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Clinical Stages of HIV
... The incidence of oral candidiasis is related to malnutrition, malabsorption, and eating disorders as the predisposing factors [3]. The relatively large percentage found in the malnutrition category in this study is possibly related to the large number of research subjects who have HIV as a predisposing disease [28,29]. ...
Oral candidiasis is an infection that occurs in the oral cavity due to invasion of Candida sp. in the superficial mucosal tissue. Oral candidiasis tends to occur in individuals with underlying predisposing diseases. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of demographic characteristics and underlying disease in oral candidiasis patients at Prof. Ngoerah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 53 participants with oral candidiasis that were selected through total sampling. Data for this study were collected retrospectively from medical records. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of each variable. The average age of the samples was 41.15 ± 12.89 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.65:1; were from Denpasar (45.3%); the educational status of most patients was high school (71.7%); and most samples were self-employed (64.2%). Based on the distribution of predisposing diseases, most patients had HIV (52.8%) and only one predisposing disease (75.5%). Among patients with HIV, the majority were at HIV stage IV (35.8%). Most patients in this study had a normal nutritional status (47,2%). This study showed that oral candidiasis is often found in individuals with predisposing diseases, such as HIV, especially in stage IV. We also found oral candidiasis in the patients with no predisposing factor identified. The presence of oral candidiasis in healthy patients with no predisposing factor identified needs direct vigilance on other factors.
... The higher prevalence of tuberculosis symptoms among HIV positive participants is unsurprising given the well documented higher rates of the disease among HIV positive patients regardless of HIV progression [39]. The other symptoms reported more commonly are typically associated with less advanced stages of HIV infection [40] and highlights the potential value of this tool in identifying patients with HIV at earlier clinical stages before they present to a healthcare facility with an AIDS-defining condition. Generally, symptomatology had less influence on the model's predictions although it is noted that a few tuberculosis symptoms featured more prominently in the SHAP variable importance assessment. ...
Introduction:
Digital data collection and the associated mobile health technologies have allowed for the recent exploration of artificial intelligence as a tool for combatting the HIV epidemic. Machine learning has been found to be useful both in HIV risk prediction and as a decision support tool for guiding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) treatment. This paper reports data from two sequential studies evaluating the viability of using machine learning to predict the susceptibility of adults to HIV infection using responses from a digital survey deployed in a high burden, low-resource setting.
Methods:
1036 and 593 participants were recruited across two trials. The first trial was a cross-sectional study in one location and the second trial was a cohort study across three trial sites. The data from the studies were merged, partitioned using standard techniques, and then used to train and evaluate multiple different machine learning models and select and evaluate a final model. Variable importance estimates were calculated using the PIMP and SHAP methodologies.
Results:
Characteristics associated with HIV were consistent across both studies. Overall, HIV positive patients had a higher median age (34 [IQR: 29-39] vs 26 [IQR 22-33], p < 0.001), and were more likely to be female (155/703 [22%] vs 107/927 [12%], p < 0.001). HIV positive participants also had more commonly gone a year or more since their last HIV test (183/262 [70%] vs 540/1368 [39%], p < 0.001) and were less likely to report consistent condom usage (113/262 [43%] vs 758/1368 [55%], p < 0.001). Patients who reported TB symptoms were more likely to be HIV positive. The trained models had accuracy values (AUROCs) ranging from 78.5% to 82.8%. A boosted tree model performed best with a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI 72-92), specificity of 71% (95% CI 67-76), and a negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI 93-96) in a hold-out dataset. Age, duration since last HIV test, and number of male sexual partners were consistently three of the four most important variables across both variable importance estimates.
Conclusions:
This study has highlighted the synergies present between mobile health and machine learning in HIV. It has been demonstrated that a viable ML model can be built using digital survey data from an low-middle income setting with potential utility in directing health resources.
... Hal ini memudahkan tenaga medis untuk memantau perkembangan penyakit HIV penderita dengan menghitung jumlah sel CD4+ dalam tubuh (Tinarwo et al., 2020). Penyakit HIV memiliki empat stadium, dimana pada stadium akhir penderita akan mengalami berbagai gejala klinis yang disebut sebagai AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) (Rastogi et al., 2011). Mayoritas pasien dengan HIV positif akan berkembang menjadi AIDS dalam dekade pertama setelah diagnosis (Poorolajal et al., 2016). ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) had become global emergency problem. The number of HIV cases in Indonesia reported until 2017 had increased, while the number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases was relatively stable. This prevalence showed that the more HIV status were known at early stage, the possibility of worsening could be reduced. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is an HIV testing and counseling service that is implemented at the initiative of the patients. Good knowledge of HIV and positive attitude towards HIV will increase the initiative to take HIV test, supported by awareness of HIV risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and behavior of PLHIV with the utilization of VCT services and to determine the most influencing factor of VCT service utilization. This study was an analytic observational cross-sectional design. The research samples were from a primary data which were questionnaires filled out by 43 HIV patients. The study was conducted at Depok Regional Public Hospital, the selection of this particular hospital was due to the high prevalence of HIV case in Depok. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. This study proved that there was a significant relationship between knowledge (p-value: 0.008) and attitude (p-value: 0.000) with the utilization of VCT services. The utilization of VCT services increased with good knowledge of HIV and positive attitude towards HIV disease. Keywords: Attitude towards HIV; HIV risk behavior; Knowledge of HIV; Voluntary counseling and testin. AbstrakPenyakit Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) telah menjadi masalah darurat global. Jumlah kasus HIV di Indonesia hingga tahun 2017 mengalami kenaikan, sedangkan jumlah acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) stabil. Prevalensi ini menunjukkan banyak orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) yang diketahui statusnya secara dini sehingga perburukan penyakit dapat dicegah. Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) adalah layanan konseling dan tes HIV yang pelaksanaannya atas inisiatif pasien. Pengetahuan baik mengenai penyakit HIV dan sikap positif terhadap penyakit HIV akan meningkatkan inisiatif melakukan tes HIV, didukung oleh kesadaran perilaku berisiko terinfeksi HIV. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku pasien HIV/AIDS dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT serta mengetahui faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian berupa data primer yaitu pengisian kuesioner oleh 43 pasien HIV. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUD Depok, pemilihan di RSUD Depok karena tingginya prevalensi penyakit HIV di Depok. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini secara consecutive sampling. Penelitian ini membuktikan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan (p-value: 0.008) dan sikap (p-value: 0.000) terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT. Pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT meningkat dengan pengetahuan baik mengenai HIV dan sikap positif terhadap penyakit HIV.
... and AIDS defining cancer. These are signs and symptoms of terminal illness leaving patients and physician with limited choices of treatments (Rastogi et al., 2011). ...
Microbial infections have always created havoc and adversely affected humanity with their
fatal and adverse consequences. Antibiotics have helped to improve our ability to fight against
microbial infections. New disease and microorganism have emerged and they have their own
impact. HIV/AIDS has been discovered almost 30 years. HIV is considered as one of the most
studied virus and its significance can be realized that UN has to create a separate organization as
UNAIDS to look after the HIV epidemic. In this article, an effort has been made to provide brief
information about the history of HIV infection and its discovery along with molecular biology
of HIV and an overview of HIV replication mechanism and strategies to develop drugs for
treatment of HIV infection. The article will also provide a brief about epidemiology both at global and Indian level. Limitation and utility of animal model for HIV research along with some
of the common myths prevailing in different societies have also been discussed here. This
manuscript also gives an update on new targets for development of new anti-HIV drugs. All the
efforts to treat HIV infections available to us, even then “HIV infection can be prevented but
cannot be cured” as we are still unable to develop a vaccine against HIV.
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