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The potential health benefits of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.): Role of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
... Haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.), also known as blue honeysuckle, honeyberry, or sweet berry honeysuckle, is native to Siberia, China, and Japan and is a recently commercialized berry in North America (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). Haskap berry is a rich source of anthocyanins and (poly)phenols with a notable enrichment of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G), a potent anti-inflammatory agent. ...
... Haskap berries, often referred to as a superfood, have garnered interest for their highly enriched bioactive (poly)phenols predominantly anthocyanins i.e. C3G (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). In the present study, we investigated the potential of a C3G-rich haskap berry extract (CE) in alleviating the effects of an HFHS obesogenic diet. ...
... Haskap berries have a greater amount of anthocyanins (>200 mg/ 100 g FW) compared to other berries, such as cranberries, Saskatoon berries or high-bush blueberries (<100 mg C3GE /100 g FW). Moreover, compared to other anthocyanins, C3G has more bioavailability and is readily absorbed in the small intestine (Rupasinghe, Arumuggam, Amararathna, & De Silva, 2018). In our study, the BP-and CEsupplemented diets have been expressed as mg C3GE/g DW and comprised of 1.69 mg total anthocyanins (C3GE) per mouse per day which is equivalent to 320 mg total anthocyanin per day for a human. ...
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berry is enriched in anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G). It remains unknown whether C3G counteracts metabolic alterations of the pathogenesis of obesity. In this study, mice were fed high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet supplemented either with C3G-rich extract (HFHS + CE) or berry powder with low C3G (HFHS + BP). Mice fed HFHS + CE displayed short-term protection against weight gain, independent of food intake. HFHS + CE mice had lower hepatic diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols content and reduced expression of key lipogenic transcription factors. These metabolic changes also translated into improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed altered gut microbiota composition in the HFHS + CE group. In summary, we demonstrate that C3G enrichment in the HFHS diet attenuates short-term weight gain, decreases hepatic lipid content by suppressing key lipogenic gene expression and improves glucose homeostasis during obesity development, supporting the therapeutic utility of C3G as a bioactive phytonutrient to manage obesity-related complications.
... Thus, the rich content in anthocyanidins differentiates L. caerulea from other edible Lonicera species. Finally, another group of phenols present in haskap fruits are proanthocyanidins [27,67,68]. Haskap fruits are known for their high content of anthocyanins (from 400 to 1500 mg/100 g) [45]. ...
... Among minerals, iron, potassium, and manganese are the most abundant, with 10,000-30,000 mg/kg DW [68]. Vitamin C is another component with important health benefits, with concentrations of 85-300 mg/kg, and even up to 1860 mg/kg FW according to some authors, which are among the highest found in known fruits [28,81]. ...
... Among minerals, iron, potassium, and manganese are the most abundant, with 10,000-30,000 mg/kg DW [68]. ...
Lonicera caerulaea L. and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot fruits are frequently used for their health benefits as they are rich in bioactive compounds. They are recognized as a source of natural and valuable phytonutrients, which makes them a superfood. L. caerulea presents antioxidant activity three to five times higher than other berries which are more commonly consumed, such as blackberries or strawberries. In addition, their ascorbic acid level is the highest among fruits. The species A. melanocarpa is considered one of the richest known sources of antioxidants, surpassing currants, cranberries, blueberries, elderberries, and gooseberries, and contains one of the highest amounts of sorbitol. The non-edible leaves of genus Aronia became more extensively analyzed as a byproduct or waste material due to their high polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid content, along with a small amount of anthocyanins, which are used as ingredients in nutraceuticals, herbal teas, bio-cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, food and by the pharmaceutical industry. These plants are a rich source of vitamins, tocopherols, folic acid, and carotenoids. However, they remain outside of mainstream fruit consumption, being well known only to a small audience. This review aims to shed light on L. caerulaea and A. melanocarpa and their bioactive compounds as healthy superfoods with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic effects, and hepato-, cardio-, and neuro-protective potential. In this view, we hope to promote their cultivation and processing, increase their commercial availability, and also highlight the ability of these species to be used as potential nutraceutical sources, helpful for human health.
... Blue honeysuckle contains multiple anthocyanins [3,7], including cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-rutinoside, the major anthocyanin in blue honeysuckle berry was identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside [8,9], accounting for 79-88% of total anthocyanins [10]. Blue honeysuckle has been developed into food products, in early 20th century, Russia used the blue honeysuckle berries to make jam and drink for astronauts because of high anthocyanins content [11], it also can be processed into many kinds of functional food, such as juice, dried fruit, fruit wine, fruit tea, yogurt, ice cream, freeze-dried powder, freeze-dried snacks, blue honeysuckle purees and canned blue honeysuckle, the color of most of blue honeysuckle foods are purple, because the color of anthocyanins is purple-red with high antioxidant ability [12][13][14][15][16][17], the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), C3G derived from blue honeysuckle fruit has been reported that it has beneficial effects on whole body metabolism as a food Functional raw material, C3G enrichment in the diet attenuates weight gain [18,19]. ...
... The results showed that the current method is precise and stable. Blue honeysuckle is rich in anthocyanins, the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is C3G [19,33]. The C3G content reported for Canada-bred blue honeysuckle varieties range between 68 and 649 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) [6,19,34]. ...
... Blue honeysuckle is rich in anthocyanins, the major bioactive anthocyanin of blue honeysuckle is C3G [19,33]. The C3G content reported for Canada-bred blue honeysuckle varieties range between 68 and 649 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) [6,19,34]. C3G in blue honeysuckle constituted 221 mg/100 g FW (82%) and 170 mg/100 g FW in Polish bred 'Zielona' and Canada bred 'Borealis' cultivars, respectively [35][36][37]. In this study, the average C3G content in "Berel", "Lanjingling", "Wulan" is 462.69, ...
Blue honeysuckle is a source of anthocyanins with great potential as a food colorant, and a healthy and functional food material, and contains much cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), which has many benefits for human health. A rapid, reliable, accurate quantification method of anthocyanin content in different varieties of blue honeysuckle is critical to help in breeding and selecting excellent varieties which are used in the food processing industry and healthcare industry. Our objective was to verify the modified quantification method of C3G and quantified C3G content in three blue honeysuckle varieties of ‘Berel’, ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Wulan’ using the modified HPLC method by Agilent 1200 system and CAPCELL PAK C18 column (150 mmⅹ4.6 mm, I. D., 5 μm, Japan), with detection at 530 nm, the solvent flow rate was 1 mL/min, the temperature of the column chamber is 35 °C. The results indicated that the modified method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 = 0.999), precision (RSD = 0.61%), stability (RSD = 5.23%), and recovery with a good level, and C3G can be quickly quantified in blue honeysuckle. In addition, ‘Wulan’ contains the highest C3G level compared with ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Berel’.
... mg·100 g −1 ( Table 2). The results obtained in this study are comparable to those obtained by Rupasinghe et al. [9]; the C3G content of Lonicera caerulea fruit ranged from 68 to 649 mg·100 g −1 . C3G content was comparable to that reported by Khattab et al. [35], and the C3G content in the fruit of the cultivars 'Tundra', 'Berry Blue' and 'Indigo gem' reached 79-88% of the total anthocyanin content. ...
... C3G content was comparable to that reported by Khattab et al. [35], and the C3G content in the fruit of the cultivars 'Tundra', 'Berry Blue' and 'Indigo gem' reached 79-88% of the total anthocyanin content. The C3G content of the Lonicera caerulea fruit was significantly higher compared to the strawberry fruit (3.7 mg·100 g −1 ), blueberry (3.0 mg·100 g −1 ), and the cranberry (0.7 mg·100 g −1 ) [9]. C3G is the most prevalent anthocyanin in edible fruits and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemotherapeutic, and epige-netic effects [9]. ...
... The C3G content of the Lonicera caerulea fruit was significantly higher compared to the strawberry fruit (3.7 mg·100 g −1 ), blueberry (3.0 mg·100 g −1 ), and the cranberry (0.7 mg·100 g −1 ) [9]. C3G is the most prevalent anthocyanin in edible fruits and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemotherapeutic, and epige-netic effects [9]. Fruits with a larger diameter and harvested at the optimal harvest time will have a higher anthocyanin content due to the larger skin area [15]. ...
Lonicera caerulea fruits are a rich source of vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, which are characterised by their health-promoting properties. The content of bioactive compounds in this fruit may vary depending on the cultivar and the harvest date. The fruits of the L. caerulea var. kamtschatica cultivars ‘Duet’ and ‘Aurora’ and the L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx cultivars ‘Lori’, ‘Colin’ and ‘Willa’ were used in this study. L. emphyllocalyx fruit, especially the cultivar ‘Willa’, was characterised as having a higher acidity by an average of 29.96% compared to L. kamtschatica. The average ascorbic acid content of the L. kamtschatica fruit was
53.5 mg·100 g−1 f.w., while L. emphyllocalyx fruit had an average content that was 14.14% lower. The antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) varied according to the cultivar and the species of fruit analysed. The total polyphenol content differed significantly depending on the cultivar analysed; fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar ‘Willa’ were characterised by the lowest content of total polyphenols—416.94 mg GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—while the highest content of total
polyphenols—747.85 GAE·100 g−1 f.w.—was found in the fruits of the L. emphyllocalyx cultivar ‘Lori’. Lonicera caerulea fruits contained 26 different phenolic compounds in their compositions, of which the highest content was characterised by cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (average: 347.37 mg·100 g−1). On the basis of this study, it appears that both L. kamtschatica fruits and L. emphyllocalyx fruits, especially of
the cultivars ‘Lori’ and ‘Willa’, can be used in food processing.
... A wide range of bioactive compounds with proven health-promoting properties have been identified in blue honeysuckle berry. Lonicera caerulea is a rich source of vitamin C, polyphenols, among which anthocyanins (especially cyanidin-3-glucoside), flavan-3-ols (proanthocyanidins, catechin), phenolic acids (especially chlorogenic acid), flavonols (quercetin derivatives) and flavones (luteolin derivatives) should be mentioned [38]. Furthermore, iridoids are an important group of compounds identified in blue honeysuckle berry fruits, despite they are not widely present in fruits. ...
... Anthocyanins are pigments commonly found in the plant world, imparting colours ranging from pink through blue to dark purple. Many scientific publications have also confirmed antioxidant, anticancer, inflammatory [4], cardio-protective and anti-diabetic properties of blue honeysuckle berry fruit [38]. ...
... Three types of hydroxycinnamic acids were identified: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid (Table 5). According to the available literature, chlorogenic acid is the phenolic acid most abundant in blue honeysuckle berry [38], which is consistent with present study. However, studies have also proven that the content of this acid is highly dependent on climatic and agrotechnical conditions of cultivation [17]. ...
Ultrasound (US) assisted thawing of blue honeysuckle berry was utilized in order to reduce the losses of bioactive components (ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, iridoids, proanthocyanins) and increase the extraction efficiency during juice processing. It was analysed whether it was more beneficial to apply US (alone or with enzymatic treatment) to the frozen state, until reaching the cryoscopic temperature or thawed state. Both the US and enzymatic treatment significantly increased the extraction efficiency, extract content, acidity and the content of iridoids and chlorogenic acid in juices, especially if the US was applied to 50°C. It was probably due to a higher extractivity by the greater damage of the tissue and detexturation. Enzymatic treatment due to long heating contributed to a higher degradation of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and proanthocyanidins, which are more heat-sensitive. The results of the study mainly indicated the possibility of including ultrasound-assisted thawing in the fruit processing before pressing the juices. This may replace costly enzymatic treatment.
... Among others, there are studies describing mechanisms of anti-tumor role of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), quercetin (QUE), resveratrol (RES) and chlorogenic acid (CHL) targeting epigenetic mechanisms in breast, prostate, pancreatic, colon, lung and skin cancer [6]. In honeysuckle berries, anthocyanins and CHL comprise the majority of phenolic compounds [7]. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, CHL and catechins of honeysuckle berries are reported as a potential herbal agent to cure type 2 diabetes via the inhibition of α-amylase activity and reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia [8,9]. ...
... Generally, the content of bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables seems to be strongly affected by abiotic and biotic factors, such as the pre-harvest climatic conditions (the light and temperature, their antioxidant role in the cellular system, quantity of nitrogen fertilizers, fruit maturity), harvest time, post-harvest procedures, storage time and genotypic differences and their antioxidant role in the cellular system [11,17]. Thus, changeable composition of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle berries, leaves and flowers has been documented in connection with the environmental conditions, locality, horticultural management, cultivars and ripening times, as well as applied extraction methods [7]. ...
... g kg −1 fw [1]. Finally, great differences in vitamin C contents varying between 0.29 and 1.87 g kg −1 fw were published [7]. ...
Honeysuckles are frost tolerant plants providing early-ripening fruits with health-promoting properties which have been used in traditional medicine in China. This study evaluates the impact of the climatic conditions of two areas on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AOA; by DPPH—2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and photochemiluminescence assays) of eight cultivars of honeysuckle berries (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica Pojark) of various ripening times. Expectedly, chemical composition and AOA values varied depending on the cultivars, locality and selected methods. Berries from Lednice (the area with more sunshine) showed higher average contents of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAC; pH differential absorbance method), vitamins C and E and total phenolics (high-performance liquid chromatography). In contrast, berries from Žabčice (the area with more rain) performed higher average contents of total phenolics and flavonoids (UV/VIS spectroscopic analyses). Interestingly, fundamental amounts of chlorogenic acid were determined irrespective of the locality. Regarding TMAC and vitamin C content, early ripening Amphora from both areas has been assessed as the best cultivar; concerning the content of phenolic compounds, Fialka from both areas and Amphora from Lednice is considered as the most valuable. The obtained results may facilitate the selection of the most valuable cultivars for both producers and consumers.
... They can be limited, among others through a proper diet, rich in fruit, especially those with both high antioxidant activity and content of polyphenols (Korczyński et al., 2015). A high total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity are typical for blue honeysuckle berries (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Grobelna et al., 2019) and determine the edible value and health benefits of this plant. The chemical composition of berries varies depending on genetic factors (cultivar), climate, weather conditions, as well as agronomic practices (Szot and Wieniarska, 2012). ...
... The chemical composition of berries varies depending on genetic factors (cultivar), climate, weather conditions, as well as agronomic practices (Szot and Wieniarska, 2012). Fully ripened fruits contain between 12.4 and 20.3 % of dry matter, with a predominance of fructose and glucose (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Grobelna et al., 2020). The noteworthy among bioactive compounds are anthocyanins (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Grobelna et al., 2019). ...
... Fully ripened fruits contain between 12.4 and 20.3 % of dry matter, with a predominance of fructose and glucose (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Grobelna et al., 2020). The noteworthy among bioactive compounds are anthocyanins (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Grobelna et al., 2019). The most abundant anthocyanin is cyanidin-3glucoside (79-92 %), whereas cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, peonidin-3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin-3-glucoside occur in smaller amounts (Wang et al., 2016;Grobelna et al., 2020). ...
The honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, has been used for a long time in Chinese, Japanese and Russian folk medicine. Nowadays, the fruits of honeysuckle are becoming more and more popular also in Europe – mainly in Poland, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia because of valuable medicinal
properties and they are popularly used as an ingredient of dietary supplements and medicinal preparations. The fruits of Lonicera caerulea are rich in phenolics, especially anthocyanins and vitamin C. The major bioactive anthocyanin of haskap is cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). Consumption of high amounts of an antioxidant substance may have
a positive impact on human health, particularly the prevention of cancer and inflammatory diseases. The berries of blue honeysuckle containing a significant amount of biologically active substances can be included into the group of so-called “superfruits“. Consumers are constantly seeking better alternatives, healthier products of plant origin, to rule
out negative aspects, and this will be an alternative to widely existing food products. In addition, the growing interest of producers in new products rich in health-promoting properties makes them more attractive to the consumer. The content and health properties of the fruit were identified to be dependent on the cultivar, genotype, and the place of harvesting. This paper reviews and highlights the limited nutritional and therapeutic information currently available on the honeysuckle.
... Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.), an emerging commercial berry, has been known for its health benefits among the people of Russia, Japan, and Northeastern China for centuries [1]. Japanese aborigines called it the "elixir of life". ...
... Haskap berries are rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, which can act as antioxidants within biological systems, promoting health [2]. Haskap consumption has also been reported to promote anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective health benefits [1,3,4]. Previous studies asserting implications for human health were based on in vitro analysis, as well as preclinical trials in animal models and humans [5,6]. ...
This research is the first study on the influence of juicing methods on the ‘Aurora’ haskap juice quality. Three common juice extraction methods, namely, using a steam juicer, a centrifugal juicer, and a bladder wine press, were applied for haskap juice extraction. Both physicochemical assays and tests of antioxidant activities were employed to evaluate the qualities of the haskap juice. Generally, the centrifugal juicer increased and the steam juicer reduced concentrations of measured juice components relative to the press. The juice from the centrifugal juicer had the highest cloudiness. Sugar concentrations were about 40% lower in steam juice compared to the centrifugal juicer. Pressed juice had a slightly lower soluble solid content than the juice made with the centrifugal juicer and concentrations of glucose and fructose were similar between these methods. The methods altered pH and malic acid content without affecting the concentrations of tartaric and malic acids. Similar effects of juicing methods were seen in secondary compounds associated with health benefits and antioxidant capacities. Anthocyanin concentrations in press and centrifugal juicer extracts were similar, about 1.6 times higher than steam juicer extracts. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities were from two to four times higher in the centrifugal juicer extraction compared to steam juicing. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoid content in the haskap juice was increased by centrifugal juicing and decreased by steam juicing compared to the press. Overall, the juice extracted with the centrifugal juicer had concentrations of juice components that were 1.5–2 times higher than the steam juicer. The pressed juice had similar to slightly lower concentrations of components compared to the centrifugal juicer.
... has become a prevalent research object in the field of flavonoids relatively. Recent research has reported that C3G has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferation, anti-cancer, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activities (2). However, the absorption efficiency and efficacy of C3G are limited in the human body due to its low stability and bioavailability. ...
... Caco-2 cells incubated with C3G-NL presented lower viability than those incubated with C3G under the same concentration. As is known to all, C3G could inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and the presence of lecithin increases the release efficiency of C3G (2,4). Furthermore, we found the survival rate of RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS was more than 70% in the range of 0-2.5 µg/mL, indicating no significant differences of cytotoxicity of the LPS among all the groups ( Figure 3B). ...
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), which is the widest and richest anthocyanin (ACN) found in the edible fruit and vegetables, has been illustrated to perform a wide range of bioactivities. Nanoliposomes can inhibit C3G degradation and enhance the absorption rate of C3G as tools for conveying materials to particular locations. This experiment aims to study the absorption, transport and anti-inflammatory effects of C3G nanoliposomes in Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model, which symbolizes an intestinal inflammation system. The results indicated that the uptake and transport of C3G nanoliposomes by Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model were concentration-dependent as well as affected by temperature (37 and 4°C) and endocytic inhibitors, which revealed C3G nanoliposomes penetrate cells via endocytosis. Moreover, compared with C3G, C3G nanoliposomes significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8), suggesting a stronger anti-inflammatory potential. Conclusively, the uptake of C3G nanoliposomes by Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model is mainly involved in macropinocytosis and endocytosis mediated by carrier protein (clathrin). C3G nanoliposomes may play a better role in the treatment of LPS-induced intestinal inflammation diseases.
... Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L., commonly known as blue honeysuckle) is an emerging food that might also possess health-promoting properties due to the high anthocyanin and (poly)phenol content [18]. These deep-purple fruits have been consumed by the Ainu (indigenous people from Hokkaid Island, Japan) for centuries and are proposed to contribute to their life longevity [19,20]. ...
... In another murine model, C3G was shown to decrease inflammation in muscular dystrophy [26]. Furthermore, Rupasinghe et al. [18] reviewed evidence that showed Haskap berry and associated C3G reduce immune cell infiltration and the expression of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as well as a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme macrophages. Finally, a recent study [27] has shown an upregulation of antioxidant gene and protein expression that were thought to be mediated by Nrf2 expression, and associated with preserved muscle function following strenuous resistance exercise. ...
Background:
Food high in (poly)phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, have the potential to improve exercise recovery and exercise performance. Haskap berries are rich in anthocyanins, but no research has examined the potential to improve human performance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Haskap berry on parameters of endurance running performance.
Methods:
Using a double-blind, placebo controlled, independent groups design, 30 male recreational runners (mean ± SD age, 33 ± 7 years; stature, 178.2 ± 7.2 cm; mass, 77.7 ± 10.6 kg; V˙O2peak, 52.2 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min) volunteered to participate. Following familiarisation, volunteers visited the laboratory twice (separated by seven days) to assess submaximal, maximal and 5 km time trial running performance. After the first visit, volunteers were randomly assigned to consume either the Haskap berry intervention or an isocaloric placebo control.
Results:
There were modest changes in heart rate and V˙O2 at submaximal intensities (p < 0.05). Time to exhaustion during the V˙O2peak test was longer in the Haskap group by 20 s (p = 0.031). Additionally, 5 km time trial performance was improved in the Haskap group by ~21 s (p = 0.016), which equated to a 0.25 km/h increase in mean running speed compared to the placebo control; this represented a >2% improvement in running performance.
Conclusions:
The application of this newly identified functional food to athletes has the capacity to improve endurance running performance.
... https://doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-HORTSCI Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a recently commercialized berry crop in North America and is expanding rapidly partly due to the potential healthpromoting properties of the berries (Rupasinghe et al. 2018;De Silva, Rupasinghe 2020). The haskap berry is unique due to the greater abundance of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) when compared with other cultivated berry crops. ...
... The lowbush blueberry and highbush blueberry contained comparatively lower values, 347 mg GAE/100 g of FW and 158 mg GAE/100 g of FW, respectively (Table 2). Previous studies of the phenolic content of the haskap have shown 428 to 623 mg GAE/100 g of FW (Rupasinghe et al. 2012;Rupasinghe et al. 2018) and 575 to 903 mg GAE 100/g of FW (Rop et al. 2011). The total phenolic content of the highbush blueberry was significantly lower than that of the haskap and lowbush blueberry. ...
The haskap has been successfully cultivated in many geographical zones in Canada. We investigated whether the latitude has any impact on the anthocyanin accumulation and total antioxidant capacity in the haskap berry. The measured quality attributes were compared with that of the blueberry. Haskap ‘Aurora’ berries were collected from Yukon, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia in Canada, and blueberries were collected from Nova Scotia. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), the most abundant anthocyanin of haskap berry, the total anthocyanins, the total polyphenols, the soluble solids (°Brix), the pH value, the total antioxidant capacity, and the moisture content were determined. The results revealed that the total anthocyanin, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of the haskap range between 88 to 273 mg C3GE/100 g fresh weight (FW), 256 to 442 mg GAE/100 g of FW, and 27 to 52 µmol TE/g FW, respectively. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) analysis revealed that the C3G contained in the haskap berry is highly dependent on the harvest stage. Among the samples, the haskap berry harvested on July 19, 2019, from the Yukon had the highest C3G content. Interestingly, the total anthocyanin content of the haskap berry is comparable to that of the lowbush blueberry, but higher than the highbush blueberry. A systematic multi-year experiment employing many cultivars and growing locations is recommended to better understand the latitude effect.
... Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a shrub in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) with blue berries that are exceptionally high in antioxidants and have numerous documented health benefits, including antiinflammatory and anti-diabetic properties (Rupasinghe et al. 2012;Viljoen et al. 2012;Rupasinghe et al. 2018;De Silva and Rupasinghe 2020). The flavor of preferred cultivars has been described as a cross between a blueberry and a raspberry (Bors et al. 2015). ...
... Samples of juice were titrated to pH 8.2 with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Results are expressed in g citric acid L −1 of solution, as citric acid is the predominant acid in haskaps (Rupasinghe et al. 2018), according the following calculation, adapted from the manufacturer's guide (Hach Inc. 2019): (2019); two principal experiments (2020A, 2020B) plus a follow-up (2020C) were performed in 2020. ...
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a relatively new berry crop in North America, and little research exists regarding its postharvest storage characteristics or storage life. Postharvest changes in berry quality, and principal factors limiting storage life at 1.1 °C and 95% relative humidity, were evaluated up to 14 days for three cultivars in 2019 and up to 28 days for six cultivars in 2020. Containerized berries were periodically assessed for soluble solids content (SSC), skin rupture force (SRF) (both 2019 and 2020) and flesh firmness, titratable acidity (TA), and Brix/acid ratio (B/A) (2020 only). External appearance was also evaluated both years, revealing berry shrivel as the primary factor negatively impacting visual appeal, followed distantly by low incidence of spoilage later in storage. All cultivars exhibited relatively constant postharvest SSC and decreasing SRF, flesh firmness, and TA (resulting in increasing B/A ratio). Postharvest quality differed slightly between years; relative SRF was consistent among cultivars while SSC was not. Some cultivars had a portion of shriveled berries at harvest, pointing to a need for cultivar-specific harvest indices. Mean days to slight shrivel for individual berries varied among cultivars evaluated, ranging from 7.5–21.9 d postharvest, with mean weight loss ranging from 1.2%–1.6% at this stage. Combined with group marketability estimates — set at a threshold of 10% severely shriveled berries — we estimate a storage life of 7–10 d for fresh haskaps. Additional research is needed to delineate maturation physiology and optimize harvest timing.
... The fruits of blue honeysuckle are noted for their abundant nutrient content, including amino acids, vitamins, mineral elements, and anthocyanins, and the products derived from these fruits, including juices, wines, jams, and canned fruit, are particularly popular (Celli et al., 2014). Moreover, these fruits are also used as raw materials for the extraction of natural edible pigments, which have broad potential applications (Vasantha et al., 2018). ...
... Moreover, the obtained data highlights the effectiveness of the HP-20 column (diaion resin column) in the isolation and the separation of phenolic compounds from DES solvent, cyaniding-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin (which is a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds) related to the coloring of plant, flower, and fruits. various studies have investigated the antioxidant potential of C3G which displayed a stronger antioxidant activity than that of ascorbic acid over the same concentration and effectively scavenged ROS (Sun et al., 2012;Rupasinghe et al., 2018). On the other hand, rutin is a vital phytochemical with multiple pharmacological activities. ...
... Moreover, the obtained data highlights the effectiveness of the HP-20 column (diaion resin column) in the isolation and the separation of phenolic compounds from DES solvent, cyaniding-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin (which is a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds) related to the coloring of plant, flower, and fruits. various studies have investigated the antioxidant potential of C3G which displayed a stronger antioxidant activity than that of ascorbic acid over the same concentration and effectively scavenged ROS (Sun et al., 2012;Rupasinghe et al., 2018). On the other hand, rutin is a vital phytochemical with multiple pharmacological activities. ...
... Besides, they have anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic effects [27,28]. In addition, researchers proved their strong cardio-protective and neuroprotective properties [29,30]. So these features promoted the possibility of their use for food or pharmaceutical applications. ...
The objective of this study is to optimize a new extraction method of plum peels phenolics and its application in food industries, based on the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolic compounds followed by their encapsulation by spray drying. Maltodextrin percentage in the coating material (30–70%), coating to core ratio (2:1–4:1) and air inlet temperature (130–190 °C) were selected as the independent variables according to a Box Behnken design, and their effects on response variables (encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency and moisture content) were evaluated. Optimum conditions were a maltodextrin percentage of 60%, a coating to core ratio of 4:1 and an inlet temperature of 190 °C. Under these conditions, the experimental response variables were an encapsulation efficiency of 94.64%, an encapsulation yield of 76.97% and a moisture content of 1.29% and were in strong agreement with predicted values. Detailed physicochemical analyses revealed that the optimum microcapsules had the high solubility and encapsulation efficiency, acceptable electrical and thermal stability and good morphological structure. Microcapsules color and antioxidant capacity were preserved during storage. These findings suggest the effectiveness of the optimized spray drying process for producing high quality microcapsules and the possibility of their use in functional foods or pharmaceutical products.
... Its diverse and high content of phytochemicals also provided hepatoprotective activity and potential benefits in neurodegenerative diseases [9]. Haskap berries have an increased content of anthocyanins, in particular of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, compared to other berries, such as strawberries, blueberries, cranberries and chokeberries [6]. ...
Lonicera caerulea L., (blue honeysuckle, blue honeyberry or haskap) is an Eastern Siberian shrub with fruits known to have potential medicinal applications. The aim of this paper was to investigate the physico-chemical properties, composition and the correlation to the total antioxidant capacity of some fluid extracts of haskap berries for their use as nutraceuticals. The dried fruits were collected from Moldavia region in NorthEastern Romania and the extracts were prepared at a concentration of 10% (w/v) in ethanol concentrations of 50:50 (v:v), 70:30 (v:v) and 96:4 (v:v), respectively. The total content of main bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, lycopene, lutein, vitamin C and carbohydrates was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assays. Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed by photochemiluminescence method, in comparison to Trolox®, an analogue of vitamin E, used as antioxidant standard. The obtained results emphasized that the hydroalcoholic extract in 70:30 (v:v) ethanol had significantly (p<0.01) higher content of vitamin C, carbohydrates and carotenoids than the other two extracts, and similar quantities of total phenolics, flavonoids, lycopene and lutein, In accordance, the same extract had the highest total antioxidant activity and close to
... The bio-accessibility of anthocyanin components comprising C3G through the different compartments of the digestive tract firstly start from their release from the food matrix. C3G and other anthocyanin components after liberation enter in contact with some micro-molecules, enzymes, and other phenolic compounds, which might affect their bio-accessibility [99][100][101][102][103]. Anthocyanin components including C3G have frequently been reported to poorly assimilate in the different compartments of the digestive tract or gastrointestinal track, and they have a low diffusion rate, which limits their application in functional food (foods with physiological benefits). ...
The current growing attractiveness of natural dyes around the world is a consequence of the increasing rejection of synthetic dyes whose use is increasingly criticized. The great interest in natural pigments from herbal origin such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is due to their biological properties and their health benefits. However, the chemical instability of C3G during processing and storage and its low bioavailability limits its food application. Nanoencapsulation technology using appropriate nanocarriers is revolutionizing the use of anthocyanin, including C3G. Owing to the chemical stability and functional benefits that this new nanotechnology provides to the latter, its industrial application is now extending to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. This review focuses on the various nanoencapsulation techniques used and the chemical and biological benefits induced to C3G.
... About 79-92% of the anthocyanin content of haskap berries is composed of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). C3G shows significant antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-diabetic properties [106]. It is documented that NNK-induced A/J mice treated with C3G could markedly decrease the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 in lung tissues [33]. ...
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. Cigarette smoking is strongly connected with lung cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) are the main carcinogens in cigarette smoking. Evidence has supported the correlation between these two carcinogens and lung cancer. Epidemiology analysis suggests that lung cancer can be effectively prevented through daily diet adjustments. This review aims to summarize the studies published in the past 20 years exploring dietary phytochemicals using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Dietary phytochemicals mainly include medicinal plants, beverages, fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. Moreover, the perspectives on the challenges and future directions of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will be provided. Taken together, treatment based on the consumption of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will produce more positive outcomes in the future and offer the possibility of reducing cancer risk in society.
... While the exact mechanisms of their function remain unknown, researchers are trying to link the dogmatic antioxidative property of these molecules to their neuroprotective effect [20,21]. Cy-3G exhibits not only anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities [22,23] but also neuroprotective effects in cells and rats [24][25][26]. Recently, Liu et al. showed that Cy-3G reduced the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species induced by Aβ 40 fibrillogenesis [27]. ...
The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain leads to neurotoxic effects and subsequent Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While AD is becoming more and more prevalent in modern society, therapeutic efforts targeting Aβ could be a promising solution. Currently, two natural products are reported to disintegrate preformed Aβ fibril in vitro. Meanwhile, the chemical driving force behind this phenomenon remains unknown. Taking cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3G) as an example, here we studied its interaction with different Aβ polymorphs in silico. Negative charges on different Aβ polymorphs draw the interaction with the flavylium cation on Cy-3G. Our results show that Aβ in a single peptide form in solution exposed more hydrophobic solvent accessible surface area than its fibril structure (per protomer), and Cy-3G interacts more intensively with the single peptide form than fibril as indicated by more hydrogen bonding formed and more amino acid residues involved in their hydrophobic interactions. Thus, the single Aβ peptide aggregation into fibril and fibril dissociation into single peptide equilibrium could be disturbed by the preferential binding of Cy-3G to the monomeric Aβ peptide, which leads to the disassembly of the pathogenic Aβ fibril. This study offers a novel perspective of Cy-3G alleviated AD syndrome beyond its dogmatic antioxidant activity.
... Pgd-3-glu is highly correlated with α-glucosidase activity, which can prevent blood sugar spikes and facilitate efficient diabetes management. Rupasinghe et al. (2018), studying Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) which presents 79-92% of Cyn-3-glu in its composition, indicated significative antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties of Cyn-3-glu-rich preparations and Cyn-3-glu alone both in vitro and in vivo. ...
Strawberry cultivation is related to the interaction of cultivars with the environment and the adopted cultivation system. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production of strawberry cultivars on a bench under organic management. The experiments were conducted in location Verê, in 2016/2017, and in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná State, Brazil, during 2017/2018. A completely randomized design was used in both locations, with six cultivars and four replications. The evaluated production traits were total production of fruits per plant (TFP), commercial production fruit per plant (CFP), total number of fruits per plant (TNF), commercial number of fruits per plant (CNF), and average fresh fruit mass (AFFM). Fruit quality parameters were also measured: pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), and the TSS/TTA ratio. Regarding the content of anthocyanins, the compounds pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pgd-3-glu), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cyn-3-glu), and pelargonidin chloride were identified by HPLC–DAD, and total phenols were determined by colorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu. The neutral-day cultivars Portola and San Andreas presented the highest production in both locations, while short-day cultivars presented the lowest. Otherwise, the short-day cultivars Camino Real and Pircinque presented the best composition in terms of quality parameters, anthocyanins, and total phenols, respectively. It indicates that the short-day cultivars do not present adaptation for the region where they were evaluated. More studies are necessary to identify short-day cultivars with adaptation for the southwest region of Paraná state, Brazil.
... The existence of abundant 3,5-diglycosyl-anthocyanins is a unique feature of BGAs. This is confirmed by the reports in common berries including blue honeysuckle, grape, haskap and sweet cherry [3,[48][49][50], where 3-monoglycosyl-anthocyanins are the primary anthocyanins, and 3,5-diglycosylanthocyanins are present only in a small proportion. The most common naturally occurring anthocyanidins are cyanidin (Cy, 50%), Dp (12%), Pn (12%), pelargonidin (Pg, 12%), Mv (7%) and Pt (7%) ( Figure 1A) [47], and Pt is rarely present in berries [51]. ...
Lycium ruthenicum is a therapeutic plant and its fruits (black goji) are commonly used as
a traditional Chinese medicine. This review comprehensively discusses the recent research developments of black goji anthocyanins (BGAs), including chemical compositions, biosynthesis, color properties and health benefits. Among the 39 identified BGAs, most are 3,5-diglycoside derivatives of petunidin (>95%) with an individual anthocyanin [petunidin 3-O-rutinoside (trans-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside], accounting for 80% of the total BGAs. Due to their unique anthocyanin profile, BGAs possess various health benefits, including antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase inhibiting activity, alleviating insulin resistance, improving mitochondrial function, anti-inflammatory effects, etc., and therefore have the potential to treat a range of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus,
memory disorders, stroke, colitis, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, BGAs exhibit a pH-dependent “red-purple-blue” pattern of color change and thus could be used as natural colorants and to prepare smart food packaging materials. This review is valuable for broad applications of BGAs as promising natural colorants, functional foods and potential herbal medicines.
... Besides enhancing the bioavailability, nanocarriers help the encapsulants escape from enzymatic digestion and phagocytosis. Anthocyanin, composed of two phenyl benzo pyrylium (flavylium) salt derivatives and hydroxyl and methoxy groups, possesses anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties [3][4][5]. Once ingested, anthocyanins undergo various structural modifications due to acidic pH in the stomach, enzymatic digestion, and microbial biotransformation, resulting in poor therapeutic efficacy as a dietary source [6][7][8]. For instance, only 1.7% of cyanidin 3-Oglucoside (C3G) was bioavailable after administering 500 mg/kg C3G to C57BL/6 J mice. ...
Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 μg of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 μg C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.
... Currently, blue honeysuckle is considered a promising berry crop with very strong advantages: stable annual yield, extreme winter hardiness, early fruiting, and good fruit biochemical properties [1,[3][4][5]. The berries of blue honeysuckle contain vitamin C and many phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other phytochemicals that determine their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic features [6][7][8]. The cultivation areas of cultivars of this species are constantly growing, and since the end of 2018, these berries have been approved for marketing in the European Union [8,9]. ...
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a promising berry crop producing edible early-ripening berries with a valuable chemical composition. We evaluated the genetic diversity of native L. caerulea populations from the western (Baltic states) and eastern (the Russian Far East and Japan) edges of the Eurasian range using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF) markers. The genetic relationships of populations and genotypes were analyzed using principal coordinate and cluster analyses (neighbor joining and Bayesian clustering). Sampling was carried out in two disjunct areas of this circumpolar species and the analyses showed clustering of individuals and populations according to geographic origin. The analysis of genetic structure based on ISSR markers showed that the studied populations of L. caerulea were highly differentiated. However, sequence analysis of two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions revealed no phylogeographic structure among the populations. We also found that the eastern populations of blue honeysuckle had significantly greater genetic diversity parameters than the populations from the Baltic region. This finding correlates with the endangered status of blue honeysuckle in the Baltic states.
... Lonicera caerulea berry (Lonicera edulis) is a perennial deciduous shrub of the genus Lonicera in the family Caprifoliaceae, presenting with sweet and sour berries, and bright, dark rose-colored juice. Previous studies have confirmed that the Lonicera caerulea berry is rich in polyphenols, components that exhibit significant antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects (17)(18)(19)(20). However, few studies have investigated the effect exerted by LCBP on recovery following long-term exercise; further research that considers the use of this dietary component as a functional factor in reducing exercise fatigue is warranted. ...
Exercise fatigue can exert deleterious effects on the body. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms by which Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenols extract (LCBP) improved the treadmill endurance of mice. Comparison was performed between the effects at 25°C and low temperatures (-5°C). Energy storage, product metabolism, and other biochemical indices were determined using vitamin C (VC) as a positive control. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to detect the interaction between different proteins. Dietary supplementation with LCBP significantly prolonged the exhaustion time during treadmill exercise by 20.4% (25 °C) and 27.4% (-5 °C). LCBP significantly regulated the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory proteins, Bcl-2 /Bax apoptosis proteins, and the PKCα -NOx2 / Nox4 pathway proteins, and activated the expression of AMPK-PGC1α -NRF1-TFAM proteins in skeletal muscle mitochondria. The gene and protein expression of miRNA-133a/IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR in skeletal muscle cells was also activated. Molecular docking confirmed that the main components of LCBP such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid, have strong binding affinity toward AMPKα. LCBP alleviates exercise fatigue in mice by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells, enhances mitochondrial biosynthesis and cell proliferation, reduces fatigue, and enhances performance. These effects are also significant in a low-temperature environment (Graphical Abstract). Consequently, these results provide novel insights into the anti- fatigue roles of LCBP in exercise fatigue.
... In addition, there was daily dosing over a period of weeks and it is unclear what the history of dosing was with observation of a trend for running performance (25). A recent study with the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-rich Haskap berry [79-92% of TAC (26)] in male recreational runners provided faster 5 km time trial performance by 1.6% (27). This study had a double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent group design with restricted polyphenol intake during the 6day dosing (∼150 mg anthocyanins·dose −1 ) and final doses ∼3 and 1 h before the 5 km time trial (27). ...
Dark-colored fruits, especially berries, have abundant presence of the polyphenol anthocyanin which have been show to provide health benefits. Studies with the berry blackcurrant have provided notable observations with application for athletes and physically active individuals. Alterations in exercise-induced substrate oxidation, exercise performance of repeated high-intensity running and cycling time-trial and cardiovascular function at rest and during exercise were observed with intake of New Zealand blackcurrant. The dynamic plasma bioavailability of the blackcurrant anthocyanins and the anthocyanin-derived metabolites must have changed cell function to provide meaningful in-vivo physiological effects. This perspective will reflect on the research studies for obtaining the applied in-vivo effects by intake of anthocyanin-rich supplementation, the issue of individual responses, and the emerging strong potential of anthocyanins for sport and exercise nutrition. Future work with repeated intake of known amount and type of anthocyanins, gut microbiota handling of anthocyanins, and coinciding measurements of plasma anthocyanin and anthocyanin-derived metabolites and in-vivo cell function will be required to inform our understanding for the unique potential of anthocyanins as a nutritional ergogenic aid for delivering meaningful effects for a wide range of athletes and physically active individuals.
... The major bioactive anthocyanin of LC, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, downregulated Th2 cytokine synthesis (IL-4, IL-13), but it did not affect Th1 cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12). In the present study, such a mechanism of action of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from LC extract could explain slower expulsion of Trichinella and prolongation of the intestinal phase of the infection [25,26]. Minami et al. [27] reported that Lonicera caerulea var. ...
Our experiment determined the immunotropic activity of a natural, iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC). The extract was administered to mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals (from day 3 prior to the infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi) with T. spiralis. At 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, samples of blood, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were collected, and isolated lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The splenocyte proliferation was estimated with MTT testing, and the intensity of intestinal and muscle infection was also studied. LC stimulated the local immune system by inducing lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen 7 dpi and altered the percentage and absolute count of B (CD19+) and T (CD3+, CD8+) cells 7, 14, and 21 dpi in the peripheral blood. LC extract affected the dynamics of expulsion of adult Trichinella from the intestines and prolonged the intestinal phase of the infection but did not change the number of larvae in the muscles. These results suggest that Lonicera caerulea L. fruit extract modulates murine cellular immune response during intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection but shows no antiparasitic activity.
... The fruits of L. caerulea have a long history of being used in traditional medicine as a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders, bacterial infections and hypertension (Jurikova et al., 2012;Goùba et al., 2020). The berries are rich in biologically active compounds and the high content of anthocyanins (the major bioactive anthocyanin of honeysuckle is cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals makes them a valuable raw material for the development of functional foods (Rupasinghe et al., 2018;Sharma and Lee, 2020). Compared with other berries, it should be noted that honeysuckle berries are among the earliest fruits in the season, and as the first ones, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of May. ...
Lonicera caerulea L., also known as honeysuckle berries, are rich in biologically active compounds, which makes them a valuable raw material for the development of functional foods. The objects of the research were three honeysuckle cultivars (‘Zoluška’, ‘Siņaja Ptica’, ‘Goluboje Vereteno’), four genotypes (No 2A; No 3; No 5; No 8) and kefir, enriched with various amounts (3–10%) of fruit puree. Physical and chemical analyses to determine the qualitative indicators of raw materials and products were performed. The degree of liking of kefir was assessed using sensory analysis: hedonic and line scales. The results obtained showed that among the cultivars the highest content of anthocyanins (1103.5 mg·100 g ⁻¹ ), total phenols (693.3 mg·100 g ⁻¹ ), flavonoids (753.9 mg·100 g ⁻¹ ), and tannins (1.6 mg·100 g ⁻¹ ), were found in ‘Siņaja Ptica’ berries, while among the genotypes, berries of No 8 had the highest concentration of the aforesaid compounds. Both samples also showed the highest antiradical activity: ABTS +• on average by 71.7% and DPPH ⁻ by 43.7%. According to the sensory evaluation, kefir with 10% honeysuckle puree was rated the highest. Honeysuckle berries could be used as a promising source of natural anti-oxidants in future research aimed at developing different new products that could meet consumer expectations.
... The flavor has been described as a combination of raspberry (Rubus sp.) and blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) , ranging from mild, sweet, variably tart, to slightly bitter (Thompson, 2006). Studies have indicated the berries have higher antioxidant capacity than many other small fruit crops, including blueberry (Rupasinghe et al., 2012), and a review of the recent literature lists numerous health benefits, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties (Rupasinghe et al., 2018). ...
Haskap ( Lonicera caerulea ), also known as honeyberry, is a relatively new fruit crop in North America. To date, most academic activity and research in North America involving haskap has focused on cultivar development and health benefits, with relatively few field experiments providing information to guide field planning and harvest management for the recently released cultivars. In 2020, we documented preharvest fruit drop (PHFD) rates for 15 haskap cultivars planted in a randomized block design at our research center in western Montana with the aim of preliminarily determining whether certain cultivars may be prone to this phenomenon. Additionally, we evaluated two plant growth regulators (PGRs) to reduce PHFD in two cultivars previously observed to have high rates of PHFD. Results suggest cultivar-specific variations in PHFD near berry maturation. Because haskap harvest indices are not well-defined and may be cultivar-specific, we share our 1-year study results as preliminary information and as a call for further research. Cultivars Aurora, Boreal Blizzard, Borealis, Indigo Gem, Kapu, and Tana all had PHFD rates less than 12% of yield, where yield is the weight of berries lost to PHFD plus marketable yield and marketable yield is fruit remaining on the shrub at harvest. Cultivars Chito, Kawai, and Taka had the highest rates of PHFD, although marketable yields were still relatively high, especially for Kawai. We note that ease of fruit detachment is an important consideration in mechanical harvest, and this characteristic could be advantageous if managed appropriately. The PGRs evaluated (1-napthaleneacetic acid and aminoethoxyvinylglycine) did not influence PHFD rates; however, our study was limited by the sample size and by the lack of information regarding haskap abscission physiology. In summary, the haskap cultivars evaluated exhibited variable PHFD rates in the year of the study, and further research is needed to understand haskap fruit maturation, harvest indices, and abscission.
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries are nutritionally rich and unique in flavor. However, its aroma compounds have not been known well. In this study, the key aroma-active compounds in 8 different varieties of blue honeysuckle berries were studied by sensory-directed analysis. Sensory evaluation suggested that the aroma profile of blue honeysuckle berry was fruity, floral, grassy, sweet, and sour. A total of 68 aroma compounds were detected by two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry analysis (GC × GC-O-MS). Then, aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) and odor activity value (OAV) showed that 12 compounds were indicated to be the major aroma contributors. According to the principal component analysis (PCA) results, eight varieties were divided into three categories for their differences on alcohols and terpenoids content. Finally, the aroma recombination and omission experiments determined that linalool, hexanal, eucalyptol, octanal, nonanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate were the key aroma-active compounds in blue honeysuckle berries.
Anthocyanins are a class of dietary polyphenols that exhibit technological and bioactive-relevant properties. C3G is absorbed in its unmodified molecular form in the upper digestive tract, goes through the extended first-passage metabolism and its metabolites enter the bloodstream. The C3G metabolites possess health benefits such as antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-thrombotic activities. However, the efficacy and distribution of C3G in the human body are restricted due to its low stability and bioaccessibility. Inspiringly, the lipid-, polysaccharide-, protein-, and nanocapsule-associated conjugates have achieved targeted delivery with enhanced bioaccessibility and controlled release. In this review, the absorption and transportation modes, decomposition and metabolism processes, functional activity mechanisms, and improved methods for enhancing the bioavailability of C3G are summarized. Moreover, the aspects of the gut microbiota regulation, C3G-mediated cytoprotection and different biocompatible materials applications are briefly discussed.
Microencapsulation of purple corn anthocyanins was carried out via an electrostatic extruder using alginate as a wall material. The influence of alginate concentration (1-2 %), extract concentration (20-30 %), and extrusion voltage (3-5 kV) on encapsulation efficiency and mean particle size was evaluated using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were obtained to produce two different extract-loaded microbeads. Microbeads with the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) and minimum particle size were achieved at 1 % alginate, 20 % extract, and 5 kV extrusion voltage (EEC3G = 70.26 %, EETPC = 91.59 %, particle size = 1.29 mm). In comparison, the microbeads with the efficient entrapment and maximum particle size were obtained at 1 % alginate, 26 % extract, and 3 kV (EEC3G = 81.15 %, EETPC = 91.01 %, particle size = 1.87 mm). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore size, and pore volume decreased after the inclusion of extract, with the lowest values reported for the smallest microbeads containing the extract. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained by BET method and demonstrated fewer cracks and lower shrinkage of encapsulated samples. Fourier-transform infrared results proved the presence of anthocyanins and further possible interactions between phenolics and alginate. Stability studies revealed the color maintenance of anthocyanins-loaded microbeads during 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C and 8 °C. Moreover, the small and large particles showed a 7.6 and 3.4-fold reduction in degradation rate at 4 °C compared to their unencapsulated counterparts. Anthocyanins-loaded alginate microbeads retained over 80 % of cyanidin-3-glucoside at 4 °C and 8 °C, suggesting a promising potential of optimized microbeads for intelligent packaging applications.
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (CND) is a frequently-used anthocyanin that has excellent antioxidant properties but a limited bioavailability in bloodstream. Complexation of CND with alginate can improve its therapeutic outcome. Here we have studied the complexation of CND with alginate under a range of pH values from 2.5 to 5. CND is positively charged at low pH, and becomes neutral, and then negatively charged as pH increases. CND/alginate complexation was studied by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, STEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). CND/alginate complexes at pH 4.0 and 5.0 form chiral fibres with a fractal structure. At these pH values, CD spectra show very intense bands, which are inverted compared with free CND. Complexation at lower pH results in disordered polymer structures and CD spectra show the same features as for CND in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest the formation of parallel CND dimers through complexation with alginate at pH 3.0, while at pH 4.0 CND dimers form in a cross like arrangement.
This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of Lonicera japonica against particulate-matter (PM)2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). The extract of Lonicera japonica reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells. The extract of Lonicera japonica decreased serum T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and total T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and immunoglobulins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), in PM2.5-induced BALB/c mice. The extract of Lonicera japonica protected the pulmonary antioxidant system by regulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In addition, it ameliorated mitochondrial function by regulating the production of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Moreover, the extract of Lonicera japonica exhibited a protective activity of apoptosis, fibrosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways in lung tissues. This study suggests that the extract of Lonicera japonica might be a potential material to improve PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
To explore the effect of Lonicera caerulea fruit polyphenols (LCP) on caries-causing bacteria, strain RYX-01 with high production of biofilm and exopolysaccharides (EPS) was isolated from the oral cavity of caries patients and was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus by 16S rDNA analysis and morphology. The characteristics of EPS produced by RYX-01 (EPS-CK) and those produced by adding L. caerulea fruit polyphenols (EPS-LCP) were compared to reveal whether LCP reduced the cariogenicity of RYX-01 by influencing the structure and composition of EPS. The results showed that LCP could increase the content of galactose in EPS and destroy the original aggregation state of EPS-CK but had no significant effect on the molecular weight and functional group composition of EPS (p > 0.05). At the same time, LCP could inhibit the growth of RYX-01, reduce EPS and biofilm formation and inhibit the expression of quorum sensing (QS, luxS)- and biofilm formation (wzb)-related genes. Therefore, LCP could change the surface morphology, content and composition of RYX-01 EPS and reduce the cariogenic effect of EPS and biofilm. In conclusion, LCP can be used as a potential plaque biofilm inhibitor and QS inhibitor in drugs and functional foods.
The aim of the study was to compare the variability of the composition, chemical identity and content of biologically active phenolic compounds in the fruits and leaves of the blue honeysuckle (Lonicera subsection Caeruleae) plants of different environmental and geographic provenances, sampled from the introduction plantation station in the forest steppe zone near the Ob River (Novosibirsk, Russia). In extracts from the leaves 25 individual compounds representing various polyphenolic classes were identified using HPLC-MS technique; seven of the compounds were identified as hydroxycinnamic acids, five compounds were flavonols, and eight compounds represented flavones. The maximal number of individual compounds was present in samples of the Altai subspecies of the tetraploid species L. caerulea subsp. altaica, whereas the minimal number was detected in samples of L. boczkarnikowae, a diploid species from the Russian Far East (Primorsky region). The lowest total polyphenolics content (6,260 mg/100 g of air-dry phytomass) was found in samples of L. caeruleae subsp. pallasii, whereas the content in samples from other blue honeysuckle subspecies ranged within 11.620-14.030 mg/100 g of air-dry phytomass. High content of flavones in extracts from leaves, always exceeding the flavonol content, was found to be a characteristic feature of L. caerulea subsp. altaica. Among L. сaerulea subspecies, L. сaerulea subsp. pallasii was shown to have the largest ratio of flavonols to flavones. L. boczkarnikowae also had high content of flavonols, significantly exceeding the flavones content in the plants organs. The main component of anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-glucoside, accounting for up to 91%. The fruits of L. caerulea subsp. altaica, L. сaerulea subsp. venulosa and L. boczkarnikowae had the highest anthocyanin content, ranging 2.950–3.200 mg/100 g air-dry phytomass, whereas the fruits of L. сaerulea subsp. pallasii had the lowest one (1,573 mg/100g). Extracts from the leaves were found to have significantly higher polyphenolics content as compared to the ones from the fruits; thus the leaves can be recommended as a prospective medicinal source.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor that induces metabolic disorders. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) has multiple functional activities and is the most abundant anthocyanin belonging to the flavonoid subgroup. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of C3G on BPA-induced liver lipid metabolism disorder and explore its mechanism via lipidomics analysis. The results showed that C3G supplementation significantly ameliorated the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TG), and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST). Furthermore, liver lipidomics indicated that C3G effectively facilitated the recovery of differential lipid metabolites, including TGs, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositol, cholesteryl esters, and phosphatidylserine, and reversed the levels of hepatic lipid synthesis-related genes. Our results suggest that C3G has an effective regulatory effect on BPA-induced disorders of lipid metabolism.
Novel cold-hardy berries and small fruits represent an opportunity for growers in the Intermountain West, USA, as the harsh environment is not suited for other common berries and small fruits. This study analyzed the fresh market and value-added potential of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea), saskatoon berries (Amelenchier alnifolia), and dwarf sour cherry (DSC) fruit (Prunus x kerrasis) by instrumental and consumer studies. Fresh and 2-week stored haskap (cv. Aurora), saskatoon (Lee 3), and DSC (Romeo) were measured for fruit weight, flesh firmness, bulk titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solid content. Participants (n = 115) in at-home sensory tests scored these fruits for overall liking (OL, 9-point hedonic scale), purchase intent (PI, 5-point scale), and willingness-to-pay (WTP, 5-point scale). Ten participants further shared insight on these fruits in focus groups. Instrumental testing found a significant decrease in flesh firmness for 2-week stored haskap, but the consumers' OL was still comparable to fresh haskap. The fresh and 2-week stored haskap received significantly higher OL, PI, and WTP scores (7.7 ± 1.0, 3.8 ± 1.0, and $3.7 ± 1.0; 7.7 ± 1.2, 3.8 ± 1.1, and $3.7 ± 1.0, respectively) compared to saskatoon (6.1 ± 1.8, 2.8 ± 1.1, and $3.0 ± 0.9, respectively) and DSC (5.6 ± 2.2, 2.5 ± 1.2, and $3.1 ± 1.0, respectively) (α = 0.05). The focus groups indicated that participants want to support local produce. The participants expressed interest in fresh unprocessed haskap berries, but preferred saskatoon and DSC in different value-added formats. Hence, this study concluded that there is an untapped fresh-market potential for haskap berries and there are value-added opportunities to extend the sale season and improve the palatability of saskatoon and DSC. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research has examined consumer perception of three species of novel small fruits by determining fresh-market potential and linking this to the opportunity for value-added product development. For haskap berries, the study not only indicated fresh market potential, but for the cultivar Aurora, consumer liking was not meaningfully altered by 2 weeks of cold storage. These results are meaningful because they will assist growers in the Intermountain West with market planning, including the possibility of formulating products that utilize these novel crops. This study provides growers the opportunity to diversify their income stream by utilizing local produce.
Background:
Haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are rich in anthocyanins. Cold plasma-assisted enzyme method (CPEM) is an innovative method for green extraction of anthocyanins, which was optimized by an artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to maximize the yield. In this study, seven factors were screened using by Plackett-Burman design based on single-factor experiments and optimized by ANN-GA.
Results:
The results showed that the maximum total anthocyanin content (TAC, 42.45 ± 0.25 g Cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3G)/kg dry weight, DW) was obtained under optimal pretreatment power of 192 W, pretreatment time of 29 s and liquid-to-solid ratio of 39 mL·g-1. Cleavage and porosity appeared on the surface of the treated sample. The active ingredients and antioxidant capacity of the CPEM extracts were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Compared with other extraction technologies, CPEM presents the advantages of shortening the extraction time, reducing the solvent volume, and significantly increasing active ingredients and antioxidant activity.
Conclusion:
The ANN-GA has better predictive and higher accuracy than the RSM model and is more suitable for optimizing the CPEM by greatly improving the process yield and the utilization of biomass, thus contributing to the sustainability of the agri-food chain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The influence of the system pH (3, 5, and 7) and hydrothermal processing of starch (65 °C/10 min and 95 °C/20 min) on the interaction between cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and starch (corn starch, potato starch, and pea starch) were investigated from the molecular interaction force level, molecular structure level, and microscopic level to the macroscopic level. The binding rates and binding amounts are found to increase with increasing pH of the system, and the use of a moderate extent of hydrothermal processing of starch (65 °C/10 min) can elevate the binding rates and binding amounts at pH 5 and 7, that is 65 °C/10 min treated would have the best binding effect compared with 95 °C/20 min treated and untreated starch at pH 5 and 7.With increasing pH, more hydrogen bonds are formed between C3G and starch molecular chains due to the structural changes of C3G at high pH. As the degree of hydrothermal processing of the starch is enhanced, the starch structure is gradually broken, and more starch molecular chains are released, for which the chance to contact C3G improves, enhancing the binding rates and binding amounts, that is the binding rates and binding amounts of 65 °C/10 min and 95 °C/20 min treated are higher than untreated starch. In particular, compared with 95 °C/20 min treated starch, 65 °C/10 min treated starch maintains the spatial three-dimensional structure better and forms more binding cavities and sites. Furthermore, increasing the system pH and the use of a moderate extent of hydrothermal processing simultaneously show a synergistic effect.
Blue honeysuckle berries are a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of organic and conventional cultivation on the polyphenols, antioxidant and allergenic potency of blue honeysuckle berry cultivars: ‘No 30′, ‘Jolanta’ and ‘Indygo’ in two growing seasons. Identification of individual polyphenols was performed using the HPLC method; the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The determination of allergic potency was tested by ELISA. In the second year of the study the total polyphenols were significantly higher in organic blue honeysuckle than in the conventional blue honeysuckle. In both growing seasons, the ‘Indygo’ cv. was characterized by the highest concentration of all bioactive compounds 3241.9 mg and 3787.2 mg per 100 g−1 D.W. A strong correlation was found between the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity for organic fruit in both years, as well as for allergenic potency. Contrary to the best bioactive properties was ‘Indigo’ cv., with the highest allergenic potency (108.9 and 139.2 ng g−1 D.W.). The lowest content of specific allergens was found in the ‘No 30′ cv. Since honeysuckle is still a new cultivated plant, information about its allergenic potency is insufficient.
Ultrasound provides an approach for improving the conjugation efficiency of 3‐O‐glucoside (C3G) and β‐lactoglobulin (βLG), thereby increasing cyanidin stability and imparting some characteristics to proteins. In the present study, the effects of ultrasound on C3G conjugation efficiency was investigated by exploring the binding mechanism and shifts in functional properties. Ultrasound enhanced conjugation efficiency by increasing binding affinity from 5.7×105 M‐1 to 10.6×105 M‐1, and binding number of C3G from two to three, as well as the maximum peak temperature of C3G from 84.7 °C to 88.4 °C in βLG‐C3G complexes, implying improved C3G thermostability. Furthermore, C3G conjugation imparted antioxygenic properties to the complexes, and altered the conformation of βLG, which enhances emulsifying ability and emulsification stability. Such changes further improved conjugation efficiency. The results of this study could facilitate the application of C3G as a natural additive in food products.
Lonicera caerulea is a perennial shrub native to North America, Europe and Asia. It produces dark blue berries known as honeyberries or haskap berries which are produced commercially in several territories including Canada, Japan, Russia and Poland. Plants are suited to UK environments, but it is yet to be widely commercially developed in the UK. In the present work quality and nutritional traits of six honeyberry cultivars grown in Scotland were compared with other commonly grown berry fruits (strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry, blackcurrant) to aid the identification of environmentally stable, high‐quality honeyberry cultivars suitable for UK cultivation. Differences were observed in fruit quality variables (soluble solids, titratable acidity and brix/acid ratios) between honeyberry cultivars. Three of six cultivars examined exhibited notable variation in soluble solids dependent on harvest year with ‘Aurora’ and ‘Strawberry Sensation’ having consistently high oBrix values. Titratable acidity exhibited cultivar differences and there was limited variation over harvest years. ‘Aurora’ exhibited consistently high oBrix/titratable acidity ratio reflected by high glucose and fructose content. Honeyberry fruit had good nutritional profile relative to other soft fruits with higher polyphenol and anthocyanin content than strawberry, blueberry, blackberry and raspberry, manifested in greater antioxidant capacity. The major anthocyanins in aqueous honeyberry fruit extracts were cyanidin, pelargonidin and peonidin glycosides. These findings indicate that L. caerulea represents a crop suitable for UK cultivation capable of producing high quality fruit with a valuable nutritional profile relative to other soft fruits. Cultivars exhibit significant differences in fruit quality and nutritional profile as well as harvest consistency and growers should consider this when establishing new plantations.
Skin aging is the result of programmed senescence and prolonged environmental injury to skin. Human skin is continuously exposed to environmental influences and is therefore subjected to both intrinsic as well as extrinsic aging processes. Aged skin is characterized by loss of skin tone and resilience, increased roughness and dryness, irregular pigmentation, sunburn, accelerated skin aging, wrinkles and several malignant skin cancers. The plant secondary metabolites have been exploited for their potential activities like anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, skin whitening, anti-cancer, etc. Several scientific validations on natural products derived from traditional system of medicine have been developed in this context. Recent trends in anti-aging research projected the use of natural products derived from ancient era after scientific validation. Therefore, an attempt has been made through this chapter to highlight on skin aging pathways and natural bioactive molecules for management of skin aging.
The haskap (Lonicera caerulea L., Caprifoliaceae) berry has been widely used in traditional medicine in Kuril Islands, Russia, Japan, and China. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is the most abundant anthocyanin in haskap berries, and C3G induces antiproliferative pharmacological activity in various cancer cells. However, no study has investigated its anti-lung large-cell carcinoma (LCC) pharmacological role. Therefore, this study determined whether C3G alone or C3G combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibits human lung LCC. We determined the tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis in the H661 lung LCC lines xenografted into BALB/c nude mice. The mice were administered saline (control), 5-FU, C3G, or both C3G and 5-FU. Relative to the control mice, those treated with C3G alone or both C3G and 5-FU exhibited impaired tumor growth; increased tumor apoptosis; decreased inflammatory cytokine levels (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and IL-6); decreased inflammation-related factors, including cyclooxygenase-2 protein and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mRNA; increased inhibition of NF-κB kinase α mRNA; and downregulated metastasis-related factors, such as transforming growth factor-β, CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, C3G alone or combined with 5-FU affected the expression of the tumor microenvironment-related factors Ki67, CD45, PDL1, and CD73. Compared with the mice treated with 5-FU or C3G alone, those treated with both C3G and 5-FU exhibited significantly impaired tumor growth, decreased tumor sizes, and increased tumor inhibition. This in vivo study demonstrated that C3G alone or combined with 5-FU may impair the growth of lung LCC and inhibit tumorigenesis. The findings indicate that C3G alone or C3G combined with 5-FU may be beneficial for treating human lung LCC.
Cancer has a significant social consequence all around the globe. In 2020, approximately 193 lakh new cases of cancer were diagnosed worldwide, with about 100 lakhs cancer deaths. In the next two decades, suspected cases are anticipated to increase by roughly 47%. The rising number of cancer patients, as well as the inadequacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and invasive surgical procedures, all rely on massive cell death with hardly any selectivity, causing severe toxicities. In comparison to synthetic medications, there has subsequently been a surge in international importance in non-synthetic and alternative remedies, owing to improved adaptability and reduced side effects of drug responses. Several people with cancer prefer alternative and complementary therapy treatments, and natural remedies play a crucial role in cancer chemoprevention as they are thought to be harmless, offer fewer negative effects, and become less sufficient to evoke addiction by the wider population. Chemopreventive, anti-metastatic, cytotoxic, and anti-angiogenic actions are among the promising clinical advantages, which have been established in vitro research and certain clinical trials; nevertheless, additional clinical trials are needed. This review examines several phytochemicals that may have anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties.
Background and objectives
This study aimed to develop gluten and glutenin based active films functionalized individually by three different types of polyphenols (naringin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and proanthocyanidin). The interaction of these phenolic compounds with gluten and glutenin, and the effect of presence of these polyphenols on the physicochemical, antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of resulting films were evaluated.
Findings
The proanthocyanidin interacted with gluten and glutenin helped to form rougher surface structure and more homogeneous cross-section structure. Therefore, the water vapor barrier property, water repellence, tensile strength and thermal stability of the films were substantially improved in the presence of proanthocyanidin. The films containing proanthocyanidin also showed ability to inhibit growth of foodborne pathogens and scavenge free radical. Furthermore, the glutenin films exhibited higher tensile strength and better thermal stability. The gluten films possessed better water vapor barrier property and water repellence.
Conclusion
There were significant differences in physical properties between gluten films and glutenin films due to the difference of composition. However, the effects of polyphenols on the physical properties of the two films were basically the same.
Significance
and novelty
The differences in physicochemical properties between gluten and glutenin based films functionalized by polyphenols were illustrated in this study.
Nitric oxide (NO) is known as an unstable signaling molecule that can be produced by three different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms. It plays a vital role in a wide range of physiological processes in the body. For instance, in cardiovascular system NO acts as a blood vessel relaxant, while in central nervous system (CNS) it acts as a neurotransmitter. In reproductive system it regulates gonadotropin hormone, oocyte maturation, ovulation, movement of fallopian tube, contraction of uterus during labor, capacitation of sperm, erection, and ejaculation. It has been reported that NO regulates secretion, absorption and motility of gastrointestinal system. It also plays a significant role in the whole process of inflammation and dynamics of Ca⁺² muscles are regulated by NO concentrations. This gas also relaxes the blood vessels and airways of respiratory system. It regulates angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis. In this review article, several studies on NO and biological processes were investigated using PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Web of Science. NO acts like a double-edged sword in physiology and pathology of the biological systems. Due to the important role of NO in biological systems, it can be used as a therapeutic goal in various diseases. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the importance and role of NO in biological systems and related process including inflammation, blood clotting, cancer, and metastasis. © 2017, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Lonicera caerulea L. berry polyphenols (LCBP) are considered as major components for the bioactivities. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by monitoring inflammatory and antioxidant mediator actions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse paw edema and macrophage cell model. LCBP significantly attenuated LPS-induced paw edema (3.0 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.1 mm, P < 0.05) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, 100.9 ± 2.3 to 58.3 ± 14.5 ng/ml), interleukin (IL)-10 (1596.1 ± 424.3 to 709.7 ± 65.7 pg/ml), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (1761.9 ± 208.3 to 1369.1 ± 56.4 pg/ml), IL-6 (1262.8 ± 71.7 to 499.0 ± 67.1 pg/ml), IL-4 (93.3 ± 25.7 to 50.7 ± 12.5 pg/ml), IL-12(p-70) (580.4 ± 132.0 to 315.2 ± 35.1 pg/ml), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 2045.5 ± 264.9 to 1270.7 ± 158.6 pg/ml). Cell signaling analysis revealed that LCBP inhibited transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in earlier response. Moreover, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and (-)epicatechin (EC), two major components of LCBP, directly bound to TAK1. These data demonstrated that LCBP might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by modulating both inflammatory and antioxidant mediators.
Iridoid and polyphenol profiles of 30 different honeysuckle berry cultivars and genotypes were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion modes and quantified by HPLC-PDA. The 50 identified compounds included 15 iridoids, 6 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 2 flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), 5 flavones, 6 flavan-3-ols, and 7 phenolic acids. 8-epi-Loganic acid, pentosyl-loganic acid, taxifolin 7-O-dihexoside, and taxifolin 7-O-hexoside were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time. Iridoids and anthocyanins were the major groups of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle constituents. The total content of quantified iridoids and anthocyanins was between 128.42 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) ('Dlinnoplodnaya') and 372 mg/100 g fw ('Kuvshinovidnaya') and between 150.04 mg/100 g fw ('Karina') and 653.95 mg/100 g fw ('Amur'), respectively. Among iridoids, loganic acid was the dominant compound, and it represented between 22% and 73% of the total amount of quantified iridoids in honeysuckle berry. A very strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and the quantity of anthocyanins. High content of iridoids in honeysuckle berries can complement antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds.
Background and aims:
Anthracyclines are effective anticancer drugs that have improved prognosis of hundred thousand cancer patients worldwide and are currently the most common chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of blood, breast, ovarian and lung cancers. However, their use is limited because of a cumulative dose-dependent and irreversible cardiotoxicity that can cause progressive cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Aim of the present study was to determine the cardioprotective activity of a dietary source of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), such as purple corn, against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.
Methods and results:
In vitro studies on murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes showed that pretreatment with both pure C3G and purple corn extract improved survival upon DOX treatment. However, C3G and purple corn extract did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX on human cancer cell lines. We then validated in vivo the protective role of a C3G-enriched diet against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by comparing the effect of dietary consumption of corn isogenic lines with high levels of anthocyanins (purple corn - Red diet - RD) or without anthocyanins (yellow corn - Yellow diet - YD) incorporated in standard rodent diets. Results showed that mice fed RD survived longer than mice fed YD upon injection of a toxic amount of DOX. In addition, ultrastructural analysis of hearts from mice fed RD showed reduced histopathological alterations.
Conclusion:
Dietary intake of C3G from purple corn protects mice against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
To investigate the antitumor effect of anthocyanins extracted from Chinese bayberry fruit (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.), a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was established. Treatments with C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside, an anthocyanin) significantly suppressed the growth of SGC-7901 tumor xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in p21 expression, indicating that the cell cycle of tumor xenografts was inhibited. qPCR screening showed that C3G treatment up-regulated the expression of the KLF6 gene, which is an important tumor suppressor gene inactivated in many human cancers. Western blot showed that C3G treatments markedly increased KLF6 and p21 protein levels, inhibited CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, but did not notably change the expression of p53. These results indicated that KLF6 up-regulates p21 in a p53-independent manner and significantly reduces tumor proliferation. This study provides important information for the possible mechanism of C3G-induced antitumor activity against gastric adenocarcinoma in vivo.
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are plant secondary metabolites from the flavonoid family. Red to blue fruits are major dietary sources of ACNs (up to 1 g/100 g FW), being cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) one of the most widely distributed. Cy3G confers a red hue to fruits, but its content in raspberries and strawberries is low. It has a good radical scavenging capacity (RSC) against superoxide but not hydroxyl radicals, and its oxidative potential is pH-dependent (58 mV/pH unit). After intake, Cy3G can be metabolized (phases I, II) by oral epithelial cells, absorbed by the gastric epithelium (1%–10%) and it is gut-transformed (phase II & microbial metabolism), reaching the bloodstream (<1%) and urine (about 0.02%) in low amounts. In humans and Caco-2 cells, Cy3G's major metabolites are protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinaldehyde which are also subjected to entero-hepatic recycling, although caffeic acid and peonidin-3-glucoside seem to be strictly produced in the large bowel and renal tissues. Solid evidence supports Cy3G's bioactivity as DNA-RSC, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic chemo-preventive and as an epigenetic factor, exerting protection against Helicobacter pylori infection, age-related diseases, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and oral cancer. Most relevant mechanisms include RSC, epigenetic action, competitive protein-binding and enzyme inhibition. These and other novel aspects on Cy3G's physical-chemistry, foodomics, and health effects are discussed.
Ultraviolet radiation is the major environmental harmful factor that has emotional impact on human skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism of protection of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage to human HaCaT keratinocytes. Our results show that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by UVB treatment. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside also decreased the UVB-augmented levels of the DNA damage indicators phospho-p53 and phospho-ATM/ATR. In addition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protected keratinocytes from UVB-induced injury by overturning the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and reversing apoptosis. The expression of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was attenuated in UVB-exposed cells but restored in UVB/cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-treated cells. Furthermore, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and the key apoptosis executer cleaved caspase-3 were increased in UVB-irradiated cells and decreased in UVB/cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-treated cells. For these reasons, the results demonstrate that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the use of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the fight against light damage.
Tumor cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of reactive oxygen species. Whereas such oxidative stress conditions would be harmful to normal cells, they facilitate tumor growth in multiple ways by causing DNA damage and genomic instability, and ultimately, by reprogramming cancer cell metabolism. This review outlines the metabolic-dependent mechanisms that tumors engage in when faced with oxidative stress conditions that are critical for cancer progression by producing redox cofactors. In particular, we describe how the mitochondria has a key role in regulating the interplay between redox homeostasis and metabolism within tumor cells. Last, we will discuss the potential therapeutic use of agents that directly or indirectly block metabolism.
Anthocyanins exert neuroprotection in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. However, no details regarding their brain-related pharmacokinetics are so far available to support claims about their direct neuronal bioactivity as well as to design proper formulations of anthocyanin-based products. To gather this missing piece of knowledge, we intravenously administered a bolus of 668 nmol cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in anaesthetized Wistar rats and shortly after (15 s to 20 min) we collected blood, brain, liver, kidneys and urine samples. Extracts thereof were analysed for C3G and its expected metabolites using UPLC/MS-MS. The data enabled to calculate a set of pharmacokinetics parameters. The main finding was the distinctive, rapid distribution of C3G in the brain, with an apparently constant plasma/brain ratio in the physiologically relevant plasma concentration range (19–355 nM). This is the first report that accurately determines the distribution pattern of C3G in the brain, paving the way to the rational design of future tests of neuroprotection by C3G in animal models and humans.
Two species of edible honeysuckle were studied in the trial established in the autumn 1994. The spacing used was 2.0 x 1.5 m and the experiment included irrigated as well as non- irrigated variants. The aim of this study was to provide a summary of nutritional values of Lonicera kamtschatica and Lonicera edulis berries under the Nitra conditions during the period 2001-2003. The berries were examined for the content of dry mater, sugar, organic acids, ascorbic acid, mineral substances - K, Ca, P, Mg, Na and anthocyanins from pomace and juice. The results of our experiments refer to the exceptionally high content of ascorbic acid ranging from 28.56 up to 86.96 mg/100 g, potassium 10,175 to 14,764 mg/kg and anthocyanins from pomace 6.245-17.36 g/kg. The values of ascorbic acid varied and they were statistically significantly depending on the year; similarly, only year can be taken into account as a statistically significant factor for forming content of sugar, magnesium and sodium. The content of dry mater, organic acids, potassium, calcium and anthocyanins in juice was influenced not only by year but also by species. The interaction species - year as a source of statistically significant differences is evident in the case of phosphorus and organic acids. A significant influence of irrigation on all evaluated nutrients was not confirmed.
Background:
The poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is attributed to a high recurrence rate after surgery. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) is an important regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and transformation. COX2 overexpression is significantly associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of diverse cancers; however, its expression and significance in ESCC remains unclear.
Methods:
We enrolled 118 patients with ESCC who had undergone Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. The expression profile of COX2 was examined by immunohistochemistry.
Results:
A high expression of COX2 correlated with a higher T staging (P = 0.014), lower differentiation degree (P = 0.002), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.009), recurrence status (P = 0.004), and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that TNM stage (P = 0.001), differentiation degree (P = 0.001), and high COX2 expression (P = 0.004) were independent risk factors of prognosis.
Conclusion:
Our data indicated that COX2 expression level is associated with key clinicopathological features and could be an effective biomarker to predict ESCC prognosis.
The aim of the study was to evaluate different methods used for the preparation of powders from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica) cv. ‘Wojtek’, and the effects of these methods on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lyophilized powders and pomace. The analyzed samples were evaluated for their basic chemical composition dry weight, pH, total acidity, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS). Polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Thirty eight polyphenolic compounds, including eight phenolic acids, eight anthocyanins, five flavan-3-ols, twelve flavonols and five flavones were identified in blue honeysuckle products. The highest content of bioactive compounds was detected in juice pressed from peels, as compared with fresh berries and other products. The study showed that peel-based pomace of blue honeysuckle is a better material for the production of dried product rich in bioactive compounds than the pomace obtained from whole berries.
The effects of dietary polyphenols on human health have mainly been discussed in the context of preventing degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The antioxidant properties of polyphenols have been widely studied, but it has become clear that the mechanism of action of polyphenols extends beyond the modulation of oxidative stress, as they are poorly absorbed from the digestive tract. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of polyphenols on the colonic environment, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota. We demonstrated that dietary polyphenols derived from aronia, haskap, and bilberry, markedly elevated the amount of fecal mucin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) as an intestinal barrier function and ameliorated the disturbance in gut microbiota caused by a high fat diet in rats. These results suggest that dietary polyphenols play a significant role in the prevention of degenerative diseases through improvement of the colonic environment without any absorption from the digestive tract.
Anthocyanins from different plant sources have been shown to possess health beneficial effects against a number of chronic diseases. To obtain any influence in a specific tissue or organ, these bioactive compounds must be bioavailable, i.e., effectively absorbed from the gut into the circulation and transferred to the appropriate location within the body while still maintaining their bioactivity. One of the key factors affecting the bioavailability of anthocyanins is their transport through the gut epithelium. The Caco-2 cell line, a human intestinal epithelial cell model derived from a colon carcinoma, has been proven to be a good alternative to animal studies for predicting intestinal absorption of anthocyanins. Studies investigating anthocyanin absorption by Caco-2 cells report very low absorption of these compounds. However, the bioavailability of anthocyanins may be underestimated since the metabolites formed in the course of digestion could be responsible for the health benefits associated with anthocyanins. In this review, we critically discuss recent findings reported on the anthocyanin absorption and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
The aim of study was to compare yield, fruit quality, chemical composition and fruits colour of berries of two blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars of Polish bred 'Wojtek' and 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' collected at the beginning and at the end of harvest season, respectively. On average, 'Wojtek' yielded 1565 g per bush, whereas 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' 1941 g. During the fruit ripening process, considerable changes were found in the fruit colour. Fruits of both cultivars became darker and their colour changed from green and yellow to red and blue. With the changes in fruit colour, considerable changes in firmness also occurred. Fruit ripening reduced fruit firmness and puncture resistance. For both genotypes, the berries of late harvest were bigger and richer in soluble solids and total polyphenol, however, they showed decreased firmness, lower acidity, and L-ascorbic acid content. Nevertheless the time of harvest, 'Wojtek' berries surpassed 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' fruit regarding soluble solids, titratable acidity and L-ascorbic acid content (for late-crop berries of both cultivars 14.1>12.6%, 3.4>2.7 g citric acid 100 g1, and 76>56 mg 100 mL-1. Further, 'Wojtek' berries showed higher total polyphenol content (149.30 and 183.66 mg·100 g-1, for early and late ripening fruit, respectively) compared to that of 'Bra{ogonek}zowa' (125.51 and 175.67 mg 100 g-1). Among phenolics, anthocyanins made the substantial group ranging from 94.47 mg 100 g-1 ('Bra{ogonek}zowa' berries of early harvest) to 141.96 mg 100 g-1 (late 'Wojtek' fruit).
Black fruits either cultivated as chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliot), highbush blueberry 'Duke' (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), lowbush blueberry 'Putte' (Vaccinium corymbosum x Vaccinium anguslifolium), and blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), or collected in the wild as billberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and wild blackberry (Rubus sp. L.) were assayed for nutritionally valuable components and phenolic composition. On fresh weight basis, lowest acidity was found for elderberry (0.83 g citric acid/100 g) and the highest for honeysuckle 2.86 g citric acid/ 100 g. Soluble solids content ranged from 16.0% (chokeberry) to 7.4% (blackberry). Honeysuckle berries showed the highest content of L-ascorbic acid (47 mg/100 g), while bilberries the lowest (7 mg/ 100 g). The berries also showed a disparate firmness ranging from 86 G/mm (bilberry) to 498 G/mm (chokeberry). Regarding total phenol, chokeberry and bilberry were predominant amounting 672.4 mg/100 g and 639.7 mg/100 g, respectively. Moreover, bilberry had the highest amount of anthocyanins (619.6 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (630.2 mg/100 g). The highest concentration of flavonols was observed for lowbush blueberry 'Putte' (35.2 mg/100 g), whereas, phenolic acids for chokeberry (121.9 mg/100 g). In contrast, the lowest total phenol was recorded for blackberry (137.8 mg/100 g) due to the low level of anthocyanins (129.4 mg/100 g), flavonols (5.1 mg/100 g), and phenolic acids (3.3 mg/100 g). Cyanidin 3- glucoside was the only anthocyanin occurring in the all species. The presence of chlorogenic acid and quercetin 3-glucoside was detected in the all berries except for blackberries. The 2-year study comparing black fruits of seven species out of different genera demonstrates their high nutritional value and health-promoting potential.
Berry crops can include a wide variety of plant species, with the most important temperate North American species in the genera Fragaria, Rubus , and Vaccinium . The preharvest factors affecting the postharvest quality of berry crops can be divided into abiotic and biotic factors. Amongst the abiotic factors, mineral nutrition, especially calcium and nitrogen, water, temperature, and light play important roles in postharvest quality attributes such as size, color, firmness, acidity, and sweetness. Amongst the biotic factors, several postharvest pathogens, which are also present as preharvest pathogens, can cause very significant reductions in postharvest quality. Grey mold ( Botrytis cinera ) is considered to be the most important pre- and postharvest pathogen in berry crops, but other preharvest pathogens (e.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum , and Rhizopus ) can become major problems, depending on other preharvest factors. In some growing areas, the presence of fruit fly larvae in the fresh fruit reduces the postharvest quality. Other biotic factors can be more subtle in their effects on postharvest quality, such as cultivar, pruning, and pollination.
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L) is a (poly) phenol-rich edible berry. Based on the properties of phenolic compounds, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of blue honeysuckle extract (BHE) in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model and macrophage-like (RAW264.7) cell model. Oral administration of BHE in the range of 75–300 µg/g BW attenuated AIA symptom as reducing paw edema in rats. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly reduced in BHE-fed rat. The production of inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in the spleen was also significantly suppressed. Moreover, serum transaminases including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were inhibited, and the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were recovered. Finally, the major bioactive components in BHE were identified as (−)-epicatechin (EC) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), which were proven to suppress the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, accompanied by enhancing the level of Nrf2 and HO-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that BHE rich with EC and C3G attenuated rat AIA symptom with crosstalk of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries have long been used for their health promoting properties against chronic conditions. The current study investigated the effect of Canadian haskap berry extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines using a human monocytic cell line THP-1 derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Methanol extracts of haskap from different growing locations in Canada were prepared and characterized for their total phenolic profile using colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Human THP-1 monocytes were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10 5 /well) and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 ȝg/mL) for 48 h to induce macrophage differentiation. After 48 h, the differentiated macrophages were washed with Hank's buffer and treated with various concentrations of test compounds for 4 h, followed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation (18 h). Borealis cultivar showed the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and anthocyanin content (p < 0.05). A negative correlation existed between the polyphenol concentration of the extracts and pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-Į), prostaglandin (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Borealis exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory OPEN ACCESS Biomolecules 2015, 5 1080 effects to COX inhibitory drug, diclofenac. The results showed that haskap berry polyphenols has the potential to act as an effective inflammation inhibitor.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men in the United Sates. It is estimated 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with PCa and approximately 180,890 new cases are predicted in 2016 alone. Standard treatments for PCa include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy or a combination of these treatments. However, factors like patient health, drug resistance, specificity, and toxicity can result in poor disease prognosis. In order to overcome these limitations and improve patient prognosis, there is an urgent need to identify new anti-cancer agents with minimal side effects. Current studies are being focused on natural products and their components for alternative therapeutics. Blue Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerule L.) a berry native to northeast Asia, is known to be rich in Vitamin C and polyphenols such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Polyphenols are found to have several therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Our present study used sequential solvent extracts of Blue Honeysuckle (BHS) berry using Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol, and Water respectively. These fractions were used to assess various therapeutic effects of BHS on DU 145, PC-3, C4-2 and LNCaP PCa cell lines. The goal was to identify the most potent BHS fraction that is effective against PCa using pre-clinical studies. MTT assays were used to identify the anti-proliferative effects of various BHS fractions. The above indicated PCa cells were treated with different doses (10-150 µg/mL) of BHS factions over various time periods (24, 48, 72 hr). Our data revealed that Hexane extract (HE) exhibited the highest inhibition of cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner. HE fraction showed to have an IC50 of 89.6 μg/mL for DU 145, 117.4 μg/mL for PC-3, 163.3 μg/mL for C4-2 and 140.84 for LNCaP cells. Moreover, BHS HE fraction showed a decrease in migration capacity and colony formation ability of PCa cells in vitro. Cellular senescence assay was performed to assess β-Galactosidase activity in PCa cells treated with BHS HE extract. All the PCa cell lines treated with 100 µg/mL of BHS HE showed increased senescence. Western blotting was performed to identify the potential anti-cancer mechanism of BHS against PCa using DU 145 and PC-3 cell lines. Results from this study indicated that DU 145 and PC-3 cell lines after 24 hr treatment with 100 μg/mL of various BHS fractions especially BHS HE showed an increase in apoptosis (Caspase 3,8,9 and PARP-1) and autophagy (LC3 A/B) markers. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis of DU 145 and PC-3 cells treated with BHS HE extract showed increased apoptotic cells. Further analysis of apoptotic and autophagy pathways modulated by BHS treatments are required to illustrate its potential underlying anti-cancer mechanisms in PCa. In conclusion, results from our study warrant further evaluation of BHS berry for potential PCa management.
Citation Format: Syed M. Ali, Alex Ourth, Chun-Tao Che, Mian-Ying Wang, Gnanasekar Munirathinam. Anti-cancer evaluation of various solvent extracts of blue honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) against prostate cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1592. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1592
Aronia berries, [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott var. Moscow (Rosaceae)], originate from North America and have been traditionally used in Native American medicine. Extracts, subfractions, isolated anthocyanins and isolated procyanidins B2, B5 and C1 from berries and bark of A. melanocarpa were investigated for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Four different bioassays were used, namely scavenging of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO), inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) and inhibition of α-glucosidase. Among the anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-arabinoside possessed the strongest and cyanidin 3-xyloside the weakest radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory activity. These effects seem to be influenced by the sugar units linked to the anthocyanidin. Subfractions enriched in procyanidins were found to be potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, they possessed high radical scavenging properties, strong inhibitory activity towards 15-LO and moderate inhibitory activity towards XO. Trimeric procyanidin C1 showed higher activity in the biological assays compared to the dimeric procyanidins B2 and B5. This study suggests that different polyphenolic compounds of Aronia may have beneficial effects in reducing blood glucose levels due to inhibition of α-glucosidase and, provided sufficient bioavailability, may have a potential to alleviate oxidative stress.
The structural determination of five anthocyanins extracted from the berries of Haskaap, Lonicera caerulea L., was carried out by HPLC analysis, degradation and spectroscopic experiments. The two major pigments were established as cyanidin 3-glucoside and 3, 5-diglucoside. The minor two were identified as cyanidin 3-rutinoside and 3-gentiobioside, while the remaining one has not been identified yet.
The objective of the present study is to determine whether blue honeysuckle lyophilized concentrated powder (BH) has favorable effects on hypothyroidism and related reproductive organ damage. Hypothyroidism was induced by 9 subcutaneous administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) for 28 days. Levothyroxine (LT4)-treated group was intraperitoneally injected with LT4 for the same period, while for BH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) or Flos Lonicerae lyophilized aqueous extract (LF, 250 mg/kg)-treated groups, the test materials were orally administrated for 42 days: two weeks before PTU injection and during PTU administration. The changes in serum thyroid hormone levels, serum male sex hormone levels, and testis antioxidant defense system were observed by histopathology of the thyroid gland, epididymis, prostate, and testis. The oral administrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of BH showed favorable effects compared to LF on hypothyroidism and related damages of reproductive organs through augmentation of the antioxidant defense system in the testis. In conclusion, BH is a promising new potent thyroid gland protecting agent. © 2016, Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics. All rights reserved.
Scope:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common disease that closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCP) are reported to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to study the protective effects and mechanisms of LCP on NASH in a high fat diet (HFD) plus carbon tetrachloride (CCL4 )-induced mouse model.
Methods and results:
Mice were fed with HFD containing LCP (0.5-1%) or not, and then administrated with CCL4 to induce NASH. Liver sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin stain, serum transaminases and lipids were measured by clinical analyzer, insulin was examined by ELISA, cytokines were determined by multiplex technology, and hepatic proteins were detected by western blotting. LCP improved histopathological features of NASH with lower levels of lipid peroxidation and cytokines including G-CSF, IL-3, IL-4, MIP-1β, IL-6, IL-5, KC, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-1α, eotaxin, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, IL-17, and RANTES. Further molecular analysis revealed that LCP increased the expression of Nrf2 and MnSOD, but decreased FoxO1 and HO-1 in the liver of NASH mice.
Conclusion:
Dietary supplementation of LCP ameliorated inflammation and lipid peroxidation by up-regulating Nrf2 and MnSOD, and down-regulating FoxO1 and HO-1 in NASH. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones, which enhances the hormone-induced oxidative stress responsible for some complications in the liver, heart and muscle. Blue honeysuckle (BH) is an edible berry, rich in polyphenols, especially flavonoids or anthocyanins, known as strong antioxidants. The chemo-protective activities of the berry have been connected to the improvement of symptoms in cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumor or cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of BH were examined in hyperthyroidism rat model. The hyperthyroidism was induced by injection with levothyroxine (LT4), and the model was treated with distilled water (LT4 control), propylthiouracil (PTU) or BH at 3 dosages of 500, 250 and 125[Formula: see text]mg/kg. The treatment was performed once a day for 15 days. Compared to LT4 control, the oral administration of BH dose-dependently ameliorated the hyperthyroidism, reducing thyroid hormones and increasing thyroid stimulating hormones. These effects were accompanied by improvement of body weight loss and atrophy in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. BH treatments also reduced the levels of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT), which suggests BH exerts protective effects on hepatocytes. BH might also be involved in the augmentation of the anti-oxidant activities, supported by increased endogenous antioxidant (glutathione). In addition, the histopathological analyses revealed the beneficial effects of BH on the atrophic changes and cellular injuries in the thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pads. The therapeutic potentials of BH were either similar or more effective than PTU. These results provide valuable information that will guide more detailed studies to use the BH as a complementary and alternative medicine.