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Comprehensive appraisal of protected areas of Pakistan; their management status and encumbrance
Abstract
Establishment of Protected Areas has long history and in recent years their development has accelerated across whole world to cope with the problem of biodiversity loss. Pakistan has also shown serious concern towards sustainable use of biological resources and cultural heritage by establishing legislation, policies and institutions. However implementation of these laws and policies is not achieved to satisfactory level due to number of factors. The shortcomings associated with conservation of protected areas can be handled through collaboration of different segments of society for achieving effective management strategies. The purpose of this paper was to enlist the protected areas, provide comprehensive spatial and tabular information, and review the management strategies and current status of the protected areas of Pakistan. The paper not only focused on the problems but also recommended the solutions to tackle the problems associated with conservation of biodiversity.
... However, boundaries of protected areas were retrieved from the database of Protected Planet (https://www.protectedplanet.net/) and locations of various adventure activities such as hunting areas, game sanctuary, wildlife reserve were also derived from available literature (Calligaris et al. 2013;Saleem et al. 2018;Rashid et al. 2020). ...
... Therefore, it is stated that ecologically sensitive areas in the study region should not be exploited for urban development in the coming future. However, by developing new protected areas or national parks we can increase the ecotourism potential which will pose positive economic and environmental impacts (Crotti and Misrahi 2015;Naeem Abbas 2015;Saleem et al. 2018;Us Saqib et al. 2019;Pablo-Cea et al. 2020;Rashid et al. 2020). ...
It is widely believed that the tourism industry, particularly ecotourism, contributes significantly for sustainable development. However, planning for ecotourism development is a multi-criteria process that commonly involves spatial analysis. A MCDA model was presented and applied for ecotourism suitability analysis in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. This study attempts to identify potential ecotourism sites using GIS and AHP by collecting Remote Sensing and Crowed-sourced data in mountainous regions where geospatial data is sparse. Fifteen factors influencing the ecotourism were selected based on local knowledge and expert opinion. The criteria layers cover natural beauty, infrastructure, physical and social parameters of the stud area. Results revealed that about 16.2% of study areas had very low suitability and 11.5% of the study area has very high suitability, of which 37% falls in most suitable elevation range (2600–3200 m). The findings and method employed will be useful to decision-makers and planners in the study area.
A study was carried out to asses the communities and floristic composition of 32 stands of forest, shrubs and herbs from CKNP. On the basis of phytosociological analysis and maximum important value index, following 1 forest community, 3 pure stands and 6 shrubs and herbs communities are identified and quantitatively described. In forested areas Picea-Pinus wallichiana community, Juniperus excelsa pure stand. Picea smithiana pure stand, Pinus wallichiana pure stand, while at non forested places Rosa-Hippophae community, Hippophae-Ribes community, Rosa-Ribes community, Rosa-Berberis community, Hippophae-Tamarix community and Berberis-Tamarix community, were dominated. Poor floristic similarities between and within the communities at different elevations and slopes were seen however Rosa-Hippophae and Picea-Pinus wallichiana community showed higher floristic similarities within the community. Pine tree species were also distributed as a pure stand in different areas with higher density and basal area. It is shown that vegetation was deteriorating under anthropogenic disturbance therefore needs special attention to protect these forests and vegetation.
This paper discusses recent conservation efforts in Northern Pakistan and the relevance of national parks as legal instruments in nature and wildlife conservation. Employing an extensive case-study approach the paper analyzes the problems afflicting the Khunjerab National Park and discusses why the World Conservation Union (IUCN) disregarded its own policy guidelines for mountain protected areas. The paper advocates a more democratic and pragmatic approach to nature conservation and argues that national parks as traditionally conceived impose heavy burdens on local people. Despite increasing criticism of national parks, they continue to be implemented often for no other reason than the high conservationist profile this alternative offers.
Keywords: Pakistan, national parks, wildlife conservation, Khunjerab National Park, local populations, Karakoram
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The Government of North West Frontier Province (Kyber Paktun Khawan) renamed Kyber Pakhtunkhwan in April 2010, attaches a high priority to the conservation of rich diversity of flora and fauna in the Province. In 1975, the Kyber Paktun Khawan Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act was promulgated to provide a legal framework for conservation efforts. The Kyber Paktun Khawan Wildlife Department is mandated to protect, preserve, conserve and manage the wildlife resources of the Province. The Province is a land of diverse physio-climatic factors. In a short stretch of 700 km from south to north, the Province exhibits an altitude of 174m asl in Dera Ismail Khan to 7,690 m asl at Tirichmir peak in Chitral. Similarly an extreme arid hot climate in Dera Ismail Khan desert with a mean annual rainfall of 230 mm and maximum summer temperature of 50oC is contrasted by arid cold conditions on northern high mountains peaks with perpetual snow and subzero temperatures. A great range of physical and climatic conditions has given rise to eleven major habitat types with over 100 species of mammals, over 456 species of birds, 46 species of reptiles and over 4000 species of plants (IUCN, 1996).
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