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European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
341
Travel and Leisure Activities, Motivation and
Behavior of Young Bangladeshi Tourists
Shohel Md. Nafi, MBA
Lecturer, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management,
Daffodil Institute of IT, Bangladesh
Tanvir Ahmed, MBA
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Doi: 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n5p341 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n5p341
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find the motivational factors and
travelling patterns of young tourists at home and abroad. Leisure activity and
vacations aren’t considered as luxury anymore. In their busy life Vacation is
one of the core elements of mental support system. Despite an increasing
interest in the market size of young travelers, economic potential and their
desire to travel, relatively little is known about their travel motivation,
expectation and intention. Therefore, this study aims to provide insights of
young Bangladeshi travelers’ lifestyles and travel intentions. This study
mainly focuses on the behavioral and motivational aspects of the tourists when
they choose a vacation and in a vacation. The survey questionnaire is divided
into three sectors; first part focuses on the demographic characteristics of the
respondents, second part focuses on the motivational and behavioral aspects
of young tourists; third part describes the travel motivation and behavior of
outbound tourists. The sample of 200 young tourists has been selected based
on Simple Random Sampling method to collect data. The survey data are being
analyzed in a descriptive manner. SPSS 20.0 software has been used to analyze
the primary data. This study used frequency analysis, table and chart to
analysis data. The study suggests that the way of leisure spending have been
altering over the period of time. The vibrant young travelers of Bangladesh
are bringing their constructive influence in this business for the last decade
with their ever changing test and demand being constantly updated with
worldwide trend.
Keywords: Leisure Behavior, Motivation, Tourism, Young Tourist
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
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Introduction
The process to accurately forecast recent travel behavior pattern and to
identify travel motivational factors can play a vital role determining the policy
making process, destination management and tourism product development.
In order to predict travel behavior it is essential to identify distinctive traits of
a person that influences visitors decision making process, which will
ultimately lead to the understanding of the positive and negative motivational
drivers influencing destination preferences of the tourists (March &
Woodside, 2005; Laws, 1995; Holloway, 2004). Therefore with the
understanding of tourist behavior and sufficient information, strategies can be
developed and implemented to increase the demand for tourism related
products (March & Woodside, 2005; Papatheodorou, 2006)
Tourism literature has reported that people's perception of travelling
lies in the results of travelling attitudes, perceived awareness, understanding
and information about tourism based resources and images of destinations. In
the early 80’s, several ‘leisure researchers’ first began to research ‘tourism
topics’ from a social psychological perspective (Iso-Ahola, 1989), although
the common linkages between these two arena were commonly
acknowledged. Moreover, current definition of leisure included both being
undertaken in people’s free time, being regarded as pleasurable, intrinsically
motivating and a rewarding experience that has formed the basis of the
subjective definition of leisure (Neulinger, 1974).
On a trip travelers usually participate in unusual activities. Leontido
(1994) and Carr (2002) found that tourists often act in a more unconventional
and less reserved way in contrast to their regular behavior during leisure time
at home. That’s the reason social psychological theories are now being applied
to study of leisure by several modern leisure researchers, mostly focusing on
the deeper stimulation, mind-set and feelings of people’s leisure behavior. In
other words, to measure the diversity, rate of recurrence and value of the
‘experience’ has more significant value now then previously perceived.
Traditionally young tourists were dependent on the decisions of other
key persons of their family. But, in recent years this particular market segment
is becoming more independent, technologically advanced and drawn to
novelty of the tourism product. This dramatic demographic shift in the last
decade has totally changed the usual perception of the policy makers.
Specially, the young market has been showing both the aspiration and
capability to acquire a wide variety of tourism products and also has a
tendency to take longer vacations which ultimately guarantees more scope for
business opportunities (Ian & Musa, 2008; Richards & Wilson, 2003).
As an emerging economy of south Asia, Bangladeshi youths are also
evolving. Leisure activity and vacations aren’t luxury anymore. In their busy
life vacations are one of the core elements of mental support system. The
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
343
market has a clear understanding of this segments potentiality, that’s why they
focused on young traveler’s potential desire to travel, to turn into actual
demand for tourism product and services. All these ultimately lead
commercial businesses to constantly bringing innovative, thrilling and
pioneering development in leisure experience products. Ultimately creating
more flexible and affordable vacation options with additional leisure activities
tailored only for this specific lucrative market.
But unfortunately, though the market size of young travelers is
increasing and significant economic potentiality has been showing many
positive signs. But relatively very little is known about their travel motivation,
expectation and intention. Therefore, this study aims to provide insights of
young Bangladeshis travel lifestyles and travel intentions by focusing on their
travel behavior and motivation.
Literature Review
In this study, young travelers are defined as young Bangladeshi
travelers aged between 18 and 34 years old. At the age of 18, a person is
considered or perceived as an adult in Bangladesh and allowed to travel with
minimal supervision. First of all, it is important to clarify the term ‘youth’.
Recently UNWTO has declared the age of youth to between 18 to 34 years
(Prayag et al., 2013; UNWTO, 2012) which is used in this study as age bracket
of the youth. Previous academicians also referred this age bracket to represent
youth (Holmes et al., 2013; Prayag et al., 2013). However, there is no
universally agreed definition of youth travelers in terms of age (Chen et al.,
2013). Moreover, the importance and impact of young travelers have recently
been esteemed by the policy makers in all over the world that helps to the
policy development regarding youth travel.
The majority of previous researches on young travelers mainly focus
on the backpackers (Ian & Musa, 2008; Murphy & Pearce, 1995) and students
(Chadee & Cutler, 1996; Kim & Jogaratnam, 2002; Reisinger & Mavondo,
2004; Sung & Hsu, 1996). Generally local community and business benefited
more from the adventurous young travelers (d’Anjou, 2004). But the current
research has been focused on the leisure activities and vacation motivation of
young tourists.
Leisure activities are closely related to the way of life of the people.
Several researchers have already identified the concept of leisure. Szántó
(1967) defined leisure time as “a time frame and part of non-work frame,
which is left off for activities that is economic, social, physiological
constraint-based activities”. So, leisure time can be denoted as all the activities
in which people take part voluntarily in their free time outside their usual
residence. Generally people involved in various types of leisure activities like
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
344
sports, shopping, visiting tourist place in home and abroad, have fun or relax,
visiting friends and relatives, excursions etc.
Normally vacation travel is an experience and essentially an intangible
product (Ahmed et al., 1998). The production and consumption of vacation
travel is take place at a same time. For that reason traveler or consumer directly
involved in the product creation process that influence on their experience. In
recent time, vacation travel has become more popular to the youth as a result
of increased leisure time, technological processes and income which have
freed the movements of money and people (Yau & Chan, 1990).
Traveler’s decision about destination selection is a complex procedure
relating with individual’s perception, motivation, previous experience,
attitude, information search and intention (Shih, 1986). Travel destination
includes both natural and manmade places where individuals spend their free
time. They include national parks, amusement parks, shopping facilities,
historical sites, cultural resources, natural scenery, lodging facilities, food and
beverages establishments, entertainment facilities, recreational facilities, and
the people and culture of different travel destinations.
Motivation is one of the primary reasons for individuals’ travelling
behavior and motivation is also important to understand the tourists decision
making process, in addition to evaluate the successive fulfillment of tourist’s
expectations (Wall and Mathieson, 2006). Consequently, motivational factors
are importance to understand the destination choice decision of the young
tourists and to design marketing program for them. Crompton and McKay
(1997) illustrate that, this kind of importance lies in three reasons: i)
understanding tourist motivations would pave the way for creating better
products and services; ii) motives must be identified and prioritized first
before a destination marketer can understand tourist decision-making
processes; and iii) satisfaction with tourism experiences is intrinsically related
to initial motives of tourists.
The success of a travel destination depends on the three basic factors;
attractions; amenities or facilities and its accessibility (Holloway, 1986).
These factors are interrelated with each other and collectively create the
satisfaction. Moreover, Goodrich (1978) found that while traveling tourists
had considered four important factors in their travel planning: entertainment,
opportunity of purchase, comfortable climate and price of the product. On the
other hand, young travelers exhibit one of the four different types of travel
motives: experience seeking, relaxation seeking, sociability and contributing
to the destination (Richards & Wilson, 2003).
Methodology
In this study descriptive statistics is used for data analysis. A structured
questionnaire is used to collect primary data from the respondents. The
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
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questionnaire is divided into three parts; socio-demographic characteristics of
the respondents is given in part one, part two consists of questions on young
tourists motivation and travel behavior in domestic travel choice and young
tourists motivation and behavior in international travel choice is shown in part
three. A total of 200 individual tourists have been surveyed through a
questionnaire. The sample of 200 young tourists has been selected based on
Simple Random Sampling method to collect data. The survey data are being
analyzed in a descriptive manner. SPSS 20.0 software has been used to analyze
the primary data. This study used frequency analysis, table and chart to
analysis data.
Target Population
Young Tourists (Age range: 18 to 34 )
Sampling Technique
Simple Random sampling
Sample Size
200
Data Used
Primary and secondary
Data Analysis
SPSS 20.0
Snapshot of Research Design
Data Analysis and Findings
This chapter has been divided into three parts. In the first part, socio-
Demographic characteristics of the respondents have been discussed. In the
second part, travel behavior and motivations of young tourists has been
elucidated. And finally, attitude towards travel behavior and motivations of
respondents about international travel has been discovered.
• Part -1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics
In this section, the background information of the respondents of the
survey is presented. Particularly, it provides the socio-demographic
information about respondents’ gender, age and education level. It also
provides information about the respondents’ travel pattern like the frequency
of the visit, length of stay and daily expenditure during the stay.
Table 1: Demographic Profile of Respondents
Variables
Categories
No. of Respondents
Percentage
Gender
Male
137
68.5
Female
63
31.5
Age
20-25
172
86.0
26-30
6
3.0
31-35
22
11.0
Education level
H.S.C
35
17.5
Undergraduate
142
71.0
Graduate
23
11.5
Monthly Family
Incomes
below 20,000
28
14.0
21,000-30,000
27
13.5
31,000-40,000
75
37.5
41,000-50,000
43
21.5
over 50,000
27
13.5
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Table 1 shows that among 200 respondents of this study, 137 are male
that is 68.5 percent of total respondents and 63 are female that is accounting
for 31.5 percent. To conduct study focused on young tourists, the survey was
conducted by keeping in mind about the targeted age limit. Among the
participants of this study 86 percent of them are from the age range of 20-25
years, 11 percent are from 31-35 years and only 3 percent are from 26-30 years
age range. On the other hand, this study targeted to find the activities,
motivations and behaviors of the young tourists, the participants should have
a strong educational background to have a developed sense about their actions
and choices. For that reason, the table shows that 71 percent of the respondents
have studied undergraduate level while 17 percent have completed higher
secondary followed by 11 percent graduate participants. This study found that
37 percent of the participants’ comes from the families that have a family
income in between taka 31,000-40,000 and 21 percent came from the income
range of taka 41000-50,000.
Part 2: Leisure Pattern and Preference of Domestic Tourists:
Many Bangladeshi travelers
usually make a trip to their
native village once a year during
two religious ‘Eid festivals’.
However, there are various
recreational tours with family,
colleagues and classmates.
From the figure 1, it is
identifiable that 50% of the
participants make a domestic
tour, once or twice a year which
makes the most preferred option
for this question. 36%
participants expressed that they
make 3-4 trips a year. Moreover,
this study also found some
enthusiastic tourists who usually
travel 7-8 trips or more than 8
trips in a year.
100
73
12 11 4
50
36,5
65,5 2
1-2 trips 3-4 trips 5-6 trips7-8 trips More
than 8
Figure 1: How often do you travel (in a
year) to a domestic destinations of tourism
interest?
Frequency Percent
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Most of the respondents,
about 71%, turned out to be
planning their domestic
travels on their own. But,
surprisingly, the option
stating “Internet’ secured
the second position with
23% preference. But travel
agent secured only 6% as a
mean of domestic travel
planning. Basically young
people have sufficient time
to plan their holiday. For
that reason they are willing
to organize their holiday by
themselves.
Figure 3 found that the
most preferred option for
them is travelling with
friends (53%) whereas the
previous Bangladeshi
generation always planned
their travels with their
family. So it can be
derived that, with time the
family centric travelling
mind setup has changed.
That’s the reason
travelling with family is in
the second position with
34% preference.
In winter the mild sunlight,
soothing temperature and
fresh air cooks up the
perfect recipe for enjoyable
trips with all these natural
elements of typical
Bangladeshi weather. As
Bangladeshi winter offers
the perfect weather for
travelling, it is no surprise
that winter is leading the
preference board with a
staggering 58% preference.
But, surprisingly 21% of
travelers are very much
motivated to travel anytime.
142
12
46
71
6
23
Individually Travel Agent Internet
Figure 2: How do you organize your holiday?
Frequency Percent
0
50
100
150
Friends Family Colleague Tourist
groups
Figure 3: With whom do you travel or you
prefer to travel?
Frequency Percent
612
116
24
42
36
58
12 21
summer rain Winter Spring Any Time
Figure 4: In which season do you like to
travel in Bangladesh?
Frequency Percent
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
348
To find out the most imperative motives to go for a domestic travel,
participants are asked to mark their top three top motives out of several
options. From the figure 5 we can identify that, opportunity to increase
knowledge is the most vital motivator with 20.40% preference, possibility for
having an adventure has secured the second position with 16.50% preference
and the experience to be in a new place is in third position with 14.60%
preference.
This question was
asked to find out
reasoning behind a
travelers decision to
choose a destination
over others. And this
study has found that
well known
destinations are far
more preferred
(40%) than any other
options available for
the travelers.
86
41
120
97
74 85
23
52
10
14,60% 7,00% 20,40% 16,50% 12,60% 14,50% 3,90% 8,80% 1,70%
Figure 5: What drives or motivates you take part in a domestic tour?
Frequency Percent
80
30 34 28 28
40 15 17 14 14
Figure 6: What type of Tourism destination
attracts you most?
Frequency Percent
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Though the common
perception is that, Bus is the
most preferred mode of
transportation in Bangladesh
because of its flexible
schedule and accessibility.
But this study found train
outnumbered the popularity of
bus in the time of travelling
for vacation. Train is leading
the leader board with 43%
preference followed by 23%
preference of Bus and 19.5%
preference of water vassals.
Bangladeshi youth
tends to spend
mildly on trips.
Because of them
are students.
According to this
study 38.5% of the
respondents spend
1100-3000 per day
while 28% of them
spend 3100-5000
per day.
46
86
17
39
12
23
43
8,5 19,5 6
Bus train Air Water Private
Car
Figure 7: Please state your preferred mode
of domestic transportation?
Frequency Percent
12
77
56 41
14
6
38,5 28 20,5 7
Less than
1000
1100-3000 3100-5000 5100-7000 more than
7000
Figure 8: How much do you typically spend per day
on a typical domestic tour?
Frequency Percent
5
93
29 40 33
2,5
46,5
14,5 20 16,5
Figure 9: From where do you get most information?
Frequency Percent
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350
From the collected data set for this study, it can be found that Most of
the Young Bangladeshi Tourists prioritize their decisions of choosing a
destination of their acquired information. And this study shows they mostly
collect it from Friends and Family (46.5%) as their trusted source. Though,
Social media is relatively a new concept, but relatively it is imposing a great
influence over the travelers’ information gathering process.
More than half of the
population prefers a
domestic trip with a
length of 2 to 3 days.
About 24%
respondents spend 4
to 5 days at their
holiday. Only 20%
prefer same day visit
which is mainly
known as picnic.
Respondents are asked to choose their most preferred leisure activities
in Bangladesh while they take a vacation. For that reason, they had several
options including an open ended one. From the table we can understand that
‘Taking pictures to preserve memory’ is leading the preference table with
18.4% preference. This is understandable as traditionally, most of
respondents’ considers leisure activity as enjoyable moments and capturing
these moments enables them to relive those moments. Surprisingly foods has
secured second position in the chart while this country has always considered
consuming food as necessary items not a mean of experiencing luxury .
40
111 49
20 55,5 24,5
Same day 2-3 days 4-5 days
Figure 10: What is your preferred length of stay
at a domestic destination?
Frequency Percent
Takin
g
pictu
res…
Live
conc
ert
and…
Tradi
tiona
l
foods
Them
e
park
Atten
ding
a
fest…
Explo
ring
local
nei…
Shop
ping
Enjoy
ing
Sun
&…
Visiti
ng
Muse
um
Roa
ming
in
Nat…
Visiti
ng
Histo
rica…
Spen
ding
a
rela…
Hikin
g hill
track
s
Frequency 107 23 95 18 51 54 66 28 23 24 54 27 12
Percent 18,4 4 16,3 3,1 8,8 9,3 11,3 4,8 4 4,1 9,3 4,6 2,1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Figure 11: Please choose your top three preferred leisure activities while
travelling in Bangladesh
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351
Figure 12 intended to find link between the travelling time and the type
of travel. Here, ‘Weekend’ is leading the table with 20% preference. But,
Family occasion (18%) and “Govt. Vacation” (17.2%) is very close
competitor.
From the data of this study we can assume that Young Bangladeshi
tourists tend to be highly influenced by the assessment of Friends and Family.
The next two preferred influencers are, online review and costing.
Weeke
nd
Gover
nment
vacati
on
After
work
After
going
throug
h a
hecti…
Health
Issues
Annual
leave
Family
occasi
on
Workp
lace
picnic/
distan
ce…
When
eever
vacati
on is
avail…
Frequency 120 102 35 29 671 107 76 48
Percent 20,2 17,2 5,9 4,9 1 12 18 12,8 8,1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 12: When do you participate in tourism and leisure activities?
Word
of
mouth
from
FnF
Quality
of the
experie
nce
Online
review Costing Nostalg
ia
Distanc
e and
access
time
Adverti
sement
Transp
ortatio
n
Frequency 116 62 97 96 65 57 56 45
Series 2 19,5 10,4 16,3 16,2 10,9 9,6 9,4 7,6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 13: In case of choosing an activity while traveling in BD what factor
mostly influences you?
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
352
Part 3: Leisure Pattern and Preference of International Tourists
In the last part of this study
focused on the leisure
pattern and preference of
young tourists when they
travel abroad. This study
revealed that only 32
percent respondents have
ever visited abroad.
As a developing country not most of the people are affluent enough to
travel internationally but in recent years due to economic development and
Governments initiatives to reduce Visa related obstacles we have seen a
significant change in the mindset of the Bangladeshi travelers. International
tour is mostly trending among youngsters of Bangladesh. This study wanted
to investigate about the motivators for international travel. With 21.4% both
‘Opportunity to Visit new place’ and ‘outstanding scenery’ has secured the
position of most preferred motivator. With 16.2% preference Opportunity to
increase my knowledge e is in second position. Lastly, opportunity to have an
adventure and to enjoy Outdoor/indoor sport activities has jointly secured the
third position as motivator for international travel.
64
136
32 68
Yes No
Figure 14: Have you ever been to abroad?
Frequency Percent
Visitin
g
places
I have
never
been
Experi
ence
new
and
differe
nt…
Oppor
tunity
to
increa
se my
kno…
Have
an
adven
turous
experi
ence
Outsta
nding
scener
y
Restin
g and
relaxin
g
To
maint
ain
social
status
Outdo
or/ind
oor
sport
activiti
es
others
Frequency 33 425 15 33 12 11 15 6
Percent 21,4 2,6 16,2 9,7 21,4 7,8 7,1 9,7 3,9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 15: What drives or motivates you take part in an international
tour?
European Scientific Journal February 2018 edition Vol.14, No.5 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
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This Figure shows
that about 11
percent
respondents
preferred travel
agent when they
taken an
international tour
and 8 percent
arranged their
vacation on internet
and about 7.5
percent preferred
individual
arrangement.
15.5 percent
respondents
preferred to travel
with their family
when they travel
abroad, 8.5 percent
preferred to travel
with their
colleagues and 2.5
percent with the
tourist groups.
This question was asked
to find out reasoning
behind a travelers
decision to choose an
international destination
over others. This study
found that trending
destinations are far more
preferred (13.5%) than
any other destination and
10 percent respondents
travelled well known
destination in their
international trip.
15
22
16
7,5 11 8
Individually Travel Agent Internet
Figure 16: How do you organize your holiday?
Frequency Percent
31 17 5
15,5 8,5 2,5
Family Colleague Tourist Groups
Figure 17: With whom did you participate in an
international travelling experience?
Frequency Percent
20
6
27
10
3
13,5
Well Known Emerging Trending
Destination
Figure 18: What type of Tourism destination
attracts you most?
Frequency Percent
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This Figure 19 shows that, about 11 percent respondents preferred both
pre-fixed tour package with flexible timing and solo trip according to personal
timing and choice of destinations for engaging with locals.
Figure 20 reveals the
spending behavior of
young respondents in an
international tour.
Typically an international
tour is costlier than a
domestic tour. In this
study 13.5 percent
respondents spend taka
31000 to 40000 on their
vacation and 8 percent
respondents spend taka
41000 to 50000.
Figure 21 shows that about
21.5 percent people
influenced by word of mouth
communication from their
friends and family member
while they choose their travel
activities. Word of mouth
communication is the most
influential medium of
communication which is
recognized by all the
academicians. After that,
social media (3 percent) and
online review (2 percent) are
the major influential factor for
the young travelers while they
choose international travel
destination.
9
22 22
4,5
11 11
Fixed Itinerary ( Pre fixed
timing in a package tour)
Pre-fixed tour package with
flexible timing
Solo trip according to
personal timing and choice
of destinations for engaging
with locals
Figure 19: What is your favorite style of Itinerary in a foreign land?
Frequency Percent
27
16 10
13,5 85
31000-40000 41000-50000 More than 50000
Figure 20: How much do you typically spend
on an international tour?
Frequency Percent
43
64
21,5
32
Figure 21: From where do you get most
information?
Frequency Percent
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Generally, tourists tend
to spend more time in an
international tour than a
domestic tour. This
study also reveals that
almost 10.5 percent
respondents spend 5 to 7
days in international
tour and 8.5 percent
spend 8 to 10 days at
their vacation
destination
Research Implications and Conclusion
This study shows a glimpse of travel and tourism market in Bangladesh
dedicated for youth tourism. This study attempted to find out the perception
of the Bangladeshi young people regarding leisure, their leisure pursuits and
to discover influences of different demographic and socio-economical
variables over their leisure activities. Which means it was an effort to reveal
the existing motivators for leisure, travel behavior, decision making process
and leisure activities of the Bangladeshi young tourists.
The study also tried to explicitly explore about the areas like, time
allotted for leisure activities, their preferred season to travel, their common
attitudes towards leisure time and supporting issues that motivate them to
travel. The means of leisure spending have been changing over the period of
time. The domestic tourist destination visit becomes popular with the rising
trend of disposable income and available leisure time during last couple of
years. It has been observed in this study that there has been a metamorphosis
in leisure concept and behavior which would continue in future. Tourism
policymakers need to understand this drift in the market.
The findings offered valuable information to attend business
opportunities by providing ‘the existing pattern of peoples’ leisure behavior
and its changing trends. At the same time, the policy makers should develop
strategies by considering these changes in market.
The study suggests that the way of leisure spending have been altering
over the period of time. The vibrant young travelers of Bangladesh are
bringing their constructive influence in this business for the last decade with
their ever changing test and demand being constantly updated with worldwide
trend.
6
21 17 9
310,5 8,5 4,5
2-4 Days 5-7 Days 8-10 Days More than 10
days
Figure 22: What is your preferred length of
international tourism and leisure activity?
Frequency Percent
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