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57
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies
© 2018 Copyright by University of Silesia in Katowice
DOI: 10.2478/environ-2018-0007
Environ. Socio.-econ. Stud., 2018, 6, 1: 57-72
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Original article
The suburbanisation process in a depopulation context in the Katowice conurbation,
Poland
Tomasz Spórna
Department of Economic Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec,
Poland
E–mail address: tomasz.sporna@us.edu.pl
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABS TR AC T
The Katowice conurbation is an example of a typical old industrial region in Central and Eastern Europe, whose socio-
economic transformation, initiated after 1990, has led to spatial and functional changes. The aim of this article is to present
the suburbanisation process in the Katowice conurbation based on demographic changes and an analysis of migration flow.
This process has been taking place in the area since the 2000s and takes on the shape of a multi-centre development of newly
created individual and developed housing zones (both in the core and in the suburban area of the conurbation). Since 1990,
the cities of the Katowice conurbation have been undergoing a process of shrinking. This process is manifested in the decline
in number of urban residents in the years 1991–2016, amounting to 366 thousand people. Moreover, the cities face numerous
social, economic and spatial problems. Since 1995, simultaneous with the shrinking of the cities of the Katowice conurbation,
there has been an increase in the number of inhabitants in its suburban areas (since 2004, the trend has continued to be
positive). Population increases have also been recorded in some inner-city zones of the conurbation. The suburbanisation
process in the outer zone of the conurbation includes, in particular, the communes located north and south of the cities
constituting its core, including the communes of Ożarowice, Psary, Mierzęcice in the north and Mikołów, Orzesze, Wyry in the
south-west. On the other hand, the areas of intense inner-city construction development, located in the areas of the Katowice
conurbation core, which are attractive in terms of environment and transportation, are undergoing so-called, "internal
suburbanisation".
KEY WORDS: population change, depopulation, population migration, suburbanisation, Katowice conurbation, Poland
ARTICLE HISTORY: received 23 November 2017; received in revised form 9 March 2018; accepted 12 March 2018
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
The political and economic transformation,
which began in Poland in 1989, has led to significant
changes in urban and rural areas as well as in the
social attitudes of their inhabitants. An increase
in wealth and the level of education in society was
significantly associated with a desire to improve the
quality of life. It referred to the population of
cities, in which a trail of 19th and 20th century
industrialization and urbanization was noticeable.
Some of the housing stock has been modernized,
which still makes it competitive, both in terms of
price and transport accessibility, compared to the
newly built developments. However, despite the
modernization of housing and the revitalization
of post-industrial areas of the cities, the outflow
of people, especially from industrial and post-
industrial cities, is recorded, including cities in the
core of the Katowice conurbation. Many residents of
this conurbation, who wished to improve their
financial situation, emigrated to other, more
attractive urban centres of Poland and abroad
(see S
ITEK ET AL
., 2013: 73). This applies primarily
to young people of a mobile age, whereas people
who found a good job, started a family and those
who had already reached retirement age, mostly
remained in their current place of residence or its
close vicinity. Based on the observed construction
work carried out in the cities of the Katowice
conurbation and generally available statistical
data, it can be concluded that a certain part of
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58
society, especially people aged 30–45, are fulfilling
their dreams of owning a home with a garden in a
quiet, green, suburban area.
The aim of the article is to describe the migration
flow in the Katowice conurbation, in particular the
migration of people to the suburban zone as well as
to identify the onset of the suburbanisation process
in the context of demographic transformation in
the Katowice conurbation. The spatial scope of
the research covers the area of the Katowice
conurbation, divided into its core, internal and
external zones. In the inner-city depiction, on the
other hand, the focus was on analysis of change in
the population distribution in the eastern part of
the Katowice conurbation. The time frame of the
research covers the years 1980–2016.
The rationale for the selection of the research
area is the migration specificity of the Katowice
conurbation population. Comparative analyses of
population migration to suburban zones of large
Polish cities clearly reveal that the suburbanisation
process in the Katowice conurbation is characterized
by a much lower intensity (R
AŹNIAK
, 2007;
W
INIARCZYK
-R
AŹNIAK
&
R
AŹNIAK
, 2012; K
RZYSZTOFIK
ET AL
., 2017; G
AŁKA
&
W
ARYCH
-J
URAS
, 2018). This is a
phenomenon in terms of urban agglomerations in
Poland. The development of suburban zones has
been taking place in the vicinity of all major
Polish cities since the early 1990s.
The article aims to reveal that this process has
also been taking place in the Katowice conurbation,
and the redistribution of the population in this
post-socialist, polycentric urban region takes on
the character of suburbanisation, but it occurs
with a time lag in relation to other cities and their
suburban zones.
2. Literature review
The impact of intensive industrialization and
urbanization of the Katowice conurbation between
1945–1989 on changes in population and population
structure of cities, towns and villages of this region
is reflected in the results of numerous research.
S
PÓRNA
(2012) published a full bibliography on
this topic. Some of the most important articles
presenting demographic changes in the Katowice
region in the years 1945–1990 include the works
of R
UNGE
(1999) and S
ZAJNOWSKA
-W
YSOCKA
(1989).
The restructuring of the Katowice region's
economy, which began in the early 1990s,
contributed to negative demographic changes in
the area. Detailed characteristics of demographic
changes in the cities and towns of the Katowice
conurbation in the period of system and economic
transformation, in particular the numbers and
structure of the population of the Silesian
voivodeship (and thus the Katowice conurbation)
was presented in the works of R
UNGE
(1999),
R
UNGE
(2010) and S
ITEK ET AL
. (2013). Detailed
causes and effects of demographic problems of
the towns and cities of the Katowice conurbation
are found in the works of K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
.
(2011, 2012).
The intensity and direction of population
migration in the region constitute important
elements of demographic change in its area, affecting
a number of its inhabitants. For the Katowice
conurbation area, these studies were initiated by
S
ZAJNOWSKA
-W
YSOCKA
(1989 – synthesis) and R
YKIEL
(1980), and in the field of international migration,
by R
UNGE
(1991). The period of the 1990s and
2000s brought further changes in the population
of the Katowice conurbation and its spatial
redistribution. They were thoroughly described
respectively by: R
UNGE
(1998, 1999), S
ZAJNOWSKA
-
W
YSOCKA
(1999), R
UNGE
&
K
ŁOSOWSKI
(2000a, b).
As emphasized by R
UNGE
(2003: 24), in relation
to the former Katowice voivodeship, a favourable
migration inflow to its area ended in 1982, and in
1991, a post-war maximum population (4.01 million
inhabitants) was registered there, after which, a
decline in the population began. These changes
resulted from a decline in the number of births,
emigration and the economic problems of the
1980s and 1990s.
In the context of settlement and population
transformations in the Katowice conurbation and
its surroundings in the early 2000s, the research
on trends of migration changes continued, as a
foundation for the study of suburbanisation
processes in the Silesian voivodeship. Some of the
first works include attempts to determine changes
in the migration model in urban communes
(R
UNGE
&
K
ŁOSOWSKI
, 2000) and rural communes
(K
ŁOSOWSKI
&
R
UNGE
, 2002) of the newly established
Silesian voivodeship. A continuation of this research
was the analysis of migration in the cities and
towns of this voivodship in the years 1977–2006
(K
ŁOSOWSKI
&
R
UNGE
, 2010b). The results of these
studies did not provide an unambiguous answer
to the question as to when the suburbanisation
phase started in the suburban zone of the
Katowice conurbation (mainly due to a diversified
methodology and adopted generalizations). An
extension of the above-mentioned research was a
presentation of the diversification of net migration
of the communes of the Silesian voivodeship for
the years 1979–2008 by R
UNGE
(2010) (in the
administrative division of 1999). The author
proved that since the beginning of the 1990s, the
migration trend in the village-city relationship
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59
gradually reversed, in favour of an increase in
population inflow to rural areas (1993).
An increased interest in population changes at
the border of urban and rural areas of the Katowice
conurbation was reflected in the works of D
YSZY
(2017), S
PÓRNA ET AL
. (2016) and K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
.
(2017), whereas attempts to generalize demographic
processes taking place in the Katowice conurbation
after 1990 were undertaken by R
UNGE ET AL
. (2011a,
2014, 2015).
Studies of the suburbanisation process in the
Katowice conurbation may be described as initial.
This is mainly due to a time lag in the
suburbanisation process, compared to other large
agglomerations in Poland, in which this process
had been taking place since the mid-1990s
(K
ORCELLI
, 1996; K
OCHANOWSKA
&
K
OCHANOWSKI
,
1997; Ś
LESZYŃSKI
, 2006). One of the first articles
on the suburbanisation process in the Katowice
conurbation was the work on the location of
new housing estates in 1990–2004 (P
ETRYSZYN
&
Z
UZAŃSKA
-Ż
YŚKO
, 2005). A continuation of these
studies was the urban inventory of newly
constructed housing areas (individual and
developed) in the central part of Sosnowiec – which
has the character of an inner-city suburbanisation
zone (S
PÓRNA
&
D
RAGAN
, 2013) or in Zabrze (K
OMAN
,
2017).
In recent years, there has been an increase in
interest in the suburban zone of the Katowice
conurbation. According to D
YSZY
(2017), the
suburbanisation process in the zone surrounding
the core of the Katowice conurbation initiated in
the communes north of its core: Bobrowniki,
Psary, Świerklaniec, and then in rural communes
located south of the core (Chełm Śląski, Gierałtowice,
Kobiór, Wyry). The research is summarized by
the statement that "rural areas located in the
vicinity of an urban complex, such as the Katowice
conurbation, are subject to explicit suburbanisation
processes" (D
YSZY
, 2017: 28). Z
UZAŃSKA
-Ż
YŚKO ET
AL
. (2016) when analysing the net migration of
communes surrounding the core of the Katowice
conurbation, revealed that a vast majority of the
rural communes are characterized by constant
positive net migration (in 1995–2011).
The research results of K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
.
(2017) are particularly interesting. They show
that in the years 1999–2013, the suburban zone
of the Katowice conurbation was the only one in
Poland that recorded a population loss (-0.4%),
and additionally experiencing a population loss at
its core (-10.6%). The second major difference in
comparison to other Polish agglomerations was the
outflow of the population from the agglomeration
core. In the case of the Katowice conurbation, the
outflow from the core to the suburban zone
accounted for only 11.3% of the total (data for
1995–2011), which indicates a relatively weak
development of suburbanisation processes. These
statements are crucial in the context of future
migration research in the Katowice conurbation
and its area as well as for comparative research
with other agglomerations.
The above studies are complemented by research
on migration flows in Silesia (S
OJKA
, 2007) and
international migration of the Silesian voivodeship
inhabitants (S
OJKA
, 2009). It was also extremely
valuable to define migration links of middle-sized
towns of the Katowice conurbation in the years
1999–2011 (R
UNGE
, 2015) and to make an attempt
to determine the causes and directions of the
migration of older people in the Silesian voivodeship
(P
YTEL
&
S
ZKUP
, 2013; P
YTEL
, 2014).
In national terms, the process of population
migration in metropolitan areas is relatively well
researched. These studies have been undertaken
by S
ZYMAŃSKA
&
B
IEGAŃSKA
(2011). N
OWOTNIK
(2012), W
INIARCZYK
-R
AŹNIAK
&
R
AŹNIAK
(2012), or
G
AŁKA
&
W
ARYCH
-J
URAS
(2018). In the above-
mentioned works, net migration indicators reveal
that in the early 2000s, the Katowice conurbation
area, in comparison to other Polish agglomerations,
was characterized by the lower intensity of migration
processes in the suburban area. This process is
consistent with the general depopulation trend of
the Katowice conurbation, which began in the
early 1990s (Ś
LESZYŃSKI
, 2006, 2016; Z
BOROWSKI
ET AL
., 2012; S
PÓRNA ET AL
., 2016).
3. Study area
The study area comprises the largest urban
complex in Poland – the Katowice conurbation
(Fig. 1). Its genesis dates back to the nineteenth
century and was based on a dynamic development
of industry (mining, metallurgy) and the
railway (H
ARTSHORNE
, 1934; G
WOSDZ
, 2004).
The development of the conurbation, including
its socio-economic diversification, was also
influenced by its border location and economic
migrations. After 1945, when the whole area was
located within the borders of the Polish state, it
was subject to further industrialization and
urbanization (S
PÓRNA
, 2012). On the other hand,
political and economic changes initiated after
1989, contributed to significant changes in the
spatial and functional structure of the cities, towns
and suburban areas of the Katowice conurbation.
Currently, the Katowice conurbation constitutes
one of the largest urban complexes in Central and
Eastern Europe, with a distinct polycentric functional
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60
and spatial structure. The economic structure of
the Katowice conurbation has been subject to
transformation since 1990, as manifested by the
heterogeneity of the economic functions of the
cities and towns of the region, defined as trans-
industrialism (K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
., 2016).
The Katowice conurbation is located in southern
Poland, within the most urbanized province of
Silesia. Together with the Rybnik conurbation, the
Bielsko-Biała and Częstochowa agglomerations, it
forms an intertwined settlement structure (R
UNGE
ET AL
., 2011b), which borders, in the south-west,
the Ostrava-Karviná agglomeration in the Czech
Republic.
The Katowice conurbation covers an area of
3329 km
2
with the size of the population amounting
to 2.445 million people in 2016. It consists of 50
communes, including 30 urban communes, 3 urban-
rural communes and 17 rural communes. According
to the delimitation proposed by K
RZYSZTOFIK
(2007),
the Katowice conurbation is divided into the core
zone (16 urban communes), the inner zone (12 urban
communes and one town, included in the urban-
rural commune of Sośnicowice, and the external
zone (21 communes and one rural area of the
urban–rural commune of Sośnicowice). There are
33 cities and towns in the Katowice conurbation.
The cities with a population exceeding 150,000
residents include: Katowice (298.1 thousand people),
Sosnowiec (205.9 thousand people), Gliwice (182.2
thousand people), Zabrze (175.5 thousand people),
and Bytom (169.6 thousand people). In general,
the structure of the Katowice conurbation includes
9 cities of over 100,000 people (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. The area of the Katowice conurbation, Poland (Source: own elaboration based on Krzysztofik, 2007;, Runge et al., 2011b;
Spórna, 2012)
1 – boundary of Poland, 2 – province boundaries (NUTS 2), 3 – Katowice conurbation boundaries, 4 – poviat (NUTS 4), 5 –
commune (gmina, NUTS 5), 6 – boundaries between city in urban-rural commune and rural area, 7 – rural area in urban-rural
commune, 8 – core of conurbation, 9 – inner zone of conurbation, 10 – outer zone of conurbation; Normal text – city, B. – Będzin,
Ch. – Chorzów, Cz. – Czeladź, Pi. – Piekary Śląskie, Py. – Pyskowice, R. – Radzionków, Si. – Siemianowice Śląskie, So. – Sośnicowice,
Św. – Świętochłowice, W. – Wojkowice
4. Materials and methods
In order to implement the research aims, the
authors used statistical data presenting the number
and dynamics of the total population (source: L
OCAL
D
ATA
B
ANK OF THE
C
ENTRAL
S
TATISTICAL
O
FFICE
,
S
TATISTICAL
Y
EARBOOK FOR THE
K
ATOWICE
V
OIVODESHIP
)
and unpublished data on the number of the
population obtained from the PESEL database,
data for 2004 and 2014 (Ministry of the Interior
and Administration). This data was complemented
with data on migration flows of the analysed
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61
communes obtained from the Central Statistical
Office and from the Demography Database portal
(sheet "2g – Internal migrations of the population to
a permanent residence, according to the communes
of the previous and current place of residence").
The work involved statistical and cartographic
methods. In order to present demographic
changes and changes in the migration flow in the
adopted research periods, statistical measures for
an index of dynamics, and absolute values were
applied. The results obtained were presented in
tabular and graphical form (the cartogram and
cartodiagram method). Figures were prepared
using GIS techniques with MapInfo Pro and
Quantum GIS software (QGIS). Statistical data
from the PESEL database, after its completion
and complementation with the address database
(geocoding process), was assigned to designated
research fields (a regular hexagon with the area
of 1 km
2
) using the MMQGIS extension in the
QGIS program.
5. Results
5.1. Population changes in the communes of the
Katowice conurbation
Since 1991, the Katowice conurbation area has
been subject to the process of depopulation. In fact,
this has been recorded for the first time since the
beginning of its rapid industrialization and
urbanization in the nineteenth century and the
continuation of this process in 1945–1989. The end
of a favourable trend in the migration flow and in
the natural flow from the cities of the Katowice
conurbation resulted from the restructuring of
industry, which was initiated in the early 1990s.
A decrease in the number of inhabitants of the
Katowice conurbation in the years 1990–2016
amounted to nearly 375,000 people. It mainly
concerned the cities of the core of the conurbation,
which, in this period, experienced a loss in
population of 366 thousand (Fig. 2).
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62
Fig. 2. Changes in the population of the Katowice conurbation (total), its core, inner and outer zones in the period 1980–2016
(Source: own elaboration based on Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa
Katowickiego 1981,–1995, WUS, Katowice)
Until the mid-1990s, migration of the inhabitants
of the core of the Katowice conurbation did not
significantly contribute to an increase in the
population of the suburban areas of the conurbation.
A continuous population increase of the external
zone of the Katowice conurbation has been
recorded only since 2006; this increase, by 2016,
amounted to only 8,000 people. A similar case
resulted from the analysis of population changes
in the areas of the Katowice conurbation which are
exclusively rural – a steady increase in population
from 2003, by 10.6 thousand people (Fig. 3).
However, it should be borne in mind that rural
areas of the Katowice conurbation have a fluctuating
increase in population size. Their population
changed from 164.5 thousand in 1991 to 177.7
thousand in 2016.
In addition to the natural decrease, the
depopulation of the Katowice conurbation is affected
by negative net migration. Its negative value, both
for the entire conurbation as well as for the core
cities, has been observed continuously since 1993
(3–10 thousand people per year). This is an
extremely unfavourable situation, compared, for
example, to 1980 and 1981, when the annual
migration of core cities amounted to nearly +18
thousand people. Rural areas have experienced a
positive net migration of up to 1.5 thousand
people annually since 1995 (Fig. 4).
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63
Fig. 3. Changes in the population of urban and rural areas of the Katowice conurbation, 1980–2016 (Source: own elaboration based
on Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Katowickiego 1981,–1995, WUS, Katowice)
Fig. 4. Net migration for cities and rural areas of the Katowice conurbation, 1980–2016 (Source: own elaboration based on
Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Katowickiego 1981,–1995, WUS,
Katowice)
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64
When analysing changes in the population of
the Katowice conurbation communes in the years
1980–2016, a change in the development trend of
their population is clearly noticeable.
Until the end of the 1980s, most of the cities
and towns of the Katowice conurbation (except
for Chorzów, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Sławków and
Bytom) saw an increase in population, in the case
of Mysłowice and Tychy, amounting to 18 and 15%,
respectively. A population decrease (up to 8%)
was observed in rural communes, located north
of the core of the conurbation (Fig. 5A).
The period of 1990–2000 brought about a
deepening of negative demographic trends in the
Katowice conurbation. A slight increase in the
population (up to 2.8%) was recorded by only 7
communes outside the core of the Katowice
conurbation (Fig. 5B).
When analysing demographic data for the years
2000–2016, it is clearly visible that in the Katowice
conurbation, there is a distinct zone of communes
with a predominant population loss. Above all,
the negative depopulation trend takes place in the
core towns and cities of the Katowice conurbation
(see Fig. 5C, D). In particular, this process applies
to the cities (Katowice, Gliwice, Zabrze, Bytom,
and Sosnowiec).
Fig. 5. The dynamics of population changes in the commune of the Katowice conurbation in the period 1980–2016 (Source:
own elaboration based on Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Katowickiego
1981,–1995, WUS, Katowice)
The second outlined zone is the area of population
growth, which is observed mostly in the communes
surrounding the core of the Katowice conurbation.
The area comprises rural communes located in the
immediate vicinity of core cities and they are divided
into two zones: north and south. The northern zone
includes the following communes: Świerklaniec,
Bobrowniki, Ożarowice, Psary, and Mierzęcice, while
the southern zone – the communes surrounding
the core of the conurbation: from Sośnicowice in
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65
the west to Chełm Śląski and Imielin in the east
(13 communes) (Fig. 5C, D). In these zones of the
Katowice conurbation, there is a gradual increase
in population, which is a consequence of new
housing development (mainly single-family
housing).
It is worth mentioning that the cities with the
largest decline in the number of inhabitants
during the years 1990–2016, not related to
administrative changes include: Katowice (-68.7
thousand people), Sosnowiec (-53.5 thousand),
Bytom (together with Radzionkow, -46.7 thousand),
Gliwice (32 thousand), Ruda Śląska (31.9 thousand),
while population increases in this period was
recorded by Mikołów (2.9 thousand), Orzesze
(2.3 thousand) and Bojszowy (2,000, from 1991).
5.2. Migration flow in the Katowice conurbation
as an indicator of the suburbanisation process
Demographic changes initiated after 1990 in the
Katowice conurbation, were primarily caused by
negative migration flow (S
PÓRNA ET AL
., 2016).
The positive value of the net migration coefficient
is also one of the first indicators of the development
of suburban zones in the vicinity of cities. For the
Katowice conurbation, this indicator takes on
different values, both in dynamic and spatial terms
(Fig. 6A–D).
Fig. 6. Net migration coefficients (aggregative) for the communes of the Katowice conurbation for the periods A) 1980–1989,
B) 1990–1999, C) 2000–2009, D) 2010–2016 (Source: own elaboration based on Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical
Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Katowickiego 1981,–1995, WUS, Katowice)
* – 6B) In the administrative division of 1990; with the exception of Tychy, Tarnowskie Góry, Mysłowice – (significant
changes of administrative borders);
** – 6D) The calculated coefficients do not include data on foreign migration for 2015 – The Central Statistical Office did not
publish this: "The reason for the lack of inclusion of data for 2015 is its incompleteness and therefore data on international
migration for 2015 will not be presented" (CSO, 2015)
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66
Until 1989, the majority of communes, including
the cities and towns of the Katowice conurbation,
had positive net migration (Fig. 6A). The years 1990–
1999 marked a period of negative net migration
in the cities of the core of the Katowice
conurbation and a gradual increase in the population
inflow to the communities surrounding the core.
In particular, this phenomenon has been observed
after 2000 and it concerns communities located
to the south and north of the core of the Katowice
conurbation (Fig. 6C, D).
In order to examine the quantitative phenomenon
of migration in the area of the Katowice conurbation
communities, aggregate net migration values for
the two time periods were presented.
In both periods, 1990–1999 and 2000–2016, it
can be observed that the outflow of people from
the core cities of the Katowice conurbation was
not compensated, not even to 50 percent, by the
inflow of people to the suburban conurbation zone
(Fig. 7A,B). Katowice alone, in 1990–2016 lost 23
thousand inhabitants as a result of emigration;
whereas, the commune with the largest population
inflow were – Psary, which increased by 2.2 thousand
newcomers in the same period (Fig. 7). In total, in
1990–2016 (within commune borders from 1990),
due to emigration from the core of the Katowice
conurbation, its population decreased by 131.7
thousand people, and the population surrounding
the core (internal and external zone) increased
only by 1.8 thousand people. When analysing this
indicator only for rural areas, the increase amounted
to 12.4 thousand people. This proves the occurrence
of the initial phase of the suburbanisation process
in the zone surrounding the core of the Katowice
conurbation.
The highest positive net migration in the years
1990–2016, with the exception of Dąbrowa Górnicza
(2.8 thousand people) and Mysłowice (0.6 thousand),
was observed in the communes located in the
vicinity of the core of the conurbation, i.e. Psary
(2.2 thousand), Orzesze (2.1), Mikołów (1.9),
Wyry (1.9), Pilchowice (1.6), Ornontowice (1.3),
Bobrowniki (1.5), Świerklaniec (1.5), Imielin (1.4),
Ornontowice (1.3), Bojszowy (1.3), Gierałtowice
(1.1), and Lędziny (1.1). Positive values, below
one thousand people, were also recorded by the
following communes: Sośnicowice – rural area,
Chełm Śląski, Sławków, Ożarowice, Kobiór,
Mierzęcice and below 0.5 thousand in the communes
of Siewierz (rural area and the town), Zbrosławice,
Wojkowice, Tworóg, Kalety and Sośnicowice – town.
It should be highlighted that the scale of the
migration process to the suburban communes of
the Katowice conurbation is much smaller compared
to the suburban zones of other Polish cities (e.g. the
suburban area of Warsaw, Cracow or Poznań).
Fig. 7. Net migration for the communes of the Katowice conurbation (aggregate) in the periods A) 1990–1999 and B) 2000–
2016 (Source: own elaboration based on Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office; Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa
Katowickiego 1981,–1995, WUS, Katowice)
5.3. Inner-city population changes in the
Katowice conurbation as an indicator
of the suburbanisation process
One of the manifestations of inner-city
redistribution of the Katowice conurbation
population is the zoning changes in populations
in the area of its communes. They occurred mainly
in urban areas up to 1990 and in areas of new
housing development constructed after 2000.
The areas subjected to the depopulation process
are primarily the downtown areas of cities and
areas with dominant multi-story buildings from
the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s (constructed from
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67
pre-fabricated elements) (Fig. 8). When analysing
this process using the example of the central-
eastern cities and towns of the Katowice
conurbation, it is apparent that urban areas of
cities and the most urbanized and industrialized
area forming today's core of the Katowice
conurbation are undergoing depopulation. The areas
of multi-storey buildings built before 1990 for
workers employed in mining and metallurgy and
their families are also depopulating (Sosnowiec–
Środula, Zagórze, Będzin–Syberka, Dąbrowa
Górnicza–Mydlice, Os. Augustynika, Czeladź,
Jaworzno–Warpie). In the years 2004–2014 only,
the population decline in these areas exceeded 50
people per 1 km
2
, and in extreme cases over 650
people per 1 km
2
(Fig. 8).
Another group consists of areas with a growth
in the number of inhabitants. These areas are located
in several zones, including:
– the surroundings of the most invested areas
of cities (city centres), but still within their
administrative borders, both in the proximal and
distal zones, including the city border with the
surrounding rural area (e.g. Będzin). These areas
can be referred to as the "inner-city" suburban
zone, occurring within city limits;
– areas in the close vicinity of city centres, in unused
areas (e.g. Sosnowiec, the district of Sielec – see
S
PÓRNA
&
D
RAGAN
, 2013, or in Będzin – the district
of Górki Małobądzkie);
– polycentric areas of wasteland (post-industrial
areas, post-agricultural areas).
Fig. 8. Inner-city population changes in the eastern part of the Katowice conurbation in the period 2004–2014
(Source: own elaboration based PESEL)
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68
Areas subject to population increases due to
their good transport accessibility, competitive price
per 1 m
2
of land compared to rural areas (removed
from conurbation cities) and access to green areas
constitute convenient migration destinations for
urban populations. In this case, the areas of inner-
city population increase are subject to the "internal"
suburbanisation process. An increase in population
density in these areas derives from new housing
investments, both private as well as those
constructed by developers.
An increase and a decline of the population
within the Katowice conurbation is polycentric
and refers to its complex, multi-centre spatial and
functional structure.
6. Discussion
The analysis of the changes in population and
migration flow of the Katowice conurbation
communes in 1980–2016 reveals that changes in
these indicators were influenced by the political
and economic transformation that began in 1990.
The cities of the Katowice conurbation are still
experiencing a decrease in inhabitants (nearly
400,000 people in total in 1991–2016), small and
medium-sized towns of the inner zones are
characterized by stabilization of the population,
whereas overall, the external zone of the
conurbation has recorded a continuous population
increase only since 2006. This trend is impacted
by negative net migration in the Katowice
conurbation, occurring since 1993, while the very
rural areas have recorded positive values of this
indicator since 1995.
The depopulation of the Katowice conurbation
falls within the observed negative demographic
changes in other regions of traditional industry
(see I
VAN
&
H
ORÁK
, 2011; R
ECHLOWICZ
&
T
KOCZ
,
2013; S
PÓRNA
&
K
URPANIK
, 2013; V
AISHAR
, 2002)
or agglomerations of Central and Eastern Europe
(K
ARACHURINA
&
M
KRTCHYAN
, 2015; S
EDLAKOVA
, 2005;
S
TEINFÜHRER
&
H
AASE
, 2007; T
UROK
&
M
YKHNENKO
,
2007).
The Katowice conurbation is specific due to its
strong migration links within its core. The migration
flow from the core of the Katowice conurbation to
the suburban zone in the years 1990–2012
amounted to only 11%, while migrations within
the core accounted for as much as 44% of the total
(see K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
., 2017). This is related to
the development of the "internal" suburbanisation
in the Katowice conurbation area and the
predominance of this process over suburbanisation
in the traditional suburban area (R
UNGE
, 2016).
Apart from the period of the socialist deglomeration
of the core of the Katowice conurbation, which took
on the form of centrally controlled suburbanisation
in this zone (e.g. the construction of housing
estates and satellite towns – Nowe Tychy), the years
1995–2008 may be assumed as the initiation of
the suburbanisation process in the suburban zone
of the Katowice conurbation. Due to the fact that
the redistribution of the population in the
suburban area of the conurbation was diverse in
terms of its space and time, it is impossible to
determine the exact year, but only the period in
which the process began. The scale of the
suburbanisation processes in the zone surrounding
the core of the conurbation is also smaller as a
result of the presence of inner-city suburban
zones in the core.
In Poland, development of suburban zones has
become noticeable especially after 1990. However,
the intensity of the demographic processes in the
suburban zones of Polish cities is much higher than
in the suburban area of the Katowice conurbation
(K
UPISZEWSKI ET AL
., 1998; K
UREK ET AL
., 2014;
Ś
LESZYŃSKI
, 2006; R
AŹNIAK
, 2007; G
AŁKA
&
W
ARYCH
-
J
URAS
, 2018). The delay of the suburbanisation
processes in the Katowice conurbation is connected
with the economic problems of its inhabitants
resulting from the restructuring of industry (the
1990s). The shrinking process of the Katowice
conurbation cities, caused by their economic
problems, was manifested mostly by a decrease
in the number of inhabitants, but also by social,
spatial, infrastructural and urban problems.
The impact of these negative processes was
reflected by the migratory behaviour of the
population, i.e. international emigration and
migration to other urban centres of Poland
(K
RZYSZTOFIK ET AL
., 2011, 2012; S
ITEK ET AL
., 2013).
R
UNGE
&
K
ŁOSOWSKI
(2011) researched the
dynamics of the population and migration processes
in urban agglomerations of the Silesian voivodeship
for the years 1978–2008. These studies showed
that, in terms of the core – the suburban zone of the
agglomeration, the suburbanisation process in the
Katowice conurbation was virtually unnoticeable.
In contrast, since 1993, the population increase
in the suburban area of the Bielsko-Biała
agglomeration is distinct.
The study of the process of suburbanisation
against the background of progressive depopulation
and "shrinking" of the Katowice conurbation
cities poses a difficulty, and therefore a scientific
challenge. The administrative changes of cities
and towns (in the 1990s) make it difficult to
study this process as well. Research on the
suburbanisation process in a polycentric urban
region has also been undertaken in the Ruhr area.
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69
The results reveal that the suburbanisation process
in this region was initiated much earlier than in
the Katowice conurbation (the 1960s and 1970s)
(B
ASTEN
, 2017; B
RAKE ET AL
., 2001). At that time,
the beginning of the de-urbanization processes
was observed in the majority of European urban
agglomerations (V
AN DER
B
ERG ET AL
., 1982; F
IELDING
,
1989; M
USTERD ET AL
., 1991; E
VERAERS
&
M
USTERD
,
1994; C
HESHIRE
, 1995; T
UROK
&
M
YKHNENKO
, 2007).
7. Conclusions
The suburbanisation process in the Katowice
conurbation requires further, in-depth research.
Understanding the multifaceted mechanism of its
development in a polycentric urban region is
extremely important from the point of view of the
region's development and spatial planning. It also
poses a difficult research challenge.
Currently, the suburbanisation process in the
Katowice conurbation is still poorly researched.
Its demographic aspect (population changes of
cities and rural areas) is documented in the most
comprehensive way.
In view of statistical data on changes in the total
population of communes and migration, one may
be tempted to assume that the suburbanisation
process in the Katowice conurbation is its initial
phase. This is evidenced by low values of
population dynamics in suburban municipalities
or net migration coefficients. Publicly available
data, as a result of its aggregation to the area of
the entire commune, makes it impossible to
examine the changes in population in the inner-
city aspect. When using the NSP or the PESEL
database, it is possible to determine areas of
population increase/decline within cities, and
thus present the process of so-called "internal
suburbanisation" (L
ORENS
, 2005).
The lack of development of a traditional
suburban zone in the Katowice conurbation was
influenced by migrations of urban residents from
the conurbation in the 1990s to places of previous
residence (return migration), migrations to other
more attractive urban centres, international
migrations, and migrations to attractive natural
areas (the southern part of the Silesian voivodship,
Beskid Śląski). The spatial and functional layout
of the conurbation is also significant – polycentricity
is conducive to the creation of local suburban
zones in the vicinity of previously urbanized
areas, mostly on post-agricultural wasteland.
Since the 1990s, and with a special intensity
after 2000, the largest increase in population and
migration inflow has been observed in the
communes surrounding the core of the conurbation
that is in: Świerklaniec, Bobrowniki, Psary and
Wyry, Kobiór, Bojszowy, Orzesze, Ornontowice
and Imielin.
The Katowice conurbation is a specific
polycentric urban region in which two processes
are currently underway. One of them is the
process of depopulation, initiated in the 1990s,
whereas the other one is a polycentric process of
suburbanisation.
Simultaneous to the observed real decline in
population, including one of its causes, which is
negative net migration balance, in the Katowice
conurbation area, there are zones with high
population dynamics.
The suburbanisation process is manifested in
the Katowice conurbation in two spatial forms.
The first one is the suburbanisation of the suburban
zone of the Katowice conurbation, which comprises
the communes located in the external zone,
directly adjacent to the cities of the core of the
Katowice conurbation, including Ożarowice, Psary
and Mierzęcice in the northern zone and Mikołów,
Orzesze and Wyry in the south-western zone.
The second form of suburbanisation is the
so-called "inner" suburbanisation, taking place
within limits of the Katowice conurbation cities.
Areas of intense inner-city construction development
are located in the close vicinity of city centres, on
unused areas with good transport accessibility.
These areas are affected by the so-called "internal
suburbanisation".
The review of the literature on demographic
changes and migration flow in the Katowice
conurbation indicates that researchers are
increasingly interested in the subject, also in the
context of the development of the suburban area.
It may be said that when considering Polish
literature, the process of suburbanisation in a
polycentric urban region is a phenomenon that
has only just been recognized. On the other hand,
the suburbanisation process has been relatively well
researched in Poland in relation to large monocentric
agglomerations (J
AKÓBCZYK
-G
RYSZKIEWICZ
, 1998;
K
AJDANEK
, 2012; Ś
LESZYŃSKI
, 2006), or European
agglomerations (S
TANILOV
&
S
ÝKORA
, 2014; P
HELPS
,
2017). This article initiates the indication to the
phenomenon of the suburbanisation process in
the Katowice conurbation and, to some extent,
it bridges the existing research gap.
Further research on the suburbanisation process
in the Katowice conurbation should be focused on
identifying the migration directions of the population
(in relation to core – rural area and core city – other
core city), motivations for these migrations, and
studying inner-city demographic changes that may
indicate the "internal" suburbanisation process.
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70
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Polish National
Science Centre (Decision No. DEC-2014/ 13/N/HS4/03575).
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