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Abstract

Cyclamen was traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae, was reclassified in the subfamily Myrsinoideae within the family Primulaceae. The aqueous extract obtained from the Cyclamen europaeum root-tuber is rich in saponins. These substances are known for their surfactant activity, which means they are adsorbed through the nasal mucosa without being absorbed into the bloodstream. The action of cyclamen extract is local, and it is never absorbed into the bloodstream, so there are no known medication interactions associated with it. This product can be prescribed both as a monotherapy and, if needed, in combined therapy with other medications for treating rhinosinusitis. These include antibiotics, corticosteroids and antihistamines. If use of another nasal spray is required, waiting 2 hours between the two products is recommended. The surfactant action of the cyclamen saponins on the nasal mucosa reduces surface tension, facilitating humidification of the zone in addition to the secretion of mucin by goblet cells. This fluidifies the mucous accumulated in the nasal cavity, facilitating its elimination and thereby relieving congestion.
Anti-inammatory Eects and Other Uses of
Cyclamen Species: A Review
Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed1, Imad Hadi Hameed2, Sabreen A. Kamal3
1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; 2Biomedical
Science Department, University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah city, Iraq; 3Department of Biology,
College of Science for women, University of Babylon, Hillah city, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Cyclamen was traditionally classied in the family Primulaceae, was reclassied in the subfamily
Myrsinoideae within the family Primulaceae. The aqueous extract obtained from the Cyclamen europaeum
root-tuber is rich in saponins. These substances are known for their surfactant activity, which means they are
adsorbed through the nasal mucosa without being absorbed into the bloodstream. The action of cyclamen
extract is local, and it is never absorbed into the bloodstream, so there are no known medication interactions
associated with it. This product can be prescribed both as a monotherapy and, if needed, in combined
therapy with other medications for treating rhinosinusitis. These include antibiotics, corticosteroids and
antihistamines. If use of another nasal spray is required, waiting 2 hours between the two products is
recommended. The surfactant action of the cyclamen saponins on the nasal mucosa reduces surface tension,
facilitatinghumidicationofthezoneinadditiontothesecretionofmucinbygobletcells.Thisuidiesthe
mucous accumulated in the nasal cavity, facilitating its elimination and thereby relieving congestion.
Keyword: Cyclamen, species, Anti-inammatory, Bioactive compounds, Applications.
Corresponding Author:
Imad Hadi Hameed
Biomedical Science Department,
University of Babylon, College of Nursing,
Hillah city, Iraq;
Phone: 009647716150716
E-mail: imad_dna@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Cyclamen is Medieval Latin, from earlier Latin
cyclamīnos,becauseoftheroundtuber.In English,the
species of the genus are commonly called by the genus
name1-9.Isagenusof23speciesofperennialowering
plants in the family Primulaceae10-26. Cyclamen species
are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east
to Iran, with one species in Somalia. They grow from
tubers and are valued for their owers with upswept
petals and variably patterned leaves. Species: Cyclamen
africanum, Cyclamen abchasicum, Cyclamen alpinum,
Cyclamen balearicum, Cyclamen cilicium, Cyclamen
colchicum, Cyclamen confusum, Cyclamen coum,
Cyclamen creticum, Cyclamen cyprium, Cyclamen
elegans, Cyclamen graecum, Cyclamen hederifolium,
Cyclamen intaminatum, Cyclamen libanoticum,
Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen parviorum, Cyclamen
persicum, Cyclamen pseudibericum, Cyclamen
purpurascens, Cyclamen repandum, Cyclamen rhodium,
Cyclamen rohlfsianum, and Cyclamen somalense. In
many languages26-34, cyclamen species are colloquially
called by a name like the English sowbread, because
they are said to be eaten by pigs: pain de pourceau in
French, pan porcino in Italian, varkensbrood in Dutch,
“pigs’ manjū” in Japanese. In addition, the saponins
stimulate the sensitive receptors present in the nasal
mucosa, inducing a nociceptive response transmitted by
the trigeminal nerve35-42. The nasal mucosa is entirely
innervated by the trigeminal nerve, and therefore the
cholinergic response generated in the nasal cavity
is observed throughout the nasal mucosa, favouring
opening of the ostium, increasing glandular secretions
and increasing ciliar movement in the entire area43-50. The
accumulated secretions in the sinuses are consequently
drained through the nose, providing rapid symptomatic
relief of nasal congestion51.
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00210.3
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 207
Anti-inammatory eects of cyclamen: Cyclamens
are plants native to an area of southern Europe, northern
Africa and western Asia bordering the Mediterranean
sea. The Cyclamen genus comprises around 20 species,
the most familiar being purpurascens, widely cultivated
asahouseplantforitsshowy,darkgreenleavesecked
withsilver,andnoddingwhite,pinkorredowerswith
their familiar, reexed petals52-55. In medieval times
cyclamen retained its plethora of uses, but became used
increasingly in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic
conditions. Recent research has focused on reported anti-
inammatory and antinociceptive eects of cyclamen
extracts. The roots contain triterpene glycosides known
as saponins and researchers at the University of Padua in
Italy have found that extracts of the tubers of Cyclamen
repandum show promising activity when tested on
rats and mice56-60. The researchers have isolated and
identied the various glycosides and have carried out
furtherinvitrostudiesmeasuringtheanti-inammatory
properties of cyclamen extracts. They concentrated
particularly upon the activity of a newly isolated saponin
called repandoside61-63. Results showed that repandoside
is one of several saponins that did indeed mediate the
inammatoryresponseby inuencingthebehaviour of
human macrophages. It is hoped that these compounds
can be developed for future use in the treatment of
inammatoryconditions64.
CONCLUSION
Cyclamen,iswidely used intheanti-inammatory
andantinociceptiveeects.Cyclamen derived bioactive
compounds used as source of antibiotic properties and
pharmaceutical industries used for drug formulation.
Financial disclosure:Thereisnonancialdisclosure.
Conict of interest: None to declare.
Ethical Clearance: In this review, all information were
collected and completed analysis under the biological
department of college of Science in Hillah city.
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... The origin of the cyclamen species is the Mediterranean basin and they spreads from Europe to the east of Iran and one species is found in Somalia (Curuk et al. 2015;Izgu et al. 2016;Mohammed et al. 2018). The Cyclamen genus in the world is given in Figure 1. ...
... The use of the cyclamen plant was known to the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). The use of cyclamen was widespread in the Middle Ages, and it is increasingly being used for its use in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic (Mohammed et al. 2018). Cyclamen tubers collected in the spring are used for various ailments such as headaches and earaches, colds, toothaches, gas, digestive disorders, rheumatism and skin diseases (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). ...
... Again, it is reported that saponizides in these tubers are diuretic, anti-exudative and effective in tinnitus (Yaldız et al. 2010). Roots contain triterpene glycosides known as saponins (Mohammed et al. 2018). In addition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of some Cyclamen species, such as C. repandum and C. mirabile have been reported (Dall'acqua et al. 2010). ...
... The origin of the cyclamen species is the Mediterranean basin and they spreads from Europe to the east of Iran and one species is found in Somalia (Curuk et al. 2015;Izgu et al. 2016;Mohammed et al. 2018). The Cyclamen genus in the world is given in Figure 1. ...
... The use of the cyclamen plant was known to the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). The use of cyclamen was widespread in the Middle Ages, and it is increasingly being used for its use in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic (Mohammed et al. 2018). Cyclamen tubers collected in the spring are used for various ailments such as headaches and earaches, colds, toothaches, gas, digestive disorders, rheumatism and skin diseases (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). ...
... Again, it is reported that saponizides in these tubers are diuretic, anti-exudative and effective in tinnitus (Yaldız et al. 2010). Roots contain triterpene glycosides known as saponins (Mohammed et al. 2018). In addition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of some Cyclamen species, such as C. repandum and C. mirabile have been reported (Dall'acqua et al. 2010). ...
Chapter
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Anthurium is the most popular genus with the Araceae Family, which is a monocotyledonous and epiphytic ornamental plant (Castro et al., 2004). By discovering many new species especially in the Andes of Western South America, more than 1690 species were named and described today (Croat, 2015). Although there seem to be different chromosome numbers in Anthuriums, the most common chromosome number is 2n=30 (Sheffer&Kamemoto 1976; Sheffer&Croat 1983).
... The origin of the cyclamen species is the Mediterranean basin and they spreads from Europe to the east of Iran and one species is found in Somalia (Curuk et al. 2015;Izgu et al. 2016;Mohammed et al. 2018). The Cyclamen genus in the world is given in Figure 1. ...
... The use of the cyclamen plant was known to the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). The use of cyclamen was widespread in the Middle Ages, and it is increasingly being used for its use in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic (Mohammed et al. 2018). Cyclamen tubers collected in the spring are used for various ailments such as headaches and earaches, colds, toothaches, gas, digestive disorders, rheumatism and skin diseases (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). ...
... Again, it is reported that saponizides in these tubers are diuretic, anti-exudative and effective in tinnitus (Yaldız et al. 2010). Roots contain triterpene glycosides known as saponins (Mohammed et al. 2018). In addition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of some Cyclamen species, such as C. repandum and C. mirabile have been reported (Dall'acqua et al. 2010). ...
... The origin of the cyclamen species is the Mediterranean basin and they spreads from Europe to the east of Iran and one species is found in Somalia (Curuk et al. 2015;Izgu et al. 2016;Mohammed et al. 2018). The Cyclamen genus in the world is given in Figure 1. ...
... The use of the cyclamen plant was known to the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). The use of cyclamen was widespread in the Middle Ages, and it is increasingly being used for its use in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic (Mohammed et al. 2018). Cyclamen tubers collected in the spring are used for various ailments such as headaches and earaches, colds, toothaches, gas, digestive disorders, rheumatism and skin diseases (Mazouz and Djeddi, 2013). ...
... Again, it is reported that saponizides in these tubers are diuretic, anti-exudative and effective in tinnitus (Yaldız et al. 2010). Roots contain triterpene glycosides known as saponins (Mohammed et al. 2018). In addition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of some Cyclamen species, such as C. repandum and C. mirabile have been reported (Dall'acqua et al. 2010). ...
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR THE MITIGATION OF ABIOTIC STRESS IN FRUIT CROPS UNDER SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
... tubers and the antifungal activity of C. mirabile and C. trochopteranthum (syn: C. alpinum) have also been reported (Düşen et al., 2014;Jihadi Mohammed et al., 2018;Öz et al., 2013). The tubers of C. coum are used for the treatment of infertility and in cases of gynecological diseases as an anti-inflammatory in some parts of Turkey (Cansaran & Kaya, 2006;Han & Bulut, 2015); they are also used to treat rheumatic pain (Türkan et al., 2006). ...
... Pharmacological investigations of the saponins of Cyclamen spp. tubers revealed cytotoxic, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antiinflammatory activities in vitro (Dall'acqua et al., 2010;Düşen et al., 2016;Jihadi Mohammed et al., 2018;Kupchan et al., 1967;Mahasneh & El-Oqlah, 1999;Speroni et al., 2007). The analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of C. repandum and C. mirabile have also been reported (Dall'acqua et al., 2010). ...
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The genus Cyclamen is native to Turkey, where it is represented by 12 perennial tuberous geophytic taxa. In this study, a detailed anatomical description of all Cyclamen taxa found in Turkey is provided for the first time. Tuber, root, petiole, and leaf cross‐sections were stained with Astra blue and safranin, and tuber slides were also stained with sartur. Tubers of these taxa used by local people as a treatment for infertility were separately investigated. Stomatal index values and epidermis cell features of the studied taxa were measured. Indumentum features of the leaves were described for the first time. Petiole and leaf anatomy and particularly stomatal density, size, and index, provided valuable evidence for species identification. Tuber, root, petiole, and leaf cross-sections of the 11 species belong to genus Cyclamen were studied. Leaf anatomy and morphology, particularly stomatal density, index and size provided valuable evidence for identification of this species Although the anatomical features of these taxa are not sufficient as diagnostic characters, they can be used together with morphological features.
... Studies have shown that the root of C. persicum is rich in saponins, which are known to reduce cholesterol levels, treat diabetes, and inhibit tumor growth. It has been observed that the root is absorbed through the nasal mucosa but not into the bloodstream 18 . ...
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... ex Colebr., antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, asthma, skin wounds, sedative [114][115][116]; Bryonia spp., anti-inflammatory [117]; Carum carvi L., diuretic, dyspepsia, emmenagogue, gastrointestinal disorders [118,119]; Capparis spinosa L., antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotector (aerial parts), hypocholesterolemic (fruit), hypoglycaemic (fruit), hypolipidemic (fruit) [120][121][122]; Centaurium erythraea Rafn., antipyretic, hepatoprotector [123,124]; Centaurea benedicta (L.) L., antischistosomiasis, wounds, antiulcer [125,126]; Ceterach officinarum Willd., antioxidant [127,128]; Cichorium endivia L., antioxidant (hypogeal parts), hepatoprotector [129,130]; Citrus medica L., antibacterial [131]; Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic [132][133][134]; Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, airways, gastrointestinal disorders, strengthens the nervous system [135][136][137]; Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., anti-inflammatory [138]; Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr., antibacterial [139]; Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antihistamine, di-gestive, emmenagogue, stimulates the urinary tract, gingivitis, airways [140][141][142]; Crocus spp., gastrointestinal disorders, airways, sedative [143][144][145][146]; Cucumis melo L., antiinflammatory [147]; Cuminum cynumum L., emmenagogue, gastrointestinal disorders [118]; Curcuma longa L., gastrointestinal disorders, airways [148,149]; Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton, anti-inflammatory [150,151]; Cynoglossum officinale L., analgesic, antibacterial, antihemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic [152]; Cyperus esculentus L., anti-inflammatory [153]; Daucus carota L., circulation [154]; Dorema ammoniacum D. Don, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, kidney stones, depurative, dermatitis, diuretic, laxative, neuroprotector, airways [155][156][157][158]; Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumoral, circulation [159]; Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, antiinflammatory [160]; Eryngium maritimum L., antioxidant [161]; Eupatorium cannabinum L., anti-inflammatory, choleretic, hepatoprotector [162,163]; Euphorbia spp., laxative, vermifuge/ anthelmintic [164,165]; Ferula gummosa Boiss., antibacterial (E.O. from the seeds), antiinflammatory [166][167][168]; Foeniculum vulgare Mill., antimicrobial, blood depurative [169]; Fumaria officinalis L., anti-inflammatory, diuretic [170,171]; Galega officinalis L., antibacterial [172]; Glechoma hederacea L., anti-inflammatory [173]; Glycyrrhiza glabra L., antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antihistamine, airways [174][175][176]; Hordeum vulgare L., antidiarrheal, constipation, expectorant (aerial parts, whole fruits) [177,178]; Hypericum perforatum L., antibacterial, anti-inflammatory [179,180]; Larix spp. ...
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This work is based on the study of 150 majolica vases dated back to the mid XVII century that once preserved medicinal remedies prepared in the ancient Pharmacy annexed to the Ospedale Maggiore Ca’ Granda in Milan (Lombardy, Italy). The Hortus simplicium was created in 1641 as a source of plant-based ingredients for those remedies. The main objective of the present work is to lay the knowledge base for the restoration of the ancient Garden for educational and informative purposes. Therefore, the following complementary phases were carried out: (i) the analysis of the inscriptions on the jars, along with the survey on historical medical texts, allowing for the positive identification of the plant ingredients of the remedies and their ancient use as medicines; (ii) the bibliographic research in modern pharmacological literature in order to validate or refute the historical uses; (iii) the realization of the checklist of plants potentially present in cultivation at the ancient Garden, concurrently with the comparison with the results of a previous in situ archaeobotanical study concerning pollen grains. For the species selection, considerations were made also regarding drug amounts in the remedies and pedoclimatic conditions of the study area. Out of the 150 vases, 108 contained plant-based remedies, corresponding to 148 taxa. The remedies mainly treated gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. At least one of the medicinal uses was validated in scientific literature for 112 out of the 148 examined species. Finally, a checklist of 40 taxa, presumably hosted in the Hortus simplicium, was assembled.
... Antiinflammatory (Mohammed et al., 2018). (Jahanpour et al., 2015). ...
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that affects one-third of the world’s population. Although currently available TB drugs have many side effects, such as nausea, headache and gastrointestinal discomfort, no new anti-TB drugs have been produced in the past 30 years. Therefore, the discovery of a new anti-TB agent with minimal or no side effects is urgently needed. Many previous works have reported the effects of medicinal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). However, none have focused on medicinal plants from the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region. This review highlights the effects of medicinal plants from the MENA region on TB. Medicinal plants from the MENA region have been successfully used as traditional medicine and first aid against TB related problems. A total of 184 plants species representing 73 families were studied. Amongst these species, 93 species contained more active compounds with strong anti-MTB activity (crude extracts and/or bioactive compounds with activities of 0–100 µg/ml). The extract of Inula helenium, Khaya senegalensis, Premna odorata and Rosmarinus officinalis presented the strongest anti-MTB activity. In addition, Boswellia papyrifera (Del) Hochst olibanum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh leaves (river red gum), Nigella sativa (black cumin) seeds and genus Cymbopogon exhibited anti-TB activity. The most potent bioactive compounds included alantolactone, octyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, thymoquinone, piperitone, α- verbenol, citral b and α-pinene. These compounds affect the permeability of microbial plasma membranes, thus kill the mycobacterium spp. As a conclusion, plant species collected from the MENA region are potential sources of novel drugs against TB.
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