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MEMORY 13th SUMMER INSTITUTE OF THE PRSCO 2014 "Economía Sociedad y Ambiente: Territorio y Desarrollo Regional" Eje Temático 1. Geografía, Patrimonio y Ambiente
Abstract
La Geografía, el Patrimonio y el Ambiente, las disparidades territoriales así las políticas de Desarrollo Regional; las metodologías en Ciencia Regional, la Planificación Urbana-Regional, y Relaciones Asia-Pacífico son los ejes temáticos sobre los cuales versa este libro electrónico producto de las ponencias presentadas en el 13th Summer Institute de PRSCO.
En total se presentaron 148 resúmenes, de los cuales 128 fueron aprobados por el Comité Científico del evento, estas ponencias se publican en el siguiente Libro electrónico que pretende aportar a la comunidad científica internacional y al público en general con estudios, propuestas e iniciativas relacionados con el ámbito de la Ciencia Regional.
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The progressive increase of the number of cars in different cities of Chile entails an increase of noise range. This way, the road traffic constitutes the main source of noise pollution in the cities of the country. The traffic noise prediction allows obtaining the data that must be considered in the planning of road networks, how ever, the great amount of variables that take part in this prediction requires the predictive models to be tested and calibrated for each local reality, in order to obtain reliable results.
This study presents results of different predictive models of traffic noise, resulting from different researches and that contrast with the measures obtained from Osorno city, located in Los Lagos region
in the south of Chile. This analysis allows us to establish the best evaluated predictive model, through
a validation done with measurements on studied roads in the same city, according to the local
charac teristics and the number of cars.
This wide-ranging Handbook is the first major compilation of the theoretical and empirical research that is forging the new and exciting paradigm of evolutionary economic geography.
The research was conducted in the geographical region of Alto Urubamba, province of La Convencion, Cusco - Peru. The objective was to identify types of farmers and evaluate crops sustainability on farms of high forest. Surveys were applied to a sample of 106 farmers in both biophysical and socio-economic terms in order to identify typology; this information was analyzed through descriptive statistics. Multivariate analysis using preselected variables was performed to identify types of farmers. In addition, sustainability of eight tropical crops was evaluated; for this purpose, three farms for each crop were selected from 24 evaluated farms. Practical indicators of soil quality and crop health with a valuation from 0 to 10 were used; farmers participated during this evaluation. The results show that there are three types of farmers according to their efficiency in resources management and their economic logic. The crops of tea (6.65) and mango (6.50) obtained the highest values of sustainability, followed by coffee (6.25), cocoa (6.25), citrus (5.50), banana (5.45) and coca (5.10). Papaya (4.60) shows a value less than five; therefore, is considered as unsustainable according to local conditions.
The growing mobility of production and production factors could have contributed to a polarization reversal. However, it appears that economic development is increasingly localized in economic agglomerations. Globalization is a localized phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to review three partially overlapping perspectives on local economic development. These three perspectives broadly correspond to three factors enhancing the localized nature of economic development, namely externalities, learning and governance. Externalities are well-known phenomena associated with agglomeration. New is the fact that they constitute a source of increasing returns. This new school of geographical economics will be reviewed. At the same time a new economic geography emerged on the basis of clusters and industrial districts. Externalities are extended and change form. Dynamics of local economic development can be analizes from the perspective of evolutionary economic thinking. Learning in general and collective learning in particular are central concepts, not only at the level of firms but also at the level of territorial institutions. Learning increases and renews local competencies for economic policy. The growing complexity of relations between firms and between firms and territorial agencies is an important potential source of synergy and external economies but require new forms of governance at the level of industry and territory
Because conventional command-and-control environmental regulation often performs poorly in developing countries, policymakers are increasingly experimenting with alternatives, including voluntary regulatory programs. Research in industrialized countries suggests that such programs are sometimes ineffective because they mainly attract relatively clean participants free-riding on unrelated pollution control investments. We use plant-level data on more than 100,000 facilities to analyze the Clean Industry Program, Mexico’s flagship voluntary regulatory initiative. We seek to identify the drivers of participation and to determine whether the program improves participants’ environmental performance. Using data from the program’s first decade, we find that plants recently fined by environmental regulators were more likely to participate, but that after graduating from the program, participants were not fined at a substantially lower rate than nonparticipants. These results suggest that although the Clean Industry Program attracted dirty plants under pressure from regulators, it did not have a large, lasting impact on their environmental performance.
Do voluntary approaches deliver the expected environmental benefits? Do they help reach environmental targets in a cost-effective way? This report provides an assessment of the use of voluntary approaches building on a number of new case studies. Analysis is on the environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency and the administrative costs either used in isolation or as part of "policy mixes". The book concludes that the environmental effectiveness of voluntary approaches is often questionable, and their economic efficiency is generally low.