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Are survivalists malevolent?
Abstract
Survivalist plan and prepare for a major disaster. This research describes construction of the 8-item Survivalist Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) and its nomological network which highlights that survivalists are disagreeable, low in rationality, and high in psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. This suggests relatively high malevolence as well as high capacity for self-preservation. They are also fantasizers of sensation seeking, deep learners, and high in entrepreneurial intent which suggests ingenuity and ambition. They are also of lower general ability and lower rationality which suggests some limitations in the way they analyze information. Compared to the general population, survivalists are potentially dangerous in terms of personality (e.g., they are high scorers on the Dark Triad) and behavior (e.g., they may stockpile weapons) but also have strong preservation instincts that might be of benefit, at least to themselves, should disaster strike.
... Of the 52 articles suggested, only 22 articles provided brief instrument question development information. [2][3][4]7,8,[15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] However, none of these articles specifically focused on instrument development. A few researchers analyzed data from nationally representative surveys that included questions on HEP, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire, 6 Health Retirement Survey, 5,12 General Social Survey, 11 and the Public Readiness Index's Readiness Quotient. ...
... The authors of 21 articles provided their instrument questions in their articles. 2,5,7,12,[14][15][16][17]19,20,24,25,28,29,33,[35][36][37][38][39][40] Some authors asked broad questions about HEP, such as "did you assemble a disaster supply kit?," whereas others asked about the presence of specific supply kit items such as flashlights, radios, food, and water. Only 8 articles contained information on pilot-testing of the instrument. ...
... Only 8 articles contained information on pilot-testing of the instrument. 2,4,8,22,32,34,41,42 A total of 15 articles included instrument reliability data, 5,8,11,12,16,20,23,26,27,34,[36][37][38]41,43 and 4 articles contained validity data. 8,12,36,44 The remainder of the articles provided no instrument development data or reliability and validity information. ...
Objective
The main objective of this research was to generate a consensus on the conceptual definition of household emergency preparedness from experts representing multiple disciplines and countries, in order to facilitate the development of an all-hazards, comprehensive, valid, and reliable instrument.
Methods
Questions were generated via 3 methods: literature search, using existing instruments, and expert panels using the Delphi technique.
Results
Panelists (n = 154) representing 36 countries came to a consensus that household emergency preparedness is defined as the completion of several preparedness actions and assembling a kit that can be transported in an evacuation. The new 51-question instrument demonstrates face, content, and criterion validity and internal consistency reliability (α = 0.96). The instrument assesses whether specific preparedness actions have been taken, and the presence or absence of essential supplies that could enable households to safely endure conditions that disasters would likely present (loss of power, water limitations, and/or lack of access to additional supplies for a few days).
Conclusion
A valid and reliable instrument provides researchers with a replicable approach to assessment of preparedness levels, which is necessary to plan mitigation strategies, enhance health promotion, prevent injuries, and increase resilience for individuals and communities. The instrument can provide evidence to support interventions addressing health needs of community members following a disaster.
... Narcissism positively affects entrepreneurial intention. Mathieu and St-Jean, 2013;Hmieleski and Lerner, 2016;Do and Dadvari, 2017;Jackson, 2018;Wu et al., 2019a;Al-Ghazali and Afsar, 2020 Narcissism positively affects intrapreneurship intention. Tucker et al., 2017 The relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention is a U shape. ...
... For this reason, scholars have called for much-needed research on the significant role of time in various entrepreneurial activities and phenomena (McMullen and Dimov, 2013;Grijalva and Harms, 2014;Levesque and Stephan, 2020). However, a vast majority of researchers who are concerned with the relationship in question used cross-sectional data to conduct their studies (e.g., Hmieleski and Lerner, 2016;Tucker et al., 2017, Baldegger et al., 2017Jackson, 2018 also see Table 1), and overlooked the importance of time. This is not conducive to researchers' exploration of the causal or dynamic relationship between variables, nor does it help transform the researchers' prior perspectives (e.g., studying entrepreneurship as an act, McMullen and Dimov, 2013) in preparation for in-depth analysis of the entrepreneurial process. ...
Although narcissism is an important factor influencing entrepreneurial activity and outcomes, not much research has been conducted on the relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurship. To summarize the current literature on this relationship and provide an agenda for further in-depth research, a systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science, Elsevier ScienceDirect, and EBSCO host databases. Accordingly, 33 articles have been identified as being eligible for the final synthesis. The findings of the present study showed, in general, that (1) life history theory, person-environment fit theory (P-E theory), and career choice theory were mostly used to explore the topic of narcissism and entrepreneurial intention, social exchange theory was used to analyze narcissistic entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial motives and attitudes, and upper echelons theory (UET) was applied to research on the relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial outcomes, (2) Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and narcissistic sub-dimension of the Dark Triad were frequently used self-report scales among 23 identified empirical studies, and (3) narcissism has both bright and dark sides to entrepreneurial activities and outcomes. While narcissism makes potential entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial intentions and greater willingness to take risks, it also prevents entrepreneurs from discovering opportunities, acquiring resources, and learning from failure. Besides, results also showed that relations between narcissism and entrepreneurial intentions and performance are more complex. For a deeper understanding of this complex relations and advancing research on narcissism and entrepreneurship, more research is necessary to explore the relations between narcissism and entrepreneurship-related variables from a temporal perspective and at the team level, examine the relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurship ethics, and investigate the interaction effects of narcissism and other personalities.
... The SBQ (Jackson, 2018) focuses specifically on prepping behaviors that may be adopted by survivalists. The questionnaire contains eight items that explore prepping behaviors rated on a 5point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). ...
... Half of the items focus on physical behaviors (e.g., I have stockpiled food and water to survive a potential major disaster) and half assess planning behaviors (e.g., I have a plan I could put into operation to survive a potential major disaster). The overall scale has shown to have excellent internal reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 and both subscales have been confirmed to have strong internal reliability both yielding a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 (Jackson, 2018). ...
“Doomsday prepping” is a phenomenon which involves preparing for feared societal collapse by stockpiling resources and readying for self-sufficiency. While doomsday prepping has traditionally been reported in the context of extremists, during the COVID-19 pandemic, excessive stockpiling leading to supply shortages has been reported globally. It is unclear what psychological or demographic factors are associated with this stockpiling. This study investigated doomsday prepping beliefs and behaviors in relation to COVID-19 proximity, demographics, coping strategies, psychopathology, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and personality in 384 participants (249 female) in an online study. Participants completed a number of questionnaires including the Post-Apocalyptic and Doomsday Prepping Beliefs Scale and a scale designed for the current study to measure prepping in the context of COVID-19. These were analyzed using ANOVAs, correlational, and mediation analyses to examine relationships between psychometric variables and stockpiling. Prepping beliefs and behaviors were higher in males than females and positively associated with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, IU, and traditional masculinity traits. Older age, male gender, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and traditional masculinity predicted unique variance in prepping. The relationship between gender and stockpiling was mediated by social learning (witnessing other people panic buying) and the perceived threat of COVID-19 (doomsday interpretations) while proximity and personal vulnerability to COVID-19 were non-significant. Results indicate that panic buying was influenced more by witnessing others stockpiling, personality, and catastrophic thinking rather than by proximity to danger. Education could target these factors in ongoing waves of the pandemic or future catastrophes.
... Psychopathy and sadism, by contrast, are both characterized by antisocial tendencies (Foulkes, 2019;Leistico et al., 2008), so they may not be associated with these concerns about social instability. Additionally, dark traits have been linked to having thoughts about and preparing for major emergencies (Jackson, 2018). Thus, those who are high in dark traits may have beliefs about emergencies in general that affect their perceptions of the pandemic. ...
As the COVID-19 pandemic and interventions intended to minimize its spread continue to impact daily life, personality research may help to address the different ways in which people respond to a major global health crisis. The present study assessed the role of dark personality traits in predicting different responses to the pandemic. A nationally representative sample of 412 Americans completed measures of the Dark Tetrad as well as perceptions of COVID-19 threat, emergency beliefs, and positive and negative affect in response to COVID-19. Narcissism and Machiavellianism predicted greater negative affect and perceptions of threat during the pandemic, while psychopathy predicted positive affect. Conversely, sadism predicted greater positive affect. Dark personality also showed some predictive ability in explaining pandemic-related behaviors (e.g., more frequent cleaning) but not others (e.g., social distancing). Our findings provide evidence for differences in how dark personality traits predict individual responses to global crises.
Plain English Summary
Narcissistic workaholics achieve high business performance, unless their families become too involved. Founders wield outsized influence over new venture creation and early development. For example, past research suggests that personality traits of the founder, like narcissism, may boost new venture performance or destroy it. However, there are no consistent results regarding the impact of narcissism on performance. To understand the mechanisms shaping the relationship between narcissism and venture performance, we investigate founder’s workaholism as a possible mediator. At the same time, familial ties and relationships play important roles in many spheres of life, and we argue that family support may be beneficial to firm founders (or not), depending on the type of support and/or personal characteristics of the founder. In our study, we analyzed responses from active business founders about themselves and their businesses. We find that narcissism increases venture performance through workaholism, while family emotional support decreases the positive effect of workaholism. Thus, the main implication of our study for both researchers and practitioners is that workaholism may be a missing link between narcissism and performance. Furthermore, family support may augment the degree to which founders’ addictive desire to work positively impacts venture performance.
Modern leadership theory has focused extensively on individual differences of transformational leadership without considering potential roots in, and convergent validity to, Ancient Rome's concept of gravitas. In the current study, I conduct an historical analysis of the origins of the gravitas personality trait of leadership and how British Imperialism provides a likely conduit of leadership ideas from the ancient world to the modern. Next, I regress gravitas and two contemporary leadership measures against the Big Five, and show correlations between all the leadership measures. Finally, I conduct EFA of the items in the leadership measures. Results suggest a high level of convergent validity between gravitas and transformational leadership. Although the study has limitations, I conclude that gravitas is worth measuring in the modern world, that modern leadership research should acknowledge roots from Ancient Rome, and potentially that our knowledge of leadership is not so very different from how it was 2000 years ago.
We present a profile of male pilots having extensive flying experience, all of whom had been trained in the military. They completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, short version, and the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS), Form V; they then completed the Group Embedded Figures Task. On comparing the data of the pilots to both population norms and to previous data collected from participants who had military training, the pilots were found to be markedly better on the GEFT, indicating field independence, they scored lower on Neuroticism, and they scored higher on Experience Seeking. We thus present a distinctive profile for military pilots relative to others who had served in combat units in the military; in addition, we present a distinctive profile for these pilots when compared to population norms. These data might be put to good use in pilot selection and assessment.
Three socially aversive traits-Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-have been studied as an overlapping constellation known as the Dark Triad. Here, we develop and validate the Short Dark Triad (SD3), a brief proxy measure. Four studies (total N = 1,063) examined the structure, reliability, and validity of the subscales in both community and student samples. In Studies 1 and 2, structural analyses yielded three factors with the final 27 items loading appropriately on their respective factors. Study 3 confirmed that the resulting SD3 subscales map well onto the longer standard measures. Study 4 validated the SD3 subscales against informant ratings. Together, these studies indicate that the SD3 provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the Dark Triad of personalities.
Empirical investigations of polar expedition teams have assessed psychological characteristics related to adaptive personal and group functioning in a physically challenging, adventurous, and time-limited situation. Group members across studies have demonstrated generally positive personality characteristics, scoring relatively high on achievement motivation and well-being, and relatively low on stress reactivity, anxiety, and depression. Emotional sharing occurred infrequently, and seeking social support was related to relatively poorer psychological functioning in these highly task-focused groups. The psychological problems noted in some "wintering-over" Antarctic personnel were not evident in expedition group members.
This study investigated the role of adolescents' cognitive ability, personality traits and school success in predicting later criminal behaviour. Cognitive ability, the five-factor model personality traits and the school grades of a large sample of Estonian schoolboys (N = 1919) were measured between 2001 and 2005. In 2009, judicial databases were searched to identify participants who had been convicted of misdemeanours or criminal offences. Consistent with previous findings, having a judicial record was associated with lower cognitive ability, grade point average, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and higher neuroticism. In multivariate path models, however, the contributions of cognitive ability and conscientiousness were accounted for by school grades and the effect of neuroticism was also accounted for by other variables, leaving grade point average and agreeableness the only independent predictors of judicial record status. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychological construct of general mental ability (GMA), introduced by C. Spearman (1904) nearly 100 years ago, has enjoyed a resurgence of interest and attention in recent decades. This article presents the research evidence that GMA predicts both occupational level attained and performance within one's chosen occupation and does so better than any other ability, trait, or disposition and better than job experience. The sizes of these relationships with GMA are also larger than most found in psychological research. Evidence is presented that weighted combinations of specific aptitudes tailored to individual jobs do not predict job performance better than GMA alone, disconfirming specific aptitude theory. A theory of job performance is described that explicates the central role of GMA in the world of work. These findings support Spearman's proposition that GMA is of critical importance in human affairs.
Paulhus and Williams (2002) proposed a constellation of malevolent traits referred to as the Dark Triad (subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and Machiavellianism). They used the Dark Triad term to raise awareness about the need for researchers across different areas of psychology to include relevant theory and assessments of all three traits when predicting behaviour. However, there still remain misunderstandings, misinformation, and misperceptions about how to disentangle the psychometric and statistical web of interconnected variance associated with these three traits. We outline the statistical approaches that have been proposed (to date) in assessing the Dark Triad and relevant outcomes, and discuss some promising future directions. This paper is intended to inspire discussion and clarification for the nebulous issue of assessing and disentangling overlapping but distinguishable traits, including the Dark Triad of personality.
The high-risk, prosocial professional should score highly on sensation seeking, particularly on the thrill-and-adventure-seeking subscale (TAS). However, the TAS subscale will not permit differential prediction of who will prefer which high-risk job. The cognitive style of field dependence–independence (FDI) could have predictive faculty. We compared a group of bomb-disposal experts to one comprising anti-terror operatives, examining both personality (sensation seeking and the Eysenckian Big Three) and cognitive style. Our prediction was that while both groups would score high on TAS, they would differ on FDI. For comparison, we provide relevant data taken from recently published norms [Glicksohn, J., & Abulafia, J. (1998). Embedding sensation seeking within the big three. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 1–15]. The personality profile of the high-risk, prosocial, professional was found to conform to that of the nonimpulsive sensation seeker who is emotionally stable. As hypothesized, bomb-disposal experts were found to be markedly more field independent than were anti-terror operatives.
This article uses Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to build an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) and analyzes its psychometric properties. The entrepreneurial intention model is then tested on a 519-individual sample from two rather diverse countries: Spain and Taiwan. EIQ and structural equation techniques have been used to try to overcome previous research limitations. The role of culture in explaining motivational perceptions has been specifically considered. Results indicate EIQ properties are satisfactory and strong support for the model is found. Relevant insights are derived about how cultural values modify the way individuals in each society perceive entrepreneurship.
Jackson's (2005, 2008a) hybrid model of learning identifies a number of learning mechanisms that lead to the emergence and maintenance of the balance between rationality and irrationality. We test a general hypothesis that Jackson's model will predict depressive symptoms, such that poor learning is related to depression. We draw comparisons between Jackson's model and Ellis' (2004) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Theory (REBT) and thereby provide a set of testable learning mechanisms potentially underlying REBT.
Results from 80 patients diagnosed with depression completed the learning styles profiler (LSP; Jackson, 2005) and two measures of depression. Results provide support for the proposed model of learning and further evidence that low rationality is a key predictor of depression.
We conclude that the hybrid model of learning has the potential to explain some of the learning and cognitive processes related to the development and maintenance of irrational beliefs and depression.
DESCRIBES A SIMPLE REASONING TEST INVOLVING THE UNDERSTANDING OF SENTENCES OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY. IT IS SHORT, EASILY ADMINISTERED, AND RELIABLE. PERFORMANCE CORRELATES WITH INTELLIGENCE (.59) AND HAS PROVED TO BE SENSITIVE TO A NUMBER OF STRESSES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)
CLIMATE CHANGEGreenhouse warming might be more disastrous than the recent international assessment managed to convey, scientists are realizing. But how can they get the word out without seeming alarmist?
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