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Standardization and Validation of Hindi Version of Positive Metacognitions and Meta-Emotions Questionnaire
Abstract
The Positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ) developed by Beer and Moneta (2010) measures adaptive metacognitive beliefs when facing challenging situations. The cultural adaptation of Hindi version of PMCEQ was conducted in 17 to 75 years old (n = 838) Hindi speaking men and women participants of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh of India. The psychometric properties of the PMCEQ-H (Hindi version of PMCEQ) indicated good internal consistency with fairly high reliability and little different factor structure than that of original PMCEQ and acceptable construct and convergent validity. The CFA indicated that PMCEQ-H had an adequate and acceptable model fit indicating good construct validity. The three factors extracted were 'Confidence in Setting Flexible and Feasible Hierarchies of Goals (PMCEQ-H 1)', 'Confidence in Interpreting Own Emotions as Cues, Restraining from Immediate Reaction and Mind-Setting for Problem-Solving, (PMCEQ-H2)' and 'Confidence in Extinguishing Perseverative Thoughts and Emotions (PMCEQ-H3)'. The gender and age differences analyses also indicated that the instrument has good predictive validity. The PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2 factors correlated positively with satisfaction with life, and all the three factors of PMCEQ-H correlated negatively with negative affect and BDI-II indicating good convergent validity of the instrument, thus, the PMCEQ-H produces a reliable and valid measurement of adaptive metacognitive beliefs in Hindi speaking Indian cultural milieu.
... SD = 9.190 years; 50% women, mean = 35.587, SD = 8.580)participants also completed the additional tests of Positive meta-emotions and metacognitions (PMCEQ-H, Jaiswal et al., 2017).Participants received no incentives for participation in the study. ...
... Each factor is measured by six items on a four-point scale:1 = do not agree, 2 = agree slightly, 3 = agree moderately, and 4 = agree strongly, and the responses are scored respectively as 1, 2, 3 and The PMCEQ-H has acceptable and adequate model fit indicating good construct validity. The reliability indices (split-half & Chronbach's alphas) of the three factors of PMCEQ-H have emerged fairly acceptable and ranged from 0.65 to 0.80 (Jaiswal et al., 2017). ...
... Older participants displayed high positive meta-emotions as compared to younger participants, whereas, younger and older participants did not differ significantly with respect to negative meta-emotions (Table 5). PMCEQ-H and PMCEQ-H has already been reported to be positively associated with life satisfaction (Pandey & Jaiswal, 2017). The observed discrepancies may be attributed to the number of items constituting two factors of MES and MES-H, and also to the cultural differences in semantic distances between words and phrases in the two studies and if the test is transported used for measurement purposes of the theoretical construct (s) in another cultural milieu, may be regarded as trustworthy and valid measure of the theoretical construct (s) only after preliminary psychometric checks (Witkin & Berry, 1975;Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). ...
This study was carried out to establish the construct, convergent and predictive validity of Hindi translation of Meta-emotions Scale in Hindi speaking Indian cultural context. For the purpose 16 to 78 years old 1324 men and women participants with High School education from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, India, completed the Hindi version of 28-items Meta-emotions Scale (MES). Factor analysis (principal components) on Hindi version of MES (MES-H) by applying Varimex rotation method with the loading equal to or more than 0.400, Eigen value equal to 1.00, and Scree plot suggested two to three factors, and finally, confirmatory factor analysis by AMO Sindicated a two factor model with an acceptable goodness of model fit on 19 items. The content of 10 items of the first factor and 9 items of second factor yielded two behavioral components, i.e., Positive Meta-emotions and Negative Meta-emotions. The psychometric properties of the MESH demonstrated good internal consistency with acceptable reliability, construct and convergent validity. The gender and age differences analyses also indicated that women manifested significantly higher positive meta-emotions and negative meta-emotions in comparison to men, and older as compared to younger participants demonstrated significantly high levels of positive meta-emotions indicating good predictive validity. These findings indicated that the MES-Hindi may be considered as a reliable and valid measurement of meta-emotions in Hindi speaking Indian cultural context. Keywords: positive meta-emotions, negative meta-emotions, meta-emotions, MES-Hindi Meta-emotions are considered secondary emotions that occur in reaction/response to other primary emotions (Jager & Banninger-Huber, 2015; Jager & Bartsch, 2006; Mendonca, 2013). The concept of meta-emotion was coined by Gottman, Katz, and Hooven (1997) to refer to "parents' emotions and beliefs regarding their own emotions and their children's emotions" while Beer and Moneta (2010) and Ferrari and Koyama (2002) define meta-emotions as "a set of beliefs about primary emotional processes". On the other hand, Jager and Bartsch (2006) said that "emotions can be directed at emotions, and such higher order emotions are meta-emotions". Bartsch (2008, 2010) conceptualizes meta-emotions as evaluative cognitions and emotions about one's primary emotions. According to Hofer and Wirth (2012), evaluative appraisal of one' primary emotions generate meta-emotions. Meta-emotions interplay between three different facets-meta-emotional experiences meta-emotional knowledge and meta-emotional strategies. Meta-emotional experiences are described as a meta-level experience in ongoing emotional experience (e.g., 'I like this feeling') (Bartsch et al., 2010). Meta-emotional knowledge refers to persons' declarative knowledge of emotions of own and others, and general knowledge about situational and behavioral factors that may have significant impact upon a person's emotions. Meta-emotional strategies deal with the control/regulatory function of meta-emotions, second, meta-emotional knowledge refers to people's declarative knowledge of one's own and others' emotions, general knowledge about situational and behavioral factors that may influence a person's emotions (e.g.,'I repeatedly get angry about my emotional reactions') (Mitmansgruber et al., 2009). Bartsch et al. (2008) hypothesized that meta-emotion may have a function in those types of emotional self-regulation that try to change the emotion itself. The sub-facets of Meta-Emotion Scale (Mitmansgruber et al., 2009) like'thought control' and 'suppression'are examples of this form of meta-emotions. These all three aspect of meta-emotions can be seen as analogousto the facets of metacognitions, i.e., metacognitive experiences, metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive strategies.
... men, 26.00% women and 29.5 % participants of whole sample were from rural, and 66.9 % men, 74.0% women and 70.50 % participants of whole were sample from urban background; and 61.0% and 39.0% of participants were respectively from joint and nuclear families. A subset of 800 (59.8% men and 40.3% women) participants also completed the Hindi version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS-H; Rani, Singh and Jaiswal, 2019), Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS-H, and PMCEQ-H (Jaiswal et al, 2017) to evaluate the convergent validity of Hindi form of SWLS. Participants received no incentives for participation in the study. ...
... Confirmatory analysis indicated that the SWLS-H has good model fit indices with almost similar factor structure (single factor structure) as reported in the original scale (Diener, et al., 1985) and other previous studies in different languages (Arrindell, et al., 1991;Blais, at al 1989;Glaesmer, 2011;Shevlin and Bunting, 1994;Lewis et al., 1995;Swami and Chamorro-Premuzic, 2009;Aishvarya et al., 2014) except hierarchies of items that changed in the analysis. Previous reports support the findings of the present study that SWLS-H correlated significantly and positively with marital satisfaction scale (Schumm et al., 1986), DC, DS, DCH sub-factors and DAS-H scores (Spanier, 1976) and PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2 sub-factors of PMCEQ-H (Jaiswal, et al., 2017). The findings also indicated that the instrument has good predictive validity as significant gender and age differences revealed that men and older respondents displayed significantly higher life satisfaction respectively in comparison to women and younger participants similar to the findings noted by Jaiswal et al., (2017). ...
... Previous reports support the findings of the present study that SWLS-H correlated significantly and positively with marital satisfaction scale (Schumm et al., 1986), DC, DS, DCH sub-factors and DAS-H scores (Spanier, 1976) and PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2 sub-factors of PMCEQ-H (Jaiswal, et al., 2017). The findings also indicated that the instrument has good predictive validity as significant gender and age differences revealed that men and older respondents displayed significantly higher life satisfaction respectively in comparison to women and younger participants similar to the findings noted by Jaiswal et al., (2017). However, the available evidences on gender and age differences on SWLS have diverse pattern. ...
The present study aimed to elucidate the psychometric properties, factorial structure,and predictive validity of Hindi version of Satisfaction with Life Scale in Indian cultural milieu. A total of 1817 participants ranging in age from 16 to 78 years were conveniently sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, completed the Hindi version of five items of Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-H; Diener, et al., 1985). Factor analysis (principal components) with the loading equal to or more than 0.400, eigen value equal to 1.00, and the Scree plot revealed single factor, explaining a total of 50.743 % of variance. Confirmatory analysis revealed that the goodness of fit indexes were fairly acceptable (RMSEA = 0.083; TLI = 0.940; CFI = 0.970; GFI = 0.985; AGFI = 0.954; RMR = 0.112; SRMR = 0.033) indicating a good model fit. The reliability coefficients of the single factor (Split half = 0.714, Guttmann lambda = 0.748, Cronbach's alpha = 0.743) emerged fairly high and indicated good reliability of the Hindi version of SWLS.
... Positive metacognitions and meta-emotions questionnaire-Hindi version 5 . ...
... Positive metacognitions and meta-emotions were measured by PMCEQ-H 5 ...
The study aimed to examine the effect of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on marital satisfaction. The study was conducted on purposively sampled 318married couples (159 husbands and 159 wives) from the Chowk area of Varanasi city of India. The subjects were individually administered Hindi versions of: (1) Positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ-H) and (2) Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS). To elucidate the predictability of marital satisfaction by facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions and causative effects of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on marital satisfaction. The data were analyzed by stepwise regression analysis with marital satisfaction as criterion and facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions as predictors variables, followed by 2 X 2 analysis of variance [2 gender (husband and wife) X 2 levels of facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions (high and low)] to delineate the main and interaction effects of "gender" and "levels of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions" on marital satisfaction. The results indicated PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2 substantiality predicted marital satisfaction. The ANOVA revealed significant main effects of "levels" of PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2 on marital satisfaction. High than low scorer participants on PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2, displayed significantly higher indices on marital satisfaction. The findings indicated that positive metacognitions and meta-emotions assist marital satisfaction.
... shows the adaptive use of goals that is supposedly necessary for switching from object mode to metacognitive mode. Recently, Jaiswal et al. (2017) successfully adapted the PMCEQ in Hindi language, the PMCEQ-H is a standardized and validated scale in Indian cultural setting, and it provided the evidence of association of adaptive metacognitions and meta-emotions with stress coping, perceived stress and psychological well-being. ...
The present study was planned to explore the effects of positive metacognitions and positive meta-emotions in marital communication. The sample consisted of 300 married couples (300 husbands and 300 wives) chosen from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, India. The participants were individually administered Hindi version of Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-emotions Questionnaire and Marital Communication Inventory. The participants falling below Mean-1SD and above Mean+1SD on the facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions were respectively designated as low and high scorer participants (husbands & wives) were screed out. The effects of levels (low & high) of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on marital communications (supportive & aversive) were analyzed by applying 2 × 2 ANOVA (2 spouses × 2 levels of facets of positive metacognitions & positive meta-emotions). Results revealed non-significant main effects of spouses on supportive and aversive communications, and significant main effects of levels of PMCEQ-H1, PMCEQ-H2 and PMCEQ-H3 on supportive and aversive communications, except non-significant main effect of levels of PMCEQ-H3 on supportive communication. Participants who scored higher on the PMCEQ-H aspects exhibited significantly higher levels of supportive communication and lower levels of aversive communication than participants who scored lower. The results showed that more supporting communication and lower aversive communication were both caused by high levels of positive metacognitions and positive meta-emotions, respectively.
... Positive metacognitions and meta-emotions were measured by PMCEQ-H 32 (the Hindi version of Positive Metacognition and Meta-emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ) 16 The reliability indices (split-half and Chronbach alphas) of the three factors of PMCEQ-H obtained ranged from 0.65 to 0.80 32 . ...
The present study explores the role of positive meta-cognitions and meta-emotions in predicting of alexithymia. Alexithymia is an established construct newly complemented with positive meta-cognitions and meta-emotions. The study was conducted on 20 to 50 years old 300 (150 men and 150 women) conveniently sampled participants from the Chowk area of Varanasi city of India. The participants were individually administered Hindi versions of: (1) Positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ-H)32 and (2) Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20-H)33. Pearson product moment correlations were computed to elucidate the relationship between facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions, and facets of alexithymia and the results revealed that PMCEQ-H1, PMCEQ-H2 and PMCEQ-H3, in general, have a negative relationship with ‘difficulties in identifying and describing feelings’ as well as ‘externally oriented thinking’ facets and total scores of alexithymia. Furthermore, stepwise regression analysis with factors of alexithymia as criterion and facets of PMCEQ-H as predictor variables indicated that PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H3 as significant predictors of alexithymia. Overall, the findings imply that positive metacognitions and meta-emotions are negatively associated with alexithymia. The observed findings have been discussed in the light of the available empirical evidences.
... The CFA has indicated that PMCEQ-H has acceptable and adequate model fit indicating good construct validity. The reliability indices (split-half and Chronbach's alphas) of the three factors of PMCEQ-H ranged from 0.65 to 0.80 (Jaiswal et al., 2017). ...
Objective of this study was to examine the effect of positive meta-cognition and meta-emotions (PMCEQ-H) on satisfaction with life. The study was conducted on 20 to 50 years old 300 (150 men & 150 women) conveniently sampled participants from the Chowk area of Varanasi city of India. The participants were individually administered Hindi versions of: (1) Positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ-H; Jaiswal et al., 2017) and (2) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Singh & Rani, 2011). To elucidate the predictability of satisfaction with life by facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions and causal effects of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on satisfaction with life, initially the data were analyzed by stepwise regression analysis with SWLS as criterion variable and facets of PMCEQ-H as predictors variable, and then the data were analyzed by 2 X 2 analysis of variance [2 gender (men & women) X 2 levels of facets of PMCEQ-H (high & low)] to delineate the main and interaction effects of'gender' and levels of facets of PMCEQ-H' on satisfaction with life. The results indicated PMCEQ-H 1 and PMCEQ-H2 significant as significant predictors of life satisfaction. The ANOVA revealed significant main effects of'gender' for PMCEQ-H1 and PMCEQ-H2, and 'levels' of PMCEQ-H1, PMCEQ-H2 and PMCEQ-H3 on satisfaction with life, and significant interaction effects of gender X levels of PMCEQ-H 1 and PMCEQ-H2 on satisfaction with life. Post hoc analyses demonstrated significantly higher satisfaction with life in men than in women with respect to PMCEQ-H 1 and PMCEQ-H2 facets of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions. Moreover, high than low scorer participants on the three facets of PMCEQ-H, displayed significantly higher satisfaction with life. The findings indicated facilitating effects of positive metacognitions and meta-emotions on life satisfaction.
... Positive metacognitions and meta-emotions were measured by PMCEQ-H ( Jaiswal et al., 2017 ...
Lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were tested for their possible role on rodent models of depression and stress. Lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo leaves (LEG) at (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited dose dependent, significant antidepressant activity in the behavioral despair test and learned helplessness rodent model of depression. The activities were comparable to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg) and EGb 761 (50 mg/kg). In the cold immobilization stress induced gastric ulcer model of stress, only the LEG showed a significant reduction in the ulcer index. GC-MS characterization of this bioactive extract was found to be rich in a group of 6-alkyl salicylates (6-AS), along with a fatty alcohol, fatty acids and cardanols. The n-heptadecenyl salicylate represented 60% of the 6-AS. Notable was the absence of dihydroxy alkylphenols which are linked to allergic reactions similar to the urushiols present in poison ivy. In commercial products of Ginkgo, these dihydroxy phenols as well as the favorable 6-AS are removed during enrichment of flavonol glycosides and terpenic lactones. The current findings suggest that intact carboxylic acid groups containing 6-AS are the bioactive components of the lipophilic extract of Ginkgo leaves with antidepressant and antistress activities.
The current study examined how men's and women's positive thoughts and negative suicidal thoughts were affected by metacognitions. 300 men and women from Chowk and nearby neighbourhoods of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, India, made up the sample. The participants were individually administered Hindi versions of Metacognitions Questionnaire and Positive and Negative Suicide Inventory. Low and high scorer participants (men & women) were defined as those scoring below and up to the 25th percentile and above the 75th percentile on the facets of metacognitions, respectively. By using a 2 × 2 ANOVA (2 genders × 2 levels of facets of metacognitions), the effects of levels (low & high) of metacognitions on measures of PANSI (positive ideation & negative suicide ideation) were examined. The effects of levels (low & high) of facets of metacognitions on measures of PANSI (positive ideation & negative suicide ideation) were analysed by applying 2 × 2 ANOVA (2 genders × 2 levels of facets of metacognitions). Results revealed significant main effects of gender on positive ideation with respect to positive beliefs, cognitive confidence, uncontrollability and danger, and MCQ-H, and on negative suicide ideation with respect to positive beliefs, SPR and MCQ-H Total, and significant main effects of levels of positive beliefs, uncontrollability and danger, SPR on positive ideation, and levels of positive beliefs, cognitive confidence, uncontrollability and danger, MCQ-H Total facets metacognitions on negative suicide ideation; and significant interaction effects of 'Gender × levels of positive beliefs on positive ideation, and significant interaction effects of Gender × levels of positive beliefs, SPR and MCQ-H Total on negative suicide ideation. These results indicated that men as compared to women displayed significantly higher positive ideation and lower negative suicide ideation, and high as compared to low levels of facets of metacognitions caused significantly higher negative suicide ideation and lesser positive ideation. Analysis of significant interaction effects indicated that high than low levels of facets of metacognitions significantly enhanced negative suicide ideation and lowered positive ideation in women than in men.
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