Virtual Technological Analyses of Neolithic Textiles

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14 Liste der Teilnehmer (an NESAT XI) – Vorträge und Poster / List of Contributors (attended NESAT XI) – Lectures and Posters
Isabella C. C. von Holstein
University of York, BioArCh
York
Great Britain
Gabriele von Looz
Archäologische Staatssammlung München
München
Deutschland
Bettina von Stock eth
Selbstständig, C2C Media GbR
Hamburg
Deutschland
Ingrid Wiesner
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Archäologische Restaurierung
Esslingen
Deutschland
Hannah Merriel Wilkinson
The Vikings, British re-enactment society
Aberystwyth
Great Britain
Elizabeth Wincott Heckett
University College Cork, Department of Archaeology,
Ballymore House
Cork City
Ireland
Irita Žeiere
National History Museum of Latvia
Department of Archaeology
Riga
Latvia
Gabriele Zink
Archäologisches Landesmuseum
Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen
Schleswig
Deutschland
Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH . Rahden/Westf.
2013
NESAT XI
The North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles XI
10-13 May 2011 in Esslingen am Neckar
Johanna Banck-Burgess and Carla Nübold (Eds.)
In Cooperation with
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für Denkmalp ege

13
Liste der Teilnehmer (an NESAT XI) – Vorträge und Poster / List of Contributors (attended NESAT XI) – Lectures and Posters
Carla Nübold
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart
Landesamt für Denkmalp ege, Referat 85
Esslingen
Deutschland
Beatrix Nutz
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Archäologien, Fachbereich
Ur- und Frühgeschichte sowie Mittelalter- und
Neuzeitarchäologie
Innsbruck
Österreich
Doris Oltrogge
FH Köln, Cologne Institute for Conservation Sciences (CICS)
Köln
Deutschland
Ewa Orlińska-Mianowska
National Museum in Warsaw
Warsaw
Poland
Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke
University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, The Danish
National Research Foundation‘s Centre for Textile Research /
The National Museum of Denmark
Copenhagen
Denmark
Christina Peek
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Textilarchäologie
Esslingen
Deutschland
Elisa Perego
University College London, Institute of Archaeology
London
Great Britain
Antoinette Rast-Eicher
ArcheoTex Büro für archäologische Textilien
Enneda
Schweiz
Santiago Riera
University of Barcelona, Department of Prehistory, Ancient
History and Archaeology, Seminar of Prehistoric Research
and Studies
Barcelona
Spain
Maj G. Ringgaard
University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, The Danish
National Research Foundation‘s Centre for Textile Research /
The National Museum of Denmark
Copenhagen
Denmark
Annette Paetz gen. Schieck
Deutsches Textilmuseum
Krefeld
Deutschland
Gabriele Schrade
Freiberu erin, Restaurierung und Konservierung von
Tex tilien
Esslingen
Deutschland
Lucie Selb
Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe, Denkmalp ege,
Archäologische Restaurierung
Karlsruhe
Deutschland
Annette Siegmüller
Niedersächsisches Institut für historische Küstenforschung
Wilhelmshaven
Deutschland
Caroline Solazzo
BioArch, Biology / Lincoln Research Centre
AgResearch Limited
York / Christchurch
Great Britain / New Zealand
Jörg Stelzner
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Archäologische Restaurierung
Esslingen
Deutschland
Tereza Štolcová
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology
Nitra
Slovakia
Sigrun Thiel
Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer
Speyer
Deutschland
Krista Vajanto
University of Helsinki
Espoo
Finland
Ina Vanden Berghe
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, KIK/IRPA
Brussels
Belgium
Marianne Vedeler
University of Oslo, Museum of Cultural History
Oslo
Norway
264 Seiten mit 243 Abbildungen und 14 Tabellen zzgl. 1 CD-ROM (Posterpräsentation)
Bibliogra sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Banck-Burgess, Johanna / Nübold, Carla (Eds.):
NESAT XI ; The North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles XI ;
10-13 May 2011 in Esslingen am Neckar / hrsg. von Johanna Banck-Burgess ... .
Rahden/Westf. : Leidorf, 2013
ISBN 978-3-86757-002-7
Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra e.
Detaillierte bibliogra sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.
Alle Rechte vorbehalten
© 2013
Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH
Geschäftsführer: Dr. Bert Wiegel
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ISBN 978-3-86757-002-7
Kein Teil dieses Buches darf in irgendeiner Form (Druck, Fotokopie, CD-ROM, DVD, I n t e r n e t
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Für die Einholung der Urheberrechte, sofern diese nicht in der Bildunterschrift oder im Nachspann des jeweiligen
Beitrags angegeben sind, zeichnen sich die einzelnen Autoren/innen selbst verantwortlich.
Umschlagentwurf und Frontispiz: Ronald Kolb & Volker Schartner (Biotop 3000), Stuttgart, Berlin
Titelfotos: Textile Archaeology – Seidensäckchen mit Samen (Maik in diesem Band, S. 232, Abb. 18);
Experimental Archaeology – Button detail (Christiansen / Hammarlund this volume, p. 72,  g. 2);
Natural Science – Untersuchung archäologischer Textilien im Au icht (Mitschke in diesem Band, S. 50, Abb. 6);
Conservation – Detail of embroidered cross on hood (Bravermanová this volume, p. 200,  g. 5)
Redaktion: ARCHÆOLOGICALsmallFINDS – Jörn Schuster, GB-Salisbury
Satz und Layout (Posterpräsentation): Cornelia Frank Design, Kirchheim unter Teck
Satz und Layout: Enns Schrift & Bild, Bielefeld
Druck und Produktion: druckhaus köthen GmbH & Co. KG, Köthen
Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier
GEFÖRDERT VOM MINISTERIUM FÜR FINANZEN
UND WIRTSCHAFT BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG – OBERSTE DENKMALSCHUTZBEHÖRDE
UND DER DEUTSCHEN FORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT (DFG)

12 Liste der Teilnehmer (an NESAT XI) – Vorträge und Poster / List of Contributors (attended NESAT XI) – Lectures and Posters
Karina Grömer
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Prähistorische Abteilung,
Projekt DressID – Kleidung und Identität
Wien
Österreich
Lena Hammarlund
Craftsperson and textile researcher in Göteborg
Gothenburg
Sweden
Anne Hedeager Krag
University of Southern Denmark, Centre for Medieval Studies
Odense
Denmark
Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer
Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien, Institut für Kunst
und Technologie, Abteilung Archäometrie
Wien
Österreich
Heather Jane Hopkins
University of Bradford
School of Engineering, Design and Technology
Bradford
Great Britain
Hildegard Igel
Eigene Webwerkstatt
Boms
Deutschland
Katrin Kania
Experimentelle Archäologie
Erlangen
Deutschland
Matthijs de Keijzer
Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Lise Ræder Knudsen
Conservation Centre Vejle
Vejle
Denmark
Katherine Larson
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
USA
Yolanda Llergo
University of Barcelona, Faculty of Geography and History,
Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology
Barcelona
Spain
Ursula Maier
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Feuchtbodenarchäologie
Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen
Deutschland
Jerzy Maik
Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology
Łódź
Poland
Ulla Mannering
The Danish National Research Foundation‘s Centre for
Textile Research
The National Museum of Denmark
Copenhagen
Denmark
Sascha Mauel
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Department of History and Archaeology
Thessaloniki
Greece
Paula Mazare
Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918“ Alba Iulia
Departamentul de Istorie, Arheologie si Muzeologie
Institutul de Arheologie Sistemica „Iulia Paul“
Alba Iulia
Romania
Ina Meißner
Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Restaurie-
rung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft /
Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer (freiberu ich)
München
Deutschland
Gretchen E. Meyers
Franklin and Marshall College
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
USA
Sylvia Mitschke
Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen mit Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum
Mannheim
Deutschland
Susan Möller-Wiering
Archäologie und Textil
Rendsburg
Deutschland
Britt Nowak-Böck
Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalp ege, Restaurierung
Archäologie und Dendrolabor B V
Memmelsdorf
Deutschland
Vorwort / Editor’s Preface .................................................................................................. 15
Beiträge / Contributions
Kapitel 1: Methodische Grundlagen: Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften /
Chapter 1: Methodical Principles: The Humanities and Natural Sciences
Annette Paetz gen. Schieck
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ikonogra scher Quellen in der Textilforschung
am Beispiel eines römischen Sarkophags in Palmyra ............................................................. 19
Robert Fuchs, Doris Oltrogge
Written Sources from Graeco-Roman Antiquity and Scienti c Analysis .......................................... 29
Christina Peek
Dokumentation organischer Bodenfunde ........................................................................ 37
Sylvia Mitschke
Textile Faseranalytik ............................................................................................... 45
Ina Vanden Berghe
Dye Analysis of Archaeological Textile Objects ................................................................... 57
Kapitel 2: Interdisziplinäre Projekte /
Chapter 2: Interdisciplinary Projects
6
Lise Bender Jørgensen, Sophie Bergerbrant, Antoinette Rast-Eicher
Studying Creativity in Bronze Age Textiles: CinBA – A HERA Research Project .................................... 65
Carol Christiansen, Lena Hammarlund
The Gunnister Man Project I: The Wools and Knitting ............................................................ 71
Martin Ciszuk, Lena Hammarlund
The Gunnister Man Project II: Weaving, Cutting, Sewing, and Finishing ........................................... 77
Tereza Štolcová, Gabriele Zink
Early Migration Period Textile and Leather Finds from the Chieftain’s Grave
in Poprad-Matejovce: Discovery, Retrieval and New Results of the Laboratory Examination ..................... 85
Karina Grömer
Zur Interpretation von Funden aus Körpergräbern
am Beispiel römischer Textilien aus Österreich ................................................................... 93
Ina Vanden Berghe, Susan Möller-Wiering
Dye Analyses on the ‘Prachtmäntel’ from Thorsberg .............................................................. 101
Kapitel 3: Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen /
Chapter 3: Scienti c Investigations
Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles .............................................................................. 109
Inhalt / Content

Johanna Banck-Burgess
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Textilarchäologie
Esslingen
Deutschland
Anja Bayer
Abegg-Stiftung
Riggisberg, Kanton Bern
Schweiz
Lise Bender Jørgensen
Norwegian University of Science & Technology,
Department of Archaeology & Religious Studies
Trondheim
Norway
Nahum Ben-Yehuda
Bar Ilan University, Dept. of Jewish History
Qedumim
Israel
Sophie Bergerbrant
Department of Historical Studies
Gothenburg University
Sweden
Milena Bravermanová
Prague Castle Administration
Prague
Czech Republic
Helena Březinová
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Institute of Archeology
Prague
Czech Republic
Carol Christiansen
Shetland Museum and Archives
Lerwick, Shetland
Great Britain
Martin Ciszuk
University of Borås, School of Textiles
Borås
Sweden
Stefan Clerens
Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited
Christchurch
New Zealand
Maria Cybulska
Technical University of Lodz
Lodz
Poland
Ida Demant
University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, The Danish
National Research Foundation‘s Centre for Textile Research /
Sagnlandet Lejre Centre for Historical Archaeological
Research and communication
Copenhagen / Roskilde
Denmark
Brigitte Dreyspring
Textilrestaurierung - Freiberu erin
Wiesbaden
Deutschland
Jolon M. Dyer
Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited
Christchurch
New Zealand
Nicole Ebinger-Rist
Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für
Denkmalp ege, Archäologische Restaurierung
Esslingen
Deutschland
Andrea Fischer
Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Studiengang
Konservierung und Restaurierung von archäologischen,
ethnologischen und kunsthandwerklichen Objekten
Stuttgart
Deutschland
Karin Margarita Frei
University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, The Danish
National Research Foundation‘s Centre for Textile Research
Copenhagen
Denmark
Robert Fuchs
FH Köln, Cologne Institute for Conservation Sciences (CICS)
Köln
Deutschland
Margarita Gleba
University College London, Institute of Archaeology /
University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, The Danish
National Research Foundation‘s Centre for Textile Research
London / Copenhagen
Great Britain / Denmark
Liste der Teilnehmer (an NESAT XI) – Vorträge und Poster /
List of Contributors (attended NESAT XI) – Lectures and Posters
Inhalt / Content
6
Yolanda Llergo, Santiago Riera, Gabriel Servera, Yannick Miras, Carme Subiranas,
Joan Eusebi Garcia-Biosca, Marina Miguel, Llorenç Picornell, Manon Cabanis
The Application of Pollen Analyses in the Study of Burials and Related Textiles:
The Studied Cases of King Peter the Great’s Medieval Grave and the Prehistoric Funerary Cave
of Cova des Pas (Spain) ............................................................................................ 119
Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer, Maarten R. van Bommel, Anna Hartl, Karina Grömer,
Helga Rösel-Mautendorfer, Hans Reschreiter, Katrin Kania, Ineke Joosten,
Art Ness Proaño Gaibor, Rudolf Erlach, Eva Lachner, Manuel Wandl, Matthijs de Keijzer
Coloured Hallstatt Textiles: 3500 Year-old Textile and Dyeing Techniques
and their Contemporary Application ............................................................................. 12 5
Margarita Gleba
Textile Fibre in Italy Before Roman Empire ........................................................................ 131
Caroline Solazzo, Elizabeth E. Peacock, Stefan Clerens, Jolon M. Dyer, Je rey E. Plowman
Potential of Proteomics for the Analysis of Animal Fibres in Archaeological Textiles ............................. 139
Karin Margarita Frei
Provenance Studies of Ancient Textiles – A New Method Based
on the Strontium Isotope System ................................................................................. 145
Isabella C. C. von Holstein
An Introduction to Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen Stable Isotope Provenancing
for Archaeological Wool .......................................................................................... 151
Kapitel 4: Fundvorlage /
Chapter 4: Presentation of Finds
Ulla Mannering, Lise Ræder Knudsen
Hammerum: The Find of the Century ............................................................................. 157
Susan Möller-Wiering, Lise Ræder Knudsen
The Vehnemoor Cloak and its Colleagues: A Unique Find in Relation to its Parallels ............................. 161
Elizabeth Wincott Heckett
The Lady of Cloonshannagh Bog: An Irish 7th-Century AD Bog Body and the Related Textiles ................... 167
Britt Nowak-Böck, Gabriele von Looz
Mit Seide und Pelz ins Grab: Die Textilien aus den frühmittelalterlichen Gräbern
von Unterhaching (Lkr. München) ................................................................................ 173
Marianne Vedeler
New Light on Samite Silk from Oseberg .......................................................................... 181
Irita Žeiere
Fragments of Male Dress from a 9th-Century Bog Hoard in Latvia ................................................ 187
Helena Březinová
Finds of Textile Fragments and Evidence of Textile Production at
a Major Excavation Site of Great Moravia in Mikulčice (South Moravia, Czech Republic) ......................... 193
Milena Bravermanová
A Baptismal Neonate Suit from the Tomb of Duke Břetislav II and the Woman’s Veil,
a So-called kruseler, from the Royal Crypt in the Cathedral of St. Vitus at Prague Castle .......................... 197
Maria Cybulska, Sławomir Kuberski, Jerzy Maik, Ewa Orlińska-Mianowska
Figural Embroidery from Tum Collegiate Church: Analysis, Reconstruction and Identi cation ................... 205

7
Inhalt / Content
Brigitte Dreyspring, Ina Meißner, Sigrun Thiel
Neueste Erkenntnisse zu den historischen Textilien der Kaiser und Könige
aus dem Dom zu Speyer .......................................................................................... 213
Beatrix Nutz
Bras in the 15th Century? A Preliminary Report .................................................................... 221
Jerzy Maik
Gewebe in einem wohlhabenden Elbinger Haus (17.–18. Jahrhundert) ........................................... 227
Kapitel 5: Textilproduktion /
Chapter 5: Textile Production
Nahum Ben-Yehuda
Cannabis – Chanvre – Hemp in Rashi’s Commentary to the Talmud ............................................. 237
Annette Siegmüller
Schafhaltung und Schafwäsche: Überlegungen zur Produktion
und Funktion von Geweben im frühen Mittelalter ............................................................... 241
Heather J. Hopkins
Reconstructing the Dyeing Industry of Pompeii:
The Importance of Understanding the Dyer’s Craft within
a Multidisciplinary Approach ...................................................................................... 247
Gretchen E. Meyers
Reconstructing Ritual: The Functional Parameters of Loom Weights and
Spindle Whorls as Evidence for Cult Practice in Ancient Etruria ................................................... 251
Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke
Following a Clew: From Tools to Textile Production in Roman Pannonia ......................................... 257
Anhang: Poster (auf CD) /
Appendix: Posters (on CD)
Einführung / Introduction
1 Johanna Banck-Burgess
Nordeuropäisches Symposium für Archäologische Textilien
North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles
2 Johanna Banck-Burgess
NESAT XI & Posterpräsentation
NESAT XI & Poster Presentation
Konservierung & Dokumentation / Conservation & Documentation
3 Andrea Fischer, Christina Peek
Die Bearbeitung von Blockbergungen im Konservierungslabor
The Laboratory Processing of Block-lifted Finds from Graves
4 Gabriele Schrade
Untersuchungen an Überresten eines Kopfschmucks aus einem
spätrömischen Frauengrab
Analyses on Remains of a Headdress from a Late Roman Female Burial

Inhalt / Content
8
5 Ingrid Wiesner, Lucie Selb
Neue formangepasste Unterlagen für archäologische Textilien
New Supports for Archaeological Textiles
6 Maj G. Ringgaard
Migration von Farben bei archäologischen Textilien aus Feuchtboden-Fundstellen 1
Migration of Dyes in Wet-site Archaeological Textiles 1
7 Maj G. Ringgaard
Migration von Farben bei archäologischen Textilien aus Feuchtboden-Fundstellen 2
Migration of Dyes in Wet-site Archaeological Textiles 2
Textilien / Textil es
8 Paula Mazare
Textilien und Tonwaren. Studien von Textilabdrucken o enbaren Einsichten
in die Techniken der Töpfereimanufaktur
Textiles and Pottery. Insights into Pottery Manufacturing Techniques as revealed
by the Study of Textile Imprints
9 Elisa Perego
Textilien in Venetischen Brandgräbern 1050 v. Chr. – 25 n. Chr.:
Eine Neubewertung der Nachweise
Textiles in Venetic Cremation Tombs c. 1050 BC – AD 25: a Reappraisal of the Evidence
10 Anja Bayer
Die textilen Funde aus den mittelalterlichen Gräbern des Basler Münsters
The Textile Finds from Medieval Graves in Basel Minster
11 Anne Hedeager Krag
Identi kation des Färbemittels der Adler-Seide und anderer Seidensto e
aus zwei Schreinen in der Kathedrale von Odense, Dänemark
Dyestu Identi cation of the Eagle Silk and Other Silks
from Two Shrines in the Cathedral of Odense, Denmark
Herstellung / Manufacture
12 Ina Meißner
Material- und herstellungstechnologische Untersuchungen an Goldtextilfunden
des frühen Mittelalters
Investigations on Material and Manufacturing Technology of Gold Textiles
of the Early Medieval Period
13 Katherine Larson
Doppelwebtechnik auf dem Gewichtswebstuhl: die Tradition
des Nördlichen Gudbrandsdal
Double-Weave on the Warp-Weighted Loom: the Northern Gudbrandsdal Tradition
14 Sascha Mauel
Spinnen & Weben auf der Balkanhalbinsel während der Bronzezeit –
archäologische Hinweise einer technologischen Divergenz zwischen Nordgriechenland
und dem übrigen Griechenland
Spinning and Weaving on the Balkan Peninsula during the Bronze Age –
Archaeological Indication of Technological Divergence between Northern Greece
and the rest of Greece
9
Inhalt / Content
Interdisziplinäre Projekte / Interdisciplinary Projects
15 Ursula Maier
Flachsanbau und Textilherstellung in neolithischen Feuchtbodensiedlungen
Südwestdeutschlands
Flax Cultivation and Textile Production in Neolithic Wetland Settlements
in South-West Germany
16 Lise Bender-Jørgensen, Sophie Bergerbrant, Anton Kern, Helga Rösel-Mautendorfer,
Lena Hammarlund, Antoinette Rast-Eicher, Hans Reschreiter
Von der Faser zum Textil: Wollfeinheit als Grundlage zum Verständnis des Gewebes
From Fibre to Textile: Wool Quality as Basis for the Understanding of a Textile
17 Ina Vanden Berghe, Susan Möller-Wiering
Farbsto e in Textilien vom Wa enopferplatz Thorsberg in Norddeutschland
Dyestu s in Textiles from the Weapon Deposit of Thorsberg, Northern Germany
Experimentelle Archäologie / Experimental Archaeology
18 Johanna Banck-Burgess, Hildegard Igel
Experimentelle Archäologie am Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 1
Experimental Archaeology at the Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 1
19 Johanna Banck-Burgess, Hildegard Igel
Experimentelle Archäologie am Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 2
Experimental Archaeology at the Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 2
20 Krista Vajanto
Das Fermentieren der alten  nnischen Farbsto e
Fermenting the Ancient Finnish Dyes
21 Hannah Merriel Wilkinson
Zelttuch oder Segelsto ?
Tent Fabric or Sail Canvas?
Rekonstruktionen / Reconstructions
22 Carol Christiansen, Martin Ciszuk, Lena Hammarlund
Das Gunnister-Mann-Projekt: Rekonstruktion von Kleidungsstücken des 17. Jahrhunderts 1
The Gunnister Man Project: Recreating late 17th-Century Garments 1
23 Carol Christiansen, Martin Ciszuk, Lena Hammarlund
Das Gunnister-Mann-Projekt: Rekonstruktion von Kleidungsstücken des 17. Jahrhunderts 2
The Gunnister Man Project: Recreating late 17th-Century Garments 2
24 Ida Demant
Wie gestalten wir eine gute Nachbildung?
How Do We Make a Good Replica?

Inhalt / Content
8
5 Ingrid Wiesner, Lucie Selb
Neue formangepasste Unterlagen für archäologische Textilien
New Supports for Archaeological Textiles
6 Maj G. Ringgaard
Migration von Farben bei archäologischen Textilien aus Feuchtboden-Fundstellen 1
Migration of Dyes in Wet-site Archaeological Textiles 1
7 Maj G. Ringgaard
Migration von Farben bei archäologischen Textilien aus Feuchtboden-Fundstellen 2
Migration of Dyes in Wet-site Archaeological Textiles 2
Textilien / Textil es
8 Paula Mazare
Textilien und Tonwaren. Studien von Textilabdrucken o enbaren Einsichten
in die Techniken der Töpfereimanufaktur
Textiles and Pottery. Insights into Pottery Manufacturing Techniques as revealed
by the Study of Textile Imprints
9 Elisa Perego
Textilien in Venetischen Brandgräbern 1050 v. Chr. – 25 n. Chr.:
Eine Neubewertung der Nachweise
Textiles in Venetic Cremation Tombs c. 1050 BC – AD 25: a Reappraisal of the Evidence
10 Anja Bayer
Die textilen Funde aus den mittelalterlichen Gräbern des Basler Münsters
The Textile Finds from Medieval Graves in Basel Minster
11 Anne Hedeager Krag
Identi kation des Färbemittels der Adler-Seide und anderer Seidensto e
aus zwei Schreinen in der Kathedrale von Odense, Dänemark
Dyestu Identi cation of the Eagle Silk and Other Silks
from Two Shrines in the Cathedral of Odense, Denmark
Herstellung / Manufacture
12 Ina Meißner
Material- und herstellungstechnologische Untersuchungen an Goldtextilfunden
des frühen Mittelalters
Investigations on Material and Manufacturing Technology of Gold Textiles
of the Early Medieval Period
13 Katherine Larson
Doppelwebtechnik auf dem Gewichtswebstuhl: die Tradition
des Nördlichen Gudbrandsdal
Double-Weave on the Warp-Weighted Loom: the Northern Gudbrandsdal Tradition
14 Sascha Mauel
Spinnen & Weben auf der Balkanhalbinsel während der Bronzezeit –
archäologische Hinweise einer technologischen Divergenz zwischen Nordgriechenland
und dem übrigen Griechenland
Spinning and Weaving on the Balkan Peninsula during the Bronze Age –
Archaeological Indication of Technological Divergence between Northern Greece
and the rest of Greece
9
Inhalt / Content
Interdisziplinäre Projekte / Interdisciplinary Projects
15 Ursula Maier
Flachsanbau und Textilherstellung in neolithischen Feuchtbodensiedlungen
Südwestdeutschlands
Flax Cultivation and Textile Production in Neolithic Wetland Settlements
in South-West Germany
16 Lise Bender-Jørgensen, Sophie Bergerbrant, Anton Kern, Helga Rösel-Mautendorfer,
Lena Hammarlund, Antoinette Rast-Eicher, Hans Reschreiter
Von der Faser zum Textil: Wollfeinheit als Grundlage zum Verständnis des Gewebes
From Fibre to Textile: Wool Quality as Basis for the Understanding of a Textile
17 Ina Vanden Berghe, Susan Möller-Wiering
Farbsto e in Textilien vom Wa enopferplatz Thorsberg in Norddeutschland
Dyestu s in Textiles from the Weapon Deposit of Thorsberg, Northern Germany
Experimentelle Archäologie / Experimental Archaeology
18 Johanna Banck-Burgess, Hildegard Igel
Experimentelle Archäologie am Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 1
Experimental Archaeology at the Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 1
19 Johanna Banck-Burgess, Hildegard Igel
Experimentelle Archäologie am Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 2
Experimental Archaeology at the Landesamt für Denkmalp ege in Esslingen 2
20 Krista Vajanto
Das Fermentieren der alten  nnischen Farbsto e
Fermenting the Ancient Finnish Dyes
21 Hannah Merriel Wilkinson
Zelttuch oder Segelsto ?
Tent Fabric or Sail Canvas?
Rekonstruktionen / Reconstructions
22 Carol Christiansen, Martin Ciszuk, Lena Hammarlund
Das Gunnister-Mann-Projekt: Rekonstruktion von Kleidungsstücken des 17. Jahrhunderts 1
The Gunnister Man Project: Recreating late 17th-Century Garments 1
23 Carol Christiansen, Martin Ciszuk, Lena Hammarlund
Das Gunnister-Mann-Projekt: Rekonstruktion von Kleidungsstücken des 17. Jahrhunderts 2
The Gunnister Man Project: Recreating late 17th-Century Garments 2
24 Ida Demant
Wie gestalten wir eine gute Nachbildung?
How Do We Make a Good Replica?

1. Introduction
B
aden-Württemberg is rich in  nds of Neolithic textiles that
have been preserved in waterlogged environments. Such
 nds are of great importance for archaeological research.
Many of these textiles have a complex structure and some
are extremely fragile due to carbonisation, which may have
come about e.g. when a Neolithic settlement burned down.
After excavation, these  nds are conserved according to the
principle of minimum intervention and maximum e ect.
The goal is for  nds to remain stable while retaining their
natural appearance and properties. As a result carbonised
textiles, in particular, remain sti and brittle after conserva-
tion. In most cases,  nds are analysed using conventional
microscope drawings and photographs to document signif-
icant parts of the textile. In order to analyse the structure of
an object, the  nd has to be unfolded, which is impossible
without damage in the case of fragile  nds. Therefore the
conventional method of analysing these objects leaves
their inner structure unrevealed. Here, 3D computed tom-
ography (3D-CT) might be a helpful non-destructive tool to
investigate the inner structure of such  nds.
Mineralised textiles were investigated with X-ray computed
tomography (XCT) by Peek and Nowak-Böck (2007). In this
way they were able to gain information on mineralised tex-
tiles which had been preserved in one or more layers on or
near Early Medieval iron  nds. However, their method is not
suitable for textiles attached to denser objects (copper
alloys or silver). CT has also been used for analysing textiles
in blocks of soil by X-ray. O’Connor et al. (2008) attempted
to analyse metal-thread work textile fragments in blocks of
soil with medical XCT scanners. Stelzner et al. (2010) were
able to determine important technical data in textiles con-
tained in blocks of soil using an industrial XCT scanner. CT
with neutrons (NCT) has proven very useful for analysing
single objects with organic residues, e.g. textiles on very
dense metals such as copper alloys. Ebinger-Rist et al. (2010)
reported the visualisation of textile material on a silver
object with XCT.
These results point to industrial XCT as a very promising
means of investigating the manufacturing techniques of
Neolithic textiles. In this study, three objects were analysed
exemplarily: A ball of bast (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 3316–
3303 BC, Ruo / Sutter 1990), a fragment of a shoe (Sipplin-
gen, Bodenseekreis; 2900 BC, Matuschik et al. 2009) and
fragments of a cone-shaped twining (Bodman-Ludwigs-
hafen, Konstanz, probably between 3918–3820 BC, unpub-
lished).
2. Methodology
Textiles were examined with a Phoenix X-Ray vtomex L450®
cone beam 3D-XCT system with a 300kV micro focus tube
and a 4×4 megapixel  at panel detector. Because of the fra-
gility of the  nds, analyses were carried out in accurately  t-
ted moulds with a lid (see Feldtkeller 1989; Wiesner / Selb
2011). The moulds were sloped and  xed on foamed plastic
(Ethafoam®). Textiles were prepared for measurement by
placing them in their moulds on a turntable between the
X-ray tube and the detector. The applied radiation energy
was between 200 and 270 kV. During measurement the
object was rotated 0° to 360° around its centre axis and a
radiograph was taken for each angle position. All informa-
tion from the radiographs was reconstructed into a set of
3D digital data, permitting visualisation of materials of dif-
ferent density by their greyscale levels. The resolution
achieved (voxel axis size) varied between 43 and 125 μm.
The data obtained from XCT was visualized using the VGStu-
dio MAX 2.1® software. This software allows the study of two-
dimensional slices of the object in any plane of the virtual
space (Fig. 1) as well as its visualisation in three dimensions.
It can also be used to measure the object and is very useful
for extracting objects of di erent density. Objects can be
coloured to depict their geometry without interference
from other structures such as the moulds. It is also possible
to digitally reconstruct such geometric entities.
3. Results
Fig. 2 shows the XCT image of a partly carbonised ball of
bast (Find Nr. Si81 10-31/32/33) which was found in Lake
Constance in the early 1980s (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis,
3316–3303 BC; Ruo / Sutter 1990). The inner parts of the
ball can be analysed in virtual space. The thread is wound
up on a bobbin made of Euonymus europaeus L. In the digit-
al data it was possible to follow the thread, which is wound
more closely in the inner layers than in the outer area (Fig.
3). The measurement tool of the software showed thread
size to range between 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm. The thread is
twisted in z direction as documented in Fig. 4. A view inside
the ball showed the thread to be heavily twisted in one sec-
tion (Fig. 5). The thread is very thin, so that its structure can-
not be discerned in detail. The round cross-section of the
bobbin can be clearly seen in the CT data (Fig. 6).
In the next example, three fragments of a piece of footwear
made of lime tree bast
1 were analysed (Find Nr. Si08
Q448/135 - 0009). The fragments were found in Lake Con-
stance in 2008 (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 2900–2860 BC,
Matuschuik et al. 2008, Fig. 7) in a burnt layer. As a result it is
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles
Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
Karina Grömer
100
wigsburg). Forsch. und Ber. zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-
Württemberg 70 (Stuttgart 1999).
Banck-Burgess 2008
J. Banck-Burgess, Textilarchäologie am Landesamt für Denkmal-
p ege in Esslingen/Baden Württemberg. Archaeological Textiles
Newsletter 47, Herbst 2008, 21-24.
Bartel 2003
A. Bartel, Schutz – Verpackung oder Zier? Schutzvorrichtungen an
metallenen Trachtbestandteilen und Beigaben. Beobachtungen –
Befunde – Rekonstruktionen. In: L. Bender Jørgensen / J. Banck-
Burgess / A. Rast-Eicher (Hg.), Textilien aus Archäologie und
Geschichte. Festschrift Klaus Tidow (Neumünster 2003) 132-141.
Cleland et al. 2007
L. Cleland / G. Davies / L. Llewellyn-Jones, Greek and Roman Dress
from A-Z (New York 2007).
Croom 2002
A.T. Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion (Stroud 2002).
Emery 1966
I . Emery, The Primary Structures of Fabrics (New York 1966).
Grömer 2010
K. Grömer, Prähistorische Textilkunst in Mitteleuropa – Geschichte
des Handwerks und der Kleidung vor den Römern. Verö entlichun-
gen
der Prähistorischen Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Mu seums
4 (Wien 2010).
Grömer im Druck
K. Grömer mit Beiträgen von Eva Hölbling-Steigberger und Kordu-
la Gostenčnik, Römische Textilien in Noricum und Westpannonien
– im Kontext der archäologischen Gewebefunde 2000 v. Chr. –
500 n. Chr. in Österreich.Austria Antiqua (Graz im Druck).
Grömer / Hölbling-Steigberger 2010
K. Grömer / E. Hölbling-Steigberger, Gedanken zur Kinderkleidung
durch die Jahrtausende – mit Schwerpunkt auf das römische
Österreich. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in
Wien 140, 2010, 155-176.
Grömer / Hölbling-Steigberger 2011
K. Grömer / E. Hölbling-Steigberger, Cloth and Clothing from
Cemeteries in Noricum. In: D. Mladenovic / B. Russel (Hg.), TRAC
2010, Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Theoretic Roman
Archaeology Conference, Oxford 25–28 March 2010 (Oxford and
Oak vi lle 2011) 10 2-114.
Hägg 1989
I. Hägg, Historische Textilforschung auf neuen Wegen. Arch. Korrbl.
19, 1989, 431-439.
Hundt 1962
H.-J. Hundt, Die Textilreste aus dem Hohmichele. In: G. Riek, Der
Hohmichele. Ein Fürstengrabhügel der späten Hallstattzeit bei der
Heuneburg. Röm.-German. Forsch. 25, 1962, 199-214.
Hundt 1974
H.-J. Hundt, Die Textilreste aus den Gräbern vom Dürrnberg. In:
F. Moosleitner / L. Pauli / E. Penninger, Der Dürrnberg bei Hallein II.
Münchner Beitr. zur Vor- und Frühgesch. 17, 1974, 136-142.
Hundt 1984
H.-J. Hundt, Die Textilreste aus dem Reihengräberfeld von Nie-
dernberg. Ascha enburger Jahrbuch 8, 1984, 123-144.
Mitschke 2001
S. Mitschke, Zur Erfassung und Auswertung archäologischer Texti-
lien an korrodiertem Metall. Eine Studie zu ausgewählten Funden
aus dem Gräberfeld von Eltville, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis (5.-8. Jh. n.
Chr.). Kleine Schriften aus dem Vorgeschichtlichen Seminar der
Philipps-Universität Marburg 51 (2001).
Nowak-Böck 2010
B. Nowak-Böck, Bewahren und Erfassen – Anmerkungen zum
Umgang mit mineralisierten Strukturen auf Metallen in der Denk-
malp ege. In: E. Andersson Strand et al. (Hg.), North European
Symposium for Archaeological Textiles X, Copenhagen 2008. Anci-
ent Textiles Series Vol. 5 (Oxford 2010) 174-180.
Pausch 2003
M. Pausch, Die römische Tunika. Ein Beitrag zur Peregrinisierung
der antiken Kleidung (Leipzig 2003).
Rast-Eicher 2008
A. Rast-Eicher, Textilien, Wolle, Schafe der Eisenzeit in der Schweiz.
Antiqua 44 (Basel 2008).
Rast-Eicher 2011
A. Rast-Eicher, Textilien, Leder und weitere organische Reste. In: K.
Müller (Hg.), Gräber, Gaben, Generationen – Der frühmittelalterli-
che Friedhof der Früebergstrasse in Baar (Kanton Zug). Antiqua 48,
2011, 145-203.
Ruprechtsberger 1999
E.M. Ruprechtsberger, Das spätantike Gräberfeld von Lentia (Linz).
Röm.-German. Zentralmus. Monogr. 18 (1999).
Walton / Eastwood 1988
P. Walton / G. Eastwood, The Cataloguing of Archaeological Texti-
les. Institute of Archaeology Publications (London 1988).
Anmerkungen
1
Das interdisziplinäre und multinationale Projekt „DressID:
Clothing
and Identities – New Perspectives on Textiles in the
Roman Empire“ (Leitung: Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen Mannheim)
wird  nanziell von der EU-Kommission unterstützt, Informatio-
nen zum Projekt: www.DressID.eu (inkl. Publikationsliste).
2 Tulln-Feuerwehrschule, SG und VB Tulln. Niederösterreich. Aus-
grabungen Bundesdenkmalamt und Archäologie Service 2008.
Textilanalyse: Karina Grömer, Faseranalyse: Sylvia Mitschke,
Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum für Archäometrie (CEZA) der Reiss-
Engelhorn-Museen Mannheim (Grömer / Hölbling-Steigberger
2010, 171-173).
3 Linz-Altstadt, SG und VB Linz, Oberösterreich. Gräberfeldanaly-
se: Erwin Maria Ruprechtsberger, Textilanalyse: Hans-Jürgen
Hundt; Ruprechtsberger 1999.
4 KG und SG Schwechat, VB Wien-Umgebung, Niederösterreich.
Unpubliziert, freundlicherweise zur Verfügung gestellt von
Verein Archäologie Service. Ausgrabung Schwechat, Niederös-
terreich 2010, Maßn. Nr. 05220.10.3. Grabungsleitung: Bernhard
Leingartner und Roman Igl, Projektleitung Silvia Müller.

Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
110
Fig. 2: XCT image of the ball (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 3316–
3303 BC).
Fig. 1: Screenshot of the VGStudio MAX 2.1® software visualising the measurement of a piece of textile in its mould of plaster.
Fig. 3: XCT image of the winding of thread around the bobbin of
the ball (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 3316–3303 BC).
Fig. 4: XCT image of the thread of the ball (Sipplingen, Boden -
seekreis, 3316–3303 BC).
Fig. 5: XCT image of a twisted thread inside the semi-transparent
ball (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 3316–3303 BC).
99
Zur Interpretation von Funden aus Körpergräbern am Beispiel römischer Textilien aus Österreich
Nennungen von Mänteln mit Bezeichnungen wie sagum
oder paludamentum (Cleland et al. 2007, 137, 164).
Ebene 4b Funktionale Interpretation: Die Sto reste an der
Fibel – be ndlich zwischen dem Körper und dem Tracht-
bestandteil – sind als direkte Reste des Kleidungsstücks
zu interpretieren, das ge belt wurde. Man darf darin wohl
die Überreste eines leichten Mantels sehen; der Mantel-
sto würde demnach aus mittelfeinem Wolltuch be -
stehen. Welcher konkrete Manteltyp es war, ist nicht be -
legbar.
Ebene 1 Fund: Textilreste auf Gürtelbestandteilen im Be -
cken bereich
Ebene 2a Technische Analyse: An den verschiedenen, stilis-
tisch nicht zusammenpassenden Teilen der Gürtelbeschlä-
ge im Beckenbereich  nden sich drei verschiedene Ge -
webe:
Gewebe 1 leinwandbindiges Gewebe aus tierischer Faser,
Fadensystem 1: 0,2 mm s-Garn; 18-20 Fäden pro cm, Faden-
system 2: 0,2 mm s-Garn; 18-20 Fäden pro cm.
Gewebe 2 ripsartige Leinwandbindung aus tierischer Faser,
Fadensystem 1: 0,2 mm z-Garn; 12 Fäden pro cm, Fadensys-
tem 2: 0,3 mm s-Garn; 21 Fäden pro cm.
Gewebe 3 sehr feines leinwandbindiges Gewebe, Bastfaser,
beide Fadensysteme: 0,2 mm Garn; Fäden pro cm nicht aus-
zählbar.
Ebene 2b Mikrostratigra e: Bsp. Bronzeknöpfe 305.31 (Abb. 5):
Am Niethals wurde das dünne leinwandbindige Gewebe 3
aus P anzenfasern entdeckt, an der körpernahen Seite der
Niete fanden sich Reste von Gewebe 1, an der körperfernen
Schauseite Gewebe 2.
Bsp. Beschlag 305.32 (Abb. 6), Lage unter dem Beckenkno-
chen: Auf der Schauseite des Beschlags fanden sich ver-
schiedene organische Abdrücke, direkt an der Schauseite
zeigten sich schwach sichtbare leinwandbindige Gewebe-
reste (Gew. 2), da rauf wirr liegendes Fasermaterial und eine
„lederartige“ Ober äche, sowie auf dieser abgedrückt Holz-
reste. Diese wurden bei der Ausgrabung dokumentiert und
lagen direkt auf der Erde.
Ebene 2c „Trachtlage“ oder Beigabe: Alle Beschläge sind im
Beckenbereich um den Körper herum gefunden worden;
Wertung als Tragelage.
Ebene 2d Räumlicher Kontext: Gewebe 1  ndet sich an der
Rückseite (körpernahen Seite) der Gürtelbeschläge; Gewebe
2 an der Schauseite der Beschläge. Gewebe 3 wurde am
Niethals einiger Nieten entdeckt.
Ebene 4a Analogieschlüsse: Gürtel, gegürtetes Kleidungs-
stück, wie auf den Grabsteinen aus Padua und Narbonne
(Pausch 2003, Abb. 70 und 71) oder bei Stilicho.
Ebene 4b Funktionale Interpretation: Bei Gewebe 1, das als
eine Textillage an der körpernahen Seite der Gürtelbestand-
teile erhalten ist, handelt es sich um das gegürtete Gewand.
Dieses dürfte bei einer römerzeitlichen Männerbestattung
als Tunika (Pausch 2003, bes. 89) anzusprechen sein. An den
Schauseiten der Objekte konnte Gewebe 2 dokumentiert
werden. Möglicherweise gehören diese Fragmente zu einem
Kleidungsstück, das über dem gegürteten Gewand getra-
gen wurde (nicht identisch mit dem Mantel). Eventuell ist
Gewebe 2 aber auch ein einhüllendes Leichentuch. Zudem
kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass zumindest Teile des
Trägermaterials der Gürtelbeschläge (Lederriemen o.Ä.) mit
feinem Textil (Gewebe 3) bezogen wurden, da sich eindeu-
tige Reste an den Niethälsen fanden. Aus den weiteren, im
Beckenbereich aufgefundenen organischen Resten ist abzu-
lesen (vgl. Mikrostratigra e bei Beschlag 305.32), dass die
Leiche auf den von einem Fell bedeckten Holzbrettern
eines Sarges oder Totenbrettes lag.
Zusammenfassend darf man sich die Grablege wohl so vor-
stellen, dass der bestattete Mann eine feine Wolltunika trug,
die ein mit vielen nicht zusammenpassenden Beschlägen
besetzter Gürtel hielt, sowie einen ge belten Mantel aus
leichtem Wollsto . Gewebe 2 aus dem Beckenbereich stimmt
in seinen gewebetechnischen Details nicht mit dem Woll-
mantel überein, war also ein weiteres, über dem gegürteten
Gewand getragenes Kleidungsstück, oder gehörte eventu-
ell zu einem Leichentuch. Der Mann war in einen Holzsarg/
auf ein Totenbrett gebettet, das mit einem Fell bedeckt war.
3. Fazit und Ausblick
Es war ein wesentliches Forschungsdesiderat im Rahmen
des Projektes DressID, Daten zu römischen Gewebefunden
aus Österreich zu gewinnen. Es ist in diesem Rahmen vor
allem die Frage nach der Interpretation und den angewand-
ten Methoden wesentlich. Die Einzelfunde wurden dabei
nach verschiedenen Interpretationsebenen analysiert, wo -
durch den Textilien unterschiedliche Funktionen im Grab-
brauch zugeschrieben werden können. Es  nden sich in
den Gräbern etwa Verpackungen/Verhüllungen von Gegen-
ständen sowie „technische Textilien“, die etwa beim Aufbau
von hölzernen Messerscheiden eine Rolle spielten. Beson-
ders interessant ist die Diskussion der Gewebe an Trachtbe-
standteilen, die teilweise mit konkreten Kleidungsstücken in
Zusammenhang zu bringen sind (Mäntel, Tuniken, Schlei-
er...). Wenn wir auch in keinem Falle eine Formgebung
bestimmen können, sind jedoch Informationen zu den ver-
wendeten Materialien und Sto qualitäten wesentliche Aus-
gangspunkte für weitergehende Forschungen.
4. Bibliographie
Banck-Burgess 1999
J. Banck-Burgess, Hochdorf IV. Die Textilfunde aus dem späthall-
stattzeitlichen Fürstengrab von Eberdingen-Hochdorf (Kreis Lud-

Karina Grömer
98
Abb. 6:
Schwechat, Grab 120: Situation unter dem Becken des Skelettes, Beschlag 305.32 mit Mikrostratigra e (Gra k:
K. Grömer).
111
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles
partly carbonised, mainly on the upper side of the shoe.
After excavation, the shoe was treated in PEG 1500 solution
before freeze-drying and then  xed with Methocel A4C2
(Wiesner / Beirowski 2012).
The CT data render the shape of the shoe in great detail
(Fig. 8). The toe and the upper parts are missing and one
bigger void is seen in the internal part. The view into the
network of the shoe clearly shows that the bast strips are
not twisted and that they are woven in rep (Fig. 9). The bast
strips from system 1 run along the length of the shoe and
consist of bast strips with a width between 7mm and 10
mm. The bast strips of system 2 have an average width
between 4mm and 6 mm. A perpendicular folded sZ-cord
(4 mm) runs diagonally across the heel seat and probably
served as a fastening (Feldtkeller / Schlichtherle 1987).
The third example analysed in this study was a cone-shaped
twining out of bast (Find Nr. Bo90 Q232-24, Fig. 10). The fab-
ric consists of several fragments and the apex is missing. It
was found in Bodman-Ludwigshafen (Kreis Konstanz) in 1990.
It lay partly carbonised in a burnt layer in the area of the
“Stegman” baulk. The context of the  nd has not yet been
analysed, so that its date of origin has yet to be established. It
probably belongs to the “Ältere Pfyner Kultur” (about 3880–
3820 BC) or the so-called “Hornstaader Gruppe” (around
3918–3901 BC, Schlichtherle, personal communication). The
twining is interpreted as a fragment of a Neolithic hat because
of its cone-like shape and furry appearance (Vogt 1937, Feldt-
keller 2004; Feldtkeller / Schlichtherle 1998; 1987; Selb 2010).
After excavation, the fabric was conserved in PEG 400 solu-
tion and Luviskol K30 before freeze-drying (Feldtkeller 1989).
The twining lay on its supports in random fashion. It was
possible to rearrange the twining without touching the
object (Fig. 11). The CT data made di erent layers in the
 nd clearly visible. The detailed view into the object also
revealed a piece of the twining folded up inside the fold of
another piece (Fig. 12a-d). This folded piece had not been
visible before and was only discovered in the CT data. Using
the software it was possible to virtually reconstruct the tex-
tile in this area so that its pieces could be unfolded and
reassembled along joining edges.
The high data resolution also enabled us to analyse the
technical design of the twining (Fig. 13a–e). The vertical
bast bundles have a diameter of about 2–3 mm and are
slightly twisted in z-direction. Twined around the vertical
bast bundles (s-direction) and twisted in z-direction are per-
pendicularly oriented 2 mm bundles of bast spaced at inter-
vals of approx. 9–17 mm, thus creating the actual structure
of the twining. The diameter of the fabric decreases from
the edge to the apex. Therefore two vertical bast bundles
are twined together in one twist binding. On the front side
of the textile curved bast bundles (about 6 cm long) are
laced in, generally at one twist binding. In this way each
curved bast bundle is laced in at two twined points, where
its ends hang down loosely. The weft-twined rows are cov-
ered by the curved bast bundles so that the twining is only
visible on the reverse side of the fabric. At the edge of the
twining the vertical bast bundles are wound one and a half
times around a twined sZ-cord with a diameter of about
3 mm (Fig. 14).
4. Conclusion
Use of digital data from XCT provides new perspectives and
possibilities in the research of Neolithic textiles. XCT makes
it possible to analyse in detail not only the outer surface but
also the interior structure of such  nds. Both the technical
Fig. 6: XCT image of the wooden bobbin inside the ball (Sipplingen,
Bodenseekreis, 3316–3303 BC).
Fig. 7: Photograph of the fragmented shoe (Sipplingen, Boden-
seekreis, 2900–2860 BC). Mühleis LAD.

97
Zur Interpretation von Funden aus Körpergräbern am Beispiel römischer Textilien aus Österreich
ein Leichentuch, das den Verstorbenen samt seinem Gürtel
einhüllte.
2.3. Schwechat, Grab 120 (Abb. 4-6)4
Komplexere Gräber mit Geweben an mehreren Objekten in
einem Grab sind in Österreich eher selten. Im Falle von Grab
120 aus Schwechat wurden Textilreste sowohl im Brust-
bereich an einer Bronze bel entdeckt sowie im Beckenbe-
reich an mehreren Beschlägen. Zudem hatte der Mann an
der linken Körperseite in Höhe der Hüfte ein Eisenmesser
mit einer Messerscheide mit bronzenem Thekenbeschlag.
Manche Gewebe ließen sich über mehrere Positionen ver-
folgen.
Wie bei den anderen Beispielen wurden zunächst die Ein-
zelfunde analysiert; bei vorliegender vereinfachter und ver-
kürzter Aufgliederung der Textilreste werden jene von den
einzelnen Gürtelbestandteilen zusammengefasst.
Ebene 1 Fund: Textilreste auf Fibel (Fnr. 305.05)
Ebene 2a Technische Analyse: Leinwandbindiges Gewebe,
Wolle, in beiden Fadensystemen 0,3-0,4 mm z-Garn; 14-16
Fäden pro cm.
Ebene 2b Mikrostratigra e: Textil eventuell mehrlagig auf der
Unterseite der Fibel.
Ebene 2c „Trachtlage“ oder Beigabe: Lage der Fibel am linken
Brustkorb der Leiche auf Höhe Oberarmmitte (also von der
Schulter etwas verrutscht); Wertung als Trachtlage.
Ebene 2d Räumlicher Kontext: Textil auf körpernaher Untersei-
te der Armbrustscharnier bel.
Ebene 3a Informationen zum Grab: Neufund, Grabauswer-
tung von archäologischer Seite her noch nicht abgeschlos-
sen, 3. Jh.
Ebene 3b Alter und Geschlecht: Männlich (laut archäologischer
Zuweisung), noch nicht anthropologisch bearbeitet.
Ebene 4a Analogieschlüsse: Auf dem Elfenbeindyptichon des
Generals Stilicho, 4. Jh. (Croom 2002, Abb. 8) hält eine Fibel
an der Schulter einen Mantel. Es gibt zahlreiche schriftliche
Abb. 4:
Schwechat, Grab 120: Gesamtbefund mit Gürtel und Fibel und eingeblendeten Details zur Fibel und einem Beschlag
(Gra k: K. Grömer).
Abb. 5: Schwechat, Grab 120: Niete Fnr. 305.31 mit Mikrostratigra e
(Gra k: K. Grömer).
Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
112
Fig. 8: XCT image of the fragmented shoe (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 2900–2860 BC).

113
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles
Fig. 9: XCT image of a cross-section of the fragmented shoe (Sipplingen, Bodenseekreis, 2900–2860 BC).
Fig. 10: Photograph of the cone-shaped twining (Bodman-Ludwigshafen, Konstanz), Mühleis LAD.
Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer et al.
128
3.2. Textile Art
Students of the University of Applied Arts in Vienna were
working on objects of textile art and textile design, inspired
by the Hallstatt textiles, the prehistoric weaving and dyeing
techniques, and the archaeological context. Natural dyes
and  bre materials were used for the production of modern
clothes and textile objects. Printing and dyeing experiments
were made in co-operation with the Austrian blue printer
Josef Kóo.
4. Results and Discussion
The dyes and dyeing materials which were identi ed in the
prehistoric Hallstatt textiles are listed in Tab. 1. A summary
of the analytical results according to the colour categories
of samples is given in Tab. 2.
The detection of indigotin and indirubin in Bronze Age frag-
ments indicates that vat dyeing was already performed at
that time. Based on historical and archaeobotanical research
it is known that the indigo plant of this period in Europe is
woad (Isatis tinctoria L.). Woad, originally indigenous to the
area of Southeast Europe and Central Asia, had already
been spread throughout Europe in prehistoric times. All
blue textiles of both periods (Bronze and Iron Age) were
dyed with woad. Microscopically it was proven that yarns
and fabrics had been dyed in woad vats (Hofmann-de Keijzer
2010; 2013). The woad blue of the Iron Age was nuanced by
tannins, by yellow dyes like the  avonoid quercetin, and red
dyes, such as anthraquinones. A red dye which is probably
orcein points to the use of orchil gained from lichens.
Another red dye is probably carminic acid originating from
dye insects. The analysis of the red mordant dye purpurin
showed that plants of the Rubiaceae family were used for
dyeing as early as the Bronze Age. Textile dyeings which
only contain purpurin could originate from roots of bed-
straw (Galium species), native to Europe, or from roots of
wild madder (Rubia peregrina L.), native to Mediterranean
Europe, the Middle East as far as Iran and the South of the
British Isles.
The yellow dyestu s luteolin and apigenin point to the dye
weld (Reseda luteola L.). Weld, originally found in Mediterra-
nean regions and West Asia, was the main cultivated plant
for yellow dyes. Leaves, stems and petals of the plant con-
tain luteolin as the main dyestu and apigenin as the minor
component. Normally, in weld-dyed reference samples lute-
olin is present in abundance. Because the amounts of luteo-
lin and apigenin are nearly equal, the identi cation of weld
in the Hallstatt textiles is uncertain. The equal concentration
of these  avonoids may be due to degradation processes in
the mine, a di erent dyestu composition in prehistoric
weld, or the use of another dye-plant. In cases where only
apigenin or luteolin or quercetin is analysed, the dyeing
material cannot be determined. The origin of a maclurin-
equivalent, found especially in Bronze Age textiles, is also
unknown. The rhamnetin-equivalent, found in blue, brown
and black samples, presumably originates from berries of
buckthorn (Rhamnus species). A crocetin-equivalent detect-
ed in a brown textile from the Hallstatt Culture shows simi-
larities to the dye of sa ron, the stigmata of Crocus sativus
L. However, based on this analysis the use of sa ron cannot
be proven. This would only be possible with the clear evi-
dence of crocetin.
In the yellow samples many unidenti ed yellow compo-
nents were found and half of the yellow samples are not
dyed. White wool could have turned into a yellowish shade
by the in uence of the metal ions copper and iron and by
degradation processes. These metal ions also seem to play
a role in the formation of olive green, brown and black tex-
tile colours. Iron-containing materials could have been used
during the dyeing processes or penetrated into the textiles
from minerals during their deposition in the mine. Copper
ions could also originate from prehistoric dyeing processes
or could have come into the textiles from the only copper
source found in the mines of Hallstatt, the broken-o tips of
bronze picks. If the ions originate from mordants, the tex-
tiles now show the more or less original colours. The pene-
tration of the ions at a later date would have caused a con-
siderable colour change.
No green textiles were found in the Bronze Age mines. The
dyers of the Iron Age had the knowledge of dyeing green by
double-dyeing in a woad vat and in a dye bath for yellow. In
olive green, caused by double-dyeing with woad and yellow
dyes, no copper was detected, in other olive greens either
yellow dyes and copper or only copper were found.
Undyed brown wool was used in Bronze Age and Iron Age
textiles. However, more than one third of the brown sam-
ples was dyed. It is surprising that no tannins were identi-
 ed. Brown shades seem to be caused mainly by yellow
dyes and by iron and/or copper. In dark, black textiles of the
Bronze and Iron Age, ellagic acid was detected together
with the element iron, but no copper was found. Therefore
it is most likely that an iron-gall-black is present. The detec-
tion of ellagic acid indicates the use of tannins, but the tan-
nin sources, for instance barks, galls and fruits, cannot be
identi ed by this analytical technique.
5. Conclusions
The research in prehistoric dyeing techniques of the Hallstatt
textiles led to the conclusion that all the dyeing techniques
developed for natural dyes were already known in the Bronze
Age: direct dyeing with tannins, vat dyeing with woad and
(mordant) dyeing with red and yellow dyes. Due to the ana-
lytical problems to determine the origin of the metal ions
analysed in the woollen  bres, it cannot be proven that mor-
dants were used. The detection of an insect-dye, probably
carminic acid, and the fact that no dye-insect is indigenous
to
the surroundings of Hallstatt indicate the import of dye-
insects, dyed yarns or dyed textiles. It turned out that in pre-
history complex dyeing processes were used and combined

Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
114
design and the technical data such as the twist of the
thread and the weave can be determined in this way. It is
possible to reconstruct the  nd without handling it and to
detect and examine structures hidden from outer view, e.g.
folded pieces.
Because of its capacity for detailed measurement, XCT can
be regarded as an important non-destructive working
method for future preventive conservation work. Conven-
tional analysis methods are associated with frequent han-
dling and thus with a risk of damage when used on fragile
 nds. XCT reduces the need for conventional examinations,
since many questions can be resolved by analysis of the
digital data. It makes it possible to view the virtual structure
of fragile  nds from every direction without subjecting
them to mechanical stress. Digital data reveal the actual
condition of fabrics, providing a means of monitoring the
state of preservation of textile  nds.
Analysing and mapping information from XCT images
makes archaeological analyses more objective and provides
robust evidence for results obtained – an important require-
ment
for scienti c research. XCT is a forward-looking tech-
nique which can assist researchers or non-professionals in
summarising technical details on the basis of digital 3D
data. In conclusion, XCT is a powerful appliance for analys-
ing and preserving Neolithic textiles.
Fig. 11: XCT image of the whole front side and the whole reverse side of the twining (Bodman-Ludwigshafen, Konstanz).
127
Coloured Hallstatt Textiles: 3500 Year-old Textile and Dyeing Techniques and their Contemporary Application
is much more limited. When fragile archaeological textiles
are analysed, very often a disturbed baseline is observed.
This is probably due to the fact that after acid hydrolysis,
the degraded wool is partly dissolved. The identi cation of
dyes is hampered by the baseline disturbance, the low con-
centration of the dyes and the lack of reference dyes from
prehistoric textiles. If chemical identi cation is not possible,
at least the colour of the unknown dye can be deduced
from the UV-VIS absorption spectrum. The identi cation of
the dye-plants and dye-insects is sometimes uncertain or
not possible due to the di culties described above and the
lack of reference materials.
2.2.3. Preparation of Reference Material
Based on a literature review in 2010, more than 42 domestic
plant species were collected and woad was cultivated.
Woollen reference material was dyed according to historical
recipes using the collected plants and preparing fermenta-
tion vats with fresh woad leaves, self-made coached woad
and self-made woad pigment. The HPLC-PDA analysis of the
extracts of the collected plants and the woollen reference
samples aimed to improve the interpretation and under-
standing of the dye analysis results from the Hallstatt tex-
tiles and to identify unknown yellow and red dyes.
3. Contemporary Application
Dyeing techniques with natural dyes are ( rst) applied in
the production of ribbon-replicas and (second) in the mak-
ing of modern textile art and textile design.
3.1. Reproduction of Ribbons
Based on experimental archaeology methods, reproductions
of one tablet-woven band and two rep bands were made for
the  rst time with authentic materials, such as very  ne
hand-spun woollen yarns and natural dyes. Fleeces of four
old sheep breeds were prepared according to techniques
which could have been used in prehistory. The  eeces and
yarns were washed with soapwort, a perennial saponin-con-
taining plant native to Europe. Afterwards the  eeces were
loosed by picking and willowing. Then the  eeces were
combed and a combed top was made by using a small disc
with a hole. The combed top was suitable for spinning very
 ne yarns using hand spindles. It was possible to produce
plied yarns with the desired thread size between 0.2 and 0.4
millimetres. The experiments on loosing of greasy and
washed
wool by picking and willowing showed that the best
spinning results were obtained with willowed greasy wool. It
turned out that the thin plied yarns from old sheep breeds
are strong enough for dyeing and weaving. Washed and
dyed  eece was also suitable for spinning thin yarns. Based
on the dye analysis results, experiments were performed to
 nd the appropriate dyeing methods for the desired shades
of the hand-spun yarns. All experiments on textile tech-
niques, including the estimation of the expenditure of work,
allowed us to draw conclusions about the prehistoric manu-
facturing processes and gave a better understanding of life
in prehistory.
colour category
of textile
samples
analysed samples
dyed samples
indigotin
including indirubin and isatin
total of red and orange dyes
purpurin
carminic acid-probably
orcein-probably
unknown anthraquinones-probably
unknown red and orange dyes
total of yellow dyes
apigenin including apigenin-equivalent
and apigenin-probably
luteolin including luteolin-glucoside and
luteolin-diglucoside-probably
quercetin
rhamnetin-equivalent
crocetin-equivalent
maclurin-equivalent
unknown yellow dyes including
unknown  avonoids
tannins
blue 12 12 12 16 0 1 1 2 11 10 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 5
yellow 19 11 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 11 2 1 1 0 0 3 4 0
green 43 31000015 1 10001 20
olive green 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
brown 201084001122598011240
black 8 6 4 3 0 1 0 0 2 12 4 2 0 2 0 0 4 2
total 68 44 29 28 1 2 3 3 18 66 17 12 5 4 1 7 20 7
Tab. 2: Summary of the HPLC-PDA results
The numbers indicate in how many samples of the colour category a dye or dye-class is detected. Sometimes the number
of dyes is much higher than the number of dyed samples. This is due to the fact that in the samples up to eleven dyes are
detected.

Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer et al.
126
component elutes at a di erent retention time, it is labelled
as ‘equivalent’ (see Tab. 1 and 2).
The following step is to identify the dyeing materials. This is
only possible by a  ngerprint of a dyeing material, consist-
ing of main and minor components. However, when a dye
is detected, for instance quercetin which occurs in many
di erent plants, the origin cannot be determined. Some-
times the use of a dyeing material is limited to a certain
region and/or a certain period. If this is the case, then it is
possible to draw conclusions as to the provenance or histo-
ry of the analysed textile.
2.2.2. Remarks on the Dye Analysis of Archaeological
Tex tiles
Compared to historical textiles of non-archaeological origin,
the identi cation of dyes in prehistoric archaeological objects
THE BLUE PIGMENT INDIGOTIN
and its side components DYEING MATERIALS FOR BLUE
class of indigoids
indigotin woad (Isatis tinctoria L.): by chemical analysis it is only
possible to conclude that an indigo plant has been used;
from archaeobotanical and historical research it is known that
the indigo plant in Bronze and Iron Age Europe was woad.
indirubin
isatin (degradation product)
RED DYES DYEING MATERIALS FOR RED
class of anthraquinones
purpurin a species of the plant family Rubiaceae,
probably a Galium species or Rubia peregrina L.
carminic acid-probably probably a dye-insect
unknown anthraquinones-probably probably a species of the plant family Rubiaceae or a dye-
insect
dyes produced from lichens
orcein-probably probably orchil produced from lichens
unknown red and orange dyes unknown plants
YELLOW DYES DYEING MATERIALS FOR YELLOW
class of  avonoids
luteolin and apigenin
could be weld (Reseda luteola L.) or another plant,
e.g. dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria L.) or saw wort (Serratula
tinctoria L.); the identi cation of the dye plant is not possible,
because in the samples of the prehistoric Hallstatt textiles
the ratio of luteolin and apigenin is di erent compared to
reference-dyeings; minor compounds characteristic for a
special dye plant are not present; they could be degraded.
luteolin
could be weld (Reseda luteola L.) or another plant,
e.g. dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria L.) or saw wort (Serratula
tinctoria L.); the identi cation of the dye plant is not possible;
minor compounds characteristic for a special dye plant are
not present; possibly they are degraded.
apigenin
could be the sentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum
inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.) or another plant; minor compounds
characteristic for a special dye plant are not present; possibly
they are degraded.
quercetin the identi cation of the dye plant is not possible, because
quercetin occurs in many plants
rhamnetin-equivalent could be berries of buckthorn species (Rhamnus L.)
class of carotinoids
crocetin-equivalent sa ron (Crocus sativus L.)
class of benzophenones
maclurin-equivalent the identi cation of the dye plant is not possible
unknown yellow dyes
including unknown  avonoids unknown plants
TANNINS TANNIN MATERIALS
ellagic acid (tannin compound) the identi cation of the tannin plant is not possible
Tab. 1: Identi ed dyes and dyeing materials
115
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles
Fig. 12: XCT image of the reconstruction of a fragment of the twining (Bodman-Ludwigshafen, Konstanz), a: folded
fragment; b: XCT image of the folded fragment inside another folded fragment; c: XCT image of the unfolded
fragments; d: XCT image of the joined fragments.

From 2008 to 2012 a multi- and transdisciplinary research
project – funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF – was
undertaken in co-operation between several European
insti
tutions1.
The aim of the project was to increase the
knowledge of prehistoric dyeing processes and to apply
this knowledge to the production of replicas of prehistoric
ribbons found in Hallstatt. Furthermore, the project created
links between the cultural heritage of the Hallstatt textiles,
science and textile art.
1. Introduction to Hallstatt Textiles
Due to the impregnation by the salt and the conditions of
the mines, such as a constant climate, protection from light
and low temperature, organic materials like wood, leather, fur
and textiles survived for up to 3500 years. In 1849 the miner
Johann Georg Ramsauer found the  rst prehistoric textiles.
Nowadays more than 560 textile fragments have been exca-
vated in the mines of the Bronze Age (about 1500–1200 BCE)
and the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt Culture, about 800–400 BCE).
The objects were found embedded in the so-called ‘Hei-
dengebirge’, the hard salt stone containing traces of early
man’s presence (Reschreiter / Kowarik 2009). The textiles fea-
ture a wide variety of textures, weaving techniques, patterns,
stitches, seams, and colours, which allows studying the pre-
historic textile and dyeing techniques (Bichler et al. 2005;
Hofmann-de Keijzer et al. 2005; Grömer et al. 2013).
2. Investigation and Methods
About 70 micro-samples were taken from the textile frag-
ments and two multi-coloured ribbons. Knowledge about
prehistoric dyeing processes was gained by the analysis of
the  bres and the chemical elements, by identi cation of
the dyes and of the dyeing materials, like dye-plants and
dye-insects. Optical light microscopy and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) were used for  bre analysis. Scanning
electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
(SEM-EDS) were employed for the detection of the chemical
elements and high performance liquid chromatography
with photo diode array detection (HPLC-PDA) for the analy-
sis of the dyes.
2.1. Analysis of Fibres and Chemical Elements
Prior to the dye analysis, all samples were examined by opti-
cal light microscopy to identify the  bres and to observe the
(ir)regularity of the colours within the fabrics, the yarns and
the  bres. SEM was also used to examine the contamination
and the condition of the  bres. Microscopic analysis has
found scales characteristic for wool. The condition of the
woollen  bres is a combination of the prehistoric use of the
textiles, their degradation in the mine and storage in a non-
conditioned room before 1998. Various sorts of  bre damag-
es were observed, for instance tears, fractures,  brils and the
degradation of scales. The  bres were found to be either
contaminated with particles from the mine or they were rel-
atively clean. On the clean areas, SEM-EDX examination was
focussed especially on those elements which could have
originated from mordants, such as aluminium, copper and
iron, as well as elements which could have changed the col-
ours of dyed and undyed textiles during their deposition in
the mine, like copper and iron, and elements which could
have caused  bre degradation, for instance iron, copper, cal-
cium and chlorine.
2.2. Analysis of Dyes and Dyestu s (Dyeing Materials)
The optimal method for modern dye analysis in textiles is
HPLC-PDA. The investigation was carried out at the Cultural
Heritage Agency of the Netherlands according to the meth-
od described in Joosten / Van Bommel (2008).
2.2.1. Introduction to Dye Analysis of Textiles by HPLC-PDA
During sample preparation, the dyes are extracted from
the textile  bre by acid hydrolysis. Afterwards a solution is
prepared, which is injected into the column of the HPLC
equipment. The column is  lled with a stationary (solid)
phase. As soon as a mobile phase (mixture of solvents)
passes through the column, the dyes move forward, due to
their chromatographic behaviour, and are separated. Each
dye leaves the column at a certain time, the retention time
(Tr, in minutes). When a dye is leaving the column, the PDA-
detector delivers an UV-VIS absorption spectrum of this
substance.
The next step is the dye identi cation, achieved with the
help of a HPLC-database containing reference data of natu-
ral and synthetic dyes and of dyeing materials used world-
wide. A dye is identi ed when both its retention time and
UV-VIS absorption spectrum correspond to a reference dye.
If the retention time corresponds with that of a reference
dye but the spectrum does not match, the name of the ref-
erence dye is given with the remark ‘probably’; if the spec-
trum resembles the spectrum of a reference dye but the
Coloured Hallstatt Textiles: 3500 Year-old Textile and Dyeing
Techniques and their Contemporary Application
Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer, Maarten R. van Bommel, Anna Hartl, Karina Grömer, Helga Rösel-Mautendorfer,
Hans Reschreiter, Katrin Kania, Ineke Joosten, Art Ness Proaño Gaibor, Rudolf Erlach, Eva Lachner, Manuel Wandl,
Matthijs de Keijzer
Ingrid Wiesner, Jörg Stelzner, Nicole Ebinger-Rist
116
Fig. 13: XCT images of the design of the twining (Bodman-Ludwigshafen, Konstanz) a: vertical bast bundles; b: the vertical bast bundles are
secured by weft rows; c–e: curved bast bundles are laced into the twining.
Fig. 14: XCT image of the edge of the twining (Bodman-Ludwigshafen, Konstanz).

117
Virtual Analyses of Neolithic Textiles
5. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dipl.-Rest. L. Selb for the analyses
of the cone-shaped twining in her diploma theses, A. Feldt-
keller,
Dr. J. Banck-Burgess, Dr. H. Schlichtherle and Dr. I. Ma -
tuschik, Landesamt für Denkmalp ege Baden-Württemberg
for suggestions and discussions. All  nds have been exca-
vated by Landesamt für Denkmalp ege Baden-Württem-
berg, Department for Wetland Archaeology, Hemmenhofen.
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Endnotes
1 Analyses were carried out by W. H. Schoch, Labor für Quartäre
Hölzer, Tobelhof 13, CH-8134, Adliswil.
2 Methylcellulose.