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Musik und Befindlichkeit: Erste Ergebnisse zum Einsatz einer Klangliege bei depressiven Patienten
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
An 15 stationären Patienten mit depressiver Störung wurden die Auswirkungen von Musik auf die Befindlichkeit und den Blutdruck untersucht. Um einerseits die Musik so wirksam wie möglich darzubieten und um andererseits die Auswirkungen der Wahrnehmung der Musik über das Gehör von den Effekten des über die Haut wahrgenommenen (Infra-)Schalls zu trennen, wurde eine »Klangliege« verwendet, die zu einer starken »Immersion« der Patienten in das musikalische Geschehen beiträgt. Unter beiden Bedingungen (Musik mit und ohne Infraschall) kam es insgesamt zu einer signifikanten Besserung der Befindlichkeit sowie zur Abnahme des Blutdrucks mit einer numerisch etwas größeren Wirkung bei der Kombination von Schall und Infraschall. Im Hinblick auf die nachgewiesenen positiven Auswirkungen von Musik auf emotionale Prozesse erscheinen weitere Untersuchungen zu den Einflüssen von Musik auf das Befinden depressiver Patienten an größeren Patientenkollektiven sinnvoll.
... B. Rittner, 1997) und nur eine Studie über EEG-Ableitungen während einer Ganzkörper-Monochord-Behandlung (Rittner & Fachner, 2004), welche aber nur auf zwei Einzelfallbeschreibungen beruht. Spitzer et al. (2005) wiesen Auswirkungen von musikinduzierten Körpervibrationen auf verbessertes Wohlbefinden und Reduktion des systolischen Blutdrucks bei depressiven Patienten nach. Hierbei wurde den Patienten auf einer Musikliege durch eine spezielle Anordnung der Lautsprecherboxen Musik vorgespielt, wobei zusätzlich körperlich wahrnehmbare Vibrationen durch niederfrequente Tieftöne im Bassbereich erzeugt wurden. ...
Zusammenfassung. Musiktherapeutischer Literatur zufolge soll durch die Rezeption des Klanges von Monochord bzw. Ganzkörper-Monochord das Erleben veränderter Wachbewusstseinszustände (VWB) induziert werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob die EEG-Aktivität und das subjektive Erleben während einer Behandlung mit einer Klangliege sich von einem mittels Progressiver Muskelrelaxation induzierten Entspannungszustand unterscheiden. Das Erleben eines VWBs wurde von 31 Probanden während beider Bedingungen quantitativ erfasst. Zusätzlich wurde das subjektive Erleben während der Klangexposition qualitativ erhoben. Während beiden Bedingungen wurde EEG abgeleitet, FFT-anaysiert und die EEG-Leistungsspektren der Alpha- und Theta-Power zwischen den Bedingungen verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass sich während der Klangexposition bei den meisten Probanden ein bedeutend intensiveres Erleben eines VWBs einstellte. Bei der Subgruppe der Probanden mit intensiv erlebtem VWB konnte vor allem im parietalen Bereich des Gehirns ein Anstieg der EEG-Theta-Aktivität festgestellt werden. Die EEG-Alpha-Aktivität differenzierte nicht zwischen den Bedingungen.
Titel: Die psychophysiologischen Auswirkungen einer vibroakustischen Klangliegenintervention - Eine Pilotstudie -
Zusammenfassung: Die vibroakustische Stimulation bietet eine Vielzahl an Möglichkeiten, spezifische Krankheitsbilder fundiert in der musiktherapeutischen Praxis zu behandeln. Aufbauend auf theoretischen Konzepten und Hintergründen zur vibroakustischen Stimulation werden ein Überblick über Instrumente, Anwendungsfelder und der derzeitige wissenschaftliche Stand abgebildet. In einer Pilotstudie im mixed-method Design wurden physiologische und psychologische Auswirkungen einer Klangliegenintervention im Hinblick auf Entspannung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Klangliege auf psychologische Parameter im Bezug auf die Körperwahrnehmung und den Entspannungszustand einen positiven Effekt ausübt. Die Ergebnisse und deren Übertragung auf die musiktherapeutische Praxis werden diskutiert sowie ein Ausblick auf weitere Studien im Bereich der vibroakustischen Stimulation mit der Klangliege gegeben.
Schlüsselbegriffe: Klangliege, Pilotstudie, Entspannung, vibroakustische Stimulation
Title:
Psycho-physiological effects of a vibro-acoustic sound bed intervention - a pilot study -
Abstract:
Vibro-acoustic stimulation offers a variety of opportunities for music therapy to treat specific diseases. Based on theoretical concepts and background information on the vibro-acoustic stimulation an overview of the instruments, fields of application and the current scientific position is presented. A pilot study in a mixed-method design was conducted to examine the physiological and psychological effects of a sound bed intervention in regard to relaxation. Results showed that the sound bed has a positive effect on body awareness and relaxation. The results and their transfer to the music therapeutic practice are discussed and an outlook on further studies in the area of vibro-acoustic stimulation with the sound bed is given
.
Keywords: sound bed, pilot study, relaxation, vibro-acoustic stimulation
Relaxation and meditation techniques are generally characterized by focusing attention, which is associated with an increase of frontal EEG Theta. Some studies on music perception suggest an activation of Frontal Midline Theta during emotionally positive attribution, others display a lateralization of electrocortical processes in the attribution of music induced emotion of different valence. The present study examined the effects of vibroacoustic stimulation using a Body Monochord and the conventional relaxation music from an audio CD on the spontaneous EEG of patients suffering from psychosomatic disorders (N = 60). Each treatment took about 20 min and was presented to the patients in random order. Subjective experience was recorded via self-rating scale. EEG power spectra of the Theta, Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 bands were analysed and compard between the two treatment conditions. There was no lateralization of electrocortical activity in terms of the emotional experience of the musical pieces. A reduction in Alpha-2 power occurred during both treatments. An emotionally positive attribution of the experience of the vibroacoustically induced relaxation state is characterized by a more pronounced release of control. In the context of focused attention this is interpreted as flow experience. The spontaneous EEG showed an increase in Theta power, particularly in the frontal medial and central medial area, and a greater reduction in Alpha-2 power. The intensity of positive emotional feelings during the CD music showed no significant effect on the increase in Theta power
Vibroacoustic stimulation via a Body Monochord can induce states of relaxation and subjective well-being. Sometimes unpleasant experiences such as fear, loss of control and unpleasant imagery can occur. Previous results were mainly deduced from investigations in healthy subjects. In this study, we examined psychosomatic patients’ subjective experiences during a single treatment with a Body Monochord in comparison to a listening session of relaxation music via audio CD. Diagnosed disorders were anxiety disorders n = 14, depressive disorders n = 18, adjustment disorder n = 27 and somatoform disorders n = 6. Each of the two treatments took approximately 20 minutes and was presented to the patients in random order. Subjective experiences were recorded via a shortened version of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. Neither clinical disorders nor psychometric scales for depressiveness and anxiety showed any influence on the emotional experience of the Body Monochord. However, patients with higher depression and anxiety scores showed a tendency to experience the CD music as less emotionally positive. The experience of relaxation induced by the Body Monochord is characterised to a greater extent by release of control (paired t-test: p = .003, effect size Cohen’s d = .54). Contrary to listening sessions of the CD music, the intensity of imagery during the treatment with the Body Monochord was not related to positive emotional feelings. Possibly during treatment with the Body Monochord psychological defence mechanisms of subjects are more reduced; this may make it easier for unconscious or preconscious contents to appear. © 2015 GAMUT – The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre
We performed successive H(2)(15)O-PET scans on volunteers as they ate chocolate to beyond satiety. Thus, the sensory stimulus and act (eating) were held constant while the reward value of the chocolate and motivation of the subject to eat were manipulated by feeding. Non-specific effects of satiety (such as feelings of fullness and autonomic changes) were also present and probably contributed to the modulation of brain activity. After eating each piece of chocolate, subjects gave ratings of how pleasant/unpleasant the chocolate was and of how much they did or did not want another piece of chocolate. Regional cerebral blood flow was then regressed against subjects' ratings. Different groups of structures were recruited selectively depending on whether subjects were eating chocolate when they were highly motivated to eat and rated the chocolate as very pleasant [subcallosal region, caudomedial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula/operculum, striatum and midbrain] or whether they ate chocolate despite being satiated (parahippocampal gyrus, caudolateral OFC and prefrontal regions). As predicted, modulation was observed in cortical chemosensory areas, including the insula and caudomedial and caudolateral OFC, suggesting that the reward value of food is represented here. Of particular interest, the medial and lateral caudal OFC showed opposite patterns of activity. This pattern of activity indicates that there may be a functional segregation of the neural representation of reward and punishment within this region. The only brain region that was active during both positive and negative compared with neutral conditions was the posterior cingulate cortex. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that there are two separate motivational systems: one orchestrating approach and another avoidance behaviours.
Aim: To decide whether drinking water is either effective in providing health benefits to human beings or increases the likelihood of injury and death among consumers. Design: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials was conducted according to standard ised criteria. Data sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library Database. Study selection: Studies containing “water” and “health” in the abstract, thereby indicating their dealings with health associated benefits and risks of water consumption. Main outcome measure: Major changes in the status of health, as measured with various scores available on the internet (pick any of interest). Results: Studies on the effects of drinking water on health that meet the generally accepted criteria of evidence based medicine could not be identified. Conclusions: As with many interventions intended to prevent ill health, the effectiveness of drinking water has not been subjected to rigorous evaluation by using randomised controlled trials. This matter of fact is discussed using concepts from such diverse backgrounds as epidemiology (cohort effect), public health (need for large scale studies), medical economics (need to save money), medical ethics (bias effects) and social science (the dangers of medicalisation of drinking water). Within this complex framework it turns out that evidence based medicine is not without risks and sideeffects. It should therefore always be applied with reason.
We investigated brain circuitry mediating cocaine-induced euphoria and craving using functional MRI (fMRI). During double-blind cocaine (0.6 mg/kg) and saline infusions in cocaine-dependent subjects, the entire brain was imaged for 5 min before and 13 min after infusion while subjects rated scales for rush, high, low, and craving. Cocaine induced focal signal increases in nucleus accumbens/subcallosal cortex (NAc/SCC), caudate, putamen, basal forebrain, thalamus, insula, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate, lateral prefrontal and temporal cortices, parietal cortex, striate/extrastriate cortices, ventral tegmentum, and pons and produced signal decreases in amygdala, temporal pole, and medial frontal cortex. Saline produced few positive or negative activations, which were localized to lateral prefrontal cortex and temporo-occipital cortex. Subjects who underwent repeat studies showed good replication of the regional fMRI activation pattern following cocaine and saline infusions, with activations on saline retest that might reflect expectancy. Brain regions that exhibited early and short duration signal maxima showed a higher correlation with rush ratings. These included the ventral tegmentum, pons, basal forebrain, caudate, cingulate, and most regions of lateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, regions that demonstrated early but sustained signal maxima were more correlated with craving than with rush ratings; such regions included the NAc/SCC, right parahippocampal gyrus, and some regions of lateral prefrontal cortex. Sustained negative signal change was noted in the amygdala, which correlated with craving ratings. Our data demonstrate the ability of fMRI to map dynamic patterns of brain activation following cocaine infusion in cocaine-dependent subjects and provide evidence of dynamically changing brain networks associated with cocaine-induced euphoria and cocaine-induced craving.
Using event-related fMRI we investigated the rewarding properties of cultural objects (cars) signaling wealth and social dominance. It has been shown recently that reward mechanisms are involved in the regulation of social relations like dominance and social rank. Based on evolutionary considerations we hypothesized that sports cars in contrast to other categories of cars, e.g. limousines and small cars, are strong social reinforcers and would modulate the dopaminergic reward circuitry. Twelve healthy male subjects were studied with fMRI while viewing photographs of different car classes followed by an attractivity rating. Behaviorally sports cars were rated significantly more attractive than limousines and small cars. Our fMRI results revealed significantly more activation in ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and occipital regions for sports cars in contrast to other categories of cars. We could thus demonstrate that artificial cultural objects associated with wealth and social dominance elicit activation in reward-related brain areas.
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