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Alienation

Authors:
Devorah Kalekin-Fishman at University of Haifa
Devorah Kalekin-Fishman
Lauren Langman at Loyola University Chicago
Lauren Langman
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

 !
 " ## $ %&%  "'( )*+,-( " ##&".
 "/% "0"0% $& &$%" &""1 %
%&"    0(  %#(   (  ##(  # $(  & "#  ##(
&$# $(  0   ""2 3"# $( . 4 4(  4"4(
 0%4 "4"  """  5%#  "
    &&"$2  "&$    #   6   "    
&.4%"" 04(/ " "/"0%""%
" &/ # '3"( ,77*-2  % "  $ % "( "$ 0
%"1% ".80" &$#""4 "4 "&0
1% &&&" # 5"" . " " '# "(  )*9:-2
 % "0" " .%."&"."%
'/#()*;*-2&""##( "&"".
# %"# /"0 %"1/  &. " '%( ,77:-2 < "#
#6 " """& "# /'."()*+7-2
""(%% 4 "6& %"=#".".& "$
'22(  "(  )*;:8  >?( ,7)78 " (  )*;:-2    # $  %    #
&$# $( "/%"%#/"&".# "#"
%#&" (0 %.# "&(. (
?" .( % & "#2 . "&&#" . 0.
 "& &# 2
Philosophy
 " $ / "#%  ##&" " "  % % 0 ""( % 
"""< "4%#"."'%()*+:-8"1#"
.%"%"& "/"0% % " (/"0 3 %
6(%."#% &" $"# & &$' ()*+)8?(
)*+)8 ()*;:8##"()**@-2
Hegel.  3 4  0"(   &" % " "$( "0 "(
Entäusserung '6" ?"- % Entfremdung '""-  .%  "
 "2 Entäusserung % "    &" #""  " 
"#""6" ?".""2"&"%" ./A#"1#".
&"(   Entäusserung 0  " /  .  "  % #"# #"%#"  0
"(0 $" % /5"" '. "-(%&"
""$"0%"" ."BA$.%&2BC"0%"%
/$& & 0! &# %# "$ . " 0 %( / " !0 %
&%%  A$(  &"  ##2 With absolute knowledge, alienation is
overcome, since knowledge now knows itself. As Plato and Aristotle said, a life devoted to knowledge for
its own sake is the "happiest" life.
3 4');7+- $.4" "%&"4 %% % &"2
#"#. (/#')*;*-04 "&%#%0" .D!
" 0 " " " /A#"1% / E%F4 "" "% 0"" %
#"%         .#  '3$(  )**:  :-2    3 4  & $(  "
".".""" /." &%%"" "
.  .0   %="" . "  %  "  #" .  "
"2 3 4%#&". """4&&&"." /
." (%" 4/A#". ."""(""".64
#"5  . #&"   " /  &&&" . & "  /2
Entfremdung( "#.##%" /"0%
"(#"&A"2
Marx. "3 % 0"%"& &$."(64
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% #"#(0" "#"5.%" /%% "" " 
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""(6% &% " "&" $ % " $.%
/$0./%"%"0!%."2/"
% =#".#&" "%"$(6 % "."" #
"" " # # " % " / . #"5 . #&" 2  
"?"( " #&" " % . &%#" /%  "   . 0 /
# %0"#%"$% %6# (%%"&
"%"0"%".#""#%#8""0"% "
&/ "$.. 1 "2
64 );@@ Manuscripts 0% "" " 0!   #" % " /
&#80% ""  " ("&%#"""
&%#% . " !"2 G  3 4    # % #5  . ##
"  ".  "(    "  "  &#  %  "  &%#"  0
&&&"%  /$ "  "8 %  "  #&" "  $"( "  0  &/ 2
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#&" ( " /( % " 0  % " / &08 6 0 ""
0!0%%&0 /$"$##$""$%&/ 2
G" "6" ?" . "&%#"."0 /(" #&" " $"(
""%"%"(H6%/#!&"0! .#%
"&0 /A#"2G"" /%#%"#".&%#"(0 "0
&%#%  . " #&" " % " . " /A#"1% 0!2
5" $("$0"%."0!%"&%#"(" .%
%  " &"" (  "% . # "( % /." . " $ "$
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##"#  "&/"0"00#&" %"00!
&%#"&&&"%&  "" $%%2
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. .  " /#"$2G ");@@#&"%"/
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/#"## $"#.".%" "" "/"0
&& 222    1#"  &%#%  /$  #%"$   "    %#
&"#/"."/A#" ".#"$%.""#%&"%/$
 "0% "D " #%"$ /#EF ## . " /A" . K
##"".0#"1#"1%6&%."
""&" "#&%"&#"/ ""%"=#"%
/" E" F . "% " " L#% "K  #"%4 '!#
)*,J(  &  ;J;9-2 1#"(    0#  #   "  /#  /A#"1%(  
/%%%0"/% $%##("0""/ "$."
0!#  " "# " " 0"%&" % /# 0 . " . "
1%/A#"/A#"."$"0""%0"$&%#%"$0 "
""0".%".#&" "#"$2
Frankfurt School.   "  0!  .  "  !."  # (   "(  5  "
%#".0!"1%/A#"0"0!%# /%"""&& 
6&#%  "   # $ ."  &0   /A#" 0
6" ?%  0!  #""  %  "  #  #5#    /#  "
%".#&" 2$0/.".6&#" 
#"  "  &  "  0  %"2  6&#  "  0 %    4
#& #"% # # " %" " "## # E F/ "2
  &0. % "# " .#  0#   ( "  
&0  .   .   /24   " #"%#".
#&" ( # &&   %&% " ! #."  #I"" "
'%" 2()*:78()*@)-2
"" ("%"% $.#&" (%%%/""%/$
%"% &&  # " .  %#&" % %"#"(  %  
"#5 " &%# % "  " " " %" .
##2("&"06&.#&" # ?%%%
###"$0%&& /%"$%""
% ."$ #&"2"" !#')*9@-( "0
/%"&%#".#%"(/"04%
""(4#%4&%/ "42
Sociology
Empirical Social Research. G   & &  %     .  .
#"5(  # "( .% /$  G/4  " . %$"1#"  %
"&"  /$  (  %  /$  !4  %#  .  (  %"!
&# "" .  "2 "4 ')*J;( )*9+- # #  $ .
("%.##%#.%%#%/.
&# "%2   0  4   ')*:*- "" 0  0# 
.%""  "%/""%# # "$  (
&0 ( ( "% .""2 #
&" ?% " %  #  .  % . &"#"
'(  )*9)8  ( )*+)8   ( )*:9-2   C   ')*9@-(  ##&" ?%
 "  " . #""$ % #$  " 0! &#(  0  "
#  %  %"$ . 0!2    "%$ . . %=" "$& .  0!
?"(.%""! %#0!&"%" " "2
#""%# ""'<"A%(,77J-(
% #" ' "( ,77J-(   .  ' $ % >"( ,77:-  0  
%#" ' ( ,77,8  # #" "  2(  ,77:-2 "# .  " &#" "%(
""&"0"(""##%##&" "
# &$# $.%% %=#%"&""#&#" .
6&. "'% !,77:-2
Post-modernism and the return of the alienated actor. " ")*+7%
)*;7(#"##$"%%C% %%""#%"&"
%( " % " . %"$ #  " . 6 G/
0  "26&.#%%"/$
"%( 0""%.# " %"%.
" & "# % 0 % . %#"% /A#" 6&% " %   "2
#0" "0%.#."%"# " "%%""
&  # !0 %'C"% ()**)-2>')*;@-("#"
.&"%0" "% %&#"# "# " 6&.
"  / ?%#&" 2 G $&#&"&%%/"&1".
 /  #&"  %  "  ""  % $(  "  # ?%  ##  %
".%%%  "% "& .". 4&&  .%24 
 $  #&" (  6  0   "      #%"  .  "  &%#"  .
#%"8   " #&" ( # /%  .%I%""$  /A#"1%(
&0 (  "%  .  "  0  &"" 2     $  BB  /  .
#"$    %  #  ""(  /&      %#(  %
M "0".% .0#6&. "2
0 (  0"  0  ""(  6""  #  ""  0  1#%
 $  "  #%"2  C$  "  "  )*;7  %  )**74(  "  & #"  .
 / ?"(0/#%".#"A/0# $
"  ""%    %  "  "  % &  0 %2 %%  #  %/"(
""0%0" #/% . "$  /#" # . "2
 " " 0 %" " / . #"( # " % & "#
#""("0 %"!"" "%0.,77+.%/"/%#"
/"#" $".0%&% "2.&& # "
/#% " " % "5 ""# 4# ?"4  
0#   " # /    "#  #"5 .
#&" " "%%?"." "$21#".""%
"&% .   &!#%$" 2#/# "0 %
! " "( . " #  " " " /# .   ""
# " %(/" "" $(" ."# "%"("
"#""&%#".#&" 2
Globalization/economic stagnation/crisis. G" "&  . "&
%##( .&&  ""A/%.""
( "/#& &/ %""2&" # %
&&0%/ "$ % N#" # ! "% $ =#"2  
"$&# #"00""0/ ?""O(0""<"$#
!"&.#"/ ?".")*,7%)*J72"
 $"%"6&"6" "0 6&/"0%
"4"%42
C"  / ?"  &( " " G % #  
0##""( /# "$ .#( " .  "0 % "
."0!%# " ""0 %!0 % . 5 "$%"$
&/ 2"&.,7))(."$$.&&& "#  %&(
##""%"./##%"("/.&& 
" %% " / ?% " & " &&"( 
""&""#&0 % "2
Conclusion. G3 #"#?%"4".""#%"# (
 "%#% " ##&" .  " " 6&  /" " " . &"
'Geist) "  "$2  (  "  #"  .    & $  0  "
"4 &&&" . " / % #" . " /%2 C" 0
6  &&&"% " ##&" .  "(  =% #"5  . #&" "
%"     #"  /%   0  /  # %  0"  #%"
&%#%.6#23# %"#"%#".#&" 0 % %"
#"$/%.%""#"$(#"$(%".  ?"
.&#/2"" %%6 "#&" "" "0 %" $."
 "(  /" " " % . # #  "$ % #2  3
" "#"" &%"%"#5# . /
#&"     "  #"  "(  0"  "  &&   # "  %  "  $
#"$%&/ ?"2
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32#2""02#I%IE"%(),>(,7))F
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Industry. #O"$.#<2
(0"2')*9)-24 ""%"24American
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 "(  $  ')*;:- 4C#" % "#42 New Literary History, 16(  J  9JJ;2
E"%(),>(,7))F
/#(%0')*;*E);:@F-2The Essence of Christianity.  "%/$
 "2"(<"C!2
."  %  ')*+7-  4  .  & "#   "42 The American Political
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# "(# 2')*9:-2Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age
of Reason.  "%/$#%30%20!%32
(#')*@)-2Escape from Freedom. 0!3$3 "%&$2
3$( P2 ')**:-2 Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion. /%
O"$<2
3 (  G22 ')*++E);7+F-2 The Phenomenology of Spirit.  "% /$ 2P2
 26.%6.%O"$<2
3"( #2 ',77*-2 4 " $ . /#" 0 ."  M# 
%"%  %""  A"#4    % (  2  '%2-(  %""  >"#  
"6"( 6.% 3" </ 2  /  " 
""&II2#I/"#"Q)J+):,J
 (>#')*+)-Alienation: From Marx to Modern Sociology. A
Macrosociological Analysis2C" $%C#2
>(%#')*;@-2Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism.
!O"$<2
>?(   2 ',7)7- 4$ "#  "  " . "  #  #
/A#"      4 A Mercy4. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 22, ,
E"%(),(>(,7))F
 $(>C2%>"(>"2',77:-  "%# %. ".
&"  " $%2 Family Court Review, J*(  J  ,@*992
)72))))IA2)+@)9)+2,77)2"/7797*6
(% !(2',77:-2The Evolution of
Alienation: Trauma, Promise and the New Millenium2(0R
"" 1 %2
( .%# ')*+,- 4 /"$. B "B 42 Social Problems, ,7()
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Alienation and Reification
Chapter
  • Dec 2017
Alienation has been an important concept in religion, law, psychiatry, social analysis, and social critique. It was a central concept for Hegel that in turn influenced the Marxist critique of capitalism that not only exploited workers, like earlier systems, but led to their alienation, for example, their objectification and estrangement. When workers sold their labor, as they used the tools of the capitalist to transform raw materials and produce what the capitalist demanded, they became estranged from their labor, the products they created, bereft of their community, denied recognition, dignity, and freedom to fulfill their human potentials. Workers became objectified, powerless, meaningless, and dehumanized. Marx's analysis of “commodity fetishism” showed how social relations that were seen as “things” informed Lukács's theory of reification. Marx's critique of alienation had a considerable impact on other social theories. For Weber, “formal rationality” dehumanized people while for Durkheim, “anomie,” normlessness, were seen as inherent to modernity in general. Alienation has had an important role in sociological research; today it is seen as a much broader concept than industrial labor, which embraces social movements that could lead to overcoming alienation, and including various aspects of society and culture ranging from immigration to shopping to mass media.
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Does Alienation Have a Future? Recapturing the Core of Critical Theory
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jan 2006
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
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Social alienation and identity status of university youths in Iran
Article
  • Dec 2012
Aim of this paper is to study relationship between social alienation and identity status of university students. Methodology of this study is survey. In order to measure social alienation, we use Melvin Seeman's scale including feelings of powerlessness, social anomie, social isolation, meaninglessness, and Estrangement. We also use identity status EIS2-EOM Test provided by Adams and Benion (1989) to measure identity status. Statistical population of this study includes students of Islamic Azad University. The sample includes 380 students chosen through proportional stratified sampling method based on student's gender and faculty. Findings of this study show that there is significant correlation between social alienation and identity status of subjects. Average of alienation among males is 48.5 and females' average is 49.3. This relation is statistically meaningful. Test χ2 shows that there is significant correlation between identity status and faculty. Rate of this relation in Phi test is 0.38. People with successful identity status who have passed the crisis and got some commitments, they rarely confront with social alienation, they use influential social skills and behave appropriately in anomic situation.
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Exploring Personality through Test Construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
Article
  • Jan 1992
Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the multidimensional personality questionnaire Construction of a self-report personality inventory can be a straightforward undertaking. We may take a ‘rational’ or ‘deductive’ approach (Burisch, 1984) and begin by formulating a construct from which to ‘deduce’ basic descriptors — in our case a set of construct-based self-report items. We might even draw on already developed constructs and start writing items immediately; Murray's (1938) carefully elaborated motivational trait constructs have served that function several times. Once enough items have been generated, scale construction, if purely deductive, is complete. A deductive orientation does not rule out the use of data to improve one's initial scales. Data-based deletion or addition of items can increase the internal consistency of a deductive scale. If our objective is to create a multi-scale inventory, we can also empirically enhance scale distinctiveness and independence. But even if deductive scale construction includes extensive ...
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Alienation, mental illness and the partitioning of space.
Article
  • Jan 1978
In an attempt to broaden geographers' understanding of the links between alienation, mental illness and spatiality, presents a review of some of the literature under 3 headings: 1) traditional theories of alienation, including Marx's, 2) Freud's work in ethnopsychiatry; 3) the work of the social phenomenological school. -J.Doherty
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