El poblamiento andalusí en las tierras de secano: el área sudoriental de La Mancha (ss. XI-XIII)

Abstract

Desde los años 80 del pasado siglo, se ha avanzado mucho en el conocimiento del poblamiento rural andalusí vinculado a la agricultura de regadío, tanto en relación a las grandes huertas periurbanas como a los pequeños sistemas hidráulicos de las comunidades campesinas. En las extensas zonas donde escasea el agua, el poblamiento estaría aparentemente concentrado en ciudades y núcleos fortificados (ḥuṣūn), entre los que se extendían secanos deshabitados. Sin embargo, la prospección intensiva de una de estas comarcas, el sector sudoriental de La Mancha, nos está permitiendo documentar un intenso poblamiento rural que responde a un patrón hasta ahora desconocido. Se trata de alquerías (qurā) en llano, carentes de elementos de defensa comunitarios, que debieron de estar habitadas por campesinos humildes, a juzgar por la modestia de la arquitectura y de los ajuares domésticos. Seguramente explotarían los únicos recursos naturales existentes, que tradicionalmente han orientado la economía de la región hacia la ganadería y la agricultura de secano. De manera particular, el poblamiento estudiado se relacionaría con la demanda de lana para las producciones textiles de la comarca orientadas a la exportación, en el marco de la expansión comercial del periodo. Mayoritariamente estas alquerías parecen haberse desarrollado a partir del siglo XI, desapareciendo a mediados del siglo XIII con motivo de la conquista cristiana. Su existencia estaría asociada a un contexto general de crecimiento demográfico que empujó a la competencia entre las élites urbanas y los campesinos por los espacios agrícolas privilegiados, así como a la colonización de áreas productivas menos favorables.

Full text

El poblamiento andalusí en las tierras de secano: el
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 215

Introducción
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 217

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67)AEE3>)ABA9D38S3(!
 (N@5:7LGeografía
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 219

 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 220

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9Distribución de yacimientos andalusíes en el área objeto de estudio; así como planos de situación de la misma. 1.-
Castillo de Caudete, 2.- Torre de Bogarra (Caudete), 3.- Los Palancares (Caudete), 4.- Castillo de Almansa, 5.- Torre de
Burharón (Almansa), 6.- Casas Viejas (Almansa), 7.- Cueva del Puntal del Mugrón (Almansa), 8.- Cueva Negra (Almansa),
9.- Abrigos del Mugrón I y II (Almansa), 10.- Hoya Matea (Almansa), 11.- Jódar (Almansa), 12.- Fuensanta (Almansa), 13.-
Olula II (Almansa), 14.- Castillo de San Gregorio (Alpera), 15.- Malefatón (Alpera), 16.- Loma de la Vega (Alpera), 17.-
Casa de la Zorra (Alpera), 18.- Las Fuentes (Alpera), 19.- Bancal del Reviejo (Alpera), 20.- Casa del Sol, (Alpera), 21.- Casa
del Sol II, 22.- Tobillos (Alpera), 23.- Cueva Negra de la Vega, (Alpera), 24.- Castillo de Higueruela (Higueruela), 25.- Abrigo
y corral de San Juan (Higueruela), 26.- Ceja de Oncebreros (Higueruela), 27.- Cerro Blanco (Higueruela), 28.- Corrales de
Casa Guarda (Higueruela), 29.- Corrales de la Solana de Oncebreros (Higueruela), 30.- Covacha de la Solana (Higueruela),
31.- Cueva Horadada (Higueruela), 32.- El Villar o Hoya Honda (Higueruela), 33.- Las Grajas (Higueruela), 34.- Los Cas-
tillicos o La Rambla (Higueruela), 35.- Los Pocicos (Higueruela), 36.- Prado Viejo (Hoyagonzalo), 37.- Abrigo de Oncebreros
de Arriba (Hoyagonzalo), 38.- Castillo y medina de Chinchilla, 39.- Rincón de Haro (Chinchilla), 40.- Medianil de Honcinas
(Chinchilla), 41.- Loma de la Hoya de Los Cerrillos (Chinchilla), 42.- Fortaleza (Chinchilla), 43.- Rincón del Cerro de la
Fuente del Cuervo (Chinchilla), 44.- Cerro de las Tinajas de Mompichel (Chinchilla), 45.- Ladera oriental del Almorchón
(Chinchilla), 46.- Mezquitillas II (Chinchilla), 47.- Morra de Montesinos (Chinchilla), 48.- Víllora (Chinchilla), 49.- Las
Peñicas (Chinchilla), 50.- Los Villares de Horna (Chinchilla), 51.- El Boquerón (Chinchilla), 52.- Los Villares (Chinchilla),
53.- El Bachiller (Chinchilla), 54.- La Toyosa (Chinchilla), 55.- Fuentechilla (Chinchilla), 56.- Casa Alhama (Chinchilla),
57.- Aldea de Horna (Chinchilla), 58.- San Cristobal (Chinchilla), 59.- Morreta del Cerro de los Bolos (Pozo Cañada), 60.-
Corral del Cerro de los Bolos (Pozo Cañada), 61.- Abrigos de la Cuerda de Santo Domingo (Pozo Cañada), 62.- Cerro de la
Villa (Pozo Cañada), 63.- Casa de las Palomas (Pétrola), 64.- Morra de la Cueva de la Paja o Aguaza I y II (Corralrubio),
65.- La Carrasquilla (Corralrubio), 66.- Vallejo de la Casa de la Vega (Corralrubio), 67.- Cerrico de los Conejos (Corral-
rubio), 68.- Castillo de Montealegre del Castillo, 69.- Torre de Pekín o Los Castellares (Montealegre del Castillo), 70.-
Cerrico don Felipe (Montealegre del Castillo), 71.- Casa de los Calderones (Montealegre del Castillo), 72.- Casa de doña
Juliana (Montealegre del Castillo), 73.- Pozo de la Higuera (Montealegre del Castillo), 74.- Morra de Charrante (Montealegre
del Castillo), 75.- Bancal de las Tinajas (Bonete), 76.- El Carrascal (Bonete), 77.- Fuente Somera (Bonete), 78.- Lomas de
Cuevas Negras (Bonete), 79.- El Chisnar (Bonete), 80.- El Castellar de Meca (Ayora), 81.- Abrigo y Arco de San Pascual
(Ayora), 82.- Pozo de Egea (Ayora), 83.- Hoya Marín (Ayora), 84.- Las Torcas (Ayora), 85.- El Olmillo de Abajo (Fuenteá-
lamo), 86.- Prados del Olmillo (Fuenteálamo), 86.- Los Torrejones de Carcelén, 87.- Cerro Dolonche (Carcelén), 88.- Cerro
Fino (Alatoz), 89.- Castillo de Albacete y Cerro de San Juan, 90.- San Antón (Albacete).
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 221

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_No se trata otra cosa en esta çiudad sjno labrar y criar ganados
mercaderes ay muy pocos todos vjuen de labrança y criança suele venjr
a la terçia y granero de esta ciudad un anno con otro seys mjll fanegas
de trigo de diezmo pie del buey y rrubjon que esto es el pan que en esta
tierra se coge sjembrase trigo mas poco criase en esta tierra ganado
ovjuno y cabrio ay en esta tierra muchas necesidades de mulas por ser
tantas las labranças…`*@63FACG75D77?AE?GKE;9@;8;53F;HAB3D3
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 222

Características generales del poblamiento andalusí
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 3>a*qDjTarṣī‘BBK
 %A@57El Corredor de Almansa
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 223

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et fauribus seruicio quod michi fecisti in adquisitione Chinchellam et
aliorum castellorum illius\`D35;3E3>33DCG7A>A9S3E347?AE67
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 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
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 :3H3DDS3 Cuando Castilla-La ManchaB
 (;?U@Castillos y torres
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 224

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
 3D57>U ;D5:@7DK#3H3DDAEl agua que no duermeBBK
 %A5=>;@9FA@_)ABA@;?;3`
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 225

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
 %A5=>;@9FA@_)ABA@;?;3`B
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 226

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! %$!"#)$ #!*(d # !( )''(  (#$
Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 227

 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9Los Castillicos (Higueruela). En el centro de la imagen superior aparece
el cerro el que se encuentra el yacimiento. El caserío se levantaba en la ladera
pero no hay restos de ocupación de la parte superior del mismo. En la imagen
inferior se aprecia el caserío visto desde la cima del cerrete.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 228

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
 (;?U@_(3J(3>;@3EK+;>>7@3`
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 229

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
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;9La Toyosa (Chinchilla). Vista aérea de algunas de las casas.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 230

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9La Toyosa (Chinchilla). Imagen superior: ortofotografía del yacimiento
con la planimetría superpuesta. Imagen inferior: plano topográfico
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 231

 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9La Graja (Higueruela). Imagen superior: ortofotografía del yacimiento
con la planimetría superpuesta. Imagen inferior: plano topográfico.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 232

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9El Villar de Hoya Honda (Higueruela). Imagen superior: ortofotografía
del yacimiento con la planimetría superpuesta. Imagen inferior:
plano topográfico.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 233

 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9Dolonche (Carcelén). Imagen superior: ortofotografía del yacimiento
con la planimetría superpuesta. Imagen inferior: plano topográfico.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 234

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
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;9Los Villares de Munera. Vista aérea de algunas de las casas.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 235

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9 Los Villares del Bachiller (Chinchilla). Imagen superior: ortofotografía
del yacimiento con la planimetría superpuesta en su estado actual; como se puede
observar, la parte central del mismo se encuentra destruida debido a remociones
de tierra efectuadas a comienzos de los años 70. Imagen inferior: plano topo-
gráfico; hemos restituido en discontinua los edificios del sector central a partir
de fotografías aéreas anteriores a su destrucción.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 236

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 237

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 238

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 239

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 240

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
 #3H3DDAK;?Q@7LSiyāsa
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 241

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 242

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Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
;9Alquería de Tobillos (Alpera) 1, ataifor de fondo blanco y decoración en
verde y morado; 2, olla de cuello estriado. Alquería del Bancal de la Tinaja (Bo-
nete) 3, ataifor melado con decoración de alcafoll; 4, ataifor de fondo blanco y
decoración en verde y morado; 5, olla de cuello estriado. Ayna, 6, Jarro. Alquería
del Cerrico de don Felipe (Montealegre del Castillo) 7, jarrita. Cerro de Mom-
pichel o de la Tinaja (Chinchilla) 8, ataifor de fondo blanco y decoración en verde
y morado; 9, candil de piquera.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 243

 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
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;9Alquería del Villar de Hoya Honda (Higueruela). 1, 2, y 4 marmita,
3 jarro, 5 jarra, 6 cazuela y 7 alcadafe.
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 244

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Las actividades productivas
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 245

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 246

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 247

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Discusión y conclusiones
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] (7FD3F367>A53>;6367E?A67EF3ECG73>47D9343@7@FD7K76;
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 248

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>;@3E
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:47 Página 249

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 A>7@ELes méthodes culturales au Moyen ÂgeA>7@ELa révolution agricole!3
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 250

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 251

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 252

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 253

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Bibliografía
5;Q@>?3@E3"3@G7>_%A4>3?;7@FAK8ADF;8;535;U@7@7>EGD673>@63>GE
!38AD?35;U@67G@B3SE67ḥuṣūn`III Congreso de Arqueología Medieval
Española$H;76A*@;H7DE;63667$H;76AFBB
=43D3?7>Crisis in the Built Environment. The Case of the Muslim City(;@
93BGDA@57BF"76;3
 %'$ "M#/ ()!!$ . $(M !*( ("e# 'd
Al-Qantara ---+BBv((#v6A;3>C3@F3D3
 %AD7<7?B>A3B3DF;D67>3@N>;E;E67>3EE7@F7@5;3ED7>35;A@363E5A@>335F;H;636<G
6;5;3>67>536SoKip7>8;@3(7DD3@A5A@5>GK7CG7_>3BDAB;76367E;@6;H;6G3>
7@>3BDN5F;53FAF3>;63667>AE53EAE`4@aKipMad̲āhib al-ḥukkāmBBK
 DG83>_!3!>7;6367E753@A`
Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 254

D@A>673@Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process, 3?4D;6973?4D;697
*@;H7DE;FK%D7EE
LG3D'G;L'3837>K"7@Q@67LG7KAAEQ!G;E_>3>83D;E>N?;5A67>5:7
>;53@F7E;9>AE--`II Congreso de Arqueología Penínsular, HA>
/3?AD3'7;>8A@EA@D;CG7EBB
3>>7EF7DAED;3E%3G>3et al_%ADG@33DCG7A>A9S339D3D;367>3EEA5;76367E
?76;7H3>7E:;EBN@;53E%DABG7EF367G@BDAFA5A>A67;@H7EF;935;U@`7@
;D5:@7D76Por una arqueología agraria. Perspectivas de investigación
sobre espacios de cultivo en las sociedades medievales hispánicas$J8AD6
D5:37ABD7EEBB
3D57>U";CG7>et alArqueología medieval. En las afueras del “medievalismo”
3D57>A@3DSF;53
3D57>U";CG7>_>6;E7TA67>AE7EB35;AE;DD;936AE7@>@63>GEG@7@G@
5;36A67BD;@5;B;AE97@7D3>7E`El agua en zonas áridas: Arqueología e His-
toria. I Coloquio de historia y medio físico HA> >?7DS3@EF;FGFA67
EFG6;AE>?7D;7@E7EBB-+-!-
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Fundamentos de la arqueología hidráulica andalusíD3@363>>7936A3@
63>GES
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3G"AK7@97`L’homme et l’eau en Méditerranée et au Proche-Orient. I.
Séminaire de recherche 1979-1980!KA@("3;EA@67>b$D;7@FBB

A>7@E!G5;7Les méthodes culturales au Moyen Âge d’après les traités d’agro-
nomie andalous. Tradition et technique;@74D3)7E;E6A5FAD3>;@Q6;F3
A>7@E!G5;7_!3DQHA>GF;A@39D;5A>73@63>AGE76G-7E;R5>7` Studia Islamica
BB
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67>F7DD;FAD;A`7@"3>B;5376Análisis de los paisajes históricos. De al-
Andalus a la sociedad feudalD3@363>:G>;3BB
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das: Arqueología e Historia: actas del I Coloquio de Historia y medio físico
>?7DS3@EF;FGFA67EFG6;AE>?7D;7@E7EBB
3D33DD;A@G7HA!AD7@LA_G7>>3E67B3EFAD7EA4E7DH3@6A>AEB3;E3<7E93@3
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Paisajes Históricos. De Al-Ándalus a La Sociedad FeudalD3@363>:G>;3
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los pueblos del Reino de Murcia"GD5;3*@;H7DE;63667"GD5;3
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Andalus: geografía y toponimia;G636'73>>?G6
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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 258

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Alcantara Vol XXXVIII-2 (008)_Maquetación 1 16/03/18 13:48 Página 259