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Manual de Manejo de Suelos con Sistemas Silvopastoriles
... Palabras clave: calidad nutricional, crecimiento, copa del árbol, pastura, sistema silvopastoril ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the growth rate and nutritional quality of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq) under a silvopastoral system with the faique tree (Acacia macracantha). The evaluation included two seasons (rainy and dry) and three treatments: (1) under the canopy of the young tree, (2) under the canopy of the mediumsize tree, and (3) outside the canopy of the tree. The trees were classified according to the diameter at chest height. ...
... Una de las bondades de SSP es la obtención de una mejor calidad y cantidad de pasto (Obispo et al., 2008), permitiendo un mayor rendimiento en los sistemas ganaderos (FAO, 2012). Los SSP presentan también un gran potencial para recuperación de áreas de pasturas degradadas (Alegre et al., 2012); sin embargo, se requiere determinar las interacciones entre sus componentes para asegurar el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. ...
Efecto del faique (Acacia macracantha) sobre el valor nutricional del pasto guinea (Panicum maximum Jacq.) en un sistema silvopastoril Effect of the faique (Acacia macracantha) on the nutritional value of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) in a silvopastoral system RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la tasa de crecimiento y calidad nutricional del pasto Guinea (Panicum maximum Jacq) bajo un sistema silvopastoril con el árbol faique (Acacia macracantha). Se evaluaron dos épocas (lluviosa y seca) y tres tratamientos: (1) bajo la copa del árbol joven, (2) bajo la copa del árbol mediano y (3) fuera de la copa del árbol. Los árboles se clasificaron según el diámetro a la altura al pecho. El crecimiento y calidad del pasto se midió por el método de corte y separación y posterior análisis de laboratorio. La tasa de crecimiento osciló de 71.09 a 51.15 kg MS/ha/d, fuera y dentro de la copa de los árboles, respectivamente, en la época lluviosa. La proteína cruda varió de 10.58, 12.79 y 13.88% (época lluviosa) y 8.93, 10.26 y 11.99% (época seca) fuera de la copa del árbol, bajo la copa del árbol joven y bajo la copa del árbol mediano, respectivamente (p<0.05). El contenido de calcio en el pasto fue estadísticamente (p<0.05) superior bajo la copa del árbol mediano (0.23%) que fuera de la copa del árbol (0.20%) en la época lluvio-sa. El fósforo en el pasto varió significativamente (p<0.05) entre 0.72, 0.83 y 0.91% (época lluviosa) y 0.73, 0.87 y 1.06% (época seca), fuera de la copa de los árboles, bajo la copa del árbol joven y bajo la copa del árbol mediano, respectivamente. El estudio reveló que la presencia de árboles leguminosos (Acacia macracantha) dentro de los potreros mejora la calidad nutricional de la pastura Panicum maximum Jacq.
... Palabras clave: calidad nutricional, crecimiento, copa del árbol, pastura, sistema silvopastoril ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the growth rate and nutritional quality of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq) under a silvopastoral system with the faique tree (Acacia macracantha). The evaluation included two seasons (rainy and dry) and three treatments: (1) under the canopy of the young tree, (2) under the canopy of the mediumsize tree, and (3) outside the canopy of the tree. The trees were classified according to the diameter at chest height. ...
... Una de las bondades de SSP es la obtención de una mejor calidad y cantidad de pasto (Obispo et al., 2008), permitiendo un mayor rendimiento en los sistemas ganaderos (FAO, 2012). Los SSP presentan también un gran potencial para recuperación de áreas de pasturas degradadas (Alegre et al., 2012); sin embargo, se requiere determinar las interacciones entre sus componentes para asegurar el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. ...
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la tasa de crecimiento y calidad nutricional del pasto Guinea (Panicum maximum Jacq) bajo un sistema silvopastoril con el árbol faique (Acacia macracantha). Se evaluaron dos épocas (lluviosa y seca) y tres tratamientos: (1) bajo la copa del árbol joven, (2) bajo la copa del árbol mediano y (3) fuera de la copa del árbol. Los árboles se clasificaron según el diámetro a la altura al pecho. El crecimiento y calidad del pasto se midió por el método de corte y separación y posterior análisis de laboratorio. La tasa de crecimiento osciló de 71.09 a 51.15 kg MS/ha/d, fuera y dentro de la copa de los árboles, respectivamente, en la época lluviosa. La proteína cruda varió de 10.58, 12.79 y 13.88% (época lluviosa) y 8.93, 10.26 y 11.99% (época seca) fuera de la copa del árbol, bajo la copa del árbol joven y bajo la copa del árbol mediano respectivamente (p<0.05). El contenido de calcio en el pasto fue estadísticamente (p<0.05) superior bajo la copa del árbol mediano (0.23%) que fuera de la copa del árbol (0.20%) en la época lluviosa. El fósforo en el pasto varió significativamente (p<0.05) entre 0.72, 0.83 y 0.91% (época lluviosa) y 0.73, 0.87 y 1.06% (época seca), fuera de la copa de los árboles, bajo la copa del árbol joven y bajo la copa del árbol mediano, respectivamente. El estudio reveló que la presencia de árboles leguminosos (Acacia macracantha) dentro de los potreros mejora la calidad nutricional de la pastura Panicum maximum Jacq.
... Land degradation in this area has been induced mainly by overgrazing with long-term changes in soil physical properties and surface soil compaction (Alegre and Lara 1991). Alegre et al. (2012) evaluated a SPS with brachiaria (Brachiaria sp.), peach palms (Bactris gasipaes) planted at a 5 × 5 m distance, and a legume cover crop (Centrosema macrocarpum) for beef production. Cattle was managed in rotational grazing (14-days resting and 14-days grazing periods) with a stocking rate of 3 animals ha −1 . ...
Pasture-based livestock systems in the Peruvian Amazon region are characterized by degraded pastureland and their association with deforestation processes. Silvopastoral systems are an alternative to traditional tree-less pastures that has been recently developed and studied in this region of the country. This chapter provides information about the progress in the development of silvopastoral systems (SPS) in the Peruvian Amazon and the perspectives at national level for the next years. To accomplish these goals, we first review the experiences of establishing and evaluating SPS in five departments of the Peruvian Amazon. Then, we present a list of barriers for the implementation of SPS practices in the country and the current initiatives at the regional and national levels to promote and develop sustainable livestock production systems in the Peruvian Amazon region. We conclude that barriers such as available technology, capacity building, market access and associativity, financing and favorable environmental conditions need to be cleared first for the promotion and successful implementation of SPS in the Peruvian Amazon. Moreover, some of them need to be assumed by the producers, and others by the State at local, regional and national levels.
... Silvopastoral systems contribute to reduce deforestation, furnish a diversified source of income to farmers, provide ecosystem services (water, carbon sequestration, nutrient recycling, biodiversity), increase welfare and animal production, as well as quality of pastures, and contribute to mitigate GHG emissions (Alonso 2011;Fernández 2008;Alegre et al. 2012;Fluker et al. 2016;Montagnini et al. 2013;Pérez et al. 2005;Pezo et al. 2019;Pizarro et al. 2019). ...
AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk production (in kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM)) in dairy farms of the San Martín region, in the Peruvian Amazon. A cradle-to-farm gate characterization and analysis were carried out on eight representative dairy farms. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were estimated using equations, following the 2019 refinement of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The results showed an average milk production of 9.7 ± 0.82 L milk/cow/day, Gyr x Holstein crosses as the predominant breed, use of cultivated grasses such as Brachiaria brizantha, living fences (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam) as the predominant silvopastoral arrangement, and low level of external inputs such as feed or grain additives. In relation to CF, an average value of 2.26 ± 0.49kg CO2e/kg FPCM was obtained, with enteric fermentation being the most important source (1.81 ± 0.51kg CO2e/kg FPCM), fol-lowed by manure management, land use, and energy/transport (0.26 ± 0.06, 0.14 ± 0.04, and 0.05 ± 0.04kg CO2e/kg FPCM, respectively). Differences were found between farmers, obtaining lower CF values (1.76 vs 3.09kg CO2e/kg FPCM) on farms with better feed quality, higher production levels, and a higher percentage of lactating animals compared to dry cows. It is concluded that dairy farms in the Peruvian Amazon region can reduce their emissions if they improve their current feeding practices.Keywords Carbon dioxide· Dairy cattle· Grazing systems· Life cycle assessment· Methane· Nitrous oxide
... Implementation of silvopasture sytems (SPS) in Latin America has occurred empirically and it has been based mainly on the spontaneous integration of livestock with different forest species (Murgueitio 2009). Designs utilized for SPS include: scattered trees in paddocks, trees in alleys, live fences, and SPS with management of plant succession and cutting and hauling systems (Murgueitio et al. 2012;Alegre et al. 2012). In recent years, work on SPS in the Peruvian humid tropics of Yurimaguas, Loreto, has focused on utilization of Bactris gasipaes and Centrosema macrocarpum as protein banks, recovery of overgrazed areas, and identification of appropriate grazing management and rotationally stocking rates by implementing electric fencing (Arévalo et al. 1998). ...
Animal-agriculture is an important economic activity in the northern Peruvian Amazon Regions of Amazonas and San Martín but it has resulted in significant changes in land-use over time. Managed silvopasture systems have potential to improve degraded grasslands. However, to date, there is limited information about silvopasture systems in these regions, which limits an understanding of the potential of silvopasture systems to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify and assess prevalent silvopasture systems as an initial and complementary step to study biological and economic responses in these systems. Land managers were surveyed in the three livestock-producing areas of Molinopampa (n = 130), Huayabamba (n = 89), and Moyobamba (n = 70). Our results indicate that raising cattle activities in these regions occur mainly in production units with area < 10 ha. Predominant silvopasture designs consisted of trees in live fences and scattered trees. Understory forage is mainly monoculture grass grazed by dual-purpose cattle breeds. The common denominators of the types of trees utilized in these systems are trees pruned to obtain firewood, followed by timber trees, followed by fruit trees. Cattle management consisted mainly of continuous stocking, followed by rotational stocking utilizing a rope, and also utilization of electric fencing for rotational stocking. Our data indicates that silvopasture systems in the Amazonas and San Martín regions of Peru occurred spontaneously and benefits and tradeoffs of implementing silvopastures remain largely unknown among producers.
Livestock in the Peruvian Amazon region is mostly produced in areas considered degraded pastureland and associated with deforestation. Silvopastoral systems (SPS) are an alternative for sustainable livestock production. This article aims to provide information about progress in development of SPS in the Peruvian Amazon region during the last 2 decades and opportunities to develop it further at the national level. The geographical characteristics and climatic conditions of the Peruvian Amazon are described, followed by a review of the experiences with SPS in the 5 most relevant departments of the region. Constraints for implementation of SPS practices in the country and the current initiatives at regional and national level to promote and develop more sustainable livestock production in the region are presented. There is a large variation in SPS practiced along the different departments of the Amazon region. It is imperative that the Peruvian Government continues promoting SPS for recovering degraded lands through generating enabling conditions for farmers to adopt and/or scale up SPS.
"Principles of Soil Management and Conservation" comprehensively reviews the state-of-knowledge on soil erosion and management. It discusses in detail soil conservation topics in relation to soil productivity, environment quality, and agronomic production. It addresses the implications of soil erosion with emphasis on global hotspots and synthesizes available from developed and developing countries. It also critically reviews information on no-till management, organic farming, crop residue management for industrial uses, conservation buffers (e.g., grass buffers, agroforestry systems), and the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and in other regions. This book uniquely addresses the global issues including carbon sequestration, net emissions of CO2, and erosion as a sink or source of C under different scenarios of soil management. It also deliberates the implications of the projected global warming on soil erosion and vice versa. The concern about global food security in relation to soil erosion and strategies for confronting the remaining problems in soil management and conservation are specifically addressed. This volume is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students interested in understanding the principles of soil conservation and management. The book is also useful for practitioners, extension agents, soil conservationists, and policymakers as an important reference material.
The effects of shade (50% of ambient light transmission) on the quality of established swards of buffalo grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum ) and kikuyu grass ( Pennisetum clandestinum ) were examined at Wollongbar Research Station, northern New South Wales. Sarlon cloth was used to shade plots of the two species, after cutting to 8 cm, from November 1985 to March 1986. Herbage was harvested from shaded and adjacent unshaded plots for chemical analyses and for feeding as dry chaff to penned sheep at the University of Queensland research farm at Mt Cotton.
Shade markedly decreased the voluntary feed intake (VI) of P. dandestinum by 30·7% over the two harvests while VI of S. secundatum was not significantly affected. Shade had no effect on the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of P. clandestinum herbage but marginally increased that of S. secundatum . These shade effects resulted in a 14·2% increase for S. secundatum and a 34% decrease for P. clandestinum in the intake of digestible dry matter of shaded compared with unshaded herbage.
The reduced VI of the shade-grown herbage of P. clandestinum was associated with a higher proportion of stem (21 v . 8% for unshaded herbage), a lower proportion of leaf (48 v . 54%), and a lower concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) (0.9 v . 2.1%). In S. secundatum , there were similar, but smaller, changes in proportion of stem and TNC percentage in shade-grown herbage but, in contrast to P. clandestinum , these potential detriments to VI were offset by an increase in proportion of leaf and a decrease in the proportion of dead material. Average moisture content of shaded herbage (76%) was higher than that of unshaded herbage (70%). Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in plant tissue were higher in the shaded herbage.
The higher yielding capacity and maintenance of nutritive quality of shaded S. secundatum compared with shaded P. clandestinum indicates the potential usefulness of S. secundatum for plantation agriculture.
In a six-year-old peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantation, centrosema (Centrosema macrocarpum), a leguminous forage plant,
was established as a cover crop which was eventually grazed. This experiment was designed to monitor probable changes in soil
physical and chemical properties and measure peach palm fruit production and live-weight gain of cattle grazing this silvopastoral
system. The experiment was installed on land that was previously cleared by a D7 bulldozer having a straight blade that mixed
the thin layer of topsoil with the acid subsoil (20–40 cm) and severely compacted the soil. The results demonstrated that
the centrosema cover crop reduced soil bulk density, increased water infiltration rates and reduced mechanical resistance.
In general soil physical properties were improved with the use of Centrosema as forage and cover crop. Soil acidity and aluminum
saturation decreased considerably, while potassium concentrations increased. Calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased
over time as these minerals were stored in the pasture biomass, translocated to fresh peach palm fruits and/or exported to
animals. A strong competition for nutrients was observed between the peach palm plants and Centrosema. The low production
of peach palm fruits was in response to mechanized land clearing during initial establishment of the plantation, and also
probably due to deficits of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil instead of being a consequence to the presence of cattle. The average
increase in live-weight gains of the cattle was at a rate of 445 g/animal/day during the four-years of the study. Such an
increase is substantially greater than those registered in the area under traditional grazing systems used in the region.
A change from slash-and-burn to continuously cropped agricultural systems is occurring in heavily populated areas in the humid tropics. Well managed alternative systems to slash-and-burn can reduce soil structure deterioration, maintain soil fertility, and promote long-term productivity. The objectives of this paper are to describe the dynamics of soil physical properties under slash-and-burn and some alternative systems. Different land-clearing methods and post land-clearing management systems were evaluated on Typic Paleudults at Yurimaguas, Peru, for their effects on soil physical properties such as: bulk density, soil water characteristic, infiltration rate, aggregate stability, and penetrometer cone resistance. Mechanical clearing reduced the infiltration rate from 420 mm h−1 before clearing to 35 mm h−1 for the straight blade and 95 mm h−1 for the shear-blade bulldozing. Straight-blade clearing damaged soil structure the most as indicated by a decrease in the percentage of larger soil aggregates. The practice of planting on raised beds prevented foot compaction of soil near the plants; bulk density was 1.14 and 1.29 Mg ha−1 for bedded and flat planted soil, respectively. Of the various agroforestry systems evaluated (multistrata, peach palm production, shifting agriculture low input and high input continuous cropping) bulk density was lower after 4 years for the systems with trees or cover crops. Mean annual soil loss for alley cropping on sloping soils was 0.2 Mg ha−1 year−1 compared with 53 Mg ha−1 year−1 for two annual crops per year. The infiltration rate after 5 years of intensive grazing on five associations of legumes with grasses was reduced from 127 to 41 mm h−1. Overgrazing caused severe soil compaction and reduced earthworm biomass. Research indicates that the greatest change in soil physical properties occurs during mechanical land clearing. Agroforestry systems improved soil physical properties when cover crops and trees were included in the system.
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