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SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
* Corresponding Author: Md Ashiqur Rahman Laskar; Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science
and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Email: ashiq22050@gmail.com
ISSN: 1999-1630
Piezoelectricity: An Energy Source for Future Railway Stations
Md Ashiqur Rahman Laskar
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
In this period of expanding energy costs and diminishing supplies of non-renewable energy sources,
it has become necessary to set up renewable energy based local power sources for shopping malls,
different large institutions, factories, airports, railway stations rather than depending on national
centralized power grid. This paper reviews some recent experimental research and then provides a
proposal to supply electricity for railway stations using piezoelectric materials as a source of
renewable energy. Consideration of three different aspects in this proposal ensures highest amount
of piezoelectricity supply for the energy demand of a railway station. It will also help preparing
every station as energy self-dependent in near future.
Keywords: Piezoelectric materials, Renewable energy, Piezoelectricity, Energy harvesting.
I. Introduction
As the request of petroleum product is
colossally expanding, after some time, the eventual
fate of generating energy utilizing non-sustainable
power source will go to a stop. This
overconsumption and dangers related is
compelling the condition and economy also. This
level of outcome in an exceptional measure of CO
discharges and greenhouse gases being drawn into
the air raising worries on rising ocean levels,
expanding normal temperature, and adverse
weathering conditions. It is claimed that energy
from petroleum products is being devoured
100,000 times speedier than being framed.
Additionally, fossil fuel assets, focusing on oil and
gas, are relied upon to get drained in the end of 21
century (M. Phillips et al., 2013). As expressed in
IISD Report of the G7 nations, a gathering of
finance priests and national bank governors,
consented to eliminate the utilization of oil, gas and
coal toward the finish of 2100 (M. Harris et al.,
2015). This type of understanding chasing for
economical arrangements made by driving nations'
offers a green light to incredible speculations
openings around the world. Manageability is
basically an easy route to a long haul profit income
and a motivator towards tackling the "greenies" to
grow and produce clean-vitality items (K. Hickson,
2013). Concentrating on the transition of energy,
usage of Piezoelectricity, a sustainable power
source reaping technique, will lead the following
force era into a possible and more solid wellspring
of energy.
Piezoelectric materials can be utilized as a
method for changing encompassing vibrations into
electrical vitality that would then be able to be put
away also, used to various purposes. In this paper,
we introduce a proposal to provide electricity, an
important demand for all railway stations, by
utilizing Piezoelectric technique. It discusses how
to harvest electricity from different places related
to a railway station. A good number of people not
only in Europe or Asia but also worldwide prefer
railway to travel all over the year. Consequently,
the nearby roads, footpaths, platforms are always
being crowded by the moving people. Moreover,
many cars and buses pass the nearby roads and
highway engaged in transporting rail passengers to
or from the train stations. There is an opportunity
to take advantage of these large amount of moving
people and vehicles. Nearby Roads, footpaths,
terminal floor will be covered with Piezoelectric
materials to harvest electricity. Such materials can
also be used in rail tracks near the stations. This
paper reviews the corresponding previous research
and experimental works. It also describes about
piezo-electric effect with piezo-electric materials.
Then information is provided to show the method
SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
of electricity generation from roads using piezo-
electric materials. Moreover, we have also shown
how to utilize piezo-electric effect in the walking
floor or footpath and rail tracks for energy
harvesting effectively.
II. Related work
Innowattech, an Israeli company, has directed
trials to show this vitality at the Technion Institute
of Technology in Haifa where a vehicle went over
a street under which IPEG (Innowattech
Piezoelectric Electric Generators) had been planted
6cm under the street level and at a separation of
30cm separated (T. Henderson, 2009). In UAE
(United Arab Emirates), there is a test directed to
create power from the Piezoelectric Roads. The
analysis was effectively led and now the down to
practical streets are en route of development (P. G.
Phatak et al., 2016). In certain schools of United
States of America, electricity is generated from
Piezoelectric Tiles in the passage when students
walk through them. Furthermore, East Japan
Railway Company (JR East). It led an exhibit test
from January 19 to March 7, 2008, at Yaesu North
Gate, Tokyo Station, on power-producing floor.
Introduced at the ticket door zone, it produces
power from the vibrations made by travelers
strolling through the ticket gates. The control
creating floor is implanted with piezoelectric
components, which are 35 millimeters in distance
across, and circle formed parts utilized for
amplifiers. It utilizes 600 of these components for
every square meter. While the amplifier makes
sound by changing over electric signs to vibrations,
the floor receives the switch component that
produces power by tackling the vibrational power
created from travelers' means. It is being created by
JR East with the point of making stations all the
more ecologically agreeable and vitality effective
(P. G. Phatak et al., 2016, P. Dhingra et al., 2009).
An exploration work researches the monetary,
natural and social parts of introducing 1 Km trail
utilizing energy harvesting Pavegen piezoelectric
floor tiles at the Railway Station of New Delhi (A.
Singh a et al., 2016). The investigation uncovered
that the establishment of the Piezoelectric tiles
would prompted the colossal reserve funds and
would add to natural mindfulness by advancing
manageability and efficient power vitality era, and
the measures of power collected over their 5 years
life expectancy could recoup the expenses of
beginning purchase, transport, establishment,
upkeep and transfer of the tiles.
III. Piezoelectricity
A piezoelectric substance is one that delivers
an electric charge when a mechanical stress is
applied like when the substance is pressed or
extended. Alternately, a mechanical deformation is
created when an electric field is connected. This
impact is framed in precious stones that have no
focal point of symmetry.
Figure 1: Piezoelectric effect through compression
of a piezoelectric material. (C. Yang, 2016)
Figure 2: Schematic of piezoelectric effect;
(a) piezoelectric material, (b) energy generation under
tension, (c) energy generation under compression. (D.
Vatansever et al., 2012)
In 1880, Pierre and Jacques Curie, amid their
test take a shot at crystallography, demonstrated
that some crystalline materials, for example,
Rochelle salt, create electric charges when
subjected to mechanical burdens, known as the
direct piezoelectric effect. The converse impact,
i.e., that a connected electric field instigates a
mechanical twisting, was numerically anticipated
by Lippman in 1881, from fundamental
thermodynamic standards and progressively
checked tentatively by Curie siblings.
SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
Piezoelectricity is an aftereffect of the material
properties at the minuscule level. Piezoelectric
pottery are crystalline materials whose essential
cell, underneath a given temperature (Curie
temperature), has an awry dissemination of charge
giving a lasting polarization. A plainly visible
square of crystalline material is comprised of a
gathering of grains and areas. Every area has a
bearing common polarization.
Figure 3: Correlation between measured strains and
voltage output of Piezo material at varying
temperatures. (U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2013)
Figure 4: Crystal of Ceramic type Piezo material.
(Pinin, 2010)
However, in typical conditions, the areas are
haphazardly arranged and the general polarization
of the piece is factually invalid. On the off chance
that a solid electric field (2000V/m) is connected
for an adequately prolonged stretch of time, the
areas have a tendency to factually situate toward
the electric field and a net polarization is actuated.
The polarization remains when the polarizing field
is evacuated. The acquired material piece is spell
bound piezoelectric fired. The coupling amongst
distortion and electric field is because of the
geometric impacts identified with space
reorientation caused by a connected electric field.
The piezoelectric impact is a property that exists in
numerous materials. There are a few Piezoelectric
Materials, for example, Quartz, Topaz, Lithium
Neobait, Rochelle Salt and so forth. The unpleasant
interpretation is, in this way, weight - electric
impact. In a piezoelectric material, the use of a
pressure or stress brings about the development of
a charge in the material is called piezoelectricity.
(A. Singh et al., 2016)
IV. Piezoelectric Roads and Highway
In almost every country, a huge number of
people come to and go out from the train stations
through the whole day or night. Therefore, all the
roads near the stations remain always busy by
various heavy and light weighted transport
vehicles. Putting piezo electric materials in these
roads, we can generate green electricity and supply
it to the station. In United Arab Emirates, there was
an analysis directed to produce power from the
Piezoelectric Roads. The examination was
effectively directed and now the commonsense
streets are en route of development. (P. G. Phatak
et al., 2016)
In a research project supported by the National
Science Foundation of China, they proposed a
roadway reaper that utilizes piezoelectric
harvesting units for searching energy from
movement-instigated vibrations (X. Jiang et al.,
2014). The proposed roadway vitality reaper is a
pressure based framework, which produces vitality
under pressure drive, and the created control is a
heartbeat control enlisted with every pressure
cycle. Fig. 6 demonstrates the side cross-sectional
perspective of the proposed roadway reaper
installed on the surface of the street, Fleft and Fright
are utilized to display the tire powers caused by one
single pivot of an auto.
Figure 5: Electricity generation from road &
highways. (X. Jiang et al., 2014)
SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
Figure 6: Cross section of proposed piezoelectric
road. (X. Jiang et al., 2014)
As appeared in Fig. 6, the proposed roadway
gatherer is a case molded and primarily involved
three reaping units, three force transmission
flanges, a rigid compressing plate, and a force
anchoring plate. Inflexible compacting plate,
consolidated with compel transmission rib and
drive tying down plate, guarantees that the tire
powers apply equitably on three reaping units. Two
flexible settling individuals, for example, jolts are
utilized to hold the structure together and
connected a pre-pressure constrain to the reaping
units. At the point when autos disregard, the weight
and vibration caused by the moving vehicle make
time variation drives on reaping units which
produce electrical power. It ought to be noticed that
the roadway collector is pre-compacted with the
goal that power will in any case be produced amid
the bouncing back of the pressure.
Another study informed about the amount of
produced piezoelectricity by different international
vendors using road technique (D. Hill et al., 2014).
Data are given below in Table 1.
Table 1: Statistical data of the study
There are several factors affecting
piezoelectric road efficacy. For instance, vehicle’s
speed and weight, traffic flow capacity etc. (R.
Kour et al., 2016). Energy generation is greater
with higher speed. Basically, the higher the
constrain applied the more distortion of precious
stones and in this way higher vitality delivered. The
same guideline applies for vehicles; a truck will
produce more vitality or energy than light
obligation vehicles and bikes. After executing such
innovation, this parameter would be first
considered. The general innovation execution will
unquestionably give less vitality if control
pavements are outlined in ranges were less
continuous vehicles traverse. It is proposed to
apply control pavements on occupied streets where
a sensible number of vehicle limit flow. Planning
the area of energy black-top is an fundamental
choice to address energy issues. (S. P. Tiles, 2016)
V. Piezoelectric Materials in Floor Tiles
Piezoelectric floors are intended to catch the
squandered vitality and assets, and store or
redistribute them where they are required. Energy
is produced when a man ventures on tiles that
component piezoelectric characteristics. The
measure of vitality produced relies on the
heaviness of the individual, most extreme
redirection, and kind of development. This active
Figure 7: Piezoelectric floor tiles. (A. Singh et al.,
2016)
Paramet
-ers
Genzi-
ko
ODO
-T
Innowat
-tech
Virginia
Tech
Power
per km
(single
lane)
13
MW -
51
MW
486
kW
100 kW
- 200
kW
0.0018
kW - 0.5
kW
Vehicles
per hour
600 -
2250
600
600
600
kW per
km per
vehicle
per hour
21.6 -
22.6
0.81
0.16 -
0.3
0.000003
- 0.00083
SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
vitality is changed over into power. We will put
these tiles in station’s platforms, near ticket
counters, walkways, footpaths etc. The East Japan
Railway Company directed a show explore from
January 19 to March 7, 2008, at Yaesu North Gate,
Tokyo Station, on another power-creating floor. It
produces power from the vibrations made by
travelers strolling through the ticket entryways. ( P.
Dhingra et al., 2009).
Figure 8: Experimental use of piezoelectric floor tiles.
(C. Scholer et al., 2009)
The power-creating floor is installed with
piezoelectric components, which are 35
millimeters in width, and circle molded parts
utilized for amplifiers. It utilizes 600 of these
components for every square meter. While the
amplifier makes sound by changing over electric
signs to vibrations, the floor receives the invert
component that produces power by saddling the
vibrational power created from travelers' means. It
is being produced by JR East with the point of
making stations all the more naturally cordial and
vitality effective.
VI. Piezoelectric Rail Tracks
Each of the rail cars of a train has high weight.
When the wheels of a rail car rotate over the track,
the metallic rail track encounters strong stress and
pressure. We will provide piezoelectric materials
under rail tracks along 2-3 km rail line near a
station so that we can harvest electricity. The
railroad tracks on the stage of the rail route stations
will be supplanted by the Piezoelectric material
ceramics which will be associated with the
Piezoelectric Railroad Generators. As the
preparation will go through this stage, there will be
a Pressure and a Compression at the same time on
the earthenware production which will deliver
Piezoelectric effect in them bringing about the era
of power by the generators.
Figure 9: Schematic railway track with piezoelectric
energy harvesters. ( J. Wang et al., 2015).
Such a related research work (J. Wang et al.,
2015) carried out in China gives a hypothetical
guide in the plan of piezoelectric patch and stack
energy harvesters utilized as a part of railroad
frameworks. Figure 9 represents a schematic of
railroad track structure with piezoelectric patch-
type and stack-type vitality reapers. A piezoelectric
patch-type energy harvester will be placed at the
bottom of a rail. Furthermore, a piezoelectric stack-
type energy harvester will be introduced at the base
of the steel rail by an associating gadget. The
Figure 10: Schematic of piezoelectric stack. ( J.
Wang et al., 2015).
SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, Dec 2017
coupling association between the piezoelectric
stack and rail will be done through a piezoelectric
stack gadget and a magnetic base. The proposed
piezoelectric stack device will have 8 parts: a
displacement transmission rod, a compression
spring, a force transmission unit, a piezoelectric
stack, a whole metal shell, screw bolts and a wire
hole. The compression spring will convert the
transverse track displacement of the rail into a
force, which will be then transmitted to the
piezoelectric stack. However, these both type of
harvesters will have separate energy harvesting
mechanism.
VII. Integration and Supply
The following block diagram illustrates a
general concept of integrating the produced
piezoelectricity from different sources such as
nearby roads of a train station, footpaths, platforms,
walkway, rail tracks.
Figure 11: Schematic diagram of piezoelectricity
integration and supply.
There is a controller for power management
and a storage like batteries for energy reservation
purposes. Generated electricity can be supplied to
different electrical loads present in the railway
station.
VII. Conclusion
In this paper, a proposal of energy harvesting
utilizing piezoelectric materials for railway stations
has been exhibited. It is another way to deal with
lead the world into executing greener advances that
are gone for ensuring the earth against
environmental pollution. While this paper
demonstrates a good potentiality of energy
harvesting from piezo-electricity in railway station,
many opportunities for extending the scope of this
research remain. The possible produced electricity
will not be sufficient to make a station completely
self-energy dependent. There is a future scope to
work on the efficiency improvement of our
described methodologies. Apart from that,
incorporation of other types of clean energy such
as solar and wind energy with piezoelectricity
might be a new direction of this present work.
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