Review Study on the Physiological Properties and Chemical Composition of the Laurus nobilis

Abstract

The Laurus nobilis is one of the plants of the lauraceae species which has many physiological properties. It is an antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and other properties that make laurel oil and its compounds a good and a valuable substance for use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, chemically contains many compounds such as: turbines, anthocyanins coumarins and others.

Full text

The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2018, 5(1):225-231
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Available online www.tpcj.org
Review Article
ISSN: 2349-7092
CODEN(USA): PCJHBA
Review Study on the Physiological Properties and Chemical Composition of the Laurus
nobilis
Oussama Mansour*1, Manal Darwish2, Ghenwa Ismail3, Zein al-abideen Douba2, Ali Ismaeel2,
Kamel Sabee Eldair2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AL Andalus University, Tartous, Syria
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, AL Andalus University, Tartous, Syria
3Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, AL Andalus University, Tartous, Syria
Abstract The Laurus nobilis is one of the plants of the lauraceae species which has many physiological properties.
It is an antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and other properties that make laurel oil and its compounds a good
and a valuable substance for use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, chemically contains many compounds such as:
turbines, anthocyanins coumarins and others.
Keywords Laurus nobilis, essential oil, pharmacology, chemical composition
Introduction
Laurus nobilis is traded as sweet bay leaf and true Romanor Turkish laurel. It is small evergreen tree of lauraceae
family. It is hardy multibranched tree with smooth bark that grows to about 10 m high [1-2]. It has alternate,
narrowly oblong-lanceolate leaves. The flowers are small and four lobed; the male has 8-12 stamens and female 2-4
staminodes. The fruit is 10-15 mm, ovoid and black when ripe [3].
These are aromatic and fragrant plants yielding fixed and volatile oil as well as camphor, it is native of south Europe
[4].
Laurus nobilis is a plant of industrial importance, used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The dried leaves and essential
oils are used extensively in the food industry for seasoning of meat products, soups and fishes. Its antimicrobial and
insecticidal activities are other factor for which bay is used in the food industry as a food preservative. The fruits
contain both fixed and volatile oils, which are mainly used in soap making [5]. Traditionally it is used in
rheumatism, dermatitis [6], gastrointestinal problems such as epigastric bloating, impaired digestion, eructation, and
flatulence. The aqueous extract is used in Turkish folk medicine as an anti-hemorrhoidal, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, as
an antidote in snakebites, for the treatment of stomachache [7-8] and diuretic [9]. Recently it is used in treating
diabetes and preventing migraine [10].
Pharmacology
Antioxidant Activity
The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of different extracts of laurel leaves were studied. Free radical
scavenging capacity (RSC) was evaluated measuring the scavenging activity on the DPPH, NO, O2• and OH
radicals. The effects on lipid peroxidation (LP) were also evaluated. Experimental results indicate that ethyl acetate
extract of leaves has exhibited the largest RSC capacity in neutralization of DPPH, NO,O2• and OH radicals. The
same result was obtained in investigation of extracts impact on LP. The in vivo effects were evaluated on some

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antioxidant systems (activities of GSHPx, LPx, Px, CAT and XOD, and GSH content) in the mice liver and blood-
hemolysate after treatment with the examined laurel extracts or in combination with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that the examined extracts exhibited a certain protective
effect, which is more pronounced on the liver than on blood hemolysate parameters. The results obtained indicate
toxicity of CCl4, probably due to the radicals involved in its metabolism. Combined treatments with CCl4 and the
examined extracts showed both positive and negative synergism. Based on the experimental results, the strongest
protective effect was shown by the EtOAc extract [11].
Antibacterial Activity
Staphylococcus aureus infection is of great importance on clinical view and prevalence in medical care centers, so
its prevention is also important. The main aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of
hydroalcoholic solution of Laurus nobilis extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Laurus nobilis extract was assayed
for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods in order to determine the zone diameter of
inhibition compared with tetracycline zone diameter of inhibition as control. The extract showed antibacterial
activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicate the antibacterial use of the Laurus nobilise extract for
the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection [12].
Laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of some essential oils from Laurus nobilis and Mentha
pulegium against Sitophilus zeamais on stored maize. The concentrated essential oils at different volumes of 0.5 μL,
1.5 μL, 2.5 μL, 5.0 μL and 10 μL, were poured on filter papers with 2 cm each. For diluted oils, the fixed volume of
15 μL of different concentrations of 1:150v/v, 1:100 v/v, 1:75 v/v, 1:50 v/v and 1:10 v/v either in methanol or n -
hexane were used to impregnate the filter papers. Treatments with the concentrated oils were more effective. All the
concentrations used from M. pulegium provided 100% adult mortality and no progeny production were achieved. L.
nobilis has revealed 100% adult mortality at 3.185 μL/cm2. Regarding the treatments with diluted oils once again the
oil from M. pulegium provided 100% adult mortality at concentrations of 1:50 v/v and 1:10 v/v. L. nobilis was not
effective at any of the concentrations used. There were no significant differences between the solvents used [13].
The effects of various methods of drying on the chemical quality and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Laurus nobilis were studied. The most prominent component in the air-dried, fresh leaf and microwave-dried leaf
oils is 1,8 Cineole (58.8, 35.62 and 42.9% respectively). The essential oil has undergone significant chemical
transformation in its monoterpenoids when the leaves of plant in the question were dried by the three different
methods.
The oils have screened for antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus
hirae) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and two fungal species (Penicilium
digitatum and Alternaria sp). The microbial strains tested have been found sensitive to all essential oils studied [14].
Neuroprotective activity
The effects of n-hexane fraction from Laurus nobilis leaves on dopamine induced intracellular reactive
oxygenspecies (ROS) production and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells was investigated.
Compared with apomorphine (APO, IC50=18.1 μM) as a positive control, IC50 value of hexane fraction for DA-
induced apoptosis was 3.0μg/ml, and two major compounds from, costunolide and ehydrocostus lactone, were 7.3
μM and 3.6 μM, respectively.
Hexane fraction and these major compounds significantly inhibited ROS generation in DA-induced SH-SY5Y cells.
A rodent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD was employed to investigate the potential neuroprotective
effects of hexane fraction in vivo. 6-OHDA was injected into the substantianigra of young adult rats and an immune
histochemical analysis was conducted to quantitate the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons.
Hexane fraction significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced TH-positive cell loss in the substantianigra and also
reduced DA induced α-synuclein (SYN) formation in SH-SY5Y cells and shown to be neuroprotective [15].

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Anticholinergic activity
Essential oil, ethanolic extract and decoction of Laurus nobilis were analyzed for their activity towards
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. It showed AChE inhibitory capacity higher than 50% in the essential oil
fraction. It also showed a high inhibition value of AChE in the ethanolic fraction 64% [16].
Insect repellent activity
Essential oils extracted from the seeds of fresh foliage of laurel Laurus nobilis Linn. were tested for their repellent
activity against the adult females of Culexpipiens, usually the most common pest mosquito in urban and suburban
settings in the Antalya province. The essential oils showed repellent activity [17].
Other Activities
An α-glucosidase inhibition assay was applied to evaluate the in-vitro antidiabetic activity of the essential oil. IC50
values were obtained for laurel essential oil, 1, 8-cineole, 1-(S)-α-pinene and R-(+)-limonene: 1.748 μL/mL, 1.118
μL/mL, 1.420 μL/mL and 1.300 μL/mL, respectively. We also found that laurel essential oil and 1,8-cineole
inhibited the α-glucosidase competitively while 1-(S)-α-pinene and R-(+)-limonene were uncompetitive inhibitors
[18]. In other study effect of laurel leaf extract (Laurus nobilis) on biochemical parameters and histo-morphology of
rat liver induced by toxic damage of CCl4 was studied. Result of the later study revealed that L. nobilis extract have
capacity to manage metabolic and histological abnormalities of hepatocytes toxic damage induced by CCl4 [19].
Mathematical Modelling and the Determination of Some Quality Parameters of Air-dried Bay Leaves (Laurus
nobilis L.) were dried at 40, 50 and 60 ºC air temperatures and 5, 10, 15% relative humidity and also under sun and
shade in outdoor areas to see whether any significant difference of quality occurs in drying with hot air. During the
drying tests with hot air, air flow velocity was held stable and the samples were hung in the drying channels as the
surface of the leaves were held parallel to the direction of air flow. To find out the moisture content changes of the
samples, weight loss from the leaves were recorded at fixed intervals. Then, the data obtained from the drying tests
were applied to various well-known semi empirical mathematical models of drying. As part of this effort five well-
known models with drying rate constant as a function of air temperature and both temperature and relative humidity
were tested for goodness of fit. Furthermore, to determine the effects of the drying conditions on the colour and the
amount of essential oil of the bay leaves, fresh leaves and the leaves dried under different conditions were
compared. Among all the drying models the Page model was found to satisfactorily describe the kinetics of
convection drying of bay leaves. It was concluded that no significant loss of quality occurs when drying bay leaves
at 608C air temperature [20]. Commercial Laurus nobilis L. essential oils against post-harvest phytopathogenic
fungi on rice. Rice is exposed in the field and in stored conditions to a great variety of fungi that can cause a lot of
diseases with potential risk to consumers. In the present study, the chemical composition of commercial Laurus
nobilis L. essential oils and antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi isolated from Mediterranean rice grains
has been investigated. Thirty-seven compounds accounting for more than 99.5% of the total essential oil were
identified by GC and GC/ MS. 1,8-Cineole (51.95%), a-terpinyl acetate (12.93%) and the monoterpene hydrocarbon
sabinene (9.56%) were the main compounds in bay leaf essential oil [21]. Identification of cytotoxic sesquiterpenes
from Laurus nobilis L. a new sesquiterpene, lauroxepine and six known sesquiterpene lactones were obtained
through bioactivity-directed isolation from a methanol extract of the fruits of Laurus nobilis. The hexane-soluble
part of the methanol extract yielded lauroxepine, costunolide and gazaniolide, while the dichloromethane-soluble
part of the methanol extract afforded costunolide and four other sesquiterpene lactones including santamarine,
reynosin, 11,13-dehydrosantonin and spirafolide. The new sesquiterpene lauroxepine and spirafolide have a rare
molecular structure carrying an oxepine ring. Structures of the compounds were determined through 1D and 2D
NMR and mass (EIMS) techniques. The extracts were investigated for both ovarian cytotoxic activity and DNA
damaging properties against three yeasts. Among the three tested extracts prepared from flowers, leaves and fruits of
L. nobilis the most cytotoxic active extract against ovarian cancer cell line was found to be the fruit extract with 98%
inhibition. Among all tested extracts only the fruit extract showed marginal inhibition (63.2%) against one DNA
repair-deficient yeast strain (pRAD52 Gal). Six known sesquiterpene lactones were found to be highly cytotoxic
against the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line, however, lauroxepine was not found to be active in A2780 [22].

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We have a study was aimed at evaluating the ability of polyphenolic and antioxidant-rich bay leaf extract (BLE) to
protect testicular malfunction in experimental cryptorchidism based on histopathological and biochemical
clarifications. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of ten animals each. The first group served as the
control, the second and the fourth group received 60 mg/kg body weight of BLE daily for fifty six days. The third
and fourth group was rendered cryptorchid with the fourth group subsequently treated orally with 60 mg/kg body
weight of BLE daily for fifty six days. The animals were sacrificed and testis eight/volume and sperm parameters
were determined. Animals with untreated cryptorchidism showed significantly reduction in testis weight/volume
(p<0.05), testis weight/body weight ratio, sperm parameters (p<0.005) compared to the control and group treated
with BLE-alone. Treatment of the cryptorchid rats with BLE significantly improved the sperm parameters (p<0.05)
and testicular SOD and CAT activity levels when compared to cryptorchid rats that were not treated. This showed
that deleterious and degenerative changes associated with cryptorchidism were mildly averted by simultaneous
treatment with BLE [23]. Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae to three stored-
product insects The compounds 1,8-cineole, camphor, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, thymol, borneol, bornyl acetate
and linalyl acetate occur naturally in the essential oils of the aromatic plants Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus
officinalis,Thymus vulgaris and Laurus nobilis. These compounds were evaluated for fumigant activity against
adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The insecticidal activities varied with
insect species, compound and the exposure time. The most sensitive species was S. oryzae, followed by Rhyzopertha
dominica. Tribolium castaneum was highly tolerant of the tested compounds. 1,8-Cineole, borneol and thymol were
highly effective against S. oryzae when applied for 24 h at the lowest dose (0.1 ml/720 ml volume). For Rhyzopertha
dominica camphor and linalool were highly effective and produced 100% mortality in the same conditions. Against
Tribolium castaneum no oil compounds achieved more than 20% mortality after exposure for 24 h, even with the
highest dose (100 ml/720 ml volume). However, after 7 days exposure 1,8-cineole produced 92.5% mortality,
followed by camphor (77.5%) and linalool (70.0%). These compounds may be suitable as fumigants because of their
high volatility, effectiveness, and their safety [24].
Chemical Composition
The volatiles of fresh leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits from bay (Laurus nolilis L.) were isolated by solvent
extraction and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their odor quality was characterized
by gas chomatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (HRGC-O-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis
(AEDA). In fresh bay leaves 1,8-cineole was the major component, together with R-terpinyl acetate, sabinene, R-
pinene, α-pinene, α-elemene, R-terpineol, linalool and eugenol. Besides 1,8-cineole and the pinenes, the main
components in flowers were R-eudesmol, α-elemene and α-caryophyllene, in fruits (E)-α-ocimene and
biclyclogermacrene, in buds (E)-α-ocimene and germacrene D. The aliphatic ocimenes and farnesene were absent in
leaves. By using HRGC-O-MS 21 odor compounds were identified in fresh leaves. Application of AEDA revealed
(Z)-3-hexenal (fresh green), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus), linalool (flowery), eugenol (clove), (E)- soeugenol (flowery),
and an unidentified compound (black pepper) with the highest flavor dilution factors.
Differences between buds, flowers, fruits, and leaves with regard to the identified odor compounds are presented
[25].
Terpenoids
Various sesquiterpene lactones were found to present in Laurus nobilis such as 10-epigazaniolide, Gazaniolide,
spirafolide, costunolide, eynosin and santamarine [26], 5α,9-dimethyl-3-methylene-3,3α,4,5,5α,6,7,8-ctahydro-1-
oxacyclopenta[c]azulen-2-one and 3β –chlorodehydrocostus lactone along with other sesquiterpene lactones such as
dehydrocostuslactone, artremorine [27] and, Lauroxepine, 11,13-ehydrosantonin [28], 5α,9-dimethyl-3-methylene-
3,3α,4,5,5α,6,7,8-octahydro-1-oxacyclopenta[c]azulen-2-one and 3β-chlorodehydrocostuslactone [29],
deacetyllaurenobiolide [30], 5αH,7αH-eudesman-4α,6α,11,12-tetraol and 1β,15-dihydroxy-5αH,7αH-eudesma-
3,11(13)-dien-12,6α-olide [31], Trypanocidal terpenoidzaluzanin D [32]. Two steroisomeric monoterpine alcohol
such as Cis and trans-thuj-2-en-4-ol were obtained in the essential oil of Laurus nobilis [33].

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Glycosides
Laurus nobilis leaves yielded four nonpolar flavonoids kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(3",4"-di-E-p-coumaroyl)- rhamnoside,
kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(2",4"-di-E-pcoumaroyl)-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(2"-4"-coumaroyl)- rhamnoside
and a new product kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(2",4"-di-Z-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnoside [34]. Five new mega stigmane
glucosides name dlaurosides A−E and a new phenolic glucoside were isolated from the methanolic extract of L.
nobilis L. leaves [35]. Kaempferol- 3-hamnopyranoside, and kaempferol-3, 7- di-rhamnopyranoside were isolated
from Laurus nobilis aqueous ethanolic extract [36].
Anthocyanin
The major anthocyanins were characterized as cyanidin 3-O-glucosideand cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. Furthermore,
two minor anthocyanins were detected and identified as 3-O-glucoside and 3-Orutinoside [37].
Essential oil
The major constituents of this oil were 1,8-cineole (35.7%), trans-abinene hydrate (9.7%), α-terpinyl acetate (9.3%),
methyl eugenol (6.8%), sabinene (6.5%) and eugenol (4.8%). In the volatile of the bud stage, thirty-six compounds
amounting 98.8% of the total components were identified which included 1,8-cineole (34.9%), α-terpinyl acetate
(12.1%), trans-sabinene hydrate (11.9%), methyl eugenol (8.1%), sabinene (6.0%) and eugenol (3.8%) as main
components. In the oil obtained from the flowering stage, thirty-six components were identified, which represented
about 95.5% of the total composition.
1,8-Cineole (31.4%), α-terpinyl acetate (11.4%), trans-sabinene hydrate (9.8%), methyl eugenol (9.4%), sabinene
(5.8%) and eugenol (5.5%) were the principal components of this oil [38]. The main components of the oil were
identified. 1,8-Cineole along with α-terpinylacetate, terpinene-4- ol, α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, linalool acetate.
It also found to contain (E)-β-cymene, β-longipinene, cadinene, α-terpinyl acetate, α-bulnesene [39], terpinene-4-ol
(4.25%), sabinene. The acyclic monoterpenes linalool and myrcenol were present in smaller amounts, while cumin
aldehyde, dimethylstyrene, eugenol, methyl eugenol and carvacrol were found [40].
Conclusion
Many research on the Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of Laurus nobilis published so far. It
was revealed from these articles that Laurus nobilis possesses significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological
potential for the treatment of different ailments and diseases and found to be safe.
Laurel extracts have also been found to antioxidant, antibacterial, neuroprotective and Anticholinergic activities.
Many chemical compounds have been found such as Terpenoids, Glycosides, Essential oil and Anthocyanin which
responsible laurus effects. Further research studies are needed to obtain more scientific data on this miraculous
plant.
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