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Urban sprawl on agricultural land in Iraq
A study of Karkh area in the city of Baghdad
This research is the scientific in
agricultural areas in Iraq, in addition to studying the reasons for that crawl within the political
and
economic changes in Iraq between 2003 and 2015, taking into consideraon the specificity
of the social situation of the inhabitants of the region. This subject acquires its importance from
the importance of understanding the future developments of the cit
order to develop mechanisms to address the causes and legal loopholes that lead to this
phenomenon thus the development of mechanisms to help tackle these problems. The
research provides an preliminary understanding of the extent a
phenomenon and its effects on the surrounding environment in both the short and the long
terms thus enabling to address these problems and to reduce the effects throughout laws,
regulations and policies adopted by the state.
The resea
rch methodology adopted by this research is based on statistical and geographic
analysis using statistical and geographical information gathered by field study or acquired from
third parties and governmental organizations as a source of data, The research
Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to achieve an in
problem through a series of objectives:
1. A brief definion about urban sprawl, its history, and the potenal impact and effects in
relation to the poli
tical and economic changes as well as the social on cultural characteristics of
Iraq in particular.
2. Reviewing academic literature about urban sprawl in the world and Iraq in parcular, and
the main reasons leading to the increasing of this phenomenon.
3. Reviewing legal loopholes that have been used to encroach upon agricultural land.
Through which the review laws which have been overlooked for humanitarian reasons.
4. Choosing a casestudy site (palm groves in the Karkh district of Baghdad) / neighborin
areas "Topchi, housing, entrance Kazimiyah" as an example of urban sprawl between the year
2003 and the year 2015 and the changes that have occurred in the region through the GIS
system analysis. And then study these changes to understand its effects on
the city.
Finally the research ends with a set of conclusions, final key points and proposals for future
research on the subject of the study.
INTRODUCTION:
The first object of this re
the residential squatter on agricultural land within the concept of squatters housing and their
synonyms with a set of definitions.
The second object includes academic literature discussion
evolution and increasing of residential sprawl phenomenon within its general and private
causes related to the demographic,planning, economic and political reasons.
Hussaen Ali Hasan Kahachi
Assistant Lecturer
University of Technology/ Arch. Eng. Dep.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
Urban sprawl on agricultural land in Iraq
–
The factors and impacts
A study of Karkh area in the city of Baghdad
ABSTRACT:
This research is the scientific in
-
depth study of factors and effects of urban sprawl on
agricultural areas in Iraq, in addition to studying the reasons for that crawl within the political
economic changes in Iraq between 2003 and 2015, taking into consideraon the specificity
of the social situation of the inhabitants of the region. This subject acquires its importance from
the importance of understanding the future developments of the city and the countryside in
order to develop mechanisms to address the causes and legal loopholes that lead to this
phenomenon thus the development of mechanisms to help tackle these problems. The
research provides an preliminary understanding of the extent and the effects of the
phenomenon and its effects on the surrounding environment in both the short and the long
terms thus enabling to address these problems and to reduce the effects throughout laws,
regulations and policies adopted by the state.
rch methodology adopted by this research is based on statistical and geographic
analysis using statistical and geographical information gathered by field study or acquired from
third parties and governmental organizations as a source of data, The research
Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to achieve an in
-
depth study on the research
problem through a series of objectives:
1. A brief definion about urban sprawl, its history, and the potenal impact and effects in
tical and economic changes as well as the social on cultural characteristics of
2. Reviewing academic literature about urban sprawl in the world and Iraq in parcular, and
the main reasons leading to the increasing of this phenomenon.
3. Reviewing legal loopholes that have been used to encroach upon agricultural land.
Through which the review laws which have been overlooked for humanitarian reasons.
4. Choosing a casestudy site (palm groves in the Karkh district of Baghdad) / neighborin
areas "Topchi, housing, entrance Kazimiyah" as an example of urban sprawl between the year
2003 and the year 2015 and the changes that have occurred in the region through the GIS
system analysis. And then study these changes to understand its effects on
Finally the research ends with a set of conclusions, final key points and proposals for future
research on the subject of the study.
The first object of this research deals with the phenomenon of urban sprawl particularly
the residential squatter on agricultural land within the concept of squatters housing and their
synonyms with a set of definitions.
The second object includes academic literature discussion on the causes that lead to the
evolution and increasing of residential sprawl phenomenon within its general and private
causes related to the demographic,planning, economic and political reasons.
AwsJwadJafer
Assistant Lecturer
University of Technology/ Arch. Eng. Dep
Hussaen Ali Hasan Kahachi
University of Technology/ Arch. Eng. Dep.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
The factors and impacts
depth study of factors and effects of urban sprawl on
agricultural areas in Iraq, in addition to studying the reasons for that crawl within the political
economic changes in Iraq between 2003 and 2015, taking into consideraon the specificity
of the social situation of the inhabitants of the region. This subject acquires its importance from
y and the countryside in
order to develop mechanisms to address the causes and legal loopholes that lead to this
phenomenon thus the development of mechanisms to help tackle these problems. The
nd the effects of the
phenomenon and its effects on the surrounding environment in both the short and the long
terms thus enabling to address these problems and to reduce the effects throughout laws,
rch methodology adopted by this research is based on statistical and geographic
analysis using statistical and geographical information gathered by field study or acquired from
third parties and governmental organizations as a source of data, The research
uses the
depth study on the research
1. A brief definion about urban sprawl, its history, and the potenal impact and effects in
tical and economic changes as well as the social on cultural characteristics of
2. Reviewing academic literature about urban sprawl in the world and Iraq in parcular, and
3. Reviewing legal loopholes that have been used to encroach upon agricultural land.
Through which the review laws which have been overlooked for humanitarian reasons.
4. Choosing a casestudy site (palm groves in the Karkh district of Baghdad) / neighborin
g
areas "Topchi, housing, entrance Kazimiyah" as an example of urban sprawl between the year
2003 and the year 2015 and the changes that have occurred in the region through the GIS
system analysis. And then study these changes to understand its effects on
the countryside and
Finally the research ends with a set of conclusions, final key points and proposals for future
search deals with the phenomenon of urban sprawl particularly
the residential squatter on agricultural land within the concept of squatters housing and their
on the causes that lead to the
evolution and increasing of residential sprawl phenomenon within its general and private
causes related to the demographic,planning, economic and political reasons.
AwsJwadJafer
Assistant Lecturer
University of Technology/ Arch. Eng. Dep
.
_____________________________________________________________________
70 Page
The third object presents a massive view on encroaching
physical, social and legal characters including the causes and the ways of evolution through
local characteristic models properties analysisin Baghdad by taking the example of palm
orchards areas within the Karkh dis
Eskan ) in particular.
The fourth object includes discussion and analysis of the subject of study (AL Alshalchia at
the East of Al-
Eskan district ) to identify the proportion and extend of
residential sprawl in addition to the main economic, social , legal and administrative loopholes
that contributed to the emergence and extent of such phenomenon .
Finally the research summaries themain poin
important and potential influences for this phenomenon.
PART 1: THE IDEA OF URBAN SPRAWL
The word “ Sprawl “ in the Dictionary refers to the state of transmission of an object from
one plac
e to another within the concept of moving or expanding. In architecture it keeps the
same concept in addition to the idea of functional changing of using land . It also refers to
the impact of land use changing as being green agricultural spaces
expansion.
Synonyms of ( informal ) residential sprawl Idiomatically :
Some differences may be observed in residential sprawl informal labeling such as (slums,
Squatter settlements , low-
income housing This labeling di
circumstances , the reasons and characteristics of their emergence as well as the government
policies and its legislations towards such Squatter settlements.
UN HABITAT, 1995 Program defines Squaer selements as "res
contained illegally build houses on encroached land seized by squatters, theses settlements
are usually unplanned and lack of basic services, these settlements can be found at the
outskirts and neglected land .The outskirts of c
Enkela, (2003).
This definition as we noticed focused on the legal status of this type of housing and
whereabouts in addition to its urban characteristics.
These selements defined by (Chome, 2002) as "ur
income, created through seizing a land or property with the absence of legal and legitimate
approvals that enable them to invest , build , and provide the land with infrastructure
services.
Chome definition
focused on social , economic status of the settlements dwellers in
addition to the legal and Constructional characteristics status .
A thesis submied by Mayada A.B (2008) presented many synonyms for the definion of
squatters housing terms such as
(Informal Settlement), (Illegal Subdivision), (Settlement Un controlling), (Slums),
(Spontaneous Settlement) and others.
The term (Informal Settlement) defines as "residential areas where a group of housing units
built on seized land illegally and
Illegal Subdivision defines as " illegally and illegitimately seized land . These lands usually
located on the outskirts state land and they are unoccupied vast lands and difficult to invest
for being exp
ensive in most cases" " (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008).The Dra Report of Economic
and Social Commission of the United Naons (FAO) dated (September 25, 2003) in Bangkok,
defines the term “ squatter settlement” as "a residential area located in an urban lo
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
The third object presents a massive view on encroaching
of these settlements within
physical, social and legal characters including the causes and the ways of evolution through
local characteristic models properties analysisin Baghdad by taking the example of palm
orchards areas within the Karkh district of Baghdad and the neighboring area sites (Topchi
The fourth object includes discussion and analysis of the subject of study (AL Alshalchia at
Eskan district ) to identify the proportion and extend of
residential sprawl in addition to the main economic, social , legal and administrative loopholes
that contributed to the emergence and extent of such phenomenon .
Finally the research summaries themain points within this searchmentioning the most
important and potential influences for this phenomenon.
PART 1: THE IDEA OF URBAN SPRAWL
The word “ Sprawl “ in the Dictionary refers to the state of transmission of an object from
e to another within the concept of moving or expanding. In architecture it keeps the
same concept in addition to the idea of functional changing of using land . It also refers to
the impact of land use changing as being green agricultural spaces not intended for future
Synonyms of ( informal ) residential sprawl Idiomatically :
-
Some differences may be observed in residential sprawl informal labeling such as (slums,
income housing This labeling differences is based upon the
circumstances , the reasons and characteristics of their emergence as well as the government
policies and its legislations towards such Squatter settlements.
UN HABITAT, 1995 Program defines Squaer selements as "res
contained illegally build houses on encroached land seized by squatters, theses settlements
are usually unplanned and lack of basic services, these settlements can be found at the
outskirts and neglected land .The outskirts of cities owned by state or private property "Bogu,
This definition as we noticed focused on the legal status of this type of housing and
whereabouts in addition to its urban characteristics.
These selements defined by (Chome, 2002) as "urban settlements for those with low
income, created through seizing a land or property with the absence of legal and legitimate
approvals that enable them to invest , build , and provide the land with infrastructure
focused on social , economic status of the settlements dwellers in
addition to the legal and Constructional characteristics status .
A thesis submied by Mayada A.B (2008) presented many synonyms for the definion of
squatters housing terms such as
:
(Informal Settlement), (Illegal Subdivision), (Settlement Un controlling), (Slums),
(Spontaneous Settlement) and others.
The term (Informal Settlement) defines as "residential areas where a group of housing units
built on seized land illegally and
illegimately " (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008).
Illegal Subdivision defines as " illegally and illegitimately seized land . These lands usually
located on the outskirts state land and they are unoccupied vast lands and difficult to invest
ensive in most cases" " (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008).The Dra Report of Economic
and Social Commission of the United Naons (FAO) dated (September 25, 2003) in Bangkok,
defines the term “ squatter settlement” as "a residential area located in an urban lo
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
of these settlements within
physical, social and legal characters including the causes and the ways of evolution through
local characteristic models properties analysisin Baghdad by taking the example of palm
trict of Baghdad and the neighboring area sites (Topchi
– Al-
The fourth object includes discussion and analysis of the subject of study (AL Alshalchia at
the phenomenon of
residential sprawl in addition to the main economic, social , legal and administrative loopholes
ts within this searchmentioning the most
important and potential influences for this phenomenon.
The word “ Sprawl “ in the Dictionary refers to the state of transmission of an object from
e to another within the concept of moving or expanding. In architecture it keeps the
same concept in addition to the idea of functional changing of using land . It also refers to
not intended for future
Some differences may be observed in residential sprawl informal labeling such as (slums,
fferences is based upon the
circumstances , the reasons and characteristics of their emergence as well as the government
UN HABITAT, 1995 Program defines Squaer selements as "res
idential areas that
contained illegally build houses on encroached land seized by squatters, theses settlements
are usually unplanned and lack of basic services, these settlements can be found at the
ities owned by state or private property "Bogu,
This definition as we noticed focused on the legal status of this type of housing and
ban settlements for those with low
-
income, created through seizing a land or property with the absence of legal and legitimate
approvals that enable them to invest , build , and provide the land with infrastructure
focused on social , economic status of the settlements dwellers in
A thesis submied by Mayada A.B (2008) presented many synonyms for the definion of
(Informal Settlement), (Illegal Subdivision), (Settlement Un controlling), (Slums),
The term (Informal Settlement) defines as "residential areas where a group of housing units
Illegal Subdivision defines as " illegally and illegitimately seized land . These lands usually
located on the outskirts state land and they are unoccupied vast lands and difficult to invest
ensive in most cases" " (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008).The Dra Report of Economic
and Social Commission of the United Naons (FAO) dated (September 25, 2003) in Bangkok,
defines the term “ squatter settlement” as "a residential area located in an urban lo
cation,
_____________________________________________________________________
71 Page
inhabited illegitimately by the poor people that have no proprietorship .These squatter
settlements suffering from the lack of social and basic infrastructure services. "
Squatters settlements define as " group of constructed houses on
type of housing tends to exist in the outskirts of the major cities . These Squatters settlements’
characterized by different social , structural and material characteristics. They are usually
built by available materials lik
materials, lacking basic technical and social infrastructure services. "
At the first and second definition we noticed a confirmation on the legal and legitimate
status of the constructed la
nd, as well as the location of these settlements.
The third definition refers to the economic status of the squatters as well as the legal status
of the settlement.
The fourth definition refers to the specification of squatters settlements’ location
the social and physical isolation case of these settlements , in addition to the specification of
the building materials nature which are unsustainable in many cases
The term (Slums) defined by UN HABITAT Organization report ( UN Habitat
Arab City 2003) as "General context to describe a wide range of low
the living conditions of poor people ."
It is noticed d that this term (Slums) differs from the term (Settlement squatter) as the first
one is rel
ated to the social and economic status of the dwellers, while the second one is
related to the legal aspects as well as other properties related to both constructional situation
of the settlement and the social and economical status of the dwellers
synonymous terms to squatters' settlements’ depending on the specific criteria (" (Mayada A.B
Thesis (2008))
From the above definitions we conclude that the residential sprawl has two types (official )
which is planned both ur
banely and administratively and (officious) which has no planning or
committed by society without any legal approvals. These concerns are to be covered by its
causes and effects within this research.
PART 2: THE REASONS BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL
Terminology
Classification
Informal
Settlement
Illegitimacy
Settlement
unplanned
Settlement
uncontrolled
Settlement
Spontaneous
Settlement
Slums
Low
Settlement
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
inhabited illegitimately by the poor people that have no proprietorship .These squatter
settlements suffering from the lack of social and basic infrastructure services. "
Squatters settlements define as " group of constructed houses on encroached land . This
type of housing tends to exist in the outskirts of the major cities . These Squatters settlements’
characterized by different social , structural and material characteristics. They are usually
built by available materials like wooden or tin boxes and the rubble of other building
materials, lacking basic technical and social infrastructure services. "
At the first and second definition we noticed a confirmation on the legal and legitimate
nd, as well as the location of these settlements.
The third definition refers to the economic status of the squatters as well as the legal status
The fourth definition refers to the specification of squatters settlements’ location
the social and physical isolation case of these settlements , in addition to the specification of
the building materials nature which are unsustainable in many cases
The term (Slums) defined by UN HABITAT Organization report ( UN Habitat
Arab City 2003) as "General context to describe a wide range of low
-
income settlements or
the living conditions of poor people ."
It is noticed d that this term (Slums) differs from the term (Settlement squatter) as the first
ated to the social and economic status of the dwellers, while the second one is
related to the legal aspects as well as other properties related to both constructional situation
of the settlement and the social and economical status of the dwellers
.
synonymous terms to squatters' settlements’ depending on the specific criteria (" (Mayada A.B
From the above definitions we conclude that the residential sprawl has two types (official )
banely and administratively and (officious) which has no planning or
committed by society without any legal approvals. These concerns are to be covered by its
causes and effects within this research.
PART 2: THE REASONS BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL
Standards
Terminology
Classification
Legal standard
Informal
Settlement
Legal Standard
Illegitimacy
Settlement
planning and
organizing
standard
unplanned
Settlement
uncontrolled
Settlement
Physics
Standard
Spontaneous
Settlement
Social standard
Slums
Low
-Income
Settlement
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
inhabited illegitimately by the poor people that have no proprietorship .These squatter
settlements suffering from the lack of social and basic infrastructure services. "
encroached land . This
type of housing tends to exist in the outskirts of the major cities . These Squatters settlements’
characterized by different social , structural and material characteristics. They are usually
e wooden or tin boxes and the rubble of other building
At the first and second definition we noticed a confirmation on the legal and legitimate
nd, as well as the location of these settlements.
The third definition refers to the economic status of the squatters as well as the legal status
The fourth definition refers to the specification of squatters settlements’ location
as well as
the social and physical isolation case of these settlements , in addition to the specification of
The term (Slums) defined by UN HABITAT Organization report ( UN Habitat
–The State Of
income settlements or
It is noticed d that this term (Slums) differs from the term (Settlement squatter) as the first
ated to the social and economic status of the dwellers, while the second one is
related to the legal aspects as well as other properties related to both constructional situation
.
The Classification of
synonymous terms to squatters' settlements’ depending on the specific criteria (" (Mayada A.B
From the above definitions we conclude that the residential sprawl has two types (official )
banely and administratively and (officious) which has no planning or
committed by society without any legal approvals. These concerns are to be covered by its
PART 2: THE REASONS BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL
_____________________________________________________________________
72 Page
PHENOMENON
There are many reasons associated with the emergence and expanding of the residential
sprawl phenomenon which are related to the social, political or environmental factors
concerning the nature of the society of the country.
Kahachi (2012)
summarizesthese factors in Third World Countries in general and in Arab
Homeland and Iraq in specific as following:
1. Natural reasons as populaon increasing, rapid urbanizaon and migraon from
countryside to the city related to employment opportuniti
agriculture and so many others.
2. Polical reasons such as wars and giving priority to one’s interests and the parsan
interests upon the country’s interest which conclude to the weakness or un effectiveness of
the housing plans handling the situation of housing crisis. In addition to these reasons is the
lack of security that leads the emergence of residential areas in which dwellers relates to each
other by family relationships.
3-
Economic reasons as low lev
upon the deterioration of the private sector as a result of many factors like wars and unfair
laws.
4-
Demographic and social reasons as tribalism nature of some dwellers that requires
housing within communities and larger population of the same tribe as well as socially
correlated individuals with each other in a way that prevent or reduce housing opportunities
in other cities or remote areas.
5-
Absence or weakness of the planning
policies which are supposed to contribute to resolve housing issues , specifically the poorer
classes while it is exploited by some beneficiaries in order to achieve financial gains .
These policies and
legislations related to the legislators point of view of the encroachment
and the philosophy of dealing with Squatters:
A. It is either came from dealing with squatters in a way that ensure humanitarian side
through supporting the right to own homele
supporting them by compensation.
B. Or came from considering the case(Squatters) of bad effectiveness to the city and the
rest of the dwellers and therefore the government obliged to use coercive t
depriving the squatters from their homes in these areas without any financial compensation or
providing them with alternaves Jain,Sadhana (2005).
United Nations UN-
Habitat (2012) report indicates that these reasonsare among many other
reas
ons that have a significant role in the emergence of the residential sprawl phenomenon not
only in Iraq but also at the level of the Third World Countries including Arab world
The United Naons report with the help of the World Bank (2004) in Washington
twelfth session has submitted a program in which programs and policies aimed at handling with
the problem are discussed. The discussion include examples of several countries communities
as follows:-
• Mortgages Program in Philippine and the Commu
Local Development (COBILD) where these programs provide credit certificates forlands for
residential purposes.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
There are many reasons associated with the emergence and expanding of the residential
sprawl phenomenon which are related to the social, political or environmental factors
concerning the nature of the society of the country.
summarizesthese factors in Third World Countries in general and in Arab
Homeland and Iraq in specific as following:
1. Natural reasons as populaon increasing, rapid urbanizaon and migraon from
countryside to the city related to employment opportunities, services and mechanization of
agriculture and so many others.
2. Polical reasons such as wars and giving priority to one’s interests and the parsan
interests upon the country’s interest which conclude to the weakness or un effectiveness of
the housing plans handling the situation of housing crisis. In addition to these reasons is the
lack of security that leads the emergence of residential areas in which dwellers relates to each
Economic reasons as low level income , increasing poverty and the "budget deficit" rising
upon the deterioration of the private sector as a result of many factors like wars and unfair
Demographic and social reasons as tribalism nature of some dwellers that requires
housing within communities and larger population of the same tribe as well as socially
correlated individuals with each other in a way that prevent or reduce housing opportunities
Absence or weakness of the planning and implementation of housing legislations and
policies which are supposed to contribute to resolve housing issues , specifically the poorer
classes while it is exploited by some beneficiaries in order to achieve financial gains .
legislations related to the legislators point of view of the encroachment
and the philosophy of dealing with Squatters:
A. It is either came from dealing with squatters in a way that ensure humanitarian side
through supporting the right to own homeless squatters then provide them with land patent or
supporting them by compensation.
B. Or came from considering the case(Squatters) of bad effectiveness to the city and the
rest of the dwellers and therefore the government obliged to use coercive t
depriving the squatters from their homes in these areas without any financial compensation or
providing them with alternaves Jain,Sadhana (2005).
Habitat (2012) report indicates that these reasonsare among many other
ons that have a significant role in the emergence of the residential sprawl phenomenon not
only in Iraq but also at the level of the Third World Countries including Arab world
The United Naons report with the help of the World Bank (2004) in Washington
twelfth session has submitted a program in which programs and policies aimed at handling with
the problem are discussed. The discussion include examples of several countries communities
• Mortgages Program in Philippine and the Commu
nity-
based Initiatives for Housing and
Local Development (COBILD) where these programs provide credit certificates forlands for
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
There are many reasons associated with the emergence and expanding of the residential
sprawl phenomenon which are related to the social, political or environmental factors
summarizesthese factors in Third World Countries in general and in Arab
1. Natural reasons as populaon increasing, rapid urbanizaon and migraon from
es, services and mechanization of
2. Polical reasons such as wars and giving priority to one’s interests and the parsan
interests upon the country’s interest which conclude to the weakness or un effectiveness of
the housing plans handling the situation of housing crisis. In addition to these reasons is the
lack of security that leads the emergence of residential areas in which dwellers relates to each
el income , increasing poverty and the "budget deficit" rising
upon the deterioration of the private sector as a result of many factors like wars and unfair
Demographic and social reasons as tribalism nature of some dwellers that requires
housing within communities and larger population of the same tribe as well as socially
correlated individuals with each other in a way that prevent or reduce housing opportunities
and implementation of housing legislations and
policies which are supposed to contribute to resolve housing issues , specifically the poorer
classes while it is exploited by some beneficiaries in order to achieve financial gains .
legislations related to the legislators point of view of the encroachment
A. It is either came from dealing with squatters in a way that ensure humanitarian side
ss squatters then provide them with land patent or
B. Or came from considering the case(Squatters) of bad effectiveness to the city and the
rest of the dwellers and therefore the government obliged to use coercive t
reatments as
depriving the squatters from their homes in these areas without any financial compensation or
Habitat (2012) report indicates that these reasonsare among many other
ons that have a significant role in the emergence of the residential sprawl phenomenon not
only in Iraq but also at the level of the Third World Countries including Arab world
The United Naons report with the help of the World Bank (2004) in Washington
in its
twelfth session has submitted a program in which programs and policies aimed at handling with
the problem are discussed. The discussion include examples of several countries communities
based Initiatives for Housing and
Local Development (COBILD) where these programs provide credit certificates forlands for
_____________________________________________________________________
73 Page
• At the same time, some governments developed plans for the resettlement of squatters
under rehabilitatio
n programs. Sri Lanka Government has legislated a number of legislations
toenable the inhabitants of these settlements to have their Settlement deed taking into
consideration the rehabilitation and equipping these settlements with appropriate services.
On
the other hand some of the negative experiences had been submitted inthe government
policies, including:
• Bangladesh government take acompulsory demolition policies to squatter settlements’, in
addition to the expulsion procedures without providing any al
high fines relatively.
• Violence use against squatters in Egypt through the use of security forces to evacuate the
entire settlements.
There are some other political aspects that somehow affect the emergence and extend of
squatter settlements’ like exploiting the dwellers of these settlements need by the provision
of services offers or property deeds or even to issue an act of indemnity for social or political
purposes as supporting in elections campaigns and then f
phenomenon shows clearly in squatter settlements’ at most Developing Countries Carazzai,
Valeria (2002).
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AREAS IN ACADEMIC LITERATURE
-
The houses are small in size.
-
The nature of the land, as many settlements suffers from the dangers of floods and other
natural disasters (Sharif, 2004).
-
These areas are described as distorted housing areas, as the dwellers used any m
available for building as (clay, wood, n, cardboard, or other urbanwaste. Srinivas, (1991).
-
These settlements completely lacking the essential elements of residential areas as paved
roads and sewer systems or electricity.
- The quality of buil
ding a house is considered as unprotected from cold or from other
assault and completely against the required health conditions.
-
Construction Forms, vary according to materials available in squatter settlements, some
squatters houses formed of a
simple building for low
Figure (1) Houses of Reeds huts forms built by squaers.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
• At the same time, some governments developed plans for the resettlement of squatters
n programs. Sri Lanka Government has legislated a number of legislations
toenable the inhabitants of these settlements to have their Settlement deed taking into
consideration the rehabilitation and equipping these settlements with appropriate services.
the other hand some of the negative experiences had been submitted inthe government
• Bangladesh government take acompulsory demolition policies to squatter settlements’, in
addition to the expulsion procedures without providing any alternatives as well as imposing
• Violence use against squatters in Egypt through the use of security forces to evacuate the
There are some other political aspects that somehow affect the emergence and extend of
squatter settlements’ like exploiting the dwellers of these settlements need by the provision
of services offers or property deeds or even to issue an act of indemnity for social or political
purposes as supporting in elections campaigns and then for one advantages. This
phenomenon shows clearly in squatter settlements’ at most Developing Countries Carazzai,
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AREAS IN ACADEMIC LITERATURE
a- urban characteristics:
The houses are small in size.
The nature of the land, as many settlements suffers from the dangers of floods and other
natural disasters (Sharif, 2004).
These areas are described as distorted housing areas, as the dwellers used any m
available for building as (clay, wood, n, cardboard, or other urbanwaste. Srinivas, (1991).
These settlements completely lacking the essential elements of residential areas as paved
roads and sewer systems or electricity.
ding a house is considered as unprotected from cold or from other
assault and completely against the required health conditions.
Construction Forms, vary according to materials available in squatter settlements, some
simple building for low
-
income dwellers as shown in Figure (1)
Figure (1) Houses of Reeds huts forms built by squaers. (" (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
• At the same time, some governments developed plans for the resettlement of squatters
n programs. Sri Lanka Government has legislated a number of legislations
toenable the inhabitants of these settlements to have their Settlement deed taking into
consideration the rehabilitation and equipping these settlements with appropriate services.
the other hand some of the negative experiences had been submitted inthe government
• Bangladesh government take acompulsory demolition policies to squatter settlements’, in
ternatives as well as imposing
• Violence use against squatters in Egypt through the use of security forces to evacuate the
There are some other political aspects that somehow affect the emergence and extend of
squatter settlements’ like exploiting the dwellers of these settlements need by the provision
of services offers or property deeds or even to issue an act of indemnity for social or political
or one advantages. This
phenomenon shows clearly in squatter settlements’ at most Developing Countries Carazzai,
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AREAS IN ACADEMIC LITERATURE
The nature of the land, as many settlements suffers from the dangers of floods and other
These areas are described as distorted housing areas, as the dwellers used any m
aterials
available for building as (clay, wood, n, cardboard, or other urbanwaste. Srinivas, (1991).
These settlements completely lacking the essential elements of residential areas as paved
ding a house is considered as unprotected from cold or from other
Construction Forms, vary according to materials available in squatter settlements, some
income dwellers as shown in Figure (1)
(" (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
_____________________________________________________________________
74 Page
1) One of the basic characteriscs of these selements is the legal possession; these various
settlements
lack the most important feature of property which is being built on a building or a
land that have been taken illegally
2) Al-
Shareef, 2004, explained that the Islamic legislaon banned encroachment, and
The appearance of
abuses law is due to fallow land Islamic law, which means the ruined and
disintegrating land that is neither possessed by anyone, a pasture, a wooding nor a park. It is
the land that was not outlive, forbidden for outlive (road, construction, district …et
landfill.
THE THIRD PIVOT: A LOCAL EXAMPLE OF RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AGAINST AGRICULTURAL
LANDS
Locally, the study of
(Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
academic studies of squatter settlements in Iraq, especially of studying the morphological
change of construction in Iraq resulted by existence of many squatter settlements in some
districts in Baghdad. This study focused on the squatter
whose high residenal density in Russafah. As shown in figure (2).
Figure (2): Squaer Districts in Baghdad, 2008.
While, nowadays (within 7
districts, and they were qualitatively expanded as well. The difference is distinguished with
good multi-
stories construction buildings. In addition, they were spread in high
whic
h are not one of the poverty
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
B. legal characteristics:
1) One of the basic characteriscs of these selements is the legal possession; these various
lack the most important feature of property which is being built on a building or a
land that have been taken illegally
(" (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
Shareef, 2004, explained that the Islamic legislaon banned encroachment, and
abuses law is due to fallow land Islamic law, which means the ruined and
disintegrating land that is neither possessed by anyone, a pasture, a wooding nor a park. It is
the land that was not outlive, forbidden for outlive (road, construction, district …et
THE THIRD PIVOT: A LOCAL EXAMPLE OF RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AGAINST AGRICULTURAL
(Mayada A.B Thesis (2008) is considered one of
academic studies of squatter settlements in Iraq, especially of studying the morphological
change of construction in Iraq resulted by existence of many squatter settlements in some
districts in Baghdad. This study focused on the squatter settlements in the sever poverty areas
whose high residenal density in Russafah. As shown in figure (2).
Figure (2): Squaer Districts in Baghdad, 2008.
(" (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
While, nowadays (within 7 years), a construction change has been taken place in other
districts, and they were qualitatively expanded as well. The difference is distinguished with
stories construction buildings. In addition, they were spread in high
h are not one of the poverty
-class districts, as shown in figure (4).
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
1) One of the basic characteriscs of these selements is the legal possession; these various
lack the most important feature of property which is being built on a building or a
Shareef, 2004, explained that the Islamic legislaon banned encroachment, and
abuses law is due to fallow land Islamic law, which means the ruined and
disintegrating land that is neither possessed by anyone, a pasture, a wooding nor a park. It is
the land that was not outlive, forbidden for outlive (road, construction, district …et
c.), or
THE THIRD PIVOT: A LOCAL EXAMPLE OF RESIDENTIAL SPRAWL AGAINST AGRICULTURAL
is considered one of
the comprehensive
academic studies of squatter settlements in Iraq, especially of studying the morphological
change of construction in Iraq resulted by existence of many squatter settlements in some
settlements in the sever poverty areas
(" (Mayada A.B Thesis (2008)
years), a construction change has been taken place in other
districts, and they were qualitatively expanded as well. The difference is distinguished with
stories construction buildings. In addition, they were spread in high
-class districts,
_____________________________________________________________________
75 Page
Figure (3): Squaer Districts in Baghdad, 2013. Prepared by researchers according to
municipality maps (Al-
Mansoor, Al
municipality and Ministry of Planning).
The researchers selected palm orchard within Al
which is next to Al-Tobchy, Al-
Eskan, as an example of residential sprawl of this type. There
many reasons to select this one:
1.
This site witnessed fast residential sprawl within short period.
2.
The statistical data are easy to reach, to perform the spatial analysis. In addition this district is
located among high population district such as Al
Eskan.
3.
The price of the land is close to the formal price, in spite of the fact that they are squatter land.
4.
The statistical data necessary for the study topic are available, which would facilitate the work.
Figure (4): Squaer Districts within Al
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
Figure (3): Squaer Districts in Baghdad, 2013. Prepared by researchers according to
Mansoor, Al
-A'damiyah, and Al-
Kadhumiyah), and statisti
municipality and Ministry of Planning).
The researchers selected palm orchard within Al
-
Karkh, Baghdad, especially Al
Eskan, as an example of residential sprawl of this type. There
many reasons to select this one:
This site witnessed fast residential sprawl within short period.
The statistical data are easy to reach, to perform the spatial analysis. In addition this district is
located among high population district such as Al
-Otaaifiyah, Al-
Kadhumiyah, Al
The price of the land is close to the formal price, in spite of the fact that they are squatter land.
The statistical data necessary for the study topic are available, which would facilitate the work.
Figure (4): Squaer Districts within Al
-
Mansoor Municipality, Baghdad, 2013.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
Figure (3): Squaer Districts in Baghdad, 2013. Prepared by researchers according to
Kadhumiyah), and statisti
cs (Baghdad
Karkh, Baghdad, especially Al
-Shalichiyah,
Eskan, as an example of residential sprawl of this type. There
are
The statistical data are easy to reach, to perform the spatial analysis. In addition this district is
Kadhumiyah, Al
-Huria, and Al-
The price of the land is close to the formal price, in spite of the fact that they are squatter land.
The statistical data necessary for the study topic are available, which would facilitate the work.
Mansoor Municipality, Baghdad, 2013.
_____________________________________________________________________
76 Page
FIELD STUDY:
The researchers selected the case study ofpalm orchards and farms in Baghdad
specifically the area called
Shalichiyah district. The main reasons for this selection are:
1-
The locaon is close to Baghdad’s city center in sectors (401,404,619) Karkh.
2-
The area is surrounded by high
areas.
3- Surrounding distri
cts have good infrastructure and social services.
4-
The area is located on the administrative boarders of Mansoor municipality and Kadhumiyah
municipality.
5-
The area is classified/registered as agricultural land.
6-
Building type is good building close to low
The area differs from other slums/squatter settlements in that the building/construction
materials and methods is classified as good with different finishing materials which in turn
classified as very good (expensive), see figure 6. The houses
temporary housing, rather it is closer to be a permanent building as it has long potential life
span.
There were some important information acquired from the interviews with a number of
households in the area. Almost all of the h
come from large/extended families living in neighboring districts or were living there before
relocating, also most of the new constructed houses in the slum area are better than the
original housing units
these families were living in before relocating in the slum area in terms of
building materials and technique. 32% of interviewed households indicated that the main
reason for purchasing the land and constructing the house in slum area is merely for
invest
ment purposes as the price of the housing unit doubles six times as soon as infrastructure
services are formally connected to the new housing units especially with increasing demand on
new housing units in Baghdad.
Figure 6:
Pictures of housing units built in the slum area
It is safe to say that
building in slum area started to be acceptable by the community as there
is no other solution to the housing crisis in Baghdad. Building housi
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
The researchers selected the case study ofpalm orchards and farms in Baghdad
Shalichiyah district. The main reasons for this selection are:
The locaon is close to Baghdad’s city center in sectors (401,404,619) Karkh.
The area is surrounded by high
-income and mid-
income housing with relatively large build
cts have good infrastructure and social services.
The area is located on the administrative boarders of Mansoor municipality and Kadhumiyah
The area is classified/registered as agricultural land.
Building type is good building close to low
-cost housing.
The area differs from other slums/squatter settlements in that the building/construction
materials and methods is classified as good with different finishing materials which in turn
classified as very good (expensive), see figure 6. The houses could not be considered as
temporary housing, rather it is closer to be a permanent building as it has long potential life
There were some important information acquired from the interviews with a number of
households in the area. Almost all of the households/families interviewed living in the area
come from large/extended families living in neighboring districts or were living there before
relocating, also most of the new constructed houses in the slum area are better than the
these families were living in before relocating in the slum area in terms of
building materials and technique. 32% of interviewed households indicated that the main
reason for purchasing the land and constructing the house in slum area is merely for
ment purposes as the price of the housing unit doubles six times as soon as infrastructure
services are formally connected to the new housing units especially with increasing demand on
Pictures of housing units built in the slum area
–
(Eskan district) during the field trip
building in slum area started to be acceptable by the community as there
is no other solution to the housing crisis in Baghdad. Building housing units in city’s outskirt is
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
The researchers selected the case study ofpalm orchards and farms in Baghdad
– Karkh
Shalichiyah district. The main reasons for this selection are:
The locaon is close to Baghdad’s city center in sectors (401,404,619) Karkh.
income housing with relatively large build
The area is located on the administrative boarders of Mansoor municipality and Kadhumiyah
The area differs from other slums/squatter settlements in that the building/construction
materials and methods is classified as good with different finishing materials which in turn
could not be considered as
temporary housing, rather it is closer to be a permanent building as it has long potential life
There were some important information acquired from the interviews with a number of
ouseholds/families interviewed living in the area
come from large/extended families living in neighboring districts or were living there before
relocating, also most of the new constructed houses in the slum area are better than the
these families were living in before relocating in the slum area in terms of
building materials and technique. 32% of interviewed households indicated that the main
reason for purchasing the land and constructing the house in slum area is merely for
ment purposes as the price of the housing unit doubles six times as soon as infrastructure
services are formally connected to the new housing units especially with increasing demand on
(Eskan district) during the field trip
building in slum area started to be acceptable by the community as there
ng units in city’s outskirt is
_____________________________________________________________________
77 Page
not recommended as there is a lack of public services, infrastructure and long commute time to
city center where are job opportunities are available.
Figure 7: More pictures of the housing units in the area under study.
URBAN SPRAWL SIZE ANALYSIS OF THE CASE STUDY:
With the development of statistical and geographic technology, it is possible to analyze the
size and speed of urban sprawl in the area under study.
The researchers, drew a GIS map of the area through ArcGIS
and maps acquired from governmental organizations in Karkh including the municipalities of
both Mansoor area and Khadhimia area as well as the Ministry of Planning. The map was then
verified against satellite photos of the ar
The statistical data was then narrowed to only include data associated with the urban sprawl
in the area from the survey made by the governmental organizaon menoned earlier in 2002,
2010 and 2015. The data included nu
registered by the government, estimated population. The data was check for errors then linked
to the GIS shape file in order to produce two maps; the first illustrates the current land use as
reg
istered by the municipality and the ministry of planning (see figure 8). The second map
shows land coverage (building density) from the year 2002 to the year 2015 (see figure 9).
Figure 8: Land use according to Karkh Municipalies
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
not recommended as there is a lack of public services, infrastructure and long commute time to
city center where are job opportunities are available.
Figure 7: More pictures of the housing units in the area under study.
URBAN SPRAWL SIZE ANALYSIS OF THE CASE STUDY:
With the development of statistical and geographic technology, it is possible to analyze the
size and speed of urban sprawl in the area under study.
The researchers, drew a GIS map of the area through ArcGIS
–
ArcMap using the statistics
and maps acquired from governmental organizations in Karkh including the municipalities of
both Mansoor area and Khadhimia area as well as the Ministry of Planning. The map was then
verified against satellite photos of the ar
ea and the field trip to the area.
The statistical data was then narrowed to only include data associated with the urban sprawl
in the area from the survey made by the governmental organizaon menoned earlier in 2002,
2010 and 2015. The data included number of building in the area (building density), Land use as
registered by the government, estimated population. The data was check for errors then linked
to the GIS shape file in order to produce two maps; the first illustrates the current land use as
istered by the municipality and the ministry of planning (see figure 8). The second map
shows land coverage (building density) from the year 2002 to the year 2015 (see figure 9).
Figure 8: Land use according to Karkh Municipalies
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
not recommended as there is a lack of public services, infrastructure and long commute time to
With the development of statistical and geographic technology, it is possible to analyze the
ArcMap using the statistics
and maps acquired from governmental organizations in Karkh including the municipalities of
both Mansoor area and Khadhimia area as well as the Ministry of Planning. The map was then
The statistical data was then narrowed to only include data associated with the urban sprawl
in the area from the survey made by the governmental organizaon menoned earlier in 2002,
mber of building in the area (building density), Land use as
registered by the government, estimated population. The data was check for errors then linked
to the GIS shape file in order to produce two maps; the first illustrates the current land use as
istered by the municipality and the ministry of planning (see figure 8). The second map
shows land coverage (building density) from the year 2002 to the year 2015 (see figure 9).
_____________________________________________________________________
78 Page
Figure 9: Urban Spra
wl/Housing on agricultural lands 2002
PART 4: DISCUSSION
From the GIS maps shown above it is possible to observe the following:
-
Most of the new housing units were built on agricultural land.
-
The urban sprawl happened in an accelerated speed in the
agricultural land were built into new housing units between 2002
more than 50% of the original agricultural land were built between 2010
-
The urban sprawl started as a number scattered
agricultural land near the formal housing, the urban sprawl then developed into a more
organized clusters of housing units along the unpaved roads (dirt roads) originally used for
farming purposes.
Based on the general
factors of urban sprawl discussed earlier in the research, the field study
outcomes and GIS maps analysis, it is possible to summarize the main factors of urban sprawl in
the area of Iskan-
Shalchia into the following:
-
Economic factors: most households
housing units that fulfill their needs despite the high building cost in Baghdad
with neighboring countries (Kahachi, 2012). In addion, building housing units on agricultural
land is an i
nvestment with very good profits and low risk for others especially with rising
demand on new housing projects close to the city center and the low fine rates by the authority
which is about 1-
22 USD only (act 154 in 2001), on the other hand there is a ver
from farming in Iraq which further enhanced this kind of investments.
-
Organizational factors: scarcity of housing lots/units provided by the government which
generally do not meet Iraqi families needs for a number of reasons such as being far
center, in areas with security problems, in areas where job opportunities are scarce or it does
not meet the social requirements (Kahachi, 2012).
-
Political factors: the lack of housing units and the resulting increase of housing demand was
used b
y some politicians to achieve political interests. Some of the households reported that
their housing lot was given for them in return of voting for specific political party in the
election.
-
Legal factors: there are few acts in the Iraqi laws which were pu
especially for those in need of housing units, nevertheless, it was used by some people to
legally buy and build on agricultural land. When analyzing the suggested “law of land ownership
to those in need” it is possible to observ
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
wl/Housing on agricultural lands 2002
-2015
From the GIS maps shown above it is possible to observe the following:
Most of the new housing units were built on agricultural land.
The urban sprawl happened in an accelerated speed in the area; less than 25% of the
agricultural land were built into new housing units between 2002
-
2010 (eight years), while
more than 50% of the original agricultural land were built between 2010
-
2015 (five years).
The urban sprawl started as a number scattered housing units on the boarders of the
agricultural land near the formal housing, the urban sprawl then developed into a more
organized clusters of housing units along the unpaved roads (dirt roads) originally used for
factors of urban sprawl discussed earlier in the research, the field study
outcomes and GIS maps analysis, it is possible to summarize the main factors of urban sprawl in
Shalchia into the following:
Economic factors: most households have good financial income and reserves for building
housing units that fulfill their needs despite the high building cost in Baghdad
with neighboring countries (Kahachi, 2012). In addion, building housing units on agricultural
nvestment with very good profits and low risk for others especially with rising
demand on new housing projects close to the city center and the low fine rates by the authority
22 USD only (act 154 in 2001), on the other hand there is a ver
from farming in Iraq which further enhanced this kind of investments.
Organizational factors: scarcity of housing lots/units provided by the government which
generally do not meet Iraqi families needs for a number of reasons such as being far
center, in areas with security problems, in areas where job opportunities are scarce or it does
not meet the social requirements (Kahachi, 2012).
Political factors: the lack of housing units and the resulting increase of housing demand was
y some politicians to achieve political interests. Some of the households reported that
their housing lot was given for them in return of voting for specific political party in the
Legal factors: there are few acts in the Iraqi laws which were put for humanitarian reasons
especially for those in need of housing units, nevertheless, it was used by some people to
legally buy and build on agricultural land. When analyzing the suggested “law of land ownership
to those in need” it is possible to observ
e the following:
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
area; less than 25% of the
2010 (eight years), while
2015 (five years).
housing units on the boarders of the
agricultural land near the formal housing, the urban sprawl then developed into a more
organized clusters of housing units along the unpaved roads (dirt roads) originally used for
factors of urban sprawl discussed earlier in the research, the field study
outcomes and GIS maps analysis, it is possible to summarize the main factors of urban sprawl in
have good financial income and reserves for building
housing units that fulfill their needs despite the high building cost in Baghdad
-Iraq compared
with neighboring countries (Kahachi, 2012). In addion, building housing units on agricultural
nvestment with very good profits and low risk for others especially with rising
demand on new housing projects close to the city center and the low fine rates by the authority
22 USD only (act 154 in 2001), on the other hand there is a ver
y low profit
Organizational factors: scarcity of housing lots/units provided by the government which
generally do not meet Iraqi families needs for a number of reasons such as being far
from city
center, in areas with security problems, in areas where job opportunities are scarce or it does
Political factors: the lack of housing units and the resulting increase of housing demand was
y some politicians to achieve political interests. Some of the households reported that
their housing lot was given for them in return of voting for specific political party in the
t for humanitarian reasons
especially for those in need of housing units, nevertheless, it was used by some people to
legally buy and build on agricultural land. When analyzing the suggested “law of land ownership
_____________________________________________________________________
79 Page
a.
Mentioning a very close date for giving land ownership to those in need who are living on
governmental property. Although agricultural land was not included in the suggested law
2 –
3, the law was received by those living in slums as
land they are built on
"For those who built housing units informally before / / 2011 on land
owned to the government or any municipalities within Iraqi cities masterplans the right to own
the land after paying lots p
rice as estimated by the government"
b.
Act 9 from the suggested law classifies the slum areas as reality for humanitarian purposes
municipality is committed to give building permission after giving the squatter household
ownership accordin
g to laws, if the building quality of the house does not comply with the
minimum requirements of building, the municipality should consider it as reality"
c.
Act 14 in the law gives authority for dealing with slums to administrave governmental
organizations without including the real stakeholders and governmental/non
organization responsible in the decision
instructions to facilitate the implementation of the law and its acts"
The suggested law in general is publicly received by slum dwellers as an approval for their
informal use of agricultural land for housing. It also promote investments in these areas.
On the other hand, when analyzing the Council of Ministers Reso
2013, it is possible to observe the following:
1-
Paragraph 1 from part 1; includes a clearly indicate that all agricultural land owned by the
Ministry of Agriculture are affected by the resolution
housing lots of 150 square meter in a good locaon as determined by the municipality of the
city or the ministry of finance according to the specified conditions"
2-
Paragraph 2 from part 1 could be easily circumvent
of another person then reselling it
an application to the municipality which are responsible for the district where their
squatter/slum house is built wit
application should prove that neither him/her norany of his/herfamily members own any
property" (IMN, 2015).
3-
Part 6 did not include any instrucons about private agricultural land
houses built on any lands that are dedicated for investment and regeneration projects as well as
lands of archaeological, tourism and distinctive characteristics including the land numbered
(535/ Atefia)" (IMN, 2015).
4- Part 8 emphasize on bu
ilding public awareness, however, the government do not hold legal
accountability against public media due to misunderstanding of freedom of expression
people and general relations affairs department in the general secretariat of the council of
ministe
rs is responsible for raising public awareness campaign through media about the
negative impacts of informal building and squatter/slum settlements on public land and
properties and the legal consequences derived from."
The resolution deals w
ith slum dwellers as owners of the land basing that on humanitarian
purposes without including any technical and engineering standards. In addition, there is
administrave instrucons to change the land use of any agricultural land with more than 50%
hou
sing to housing use (a formal copy of these instructions was shown to the researcher during
the interview with one of the engineers in one of Baghdad's municipalities, however the
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
Mentioning a very close date for giving land ownership to those in need who are living on
governmental property. Although agricultural land was not included in the suggested law
3, the law was received by those living in slums as
a sign for giving them ownership of the
"For those who built housing units informally before / / 2011 on land
owned to the government or any municipalities within Iraqi cities masterplans the right to own
rice as estimated by the government"
(Maher, 2015).
Act 9 from the suggested law classifies the slum areas as reality for humanitarian purposes
municipality is committed to give building permission after giving the squatter household
g to laws, if the building quality of the house does not comply with the
minimum requirements of building, the municipality should consider it as reality"
Act 14 in the law gives authority for dealing with slums to administrave governmental
organizations without including the real stakeholders and governmental/non
organization responsible in the decision" Municipalities' minster should put any necessary
instructions to facilitate the implementation of the law and its acts"
(Mahe
r, 2015).
The suggested law in general is publicly received by slum dwellers as an approval for their
informal use of agricultural land for housing. It also promote investments in these areas.
On the other hand, when analyzing the Council of Ministers Resoluon in 1
2013, it is possible to observe the following:
Paragraph 1 from part 1; includes a clearly indicate that all agricultural land owned by the
Ministry of Agriculture are affected by the resolution
"Squatter
and slum settlers are given
housing lots of 150 square meter in a good locaon as determined by the municipality of the
city or the ministry of finance according to the specified conditions"
(IMN, 2015).
Paragraph 2 from part 1 could be easily circumvented by putting the land under the ownership
of another person then reselling it
" a-
Those who are covered with this law should first submit
an application to the municipality which are responsible for the district where their
squatter/slum house is built wit
hin 90 days of publishing this law. b-
The person who submit the
application should prove that neither him/her norany of his/herfamily members own any
Part 6 did not include any instrucons about private agricultural land"Removal o
houses built on any lands that are dedicated for investment and regeneration projects as well as
lands of archaeological, tourism and distinctive characteristics including the land numbered
ilding public awareness, however, the government do not hold legal
accountability against public media due to misunderstanding of freedom of expression
people and general relations affairs department in the general secretariat of the council of
rs is responsible for raising public awareness campaign through media about the
negative impacts of informal building and squatter/slum settlements on public land and
properties and the legal consequences derived from."
(IMN, 2015).
ith slum dwellers as owners of the land basing that on humanitarian
purposes without including any technical and engineering standards. In addition, there is
administrave instrucons to change the land use of any agricultural land with more than 50%
sing to housing use (a formal copy of these instructions was shown to the researcher during
the interview with one of the engineers in one of Baghdad's municipalities, however the
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
Mentioning a very close date for giving land ownership to those in need who are living on
governmental property. Although agricultural land was not included in the suggested law
– Act
a sign for giving them ownership of the
"For those who built housing units informally before / / 2011 on land
owned to the government or any municipalities within Iraqi cities masterplans the right to own
(Maher, 2015).
Act 9 from the suggested law classifies the slum areas as reality for humanitarian purposes
"The
municipality is committed to give building permission after giving the squatter household
g to laws, if the building quality of the house does not comply with the
minimum requirements of building, the municipality should consider it as reality"
(Maher, 2015).
Act 14 in the law gives authority for dealing with slums to administrave governmental
organizations without including the real stakeholders and governmental/non
-governmental
" Municipalities' minster should put any necessary
r, 2015).
The suggested law in general is publicly received by slum dwellers as an approval for their
informal use of agricultural land for housing. It also promote investments in these areas.
luon in 1
st of October
Paragraph 1 from part 1; includes a clearly indicate that all agricultural land owned by the
and slum settlers are given
housing lots of 150 square meter in a good locaon as determined by the municipality of the
(IMN, 2015).
ed by putting the land under the ownership
Those who are covered with this law should first submit
an application to the municipality which are responsible for the district where their
The person who submit the
application should prove that neither him/her norany of his/herfamily members own any
"Removal o
f squatter/slum
houses built on any lands that are dedicated for investment and regeneration projects as well as
lands of archaeological, tourism and distinctive characteristics including the land numbered
ilding public awareness, however, the government do not hold legal
accountability against public media due to misunderstanding of freedom of expression
"The
people and general relations affairs department in the general secretariat of the council of
rs is responsible for raising public awareness campaign through media about the
negative impacts of informal building and squatter/slum settlements on public land and
ith slum dwellers as owners of the land basing that on humanitarian
purposes without including any technical and engineering standards. In addition, there is
administrave instrucons to change the land use of any agricultural land with more than 50%
sing to housing use (a formal copy of these instructions was shown to the researcher during
the interview with one of the engineers in one of Baghdad's municipalities, however the
_____________________________________________________________________
80 Page
researcher could not get a copy of it. . Furthermore, according to the laws
be provided with the main infrastructure and services by the government.
CONCLUSIONS:
To summarize, the urban sprawl in the city of Baghdad and the increase in its speed is
associated with a number of factors; social for safety and
achieving political interests, organizational for the lack of housing units/lots provided by the
government and their mismatch between provided housing units/lots and family needs, and
economic for achieving profit. I
almost all households have very good economic support with sufficient income and reserves.
The other type of factors is legal such as the lack of planning and imposing the laws without
allowing
frauds while dramatically increasing the rate of urban sprawl with
unstudied/unplanned laws.
Although this phenomenon is helping to overcome the housing crisis in Baghdad, it has
many potential disadvantages on living quality in the area and the city in ge
disadvantages are:
-
Health and services problems due to the unavailability or lack of infrastructure services in such
areas and surrounding areas.
-
Loss of large areas of agricultural land and green areas in the city which have many
environmental
impacts such as contributing to the desertificationof the area.
-
Cultural and social services problems due to the unavailability or lack of such services in these
areas. This problem affects slum areas as well as the surrounding districts.
- High demand for
job opportunities in the area as well increasing traffic jam in surrounding
streets.
In addition to many other problems and issues such as legal problems, administrative
issues which could be further researched in the future.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
researcher could not get a copy of it. . Furthermore, according to the laws
be provided with the main infrastructure and services by the government.
To summarize, the urban sprawl in the city of Baghdad and the increase in its speed is
associated with a number of factors; social for safety and coherence of the family, political for
achieving political interests, organizational for the lack of housing units/lots provided by the
government and their mismatch between provided housing units/lots and family needs, and
economic for achieving profit. In contrast with other slum dwellers, the study indicated that
almost all households have very good economic support with sufficient income and reserves.
The other type of factors is legal such as the lack of planning and imposing the laws without
frauds while dramatically increasing the rate of urban sprawl with
Although this phenomenon is helping to overcome the housing crisis in Baghdad, it has
many potential disadvantages on living quality in the area and the city in ge
Health and services problems due to the unavailability or lack of infrastructure services in such
Loss of large areas of agricultural land and green areas in the city which have many
impacts such as contributing to the desertificationof the area.
Cultural and social services problems due to the unavailability or lack of such services in these
areas. This problem affects slum areas as well as the surrounding districts.
job opportunities in the area as well increasing traffic jam in surrounding
In addition to many other problems and issues such as legal problems, administrative
issues which could be further researched in the future.
_____________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
researcher could not get a copy of it. . Furthermore, according to the laws
, these areas should
To summarize, the urban sprawl in the city of Baghdad and the increase in its speed is
coherence of the family, political for
achieving political interests, organizational for the lack of housing units/lots provided by the
government and their mismatch between provided housing units/lots and family needs, and
n contrast with other slum dwellers, the study indicated that
almost all households have very good economic support with sufficient income and reserves.
The other type of factors is legal such as the lack of planning and imposing the laws without
frauds while dramatically increasing the rate of urban sprawl with
Although this phenomenon is helping to overcome the housing crisis in Baghdad, it has
many potential disadvantages on living quality in the area and the city in ge
neral. Such
Health and services problems due to the unavailability or lack of infrastructure services in such
Loss of large areas of agricultural land and green areas in the city which have many
impacts such as contributing to the desertificationof the area.
Cultural and social services problems due to the unavailability or lack of such services in these
job opportunities in the area as well increasing traffic jam in surrounding
In addition to many other problems and issues such as legal problems, administrative
___________________________________________________________________________
74 Page
APPENDIX 1:
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEW WITH SLUM SETTERS
Q1
Are you married? Do you have children?
answer
Q2
Do you own this house? Do you or your family own any other property?
answer
Q3
If you own this house then do you have any papers to prove your
ownership?
answer
Q4
Were you living with an extended family?
answer
Q5
Did you build this housing unit? Did you build it?
answer
Q6
Was there any surveyors during the planning of the area or the streets?
answer
Q7
Where you living in the
answer
Q8
Are you satisfied with the building quality of the current housing unit?
answer
Q9
Were you aware of any help from the government for providing housing
units/lots for you and your family?
answer
Q10 If you were
offered a better housing unit, are you willing to leave this
house?
answer
Q11
Do you expect the government to remove you from the area?
answer
Q12
Did any of your relatives live in slum areas on agricultural land before
you?
answer
Q13 Did any
governmental organizations or municipalities try to enforce
anything on you or fine you due to living in informal housing?
answer
Q14
Did you buy/build this housing to live in or as a long
answer
Q15
Do you expect any governmental
answer
Q16
Do you expect the housing unit to increase in price or not?
answer
Q17
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
terms of construction, area and location?
answer
Q18
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
terms of provided services and infrastructure?
answer
___________________________________________________________________________
Vol
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEW WITH SLUM SETTERS
Are you married? Do you have children?
Do you own this house? Do you or your family own any other property?
If you own this house then do you have any papers to prove your
Were you living with an extended family?
Did you build this housing unit? Did you build it?
Was there any surveyors during the planning of the area or the streets?
Where you living in the
nearby area/districts?
Are you satisfied with the building quality of the current housing unit?
Were you aware of any help from the government for providing housing
units/lots for you and your family?
offered a better housing unit, are you willing to leave this
Do you expect the government to remove you from the area?
Did any of your relatives live in slum areas on agricultural land before
governmental organizations or municipalities try to enforce
anything on you or fine you due to living in informal housing?
Did you buy/build this housing to live in or as a long
-
term investment?
Do you expect any governmental
organization to fine you in the future?
Do you expect the housing unit to increase in price or not?
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
terms of construction, area and location?
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
terms of provided services and infrastructure?
___________________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTERVIEW WITH SLUM SETTERS
Do you own this house? Do you or your family own any other property?
If you own this house then do you have any papers to prove your
Was there any surveyors during the planning of the area or the streets?
Are you satisfied with the building quality of the current housing unit?
Were you aware of any help from the government for providing housing
offered a better housing unit, are you willing to leave this
Did any of your relatives live in slum areas on agricultural land before
governmental organizations or municipalities try to enforce
term investment?
organization to fine you in the future?
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
Is your current housing unit better than your previous housing unit in
___________________________________________________________________________
75 Page
References
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wahab, Maida Lui, (2008),
remote sensing",
master's thesis, architectural engineering department, university of
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sharief, Muhammed bin Muslit, (2004),
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Bogu،Enkela،(2003)،
"Assessing Feasibility Study of Informal Settlements Upgrading"
study of Windhoek، Namibia.
Carazzai،Valeria، (2002)، "
Community Participation and the Use of GeoInformation in Informal
Settlement Upgrading Programms
Netherlands.
Chome، John،(2002)،"
Behavioral and Spatial Impact of Title Registration in Informal
Settlement"
: The case study of Blantyre City
Netherlands.
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dwellers with conditions
(MajlisAlwizeraayamnahalmotjawizeenalaiqaraataldawlaardhmasahtuha 150 mater
murabaa be-shart),
hp://www.imn.iq/news/view.28847/.
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Settlement at level In Dehradun
gis@dev at New Delhi
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"State
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colonization era through a case of Sadr City in Baghdad"
and Reg
ional Planning, Cardiff University in UK.
Kamona, HaiderabdAlrazaq, (1990),
Alsho'onalislamia al thaqafia, Ministry of Media and Culture, Rev.1, Baghdad.
Matogu، George، (2000)،
Upgrading Urban Low
potentials and policy options،
Regional Roundtable on up
Maher, Saeed Ma, (2015),
The suggested law for wonership
public land (MuqtarahMahro'oQanonTamlikAlmotajawizeenalaalaradhialmamlokalildaw
(hp://baretly.net/index.php?topic=2183.0).
Srinivas،Hari، (1991) ،
”Urban Squatters and Slums
Division of Human Settlements Development
UN HABITAT 2012.
The State of Arab
Habitat Publications
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wahab, Maida Lui, (2008), "Spatial behavior of slum dwellers, analytical study using
master's thesis, architectural engineering department, university of
sharief, Muhammed bin Muslit, (2004),
"Slum area in Mecca",
Islamic Architecture
Department, Engineering faculity, Um Al
-qura University, Mecca.
"Assessing Feasibility Study of Informal Settlements Upgrading"
Community Participation and the Use of GeoInformation in Informal
Settlement Upgrading Programms
": A Case study of Recife، published،
Behavioral and Spatial Impact of Title Registration in Informal
: The case study of Blantyre City
، Malawi،
Published MSc thesis
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dwellers with conditions
(MajlisAlwizeraayamnahalmotjawizeenalaiqaraataldawlaardhmasahtuha 150 mater
hp://www.imn.iq/news/view.28847/.
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"
Identifying Vulnerability of Low Income
Settlement at level In Dehradun
"، Indian Institute of Remote Sensing،
Dehradun
"State
-led Low-
cost Housing evolution in the Political and Social
Context: A study of the evolution of state
-led low-
cost housing initiatives in the post
colonization era through a case of Sadr City in Baghdad", Masters dissertation, School of City
ional Planning, Cardiff University in UK.
Kamona, HaiderabdAlrazaq, (1990), Urbanization strategies in Arab world
Alsho'onalislamia al thaqafia, Ministry of Media and Culture, Rev.1, Baghdad.
Upgrading Urban Low
-IncomeSettlement
s in Africa
Regional Roundtable on up
.
The suggested law for wonership
-
giving to slum dwellers living on
public land (MuqtarahMahro'oQanonTamlikAlmotajawizeenalaalaradhialmamlokalildaw
(hp://baretly.net/index.php?topic=2183.0).
”Urban Squatters and Slums”: Defining Squatter Settlements
Division of Human Settlements Development
،
Asian Institute of Technology
The State of Arab Cies 2012: Challenges of Urban Transion
___________________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
"Spatial behavior of slum dwellers, analytical study using
master's thesis, architectural engineering department, university of
Islamic Architecture
"Assessing Feasibility Study of Informal Settlements Upgrading"
، A Case
Community Participation and the Use of GeoInformation in Informal
MSc thesis،ITC، The
Behavioral and Spatial Impact of Title Registration in Informal
Published MSc thesis
، ITC، The
Council of Ministers gives 150 square meters land to slum
dwellers with conditions
(MajlisAlwizeraayamnahalmotjawizeenalaiqaraataldawlaardhmasahtuha 150 mater
Identifying Vulnerability of Low Income
Dehradun
،organized by
cost Housing evolution in the Political and Social
cost housing initiatives in the post
-
, Masters dissertation, School of City
Urbanization strategies in Arab world
, Dar
Alsho'onalislamia al thaqafia, Ministry of Media and Culture, Rev.1, Baghdad.
s in Africa
: Constraints،
giving to slum dwellers living on
public land (MuqtarahMahro'oQanonTamlikAlmotajawizeenalaalaradhialmamlokalildaw
la),
”: Defining Squatter Settlements
، Bangkok:
Asian Institute of Technology
.
Cies 2012: Challenges of Urban Transion
, Worldwide,
___________________________________________________________________________
76 Page
ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا
ﻲﻓ قاﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ﻰﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻛ ﺔﺳارد
ﺎﮭﺑ
قاﺮﻌﻟا ﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﻨﺳ 2003 و 2015 ﻊﻣ
عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا
ﮫﺘﯿﻤھأ ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻤھا ﻢﮭﻓ تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا
ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟ
بﺎﺒﺳﻷا تاﺮﻐﺜﻟاو ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﯾدﺆﻤﻟا
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
ﺎﮭﻧﻮﻛ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﺎﻤﮭﻓ ﺎﯿﻟوا ىﺪﻤﻟ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا
ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟا
و ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط
ﺔﯿﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹا ﺔﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺠﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟاو ﺔﯿﻧاﺪﯿﻤﻟا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﺔﺳارد ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻣ لﻮﺣ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺜﺤﺒﻟا
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا و
ﻰﻠﻋ
صﻮﺼﺨﻟا و ﻢھا بﺎﺒﺳﻷا ﺔﯾدﺆﻤﻟا ﻰﻟا
ﺎﮭﻟﻼﺧ
ﻊﻣ ضاﺮﻌﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻘﻟا ضﺎﻐﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ
ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟ
"،ﻲﺠﺑﻮﻄﻟا ،نﺎﻜﺳﻹا ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﺔﯿﻤظﺎﻜﻟا "
ﻲﺘﻟا
تأﺮط ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ لﻼﺧ مﺎﻈﻧ ـﻟا
ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ
لﻮﺣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا.
___________________________________________________________________________
Vol
ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻋ
ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻒﺣﺰﻟا ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟا
ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا
ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻓ ﻢﻀﺧ تاﺮﯿﻐﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا و ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﯾ
ﺎﮭﺑ
ﺔﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا نﺎﻜﺴﻟ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا .ﺐﺴﺘﻜﯾ اﺬھ
عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا
ﺎﻤﻛ
و ﻦﻜﻤﯾ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ هﺬھ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﺿو تﺎﯿﻟا
ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟ
ﻊﺿو تﺎﯿﻟﻻا ﻞﺤﻟ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻦﯿﯾﺪﻤﻟا ﺮﯿﺼﻘﻟا ﺪﯿﻌﺒﻟاو ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻦﯿﻜﻤﺗ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ هﺬھ
ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻤﻟا
تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا
ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا.
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟا
ﻲﻓاﺮﻐﺠﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺼﺣﻻا ﻲﻧاﺪﯿﻤﻟاو ﺚﯿﺣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﯾ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا
ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ
ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ مﺎﻈﻧ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
فاﺪھﻷا
ﻲھ:
ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا ،ﮫﺨﯾرﺄﺗ، و هرﺎﺛا ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ و
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
ﻲﻓ قاﺮﻌﻟا ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ.
ﺔﯿﻤﯾدﺎﻛﻻا
لﻮﺣ ﻒﺣﺰﻟا ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا قاﺮﻌﻟاو
ﻰﻠﻋ
ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﺗ ﺮﯾﺮﻤﺗ زوﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺿارﻷا ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ
ﺎﮭﻟﻼﺧ
ﻦﯿﺗﺎﺴﺑ
ﻞﯿﺨﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ خﺮﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ داﺪﻐﺑ / (ةروﺎﺠﻤﻟا
ﻖطﺎﻨﻤﻟ
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻨﺳ 2003 و ﻰﻟا ﺔﻨﺳ 2015 و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟا
ﻲﺘﻟا
تﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟا
و ﻢﮭﻓ ﺎھرﺎﺛا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﯾﺮﻟا و ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﯾﺪﻤﻟا.
ﻦﻣ
تﺎﺟﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺘﻟاو ﺔﯿﺋﺎﮭﻨﻟا و تﺎﺣﺮﺘﻘﻣ ثﻮﺤﺒﻟ
ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ
___________________________________________________________________________
Vol
4, Issue 2, 2015
ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا
اﺬھ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻮھ ﺔﺳارد
ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻋ
ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ بﺎﺒﺳأ ﻚﻟذ
ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﺬﺧﻻا ﺮﻈﻨﺑ رﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻا
ﺔﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﺔﯿﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا نﺪﻤﻠﻟ و ﻒﯾﺮﻟا .
ﺎﻤﻛ
هﺬﮭﻟ ةﺮھﺎﻈﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻰﻟا
ﺎﮭﺘﻗﻼﻋو ﺔﺌﯿﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﯿﺤﻤﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻘﻟا و ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا و
تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا
ﺞﮭﺘﻨﯾ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺞﮭﻨﻣ
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺘﻟا
رﺪﺼﻤﻛ تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻠﻟ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻢﺘﯾ
ﺎﮭﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ
اروﺮﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﺑ ﻦﻣ
فاﺪھﻷا
1. ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﺐﻀﺘﻘﻣ لﻮﺣ
ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
2. ضاﺮﻌﺘﺳا ثﻮﺤﺒﻟا
ﺔﯿﻤﯾدﺎﻛﻻا
ﻞﺤﻔﺗ هﺬھ ةﺮھﺎﻈﻟا.
3. ضاﺮﻌﺘﺳا تاﺮﻐﺜﻟا
ﺔﯿﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا
ﺎھﺬﯿﻔﻨﺗ بﺎﺒﺳﻷ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﺴﻧإ.
4. رﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا )
ﻦﯿﺗﺎﺴﺑ
لﺎﺜﻤﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﺣﺰﻟا
ﻲﻧاﺮﻤﻌﻟا
GIS .ﻦﻣو ﻢﺛ ﺔﺳارد هﺬھ
تﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟا
ﻲﮭﺘﻨﯾ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﺑ
ﻦﻣ
