ArticlePDF Available

Pharmacological Activities: Hepatoprotective, Cardio Protective, Anti-cancer and Anti-Microbial Activity of ( Raphanus Raphanistrum Subsp. Sativus ): A review

DOI:10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00211.5
Authors:
Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammad
Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammad
Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammad
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Imad Hadi Hameed at Al-Qasim Green University
Imad Hadi Hameed
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

The radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. The root is best harvested before the plant flowers. Its use is not recommended if the stomach or intestines are inflamed. The leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints. The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and laxative. The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic. It is taken internally in the treatment of, abdominal bloating, wind, acid regurgitation, diarrhea and bronchitis. The root is antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, and diuretic. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in plants have most commonly been discovered in seeds where they accumulate to high level and may also function as storage proteins. The crude water extract of seed inhibited moderate antifungal activity while showed highest antibacterial activity against Hafnia alvei and Enterobacter agglomerans exhibited. It has been observed that rude water extract posses highest antibacterial activity. Crude water extract showed significant inhibition against some fungal strain like Spadicoides stoveri and Paecilomyces variotii while some fungal strain having insignificant inhibition.
Content uploaded by Imad Hadi Hameed
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Imad Hadi Hameed on Apr 09, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Pharmacological Activities: Hepatoprotective, Cardio
Protective, Anti-cancer and Anti-Microbial Activity of
(Raphanus Raphanistrum Subsp. Sativus): A Review
Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed1, Imad Hadi Hameed2
1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; 2Biomedical
Science Department, University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah city, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family
thatwas domesticatedin Europein pre-Romantimes.Therootisbestharvestedbeforetheplantowers.
Itsuse isnotrecommended ifthestomachorintestines areinamed.Theleaves,seedsandold rootsare
used in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints. The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and
laxative. The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic. It is taken internally in the
treatment of, abdominal bloating, wind, acid regurgitation, diarrhea and bronchitis. The root is antiscorbutic,
antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, and diuretic. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in plants have
most commonly been discovered in seeds where they accumulate to high level and may also function
as storage proteins. The crude water extract of seed inhibited moderate antifungal activity while showed
highest antibacterial activity against Hafnia alvei and Enterobacter agglomerans exhibited. It has been
observedthatrudewaterextractposseshighestantibacterialactivity.Crudewaterextractshowedsignicant
inhibition against some fungal strain like Spadicoides stoveri and Paecilomyces variotii while some fungal
strainhavinginsignicantinhibition.
Keyword: Hepatoprotective, Anti-cancer, anti-microbial, Raphanus raphanistrum, Review.
Corresponding Author:
Imad Hadi Hameed
Biomedical Science Department,
University of Babylon, College of Nursing,
Hillah city, Iraq;
Phone: 009647716150716
E-mail: imad_dna@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Radishes are grown and consumed throughout
the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad
vegetable. Radishes have long been grown as a food crop,
but they also have various medicinal actions. The plant is
used in the treatment of intestinal parasites, though the part
oftheplantusedisnotspecied1-8. They have numerous
varieties,varyinginsize,avor,color,andlengthoftime
they take to mature. Radishes owe their sharp avor to
the various chemical compounds produced by the plants,
including glucosinolate, myrosinase, and isothiocyanate.
They are sometimes grown as companion plants and
suer from few pests and diseases9-19. It is crushed and
used as a poultice for burns, bruises and smelly feet.
Radishes are also an excellent food remedy for stone,
gravel and scorbutic conditions. The plant contains
raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal20-25. It
inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus\ aureus, E. coli,
streptococci, Pneumococci etc. Radish preparations are
useful in liver and gall bladder troubles. Consuming
radish generally results in improved digestion, but some
people are sensitive to its acridity and robust action26-31.
The plant also shows anti-tumor activity.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Hepatoprotective activity: It is reported that the
methonolic extract of leaves of Raphanus sativus active
against paracetamol induced hepato toxicity. Paracetamol
increced the activity of hepatic enzymes like SGOT,
SGPT, serum LDH, serum AP. An antioxidant is a
molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation
of other molecules. Oxidation reactions can produce
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00211.5
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 213
free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage
cells32-36. Antioxidant defenses fall in to two main
categories, those whose role is to prevent the generation
of free radicals and those that intercept any radicals that
are generated.
Cardio protective activity: The chronic cardio toxicity
may result from summation of multiple biochemical
pathways of cellular damage, which ultimately yields
distruption of myocardiocyte integrity and loss of cardiac
function. Nitricoxide (NO) is a key molecule involved in
the pathophysiology of heart; disregulation of activity
of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and of NO metabolism
seems to be a common feature in cardiac diseases37-41.
Hence uric acid may serves as an additional marker of
free radical reactions in patients with acute myocardial
infarctionandacutecoronaryinsuciency.
Anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity: Anti-cancer
and anti-microbial activity of methonolic extract of
leaves of Raphanus sativus was reported. Insoluble ethyl
acetate fraction from methanol extract was the most
active against A. salina. On the other hand, the soluble
ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract exhibited
strong inhibitory activity against S. aureus.
Anti-microbial activity: The plant contains raphanin,
which is antibacterial and antifungal15. It also has
been found to be strongly active Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus
subtilisetc42-48. It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus
aureus, streptococci, Pneumococci. It is also active
against many food born pathogenic and food spoilage
bacteria such as Listeria, Micrococcus, Enterococcus,
Lactobacillus and Pedicoccusspps.
Inhibitory response on lipid peroxidation: Free radicals
are continuously produced in body of all living organisms
mainly due to oxidation processes. Antioxidant system of
the body is generally able to combat the oxidative stress
produced after normal physiological processes. Modern
civilization is facing a variety of mental and physical
stress, pollutant stress, stress caused by consuming fast
food, etc49-51. These stresses culminate into generation
of free radicals and the antioxidant system of body fails
to combat this situation. Oxidation of lipid molecules
of membrane causes its damage resulting into the
development of several physiological and pathological
disorders. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by any means
is the best way to avoid these disorders in the body. It
was reported that the plant inhibits lipid peroxidation
by increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like
catalase and also by increasing or maintaining the levels
of glutathione.
Antiurolithiatic activity: The aqueous extract
of the bark of Raphanus sativus was tested for its
antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity. The urolithiasis was
experimentally induced by implantation of zinc disc in
the urinary bladder of rats. Signicant decrease in the
weight of stones was observed after treatment in animals
which received aqueous extract in comparison with
control groups.
Anti tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activity: Twodierent
types of R. sativus L. root extracts, i.e., the freeze-
dried juice and the methanolic extract were evaluated
fortheirinhibitoryeectonmushroom tyrosinase and
their scavenging activity on DPPH, superoxide anion
and singlet oxygen. The methanolic extract of the
radish sprout exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging
potency 1.8-fold higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. It
issuggestedthatavonoids,togetherwithsinapinicacid
esters, may signicantly contribute to the antioxidant
activity of radish roots andsprouts. Also, black radish,
which is a variety of R. sativus, possesses antioxidant
and free radical scavenging properties52-54. It is very
likelythattheThairadishrootsmaypossesssignicant
antityrosinase and antioxidant activities which will have
benecialeectsontheskin.
Gastro protective activity: The radish juice possesses
anantigastriculcereect,beingpresumably attributed
to its phenolic, terpenoidal and sulphurated constituents
through preventing the accumulation of excessive
free radicals and protecting the gastric tissue against
noxious chemical challenges. This may be related to
its PG generating, antioxidant and/or preserving mucus
secreting properties and by strengthening the mucosal
barrierintegrity,whichistherstlineofdefenseagainst
endogenous and exogenous ulcerogenic agents.
CONCLUSION
Plant medicinal properties of Raphanus
raphanistrum is due to presence of bioactive chemical
products. Raphanus raphanistrum, is widely used in the
treatment of antiurolithiatic, diuretic activity, anti-cancer
and anti-microbial activity.
214 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3
Financial Disclosure:Thereisnonancialdisclosure.
Conict of Interest: None to declare.
Ethical Clearance: In our review, all these major
pharmacological activity were complete analysis under
the biological department of College of Science for
Women in Hillah city.
REFERENCES
1. Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. Using Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
of Methanolic Leaves extract of Lepidium sativum.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10 (11): 3981-3989.
2. Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Uses of Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Chemical
Compounds of Lepidium sativum: A Review.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10 (11): 4039-4042.
3. Ubaid JM, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Bioactive
Chemical Compounds Identied in Methanolic
Extract of Trogoderma granarium. Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10
(11): 3997-4004.
4. Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. Antimicrobial,
Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Anti-anxiety, and
Antihypertensive activity of Passiora species.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10 (11): 4079-4084.
5. Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. A Review:
Solanum nigrum L. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant
properties,HepatoprotectiveeectsandAnalysis
of Bioactive Natural Compounds. Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10
(11): 4063-4068.
6. Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. A Review:
Anti-microbial, Anti-inammatory eect and
Cardiovasculareects ofGarlic: Allium sativum.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10 (11): 4069-4078.
7. Flayyih SS, Hameed IH, Fakhir FD. RoadTrac
Accident Coming to Hillah Teaching Hospital:
Prospective and Retrospective Study. Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10
(11): 3819-3825.
8. Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Retrospective
Study: Burn Injury from 2010 to 2015 in a Burn
Unit-Hillah Teaching Hospital-Iraq. Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10
(11): 3831-3838.
9. Khudhair ME, Hameed IH, Mekhlef AK. A
Prospective and Retrospective Study of Acute
Bronchitis in Hillah City-Iraq. Research Journal
of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 (11):
3839-3844.
10. Kamal SA, Hamza LF, Ibraheam IA.
Characterization of Antifungal Metabolites
Produced by Aeromonas hydrophila and Analysis
of its Chemical Compounds Using GC-MS.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10 (11): 3845-3851.
11. Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH.
Proteus species: Characterization and herbal
antibacterial: A review. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(11): 1844-1854.
12. Shireen SK, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Acorus
calamus: Parts used, insecticidal, anti-fungal,
antitumour and anti-inammatory activity: A
review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): 153-157.
13. Huda JA, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Anethum
graveolens: Physicochemical properties,
medicinaluses, antimicrobialeects,antioxidant
eect,anti-inammatoryandanalgesiceects:A
review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): 88-91.
14. Altaee N, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Detection of
volatile compounds produced by pseudomonas
aeruginosa isolated from UTI patients by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. International
Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological
Research. 2016; 8(6): 462-470.
15. Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of
the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus
and evaluation anti-insect activity. International
journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical
research. 2016; 8(8): 1192-1189.
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 215
16. Hussein HM, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Inscticidal
activity of methanolic seeds extract of Ricinus
communis on adult of callosobruchus maculatus
(coleopteran:brauchidae) and analysis of its
phytochemical composition. International journal
of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research.
2016; 8(8): 1385-1397.
17. Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH.
Determination of bioactive chemical composition
of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation
of its anti-fungal activity. International journal
of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research.
2016; 8(8): 1293-1299.
18. Ibraheam IA, Hussein HM, Hameed IH.
Cyclamen persicum: Methanolic Extract Using
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
(GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4);
200-213.
19. Ibraheam IA, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Analysis
of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic
Leaves extract of Mentha pulegium Using
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
(GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4);
174-182.
20. Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Ceratonia
siliqua: Characterization, Pharmaceutical
Products and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds:
A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3585-3589.
21. Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Mentha
pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic,
Antibacterial, Antioxidant eect and Analysis
of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10(10): 3580-3584.
22. Kadhim MJ, Sosa AA, Hameed IH. Evaluation
of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive
chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-
MS) techniques. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(6): 127-146.
23. Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hussein HM.
Characterization of bioactive chemical compounds
from Aspergillus terreus and evaluation of
antibacterial and antifungal activity. International
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical
Research. 2016; 8(6): 889-905.
24. Sosa AA, Bagi SH, Hameed IH. Analysis of
bioactive chemical compounds of Euphorbia
lathyrus using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(5): 109-126.
25. Mohammed GJ, Omran AM, Hussein HM.
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of
Piper nigrum using Gas Chromatography-
Mass Spectrum and Fourier-Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(6): 977-996.
26. Shareef HK, Muhammed HJ, Hussein HM,
Hameed IH. Antibacterial eect of ginger
(Zingiber ocinale) roscoe and bioactive
chemical analysis using gas chromatography
mass spectrum. Oriental Journal of Chemistry.
2016; 32(2): 20-40.
27. Al-Jassaci MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed
IH. Secondary Metabolites Analysis of
Saccharomyces cerievisiae and Evaluation of
Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;
8(5): 304-315.
28. Mohammed GJ, Al-Jassani MJ, Hameed IH.
Anti-bacterial, Antifungal Activity and Chemical
analysis of Punica grantanum (Pomegranate
peel) using GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy.
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(3): 480-494.
29. Dhahir BM, Hameed IH, Jaber AR. Prospective
and Retrospective Study of Fractures According
to Trauma Mechanism and Type of Bone Fracture.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2017; 10(10):1827-1835.
216 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3
30. Hapeep MA, Hameed IH, Jasim AA. Risk Factors,
Cause and Site of Firearm Injuries: A Prospective and
Retrospective Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy
and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3420-3425.
31. Jasim AA, Hameed IH, Hapeep MA. Traumatic
Events in an Urban and Rural Population of
Children, Adolescents and Adults in Babylon
Governorate - Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy
and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3429-3434.
32. Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Abu-Serag NA.
Analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds
of two medicinal plants, Equisetum arvense
and Alchemila valgaris seed using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-
transform infrared spectroscopy. Malays. Appl.
Biol. 2015; 44(4): 47–58.
33. Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ibraheem OA.
Antimicrobial Activity and spectral chemical
analysis of methanolic leaves extract of
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris using GC-MS and
FT-IR spectroscopy. International Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(3): 369-385.
34. Hussein HJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Study of
chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare using
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and
gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Journal
of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(3):
60-89.
35. Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. In
vitro antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical
analysis of methanolic fruit extract of Cassia
stula. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016;
32(2): 10-30.
36. Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Idan SA, Hadi MY.
Biochemical analysis of Origanum vulgare seeds
by fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(9): 221-237.
37. Jaddoa HH, Hameed IH, Mohammed GJ. Analysis
of volatile metabolites released by Staphylococcus
aureus using gas chromatography-Mass
spectrometry and determination of its antifungal
activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016;
32(4): 8-24.
38. Hameed IH, Salman HD, Mohammed GJ.
Evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial
activity and analysis of bioactive phytochemical
compounds of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
(Cinnamon bark) using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Oriental Journal of Chemistry.
2016; 32(4): 16-25.
39. Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hussein HM.
Analysis of bioactive metabolites from Candida
albicans using (GC-MS) and evaluation of
antibacterial activity. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;
8(7): 655-670.
40. Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Analysis of
bioactive compounds of Tribolium castaneum and
evaluation of anti-bacterial activity. International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
2016; 8(7): 655-670.
41. Hameed, I.H., Al-Rubaye A.F. and Kadhim, M.J.
Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and
Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;
8(11): 44-54.
42. Kadhim WA, Kadhim, M.J., Hameed, I.H.
Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Extracts
Against Proteus Species. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;
8(11): 88-94.
43. Ahmed MD, Hameed IH, Abd-Ali MQ.
Prospective and Retrospective Study of the Acute
Heart Attack Cases in Marjan Hospital-Hillah
City-Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3408-3416.
44. Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Burns
Injuries: A Prospective Statistical Study of 112
patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and
Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3401-3407.
45. Mekhlef AK, Hameed IH, Khudhair ME.
Prevalence of Physical Injuries on the Head, Neck
and Entire Body in, Hilla, Iraq. Research Journal
of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10):
3276-3282.
46. Hameed IH, Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ.
Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and
Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 217
of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;
9(1): 44-50.
47. Kadhim MJ, Kaizal AF, Hameed IH. Medicinal
Plants Used for Treatment of Rheumatoid
Arthritis: A Review. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;
8(12): 1685-1694.
48. Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of
the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus
and evaluation anti-insect activity. International
journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical
research. 2016; 8(8): 1192-1189.
49. Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH.
Determination of bioactive chemical composition
of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation
of its anti-fungal activity. International journal
of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research.
2016; 8(8): 1293-1299
50. Price J, Jason K. Cover Crops for Weed
Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage
Vegetable Cropping Systems. Weed Technology.
2013; 27 (1): 212–217.
 51.PopovicMV,LukicV,Jakovljevic M.The eect
of the radish (Raphanus sativus SSP Niger) juice
on liver function. Fitoterapia. 1993; 64; 229-231.
52. Fogli S, Nieri P, Breschi MC. The role of nitric
oxide in anthrecycline toxicity and prospects for
pharmacologic prevention of cardiac damage.
FASEB J. 2004; 18: 664-675.
53. Yu BP. Cellular defence against damage from
reactive oxygen species. Physiol Rev. 1994;
74:139–62.
54. Rainsford KD. Gastric ulcerogenicity of non-
steroidal anti-inammatory drugs in mice with
mucosa sensitized by cholinomimetic treatment.
J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1978; 39: 669-672
... Radish roots are primarily used as a food and food supplement. The beneficial effects of its roots, sprouts, seeds, and leaves include detoxification in HepG2 cells [34] as well as antioxidant [33], anti-inflammatory [35], gastroprotective [36], antifibrotic [37], anti-obesity [38], and antidiabetic [22] properties. These beneficial effects are often attributed to it containing sulfur compounds, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, and flavonoids [19,39]. ...
... Radish roots are primarily used as a food and food supplement. The beneficial effects of its roots, sprouts, seeds, and leaves include detoxification in HepG2 cells [34] as well as antioxidant [33], anti-inflammatory [35], gastroprotective [36], antifibrotic [37], antiobesity [38], and antidiabetic [22] properties. These beneficial effects are often attributed to it containing sulfur compounds, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, and flavonoids [19,39]. ...
Immunomodulatory Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Black Radish on Mouse Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Here, we determined the immunostimulatory effects of black radish (Raphanus sativus ver niger) hot water extract (BRHE) on a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that BRHE treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Moreover, BRHE increased the expression of the following immunomodulators in RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages: pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), iNOS, and COX-2. BRHE treatment significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Further, the effects of BRHE on macrophages were significantly diminished after the cells were treated with the TLR2 antagonist C29 or the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242. Therefore, BRHE-induced immunostimulatory phenotypes in mouse macrophages were reversed by multiple inhibitors, such as TLR antagonist, MAPK inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor indicating that BRHE induced macrophage activation through the TLR2/4–MAPK–NFκB–Akt–STAT3 signaling pathway. These results indicate that BRHE may serve as a potential immunomodulatory factor or functional food and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of black radish in future applications.
View
... R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus has many medicinal properties including anti-cancer, anti-microbial, cardio-protective, hepatoprotective, and organoleptic, to name a few [7,19,24,25,33,35,37,50]. R. raphanistrum subsp. ...
Varieties of USDA Certified Organic Raphanus Raphanistrum Subsp. Sativus [L.] Response to Salinity Stress
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2022
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus [L.] or radish, is a major economic root crop species grown in the United States of America, and it is a distinct member of the Brassicaceae family. It is consumed worldwide for its crunchy texture and piquant flavor, which is often described as sharp or spicy. Globally, agricultural lands have become contaminated with salts in the soils, which can greatly af- fect productivity of those plots. Climate change is also elevating sea water levels, which has been shown to infiltrate aquifers, and can cause agricultural damage to croplands if used as irrigation water. This experiment tested various sodium chloride concentrations on different varieties of USDA Certified Organic R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus seeds. The results from this study showed significant sta- tistical differences in germination and root length for different concentrations of sodium chloride. This study also showed significant differences between varieties of R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus at different sodium chloride concentrations.
View
... Administration of radish extracts can aid in preventing harmful ailments, such as liver injury, diabetes [9], hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis [12]. Radish has also shown to confer excellent treatment for asthma and other respiratory complains [13]. Besides, radish has considered as an effective antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor agent [14]. ...
View
... Successively, cells were treated with 100 and 80 µg/mL of CTL and ERA respectively, for 48 h. After that, cells (Kumar, 2017;Mohammed and Hameed, 2018) were pellet down and processed for DNA extraction according to the protocol described by Naz et al. (2021). The extracted DNA was analyzed on 1.5 % agarose gel. ...
Ethanolic extracts of Pakistani Euphorbiaceous plants induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells through induction of DNA damage and caspase-dependent pathway
Article
Background Numerous plants of Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family are traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases and recent studies also reported anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities of these plants. However, the medicinal potential of several indigenous euphorbiaceous plants of Pakistan is not described yet. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the in vitro anti-breast cancer potential of 10 euphorbiaceous plants of Pakistan. Methods Cytotoxic screening of ethanolic extracts of selected plants was performed by MTT assay. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to find the major groups of chemicals responsible for cytotoxic activity. To determine the genotoxic effect of plant extracts, microscopic analysis was carried out. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopic analysis were done to detect apoptosis. To find out the expression analysis of cell cycle and cell death regulatory genes, quantitative real-time polymerase reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. Results Among the 10 tested plants, ethanolic extracts of Croton tiglium (CTL) and Euphorbia royleana (ERA) were found to possess the highest anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7), with IC50 values 100 and 80 µg/mL respectively. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and steroids in both plant extracts, whereas, glycosides and saponins were found only in CTL and ERA, respectively. The cellular aberrations and nuclear morphologies with a distinct DNA laddering pattern substantiated the genotoxic effects. Furthermore, our data showed that CTL and ERA induce cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase by down-regulating the CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression followed by caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. However, based on the activation of initiator and executioner caspases, two distinct types of apoptotic pathways are proposed for these plants. The CTL prompted extrinsic while ERA triggered the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the strong anti-proliferative and caspase-dependent apoptotic potential of CTL and ERA against breast cancer cells. Further studies are suggested to find clinical implications of these plants in breast cancer therapeutic.
View
... Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable but they also have various medicinal actions. Traditionally its leaves, seeds and roots have been in use for several disorders such gastrointestinal, cardiac, biliary, hepatic, urological and respiratory 10,11 . ...
Effect of Raphanus Sativus (Radish) Leaf Extract on Atorvastatin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rabbits
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
Objectives: To investigate hepato-protective effect of ethanolic leave extract of Raphanus sativus against atorvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in albino rabbits. Study design: Experimental study Material and Method: This study conducted at department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The ethanolic extract of Raphanus sativus was prepared for hepatoprotective effect against hepatotoxicity produced by atorvastatin. Results: The results were compared with normal and experimental control. Serum was tested for ALT, AST, Alkaline Phosphatase and Bilirubin along with histological studies. Ethanolic extract of Raphanus sativus with 100mg/kg. of body weight dosage developed some changes representing hepatotoxicity but higher doses showed an increase in toxicity as observed on histologic sections. A reduction in fibrosis and cholestasis was observed which needs further evaluation. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of raphanus sativus did not show any amelioration in the increased enzymes level however a reduction in cholestasis was observed as represented by decreases in alkaline phosphatase levels also confirmed by histological studies.
View
... Palavras-chave: cloreto de trifeniltetrazólio; germinação; rabanete; viabilidade de sementes Introducción Raphanus sativus es un miembro de la familia Brassicaceae (Wang et al., 2017), cultivado y consumido en todo el mundo (Mohammad y Hameed, 2018), siendo la mayoría de sus variedades originarias de Asia, donde se usan los brotes frescos y silicuas inmaduras como vegetales (Kitashiba et al., 2014). Los rábanos deben su sabor fuerte a diversos compuestos químicos, incluyendo glucosinolatos, mirosinasas e isotiocianatos (Khudhair, Hameed y Mekhlef, 2017). ...
Implementación de la prueba de tetrazolio en las semillas de Raphanus sativus L
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2020
El Rábano (Raphanus sativus) es una especie de gran importancia por sus propiedades nutricionales, el alto porcentaje de aceite en sus semillas y la gran cantidad de metabolitos aprovechables. La producción de este cultivo se ve influenciada por factores como la utilización de semillas de alta o baja calidad. Es por esto que, en este estudio, se evaluó la aplicación del test de tetrazolio como método para determinar la viabilidad en semillas de Raphanus sativus. Inicialmente, se recolectaron semillas producidas en Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander, Colombia, las cuales fueron expuestas a dos concentraciones (0,5 % y 1,0 %) y dos tiempos de exposición (24 y 48 horas). Posteriormente, fueron observadas en el estereoscopio para determinar el porcentaje de viabilidad, contabilizando las semillas que presentaron intensa coloración roja en su embrión; se obtuvieron un 99 % y 97 % de semillas viables con los tratamientos T2 (0,5 %, 24 h) y T4 (0,5 %, 48 h) respectivamente, no existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sí (p ≤ 0,05: Tukey HSD). En comparación con la prueba de germinación, en la que se obtuvo un promedio de 99 %, no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas los tratamientos T2, T3 y T4. Se concluyó con esto que la prueba de viabilidad con tetrazolio es efectiva a concentraciones de 0,5 % y 1,0 %, durante tiempos de exposición de 24 y 48 horas.
View
... Palavras-chave: cloreto de trifeniltetrazólio; germinação; rabanete; viabilidade de sementes Introducción Raphanus sativus es un miembro de la familia Brassicaceae (Wang et al., 2017), cultivado y consumido en todo el mundo (Mohammad y Hameed, 2018), siendo la mayoría de sus variedades originarias de Asia, donde se usan los brotes frescos y silicuas inmaduras como vegetales (Kitashiba et al., 2014). Los rábanos deben su sabor fuerte a diversos compuestos químicos, incluyendo glucosinolatos, mirosinasas e isotiocianatos (Khudhair, Hameed y Mekhlef, 2017). ...
Evaluación del efecto inhibidor de la enzima polifenol oxidasa en una salsa de aguacate (Persea americana)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2020
Esta investigación busca estimar la inhibición de la enzima polifenol oxidasa en una pasta de Persea Americana variedad Hass por medio de la cáscara de cebolla (Allium cepa) de dos especies bulbo blanco y rojo sometidas a dos tratamientos térmicos de 100°C y 115 °C, con el fin de inhibir la polifenol oxidasa la cual convierte los fenoles en quinonas, causando el pardeamiento enzimático; para ello se realizaron diferentes tratamientos, utilizando la aplicación de un agente inhibidor a concentraciones y tiempos diferentes buscando aplicaciones ideales a tiempos determinados, se midieron las absorbancias de cuatro tratamientos, 1:0, 1.1, 1.2 y 2.1 respectivamente correspondientes a la enzima y al agente inhibidor, como resultados de la evaluación la actividad enzimática, se logró inhibición completa para una concentración 1:2 para la cebolla de bulbo blanco a temperatura de 100 °C en relación enzima sustrato, con la cebolla roja la inhibición fue variable para cada tratamiento.
View
Nutritional Comparison of Different Levels of Pomegranate Peel Extracts on Production Values and Performance in Female Rabbits
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
Pomegranates (Punicagranatum) are common plants that are related to the Lythraceae family. These plants and their extracts have used in medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activities. The present study carried out for 75 days and used 24of local-breed female rabbits that were aged 6-8 months. These animals were divided into three equal groups, each includes 8 females. The pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) were prepared and reached two aqueous concentrations, which are 200 and 100 mg/ml (w/v) for each group. This study indicated using PPE at 100 mg/ml orally led to significant effects more than 200 mg/ml, which were applied to the female rabbits. The parameters showed improvement of the body weight and gain, FCR values and feed intake at a low dose.However, the high dose of PPE had no significant difference in the trials of growth performance compared to control. Furthermore, the low dose of PPE illustrated an interesting impact of the pH values in the stomach and caecum. Nonetheless, this study reported that the administration of PPE orally led to a significant decrease in total counting of two pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella spp.In conclusion, the 100 mg/ml of PPE may promote the production and performance of the female rabbits. Introduction:
View
Potential of fruits and vegetables to treat inflammatory conditions
Article
  • Apr 2021
In response to pathogens, injury or irritation, inflammation is a natural biological mechanism. The inflammation process is a difficult immune response that can be characterised as the synchronous activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation seems to be significantly correlated with various types of diseases, such as arthritis, allergy, atherosclerosis and cancer. Some intermittent events, including redness, swelling, heat, and pain, often progressing to exudation and loss of function, typically describe inflammation. Some inflammatory cytokines that are important chemical substances found in the tissues of the body, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin, lymphocytes, and chemokines such as interferon-alpha (IFN-α), IFN-γ, are involved in the inflammation phase. Vegetables and fruit-derived formulations have been used to treat inflammatory conditions and their associated disorders. Evidence shows that fruits like grapes, watermelon, orange and vegetable-rich diets like Allium cepa, Momordica charantia, Raphanus sativus etc. are beneficial against common chronic diseases, cancer, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these fruits and vegetables provide vitamins, minerals and fibre in our diet. Anti-inflammatory compounds in onions help to lessen the clinical symptoms associated with conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the presence of various phytochemicals in bitter melon, it is used in inflammation in bones and joints, inflammation in cancer and cardiovascular as well as neurodegenerative diseases and haemorrhoids. Lycopene in tomato also acts on cytokine channels in human adipose tissue, and inhibit the level of inflammatory biomarkers. This article focuses on such healthy foods and vegetables that have the capability to treat inflammatory disorders. From this we can conclude that fruits and vegetables are promising in limiting the inflammation.
View
Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource-based disease treatments
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
Kuspraningrum E, Luth T, Yuliati, Safa'at R, Kuspradini H. 2020. Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource-based disease treatments. Biodiversitas 21: 5040-5053. The indigenous people of Tengger, a community living around Bromo Mountain in East Java, frequently use ethnic knowledge to process biological natural resources into medicines used to cure diseases. These include Foeniculum vulgare Mill. tree, Tithonia diversifolia/insulin tree, Mikania cordata L. and Bidens pilosa tree, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn., and Acorus calamus L. This intelligence is acquired consciously to solve health problems. In addition, the bond between the community and nature is highly philosophical, hence the presence of respect and maintaining the harmony of Knowledge obtained from nature ensures life continuity. Therefore, the belief is passed on through the generations, and traditional knowledge is attained following the gain of existence. This phenomenon is proven by numerous modern researches with scientific methods that admit the plant healing properties. In addition, traditional knowledge is a significant topic of interest in the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity, and was thus ratified by Law Number 5 of 1994. The object of this research is potential medicinal plants for healing and tengger indigenous people's conservation model is to provide a platform to protect the interest of biological resources, including their use in the field of medicines belonging to indigenous peoples. Therefore, the empirical interdisciplinary research involves the compilation of data from the collection of similar scientific journals, for use as evidence. This is important to ascertain the existence of traditional medicine based on natural resources, followed by integrations with other disciplines, including the laws to be developed concerning the best protection methods. Furthermore, this investigation is essential for identifying the philosophical values of Tengger people, the importance of knowledge conservation, and recognizing the laws and regulations-based efforts aimed at protecting information on plant-based medicine production from extinction and biopiracy. These considerations are important because the absence of government intervention, alongside the preservation of plant species and traditional knowledge on treatment predisposes the possibility of destruction.
View
Traumatic Events in an Urban and Rural Population of Children, Adolescents and Adults in Babylon Governorate-Iraq
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
In our study a total of 130 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching0.00%) respectively in female. Our study also distributed all trauma cases according to age groups and marital status (married, single, widower, and single (child) were 53(40.77%), 41(31.54%), 2(1.54%) and 34(26.15%) respectively. Distribution of trauma cases according to gender and type of trauma (combat\war zone, disasters, crime, vehicle accidents, and mixed) were 8(6.15%), 33(25.38%), 16(12.31%), 55(42.31%), and 18(13.85%) respectively. Also distributed all trauma cases according to type of trauma and age groups (
View
Risk Factors, Cause and Site of Firearm Injuries: A Prospective and Retrospective Study
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
Firearm injury (FI) is one of the most important causes of death among military personnel. According to the World Health Organization, firearms are used in two thirds of all homicide cases and one fifth of suicide cases. In our study a total of 115 cases were included who admitted in the Hillah Teaching Hospital from 1st October 2016 to 30th Mach 2017. The highest numbers of firearms injuries cases were in the age group of 21-30 years, that was 71(61.74%) followed by 31-40 years 16(13.91%). Our study also distributed all cases according to marital status (married and single) and age groups (8-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61-70) were 82(71.30%) in married and 33(28.69%) in single. Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age groups and education status (Primary, Secondary and College) that there were 41(35.65%) in primary status, 57(49.56%) in secondary status and 17(14.78%) in college status. Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age and Precipitating Factors (Political Protest, Psychiatric Illness, Family Quarrels, Marital Disharmony, Love /Friendship Affairs) were 52(45.21%), 4(3.47%), 4(3.47%), 3(2.60%) and 4(3.47%) respectively. Also have been distributed according to gender: 113(98.26%) in male and 2(1.73%) in female. Distribution of firearms injuries cases according to age groups and causes (fights, accidents, stray bullet and suicide) recorded 58(50.43%), 46(40.00%), 9(7.83%), and 2(1.74%) respectively. This study also included distribution of firearms cases according to number of cases and months during period 2010-2016.
View
Prevalence of Physical Injuries on the Head, Neck and Entire Body in, Hilla, Iraq
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
The aim of our study was conducted to assess the clinical profile of all patients with bruising injury, skeletal injury, head injury, ocular injury and oral injury. This study also included investigation of traumatic injuries associated with fracture, covering the period from 2010 to 2015. Knowledge of these associated injuries provides useful strategies for patient care and prevention of further complications. Eighty three males and twenty seven female (age range 15-75 years) were included in the study. Injuries were distributed randomly over the body surface and were mostly located in the skeletal [n=60 (66%)], but those to the bruising [n=1 (0.91%)], head [n=41 (37.21%)], ocular [n=2 (1.18%)], and oral [n=1 (0.91%)].
View
Prospective and Retrospective Study of the Acute Heart Attack Cases in Marjan Hospital-Hillah City-Iraq
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
The objective of this study was planned to study the causes/risk factors as well as nature, marital status, occupation grade, smoking, diabetes, obesity, social support, location of heart attack, hyperuricemia, and therapeutic used of acute heart attack cases in Marjan hospital, Hilla city, Iraq. The highest numbers of acute heart attack cases were in the age group of 61-70 years, that was 39(31.96%) followed by 51-60 years 31(25.41%). acute heart attack cases according to gender and occupation grade (intermediate and low) were 52(91.23%) and 48(73.85%) respectively in male, and recorded 5(8.78%) and 17(26.15%) respectively in female. Also acute heart attack cases had been distributed according to smoking (never, Ex. and current) were 12(35.29%), 53(96.36%), and 33(100%) respectively in male and 22(64.71%), 2(3.64%), and 0(0.0%) respectively in female. Our study also distributed all patients according to therapeutic used (Beta-blocker, Aspirin, Antiplatelet, Calcium antagonist, Nitrites, Lipid-lowering, ACE inhibitor and Diuretics) were.19%) and 22(21.57%) respectively in female. This study also included investigation of traumatic injuries associated with fracture, covering the period from 2010 to 2015.
View
Burns Injuries: A Prospective Statistical Study of 112 patients
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
A total of 112 cases were included who admitted in the emergency department of Hillah Teaching Hospital. These cases had been distributed according to age group (Less of year, 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70), it were 1(0.89%), 50(44.64%), 18(10.07%), 21(18.75%), 8(7.14%), 6(5.36%), 5(4.46%), and 3(2.68%) respectively. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to gender status male and female were in [53(47.32%) and 59(52.68%)] respectively. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to gender and age groups recorded [1(1.89%), 26(49.06%), 11(20.75%), 6(11.32%), 4(7.55%), 2(3.78%), 2(3.78%), and 1(1.89%)] according age group in male respectively, and [0(0.00%), 25(42.37%), 7(11.86%), 15(25.42%), 4(6.78%), 4(6.78%), 3(5.08%), and 1(1.69%)] according age group in female respectively. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to Hospital stay: stay and Out. It were in [32(60.38%) and 21(39.62%)] male respectively and [41(69.49%) and 18(30.51%)] in female respectively. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to hospital stay and age group (Less of year, 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70), it were 1(1.37%), 33(45.21%), 12(28.77%), 16(21.92%), 5(6.85%), 3(4.11%), 1(1.37%), 2(2.74%) respectively in stay and 0(0.0%), 17(43.59%), 6(15.38%), 5(12.82%), 3(7.69%), 3(7.69%), 4(10.26%), 1(2.56%) respectively in out. Our study recorded 107(95.54%) cases live outcomes, and 5(4.46%) cases dead outcomes. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to outcomes (live and dead) and age group: 1(0.93%), 50(46.73%), 17(15.89%), 20(18.69%), 8(7.48%), 4(3.74%), 4(3.74%), 3(2.80%), respectively in live outcome and 0(0.00%), 0(0.00%), 1(20.0%), 1(20.0%), 0(0.00%), 2(40.0%), 1(20.0%), 0(0.00%) respectively in dead outcome. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to gender and degree of burn (1-10%2nd3rd, 11-20%2nd3rd, 21-30%2nd3rd, 31-40%2nd3rd, 41-50%2nd3rd, 51- 60%2nd3rd, 61-70%2nd3rd, 71-80%2nd3rd, 81-90%2nd3rd, 91-100%2nd3rd) were 43(38.39%), 34(30.36%), 12(10.71%), 10(8.93%), 2(1.79%), 3(2.68%), 2(1.79%), 1(0.89%), 2(1.79%), 3(2.68%) respectively. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to gender and marital status have been increased in single 69(61.60%) than in married 43(38.39%). Burn injuries cases according to age group and marital status recorded 1(1.44%), 50(72.46%), 13(18.84%), 2(2.89%), 0(0.00%), 1(1.44%), 1(1.44%), 1(1.44%) respectively in single status, and recorded 0(0.00%), 0(0.00%), 5(11.63%), 19(44.19%), 8(18.60%), 5(11.63%), 4(46.51%), 2(4.65%) respectively in married status. Distribution of burn injuries cases according to gender, age and education status (Primary, Secondary, Unlettered, Left school, and Child) recorded 38(33.93%), 20(17.86%), 9(8.04%), 3(2.68%), and 42(37.50%) respectively.
View
Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world population rely chiefly on plant based traditional medicine specially for their primary health care needs and there has been a worldwide move towards the use of traditional medicines due to concerns over the more invasive, expensive and potentially toxic main stream practices. This review gives a bird's eye view on the updated information on urinary tract infections (UTIs), different categories of urologic herbs, historical use and modern scientific investigations on some important urologic herbs, clinical studies, some isolated chemical compounds and their possible side effects.
View
Medicinal plants used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A review
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2016
The objective of this present review is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Zingiber officinale in rheumatoid arthritis. We have also aimed to present a summary of mechanism of action of specific phytochemicals of Zingiber officinale to reduce the pain claimed by RA-affected patients. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease, which affects synovial tissue in multiple joints. Although conventional treatments of RA commonly alleviate the symptoms, high incidence of adverse reactions leads to research tendency towards complementary and alternative medicine. As various medicinal plants are traditionally used for the management of symptomatologies associated with RA in Persian medicine, we reviewed medicinal literature to confirm their efficacy in the management of RA. Key findings Scientific evidence revealed that traditional medicaments exert beneficial effects on RA through several cellular mechanisms including downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6 and NF-jB, suppression of oxidative stress, inhibition of cartilage degradation with destructive metalloproteinases and enhancement of antioxidant performance. Various active constituents from different chemical categories including flavonols, lignans, coumarins, terpenes, glycosylflavons, dihydroflavonols, phytoestrogens, sesquiterpene lactones, anthraquinones, alkaloids and thymoquinones have been isolated from the medicinal plants. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. All rights reserved.
View
Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Proteus species
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2016
Infectious diseases are one of the major problems in developing as well as developed countries. Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of different types of medicines. Most of the drugs today are obtained from natural sources or semi synthetic derivatives of natural products used in the traditional systems of medicine. Thus, it is a logical approach in drug discovery to screen traditional natural products. Approximately 20% of the plants found in the world have been submitted to pharmaceutical or biological test and a sustainable number of new antibiotics introduced in the market are obtained from natural or semi synthetic resources. Medicinal plants are finding their way into pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and neutralceuticals. In pharmaceutical field medicinal plants are mostly used for the wide range of substances present in plants which have been used to treat chronic as well as infectious diseases. Long before mankind discovered the existence of microbes, the idea that certain plants had healing potential, indeed, that they contained what we would currently characterize as antimicrobial principles, was well accepted. Since antiquity, man has used plants to treat common infectious diseases and some of these traditional medicines are still included as part of the habitual treatment of various maladies. The drugs already in use to treat infectious disease are of concern because drug safety remains an enormous global issue. Most of the synthetic drugs cause side effects and also most of the microbes developed resistant against the synthetic drugs. To alleviate this problem, antimicrobial compounds from potential plants should be explored. These drugs from plants are less toxic, side effects are scanty and also cost effective. They are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials. Plants are rich source of antibacterial agents because they produce wide array of bioactive molecules, most of which probably evolved as chemical defense against predation or infection. A major part of the total population in developing countries still uses traditional folk medicine obtained from plant resources with an estimation of WHO that as many as 80% of world population living in rural areas rely on herbal traditional medicines as their primary health care, the study on properties and uses of medicinal plants are getting growing interests. In recent years, this interest to evaluate plants possessing antibacterial activity for various diseases is growing. The present antibacterial review of the plant extracts demonstrates that folk medicine can be as effective as modern medicine to combat pathogenic microorganisms. The millenarian use of these plants in folk medicine suggests that they represent an economic and safe alternative to treat infectious diseases.
View
Analysis of Volatile Metabolites Released by Staphylococcus Aureus using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Determination of its Antifungal Activity
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2016
Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been considered as sensitive and specific biomarkers for bacterial detection in human specimens and culture media. The possibility of using VOCs markers as one of the largest groups of bacterial metabolites would open a new frontier for developing more efficient techniques in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. The aims of this research were analysis of the bioactive chemical products and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Bioactives (chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques, then the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated. Thirty five bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Staphylococcus aureus. GC-MS analysis of Staphylococcus aureus revealed the existence of the: Hexanoic acid , 2-methyl, 12,15-Octadecadiynoic acid , methyl ester, 1-Aminononadecane ,N-trifluoroacetyl-, N-[3-[N-Aziridyl]propylidene]hexylamine, N-(2,5-Dicyano-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl)-acetamide, 3-Cyclohex-3-enyl-propionic acid, 1-Methyl-4-[nitromethyl]-4-piperidinol, 3-Azonia-5-hexyn-1-ol , N,N-dimethyl-O-acetyl-,bromide, 1-Hexadecanol -2-methyl-, 1-Propyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantan, 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane , 9-mercapto-, Benzyl methyl ketone, L-Aspartic acid ,N-glycyl-, Aminoacetamide , N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-, Tertbutyloxyformamide , N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butyn, 5,7-Dodecadiyn-1,12-diol, Deoxyspergualin, D-Streptamine , O-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4), dl-Citrulline, N-[3-Diethylaminopropyl]-4-oxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroqui, N-Propionyl-D-glucoseamine, Cystine, 3,4-Dihydrocoumarin ,6-fluoro-4,4-dimethyl-, 4-(2,5-Dihydro-3-methoxyphenyl)butylamine, 3-methoxy-2-(1-methylethyl)-5-(2-methylpropyl)pyrazine, Uric acid, Thiocyanic acid 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-3-pyridyl ester, 12-Dimethylamino-10-oxododecanoic acid, Glycyl-D-asparagine, Actinomycin C2, 12-Octadecenoic acid , methyl ester, 6-Octadecenoic acid , methyl ester ,(z)-, 2,5-Piperazinedione , 3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl)-, l-Leucyl-d-leucine and Methyl 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate. Gramineae poaceae was very highly active (6.71±0.13) mm. The results of anti-fungal activity produced by Staphylococcus aureus showed that the volatile compounds were highly effective to suppress the growth of Aspergillus terreus. Staphylococcus aureus produce many important secondary metabolites with high biological activities. Based on the significance of employing bioactive compounds in pharmacy to produce drugs for the treatment of many diseases, the purification of compounds produced by Staphylococcus aureus can be useful.
View
View