the modulation of oxidative stress, as they are poorly absorbed from the digestive tract. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of polyphenols on the colonic environment, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota. We demonstrated that dietary polyphenols derived from aronia, haskap, and bilberry, markedly elevated the amount of fecal mucin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) as an intestinal barrier function and ameliorated the disturbance in gut microbiota caused by a high fat diet in rats. These results suggest that dietary polyphenols play a significant role in the prevention of degenerative diseases through improvement of the colonic environment without any absorption from the digestive tract.
Anthocyanins from different plant sources have been shown to possess health beneficial effects against a number of chronic diseases. To obtain any influence in a specific tissue or organ, these bioactive compounds must be bioavailable, i.e., effectively absorbed from the gut into the circulation and transferred to the appropriate location within the body while still maintaining their bioactivity. One of the key factors affecting the bioavailability of anthocyanins is their transport through the gut epithelium. The Caco-2 cell line, a human intestinal epithelial cell model derived from a colon carcinoma, has been proven to be a good alternative to animal studies for predicting intestinal absorption of anthocyanins. Studies investigating anthocyanin absorption by Caco-2 cells report very low absorption of these compounds. However, the bioavailability of anthocyanins may be underestimated since the metabolites formed in the course of digestion could be responsible for the health benefits associated with anthocyanins. In this review, we critically discuss recent findings reported on the anthocyanin absorption and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
The aim of study was to compare yield, fruit quality, chemical composition and fruits colour of berries of two blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars of Polish bred 'Wojtek' and 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' collected at the beginning and at the end of harvest season, respectively. On average, 'Wojtek' yielded 1565 g per bush, whereas 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' 1941 g. During the fruit ripening process, considerable changes were found in the fruit colour. Fruits of both cultivars became darker and their colour changed from green and yellow to red and blue. With the changes in fruit colour, considerable changes in firmness also occurred. Fruit ripening reduced fruit firmness and puncture resistance. For both genotypes, the berries of late harvest were bigger and richer in soluble solids and total polyphenol, however, they showed decreased firmness, lower acidity, and L-ascorbic acid content. Nevertheless the time of harvest, 'Wojtek' berries surpassed 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' fruit regarding soluble solids, titratable acidity and L-ascorbic acid content (for late-crop berries of both cultivars 14.1>12.6%, 3.4>2.7 g citric acid 100 g1, and 76>56 mg 100 mL-1. Further, 'Wojtek' berries showed higher total polyphenol content (149.30 and 183.66 mg·100 g-1, for early and late ripening fruit, respectively) compared to that of 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' (125.51 and 175.67 mg 100 g-1). Among phenolics, anthocyanins made the substantial group ranging from 94.47 mg 100 g-1 ('Bra{ogonek}zowa' berries of early harvest) to 141.96 mg 100 g-1 (late 'Wojtek' fruit).
Black fruits either cultivated as chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliot), highbush blueberry 'Duke' (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), lowbush blueberry 'Putte' (Vaccinium corymbosum x Vaccinium anguslifolium), and blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), or collected in the wild as billberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and wild blackberry (Rubus sp. L.) were assayed for nutritionally valuable components and phenolic composition. On fresh weight basis, lowest acidity was found for elderberry (0.83 g citric acid/100 g) and the highest for honeysuckle 2.86 g citric acid/ 100 g. Soluble solids content ranged from 16.0% (chokeberry) to 7.4% (blackberry). Honeysuckle berries showed the highest content of L-ascorbic acid (47 mg/100 g), while bilberries the lowest (7 mg/ 100 g). The berries also showed a disparate firmness ranging from 86 G/mm (bilberry) to 498 G/mm (chokeberry). Regarding total phenol, chokeberry and bilberry were predominant amounting 672.4 mg/100 g and 639.7 mg/100 g, respectively. Moreover, bilberry had the highest amount of anthocyanins (619.6 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (630.2 mg/100 g). The highest concentration of flavonols was observed for lowbush blueberry 'Putte' (35.2 mg/100 g), whereas, phenolic acids for chokeberry (121.9 mg/100 g). In contrast, the lowest total phenol was recorded for blackberry (137.8 mg/100 g) due to the low level of anthocyanins (129.4 mg/100 g), flavonols (5.1 mg/100 g), and phenolic acids (3.3 mg/100 g). Cyanidin 3- glucoside was the only anthocyanin occurring in the all species. The presence of chlorogenic acid and quercetin 3-glucoside was detected in the all berries except for blackberries. The 2-year study comparing black fruits of seven species out of different genera demonstrates their high nutritional value and health-promoting potential.
Berry crops can include a wide variety of plant species, with the most important temperate North American species in the genera Fragaria, Rubus , and Vaccinium . The preharvest factors affecting the postharvest quality of berry crops can be divided into abiotic and biotic factors. Amongst the abiotic factors, mineral nutrition, especially calcium and nitrogen, water, temperature, and light play important roles in postharvest quality attributes such as size, color, firmness, acidity, and sweetness. Amongst the biotic factors, several postharvest pathogens, which are also present as preharvest pathogens, can cause very significant reductions in postharvest quality. Grey mold ( Botrytis cinera ) is considered to be the most important pre- and postharvest pathogen in berry crops, but other preharvest pathogens (e.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum , and Rhizopus ) can become major problems, depending on other preharvest factors. In some growing areas, the presence of fruit fly larvae in the fresh fruit reduces the postharvest quality. Other biotic factors can be more subtle in their effects on postharvest quality, such as cultivar, pruning, and pollination.
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L) is a (poly) phenol-rich edible berry. Based on the properties of phenolic compounds, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of blue honeysuckle extract (BHE) in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model and macrophage-like (RAW264.7) cell model. Oral administration of BHE in the range of 75–300 µg/g BW attenuated AIA symptom as reducing paw edema in rats. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly reduced in BHE-fed rat. The production of inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in the spleen was also significantly suppressed. Moreover, serum transaminases including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were inhibited, and the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were recovered. Finally, the major bioactive components in BHE were identified as (−)-epicatechin (EC) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), which were proven to suppress the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, accompanied by enhancing the level of Nrf2 and HO-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that BHE rich with EC and C3G attenuated rat AIA symptom with crosstalk of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries have long been used for their health promoting properties against chronic conditions. The current study investigated the effect of Canadian haskap berry extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines using a human monocytic cell line THP-1 derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Methanol extracts of haskap from different growing locations in Canada were prepared and characterized for their total phenolic profile using colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Human THP-1 monocytes were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10 5 /well) and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 ȝg/mL) for 48 h to induce macrophage differentiation. After 48 h, the differentiated macrophages were washed with Hank's buffer and treated with various concentrations of test compounds for 4 h, followed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation (18 h). Borealis cultivar showed the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and anthocyanin content (p < 0.05). A negative correlation existed between the polyphenol concentration of the extracts and pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-Į), prostaglandin (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Borealis exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory OPEN ACCESS Biomolecules 2015, 5 1080 effects to COX inhibitory drug, diclofenac. The results showed that haskap berry polyphenols has the potential to act as an effective inflammation inhibitor.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men in the United Sates. It is estimated 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with PCa and approximately 180,890 new cases are predicted in 2016 alone. Standard treatments for PCa include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy or a combination of these treatments. However, factors like patient health, drug resistance, specificity, and toxicity can result in poor disease prognosis. In order to overcome these limitations and improve patient prognosis, there is an urgent need to identify new anti-cancer agents with minimal side effects. Current studies are being focused on natural products and their components for alternative therapeutics. Blue Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerule L.) a berry native to northeast Asia, is known to be rich in Vitamin C and polyphenols such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Polyphenols are found to have several therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Our present study used sequential solvent extracts of Blue Honeysuckle (BHS) berry using Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol, and Water respectively. These fractions were used to assess various therapeutic effects of BHS on DU 145, PC-3, C4-2 and LNCaP PCa cell lines. The goal was to identify the most potent BHS fraction that is effective against PCa using pre-clinical studies. MTT assays were used to identify the anti-proliferative effects of various BHS fractions. The above indicated PCa cells were treated with different doses (10-150 µg/mL) of BHS factions over various time periods (24, 48, 72 hr). Our data revealed that Hexane extract (HE) exhibited the highest inhibition of cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner. HE fraction showed to have an IC50 of 89.6 μg/mL for DU 145, 117.4 μg/mL for PC-3, 163.3 μg/mL for C4-2 and 140.84 for LNCaP cells. Moreover, BHS HE fraction showed a decrease in migration capacity and colony formation ability of PCa cells in vitro. Cellular senescence assay was performed to assess β-Galactosidase activity in PCa cells treated with BHS HE extract. All the PCa cell lines treated with 100 µg/mL of BHS HE showed increased senescence. Western blotting was performed to identify the potential anti-cancer mechanism of BHS against PCa using DU 145 and PC-3 cell lines. Results from this study indicated that DU 145 and PC-3 cell lines after 24 hr treatment with 100 μg/mL of various BHS fractions especially BHS HE showed an increase in apoptosis (Caspase 3,8,9 and PARP-1) and autophagy (LC3 A/B) markers. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis of DU 145 and PC-3 cells treated with BHS HE extract showed increased apoptotic cells. Further analysis of apoptotic and autophagy pathways modulated by BHS treatments are required to illustrate its potential underlying anti-cancer mechanisms in PCa. In conclusion, results from our study warrant further evaluation of BHS berry for potential PCa management.
Citation Format: Syed M. Ali, Alex Ourth, Chun-Tao Che, Mian-Ying Wang, Gnanasekar Munirathinam. Anti-cancer evaluation of various solvent extracts of blue honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) against prostate cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1592. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1592
Lonicera caerulea L. berry polyphenols (LCBP) are considered as major components for the bioactivities. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by monitoring inflammatory and antioxidant mediator actions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse paw edema and macrophage cell model. LCBP significantly attenuated LPS-induced paw edema (3.0 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.1 mm, P < 0.05) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, 100.9 ± 2.3 to 58.3 ± 14.5 ng/ml), interleukin (IL)-10 (1596.1 ± 424.3 to 709.7 ± 65.7 pg/ml), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (1761.9 ± 208.3 to 1369.1 ± 56.4 pg/ml), IL-6 (1262.8 ± 71.7 to 499.0 ± 67.1 pg/ml), IL-4 (93.3 ± 25.7 to 50.7 ± 12.5 pg/ml), IL-12(p-70) (580.4 ± 132.0 to 315.2 ± 35.1 pg/ml), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 2045.5 ± 264.9 to 1270.7 ± 158.6 pg/ml). Cell signaling analysis revealed that LCBP inhibited transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in earlier response. Moreover, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and (-)epicatechin (EC), two major components of LCBP, directly bound to TAK1. These data demonstrated that LCBP might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by modulating both inflammatory and antioxidant mediators.
Aronia berries, [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott var. Moscow (Rosaceae)], originate from North America and have been traditionally used in Native American medicine. Extracts, subfractions, isolated anthocyanins and isolated procyanidins B2, B5 and C1 from berries and bark of A. melanocarpa were investigated for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Four different bioassays were used, namely scavenging of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO), inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) and inhibition of α-glucosidase. Among the anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-arabinoside possessed the strongest and cyanidin 3-xyloside the weakest radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory activity. These effects seem to be influenced by the sugar units linked to the anthocyanidin. Subfractions enriched in procyanidins were found to be potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, they possessed high radical scavenging properties, strong inhibitory activity towards 15-LO and moderate inhibitory activity towards XO. Trimeric procyanidin C1 showed higher activity in the biological assays compared to the dimeric procyanidins B2 and B5. This study suggests that different polyphenolic compounds of Aronia may have beneficial effects in reducing blood glucose levels due to inhibition of α-glucosidase and, provided sufficient bioavailability, may have a potential to alleviate oxidative stress.
The structural determination of five anthocyanins extracted from the berries of Haskaap, Lonicera caerulea L., was carried out by HPLC analysis, degradation and spectroscopic experiments. The two major pigments were established as cyanidin 3-glucoside and 3, 5-diglucoside. The minor two were identified as cyanidin 3-rutinoside and 3-gentiobioside, while the remaining one has not been identified yet.
The objective of the present study is to determine whether blue honeysuckle lyophilized concentrated powder (BH) has favorable effects on hypothyroidism and related reproductive organ damage. Hypothyroidism was induced by 9 subcutaneous administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) for 28 days. Levothyroxine (LT4)-treated group was intraperitoneally injected with LT4 for the same period, while for BH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) or Flos Lonicerae lyophilized aqueous extract (LF, 250 mg/kg)-treated groups, the test materials were orally administrated for 42 days: two weeks before PTU injection and during PTU administration. The changes in serum thyroid hormone levels, serum male sex hormone levels, and testis antioxidant defense system were observed by histopathology of the thyroid gland, epididymis, prostate, and testis. The oral administrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of BH showed favorable effects compared to LF on hypothyroidism and related damages of reproductive organs through augmentation of the antioxidant defense system in the testis. In conclusion, BH is a promising new potent thyroid gland protecting agent. © 2016, Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics. All rights reserved.
Scope:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common disease that closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCP) are reported to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to study the protective effects and mechanisms of LCP on NASH in a high fat diet (HFD) plus carbon tetrachloride (CCL4 )-induced mouse model.
Methods and results:
Mice were fed with HFD containing LCP (0.5-1%) or not, and then administrated with CCL4 to induce NASH. Liver sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin stain, serum transaminases and lipids were measured by clinical analyzer, insulin was examined by ELISA, cytokines were determined by multiplex technology, and hepatic proteins were detected by western blotting. LCP improved histopathological features of NASH with lower levels of lipid peroxidation and cytokines including G-CSF, IL-3, IL-4, MIP-1β, IL-6, IL-5, KC, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-1α, eotaxin, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, IL-17, and RANTES. Further molecular analysis revealed that LCP increased the expression of Nrf2 and MnSOD, but decreased FoxO1 and HO-1 in the liver of NASH mice.
Conclusion:
Dietary supplementation of LCP ameliorated inflammation and lipid peroxidation by up-regulating Nrf2 and MnSOD, and down-regulating FoxO1 and HO-1 in NASH. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones, which enhances the hormone-induced oxidative stress responsible for some complications in the liver, heart and muscle. Blue honeysuckle (BH) is an edible berry, rich in polyphenols, especially flavonoids or anthocyanins, known as strong antioxidants. The chemo-protective activities of the berry have been connected to the improvement of symptoms in cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumor or cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of BH were examined in hyperthyroidism rat model. The hyperthyroidism was induced by injection with levothyroxine (LT4), and the model was treated with distilled water (LT4 control), propylthiouracil (PTU) or BH at 3 dosages of 500, 250 and 125[Formula: see text]mg/kg. The treatment was performed once a day for 15 days. Compared to LT4 control, the oral administration of BH dose-dependently ameliorated the hyperthyroidism, reducing thyroid hormones and increasing thyroid stimulating hormones. These effects were accompanied by improvement of body weight loss and atrophy in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. BH treatments also reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT), which suggests BH exerts protective effects on hepatocytes. BH might also be involved in the augmentation of the anti-oxidant activities, supported by increased endogenous antioxidant (glutathione). In addition, the histopathological analyses revealed the beneficial effects of BH on the atrophic changes and cellular injuries in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. The therapeutic potentials of BH were either similar or more effective than PTU. These results provide valuable information that will guide more detailed studies to use the BH as a complementary and alternative medicine.