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8Department of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 88, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
9Department of Animal Environment and Health, Section of Anthrozoology and Applied Ethology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden
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JG<:@8C@Q<; 8:K@M@K@<J KNF ;8PJ 8 N<<B .L<J;8P 8E; 1<;E<J;8P GJP
:?FK?<I8GP 8E; G?PJ@FK?<I8GP K?< UIJK ;8P 98I<CP FE< ?FLI F= FE<
F= K?<J< K?<I8G@<J K?< J<:FE; ;8P 98I<CP FE< ?FLI F= K?< FK?<I K?<I
8GP "FN<M<I <8:? G8IK@:@G8EK G<I=FIDJ FE< ?FLI F= G?PJ@FK?<I8GP 8E;
FE<?FLI GJP:?FK?<I8GP <8:? N<<B *áCJ;óKK@I <K 8C
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
Fig. 2. '8G J?FN@E> ;@==<I<EK IFFDJ @E K?< >8I;<E .?< !IFM< @J K?< C<8JK ;<D8E;@E> IFFD =K<I K?8K K?< '<8;FN K?< FI<JK !8I;<E 8E; K?< 1<C:FD@E> !8I;<E =FCCFN 8 >I8;@<EK F=
9<:FD@E> DFI< 8E; DFI< ;<D8E;@E> .?< .I8;@K@FE8C LCK@M8K@FE I<8 8E; 89FM< 8CC .?< "8I;J:8G< ,FFD @J K?< DFJK ;<D8E;@E> #CCLJKI8K@FE 9P %8I@E -LE;< *<IJJFE .?< @CCLJKI8K@FE @J
,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< 8IK@JK
CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E ?8J 9<<E JKL;@<; :FEK@ELFLJCP J@E:< @K
I<:<@M<; @KJ UIJK G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E -FD< JKL;@<J ?8M< =F:LJ<; FE K?<
K?<I8GP ;<M@ 8E; &@<9<I> *áCJ;óKK@I <K 8C N?@C< FK?
<IJ ?8M< JKL;@<; N?<K?<I K?< ;<J@>E ?8J NFIB<; 8J @EK<E;<; .<EE>8IK
#M8IJJFE 8E; !I8?E *áCJ;óKK@I <K 8C ,<>8I;@E> K?< ;<
J@>E .<EE>8IK #M8IJJFE 8E; !I8?E ;@J:FM<I<; K?8K K?< G8IK@:@
G8EKJ JFD<K@D<J DFM<; M<IP @EKIFM<IK LJ@E> JG<:@U: G8IKJ F= K?< >8I
;<E JLGGFIK@E> K?<J< 8:K@M@K@<J )E FK?<I F::8J@FEJ K?<P DFM<; @E 8E
<OKI<D< <OKIFM<IK D8EE<I N?<I< FK?<I G8IKJ F= K?< >8I;<E JLGGFIK<;
K?<J< 8:K@M@K@<J “<G<E;@E> FE G<FGC<’J E<<;J 8E; @EK<EK@FEJ KNF D8@E
KPG<J F= I<:I<8K@FE8C N8CBJ ?8M< 9<<E =FLE; .?<J< K8B< GC8:< @E <EM@
IFED<EKJ N@K? ;@==<I<EK :?8I8:K<I@JK@:J :FEUID@E> K?< E<<; =FI BEFNC
<;>< FE K?< I<C8K@FEJ?@G 9<KN<<E K?< ;<J@>E F= K?< >I<<E JG8:<J 8E; K?<
8:K@M@K@<J K?@J JK@DLC8K<J”.<EE>8IK #M8IJJFE 8E; !I8?E EM@
IFED<EKJ N@K? :?8I8:K<I@JK@:J I<C8K<; KF K?< ?@>?<I G8IK F= K?< GPI8D@;
J<< @> J<<D KF JLGGFIK <OKIFM<IK N8CBJ N?@C< <EM@IFED<EKJ N@K?
:?8I8:K<I@JK@:J I<C8K<; KF K?< CFN<I G8IK F= K?< GPI8D@; J<<D KF JLG
GFIK @EKIFM<IK<; N8CBJ -K@>J;FKK<I 8E; !I8?E .<EE>8IK #M8IJJFE
8E; !I8?E -K@>J;FKK<I <K 8C .?< KNF KPG<J F= I<:I<8K@FE8C
N8CB@E> 8I< EFK EFK@:<; @EJK8EKCP 9LK K?@J I<JLCK N8J F9K8@E<; 8=K<I
8 J<M<EDFEK? G8IK@:@G8KFIP F9J<IM8K@FE JKL;P .<EE>8IK #M8IJJFE 8E;
!I8?E .?<I< N8J 8 E<<; =FI J@D@C8I JKL;@<J K?8K =F:LJ<; K?< IFC<J
F= K?< KI<8KD<EK K<8D 8E; ?FN K?< K?<I8G<LK@: 8:K@M@K@<J N<I< LJ<; @E
K?< >8I;<E
2. Aim of the study
.?< GI<J<EK JKL;P N8J G<I=FID<; 8J 8 G8IK F= FE>F@E> I<J<8I:? @E
CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E .?< FM<I8CC 8@D N8J KF =F:LJ FE K?< I<
?89@C@K8K@FE >8I;<EJ =LE:K@FE @E K?< K?<I8G<LK@: GIF>I8D .?< JG<:@U:
F9A<:K@M< F= K?< JKL;P N8J KF F9J<IM< K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E K?< I<?89@C
@K8K@FE GIF>I8D ;LI@E> 8:K@M@K@<J G<I=FID<; @E K?< >8I;<E .?< 8@D N8J
KF ;@JK@E>L@J? JG<:@U: HL8C@K@<J G8KK<IEJ 8E;FI GIF:<JJ<J ;LI@E> K?<
G8IK@:@G8EKJ JK8P @E K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE >8I;<E .?< LE;<ICP@E> 8@D N8J
KF >8@E 8 ;<<G<I LE;<IJK8E;@E> F= N?8K D@>?K 9< ?<8CK?GIFDFK@E> 8E;
KF F9K8@E DFI< BEFNC<;>< F= K?< ?<8C@E> GIF:<JJ<J N@K?@E ‘K?< J8CL
KF><E@: LE@K’F= CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E :FDGI@J@E> K?< CE8IG
DF;<C K?< <EM@IFED<EK 8E; K?< K?<I8G@JKJ’NFIB
3. Methods
3.1. Psychotherapy and physiotherapy at Alnarp
.?< GJP:?FK?<I8GP :FEJ@JKJ F= M<I98C :FDDLE@:8K@FE 89FLK K?< G8I
K@:@G8EK’J JPDGKFDJ 8E; <OG<I@<E:<J 9<=FI< 8E; ;LI@E> K?< KI<8KD<EK
8K CE8IG .?< GJP:?FK?<I8GP 8;FGKJ 8E <:C<:K@: 8GGIF8:? GJP:?F;P
E8D@: K?<I8GP:F>E@K@M< 9<?8M@FLI K?<I8GP N@K? <DG?8J@J FE GJP
:?F;PE8D@: K?<I8GP 8E; =F:LJ<J FE JKI<E>K?<E@E> K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ
?<8CK?P J<C= @E FI;<I KF @E:I<8J< J<C=<JK<<D 8E; <E:FLI8>< ?@D?<I KF
8::<GK 8E; 8:BEFNC<;>< ?@J?<I FNE J<C= .?< GJP:?FK?<I8G@JK LJL8CCP
I<:<@M<J K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E FE< F= K?< >I<<E?FLJ<J 9LK F::8J@FE8CCP EFK
@E K?@J JKL;P K?< K?<I8GP @J :FE;L:K<; N?@C< K?< K?<I8G@JK 8E; K?< G8I
K@:@G8EK 8I< N8CB@E> 8IFLE; K?< >8I;<E !I8?E <K 8C ;<M@ 8E;
&@<9<I> .?< K?<I8G@JK <E;J <8:? J<JJ@FE 9P K<CC@E> K?< G8IK@:@G8EK
KF 9I@E> K?<@I I<V<:K@FEJ 8E; K?@EB@E> FLK @EKF K?< >8I;<E
.?< G?PJ@FK?<I8G@JK LJL8CCP I<:<@M<J K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E K?< D8@E
9L@C;@E> "FN<M<I JFD<K@D<J EFK @E K?@J JKL;P K?< K?<I8GP @J :FE
;L:K<; FLK;FFIJ @E K?< >8I;<E .?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ ?8M< 9<<E FE J@:B
C<8M< =FI FE 8M<I8>< P<8IJ !I8?E <K 8C CK?FL>? K?<P
?8M< 9<<E FE J@:B C<8M< =FI D8EP P<8IJ K?<P JL==<I =IFD ?@>? JKI<JJ
C<M<CJ N?@:? :8LJ< G8@E <JG<:@8CCP @E K?< J?FLC;<IJ 8E; E<:B #E 8;
;@K@FE DFJK G8IK@:@G8EKJ JL==<I =IFD GFFI 9F;P G<I:<GK@FE .?<P I<
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
:<@M< 8 KI<8KD<EK K?8K G8IKCP :FEJ@JKJ F= LJL8C G?PJ@:8C K?<I8GP 8E;
G8IKCP F= 8 DF;@U<; =FID F= ,FJ<E D<K?F; 9F;PNFIB &8M<JJFE
.?< D<K?F; @J 8 G8K?N8P KF D8B< K?< G8IK@:@G8EK 8N8I< F= 9F;P K<E
J@FEJ 8E; @KJ :FEK<EK .?< G?PJ@FK?<I8G@JK J:I<<EJ 9F;P K<EJ@FE 8E; ;<
K<ID@E<J N?<K?<I =I<< DFM<D<EK F= K?< 9I<8K? @J F::LII@E> .?< KI<8K
D<EK 8@DJ KF :I<8K< FI I<JKFI< 8E FGK@D8C JK8K< N?<I< K?< =LCC I8E><
F= GFJJ@9@C@K@<J =FI <OGI<JJ@FE 8E; 8LK?<EK@: 9<?8M@FLI <O@JK .?< HL8C
@KP F= K?< KFL:? 8 KFL:? N@K? 8 JF=K ?8E; @J 8 =8:@C@K8KFI F= 8N8I<E<JJ
8E; :?8E>< -L9KC< :?8E><J @E DLJ:C< K<EJ@FE 8E; 9I<8K?@E> 8I< EFK<;
8E; K?< ?8E;J =FCCFN 8E; I<JGFE; KF K?<J< :?8E><J .?@J K?<I8GP 8=
=<:KJ 9F;P 8N8I<E<JJ 8E; >@M<J I@J< KF <DFK@FEJ 8E; <OG<I@<E:<J K?8K
?8M< 9<<E JLGGI<JJ<; .?< G?PJ@FK?<I8G@JK 8CJF :FE:CL;<J <8:? J<JJ@FE
9P 8JB@E> K?< G8IK@:@G8EK KF 9I@E> =<<C@E>J 8E; K?FL>?KJ FLK @EKF K?< >8I
;<E “,<D8@E@E> @E N?8K<M<I @J >F@E> FE @EJ@;< PFL K8B< 8 N8CB 8E; ;F
N?8K<M<I PFL E<<; KF ;F” .?@J N8P F= :FDGC<K@E> 8 K?<I8GP J<JJ@FE :8E
FECP 9< J8=<CP ;FE< @E K?< :FEK<OK F= K?< CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E
8::FI;@E> KF K?< K?<I8G@JK .?@J @J 9<:8LJ< K?<I< 8I< FK?<I K?<I8G@JKJ FLK
@E K?< >8I;<E 8E; 9<:8LJ< K?<I< @J =I<<;FD KF :?FFJ< 9<KN<<E JK8P@E>
8CFE< 8E; <E>8>@E> @E J<C=I<V<:K@FE 8E;FI J<<B@E> JLGGFIK @E K?< >8I
;<E ;<M@ 8E; &@<9<I> &8M<JJFE
3.2. Study approach
8K8 N<I< 8:HL@I<; @E K?@J JKL;P 9P LE:FE;@K@FE8CCP :FDGCP@E> N@K?
8E; F9J<IM@E> K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE >8I;<E @E FI;<I
KF @;<EK@=P <JG<:@8CCP <JJ<EK@8C 8:KJ 8E; =8:KFIJ I<>8I;@E> K?< I<:FM<IP
GIF:<JJ .?< JKL;P :8E 9< M@<N<; 8J 8 HL8C@K8K@M< 8JJ<JJD<EK F= 8:K@M<
<==<:KJ F= K?< CE8IG '<K?F; .?< JKL;P :8E 9< ;<UE<; 8J 8E <K?EF
>I8G?@:8CCP @EVL<E:<; JKL;P F= 8E <OGCFI8KFIP J@E>C<:8J< E8KLI< 3@E
N?<I< K?< IFC< F= K?< I<J<8I:?<I @J KF 9< 8 G8IK@:@G8EK F9J<IM<I
%LCC9<I>
3.3. Preparations
.?< K?<I8G@JKJ @E CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E 9I@<=<; K?< G8IK@:@
G8EKJ 89FLK K?< GC8EE<; JKL;P .?< F9J<IM<I K?<E :8D< 8E; @EKIF;L:<;
?<IJ<C= 8E; <DG?8J@Q<; K?8K ?<I 8GGIF8:? N8J KF JK8P @E K?< 98:B>IFLE;
8E; EFK G8IK@:@G8K< @E K?< 8:KL8C I<?89@C@K8K@FE GIF>I8D #K N8J <O
GC8@E<; KF K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ K?8K K?< 8@D N@K? K?< F9J<IM8K@FEJ :FE:<IE<;
K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE GIF>I8D @E ><E<I8C *8IK@:@G8EKJ N<I< @E=FID<; 9P K?<
F9J<IM<I K?8K EF 8KK<EK@FE NFLC; 9< G8@; KF K?<@I C@=< JKFIP .?< E<LKI8C
8GGIF8:? 8;FGK<; 8CJF @EMFCM<; C@JK<E@E> KF K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ N?<E K?<P
>8M< ;<K8@CJ F= 8 DFI< GI@M8K< E8KLI<
K?@:8C G<ID@JJ@FE =FI K?< JKL;P N8J >I8EK<; 9P K?< K?@:J FDD@K
K<< @E &LE; &/ 8E; *( &LE; .?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ I<
:<@M<; NI@KK<E 8E; FI8C @E=FID8K@FE 8E; >8M< K?<@I NI@KK<E :FEJ<EK =FI
G8IK@:@G8K@FE
3.4. Participants
)9J<IM8K@FE JKL;@<J N<I< :FE;L:K<; LE;<I KNF ;@==<I<EK I<?89@C@K8
K@FE GIF>I8DJ K?8K KFFB GC8:< @E CE8IG ,<?89@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E =FI KNF
:FEJ<:LK@M< JLDD<IJ .?< KNF >IFLGJ :FEJ@JK<; F= G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E KF
K8C FE< D8E 8E; NFD<E LI@E> K?< UIJK JLDD<I F9J<IM8K@FE G<
I@F; # K?<I< N<I< UM< NFD<E 8E; @E@K@8CCP 8CJF FE< D8C< G8IK@:@G8K@E>
.?< C8KK<I ;@J:FEK@EL<; K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE 8K 8E <8ICP JK8>< LI@E> K?<
=FCCFN@E> JLDD<I F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; ## K?<I< N<I< J<M<E NFD<E 8E;
FE< D8E .?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ :FEJ@JK<; F= G<FGC< 8><; – P<8IJ N?F
?8; 9<<E FE J@:BC<8M< =FI 8 G<I@F; F= – P<8IJ 8CC ;@8>EFJ<; N@K?
JKI<JJI<C8K<; D<EK8C ;@JFI;<IJ :C8JJ@U:8K@FE 8::FI;@E> KF K?< #EK<I
E8K@FE8C C8JJ@U:8K@FE F= @J<8J<J #
.?< 8M<I8>< 8>< F= K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E K?< GIF>I8D N8J P<8IJ
.?< 8M<I8>< ;LI8K@FE F= J@:B C<8M< N8J P<8IJ 9<=FI< K?< G8IK@:@G8EK
JK8IK<; KI<8KD<EK @E CE8IG 9FLK F= G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E K?@J I<?89@C@
K8K@FE GIF>I8D N<I< NFD<E
3.5. Limitations of the study
.?< ;8K8 :FCC<:K<; N<I< 8E8CPJ<; 9P K?< F9J<IM<I KF ;@J:FM<I GFJJ@
9C< G8KK<IEJ )9J<IM8K@FEJ N<I< D8;< FM<I 8 KFK8C F= N<<BJ N@K? FE<
KF KNF ;8PJ F= F9J<IM8K@FE G<I N<<B .?< I<8JFE =FI EFK F9J<IM@E> 8CC
;8PJ ;LI@E> K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE GIF>I8D N8J 9<:8LJ< K?< G8KK<IEJ ;@J:FM
<I<; :FE:<IE@E> 9<?8M@FLI8C :?8E><J @E K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ N<I< M<IP :C<8I
8=K<I JFD< N<<BJ ;LI@E> F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; # ;<:@J@FE N8J K8B<E KF
FECP D8B< F9J<IM8K@FEJ ;LI@E> ;8PJ N?<E K?< GJP:?FK?<I8G@JK 8E; K?<
G?PJ@FK?<I8G@JK ?8; 8GGF@EKD<EKJ N@K? K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ .?@J C<; KF 8
G8IK@:LC8I =F:LJ FE K?<J< F::8J@FEJ @E K?< I<D8@E@E> N<<BJ N@K?@E K?<
UIJK GIF>I8D 8E; FE K?< J8D< KPG< F= F::8J@FEJ ;LI@E> F9J<IM8K@FE G<
I@F; ## K?< =FCCFN@E> P<8I .?@J I<JLCK<; @E 8 KFK8C F= F9J<IM8K@FE ;8PJ
;LI@E> K?< UIJK P<8I 8E; F9J<IM8K@FE ;8PJ ;LI@E> K?< =FCCFN@E> P<8I
.?<I< N<I< EF J@>E@=@:8EK ;@==<I<E:<J @E N<8K?<I :FE;@K@FEJ 9<KN<<E K?<
>IFLGJ 8E; 9<KN<<E K?< P<8IJ
3.6. Observations
.?< D<K?F; @J F9J<IM8K@FE N@K? G8JJ@M< G8IK@:@G8K@FE IPD8E
.?< I<>@JKI8K@FEJ N<I< GC8EE<; @E E8KLI8C J@KL8K@FEJ N@K? ;@J
:I<<K EFEI<8:K@M< F9J<IM8K@FE 8E; N@K? FG<E <E;<; E8II8K@M< I<GFIK@E>
<EQ@E 8E; &@E:FCE .?< F9J<IM<I @E 8CC :8J<J N8J K?< UIJK 8L
K?FI 8:? ;8P J?< N8J ;I<JJ<; @E ‘>8I;<E@E> :CFK?<J’@E K?< =FID F= 8
9CL< NFIB FM<I8CC 8E; J?< NFIB<; N@K? <M<IP;8P K8JBJ JL:? 8J N8K<I@E>
N<<;@E> G@:B@E> 9<II@<J GC8EK@E> <K: 8=K<I ;@J:LJJ@FEJ N@K? K?< >8I
;<E<I .?< @EK<EK@FE N8J KF EFK @EK<I=<I< FI @EK<IILGK K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ @E
K?<@I =I8>@C< I<:FM<IP GIF:<JJ<J .?< F9J<IM<I’J BEFNC<;>< N?<E 9<>@E
E@E> K?< F9J<IM8K@FE GIF:<JJ N8J 98J<; GI@D8I@CP FE @E=FID8K@FE >8K?
<I<; K?IFL>? @E;<GK? @EK<IM@<NJ N@K? K?< JK8W NFIB@E> 8K CE8IG ,<?8
9@C@K8K@FE !8I;<E 8E; FE @EK<IM@<NJ :FE;L:K<; N@K? =FID<I G8IK@:@G8EKJ
;<M@ 8E; &@<9<I> ;<M@ 8E; 'åIK<EJJFE
3.7. Observation notes and analysis
.?< F9J<IM8K@FEJ N<I< :8II@<; FLK KI8EJG8I<EKCP @E :FEJLCK8K@FE N@K?
JK8W 8E; G8IK@:@G8EKJ 8E; N<I< ;F:LD<EK<; @E K?< =FID F= D<DFJ NI@K
K<E 8=K<I <8:? F9J<IM8K@FE .?<I< N8J EF K<DGC8K< =FI K?<J< F9J<IM8
K@FEJ K?<P 9<>8E N@K? 8E FG<E D@E; .?< F9J<IM<I’J 98:B>IFLE; 8J 8
9<?8M@FLI@JK N@K?@E K?< GJP:?FCF>@:8C U<C; N8J I<V<:K<; @E N?8K J?<
N8J <JG<:@8CCP @EK<I<JK<; @E F9J<IM@E> 8:@8C <OGI<JJ@FEJ 9F;P C8E
>L8>< 8E; @EK<IG<IJFE8C @EK<I8:K@FEJ 8KKI8:K<; 8KK<EK@FE 8E; N<I< F=
J@>E@=@:8EK @EK<I<JK 8:? G8IK@:@G8EK 8E; JK8W D<D9<I N8J 8CCF:8K<; 8
ELD9<I N@K?@E 8 :F;@E> JPJK<D
.?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ’9<?8M@FLI 9F;P C8E>L8>< 8E; 8:K@FEJ N<I<
>IFLG<; 8E; K?<D8K@J<; 8J N8J K?<@I :?F@:< F= NFI;J +L8C@K8K@M<
8E8CPJ@J @EMFCM<J <E:F;@E> D8K<I@8C 8E; :I<8K@E> @EEFM8K@M< ;<J@>EJ 8E;
:8K<>FI@<J 98J<; FE K?< D8K<I@8C 8:BD8E OGI<JJ@FE F= K?<
K?<D<J 8E; GIF:<JJ ;<J:I@GK@FE N<I< :8II@<; FLK LJ@E> FG<E 8J N<CC 8J
J<C<:K@M< :F;@E> :8K<>FI@Q8K@FE 8E; K?<D8K@J8K@FE .?< GIF:<JJ 8CJF @E
MFCM<; K?<FI<K@:8C J8DGC@E> IPD8E .?< ;8K8 N<I< :F;<; =FC
CFN@E> 8E @E;L:K@M< I<J<8I:? GIF:<JJ <EQ@E 8E; &@E:FCE N?<I<
K?< I<J<8I:?<IJ JFL>?K KF ;<M<CFG <OGC8E8KFIP 8E; K?<FI<K@:8C B<P :FE
:<GKJ 8E; KF UE; :FEE<:K@FEJ 8DFE> K?<D @E FI;<I KF ;<M<CFG 8 K?<FIP
98J<; FE K?< I<JLCKJ 1@K? 8E FG<E D@E; 8KK<DGKJ N<I< D8;< KF @;<EK@=P
9FK? <O@JK@E> 8E; E<N @EEFM8K@M< :FE:<GKJ KF @;<EK@=P K?< JKIL:KLI< 8E;
D<8E@E> @E K?< D8K<I@8C .?IFL>? K?< 8E8CPJ@J GIF:<JJ @EMFCM@E> :F;@E>
:8K<>FI@Q8K@FE 8E; K?<D8K@J8K@FE B<P :FE:<GKJ N<I< @;<EK@U<; 8E; I<
JLCK<; @E ;<C@D@K<; K?<D<J N?@:? 8I< GI<J<EK<; @E K?< ,<JLCKJ J<:K@FE
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
CC 8LK?FIJ :FE;L:K<; K?<@I FNE 8E8CPJ@J F= K?< :FCC<:K<; D8K<I@8C
=K<I K?8K K?< I<JLCK N8J ;@J:LJJ<; LEK@C 8CC 8LK?FIJ I<8:?<; :FEJ<EJLJ
1?<E 8CC 8LK?FIJ F= K?@J G8G<I ;@J:LJJ<; K?< 8E8CPJ<J I<>8I;@E> K?< G8I
K@:@G8EKJ KF><K?<I @K 9<:8D< M<IP :C<8I ?FN F9J<IM<; <M<EKJ 8E; 9<?8M
@FLI8C :?8E><J N<I< 8JJF:@8K<; .?<J< <M<EKJ N<I< 8E8CPJ<; JPJK<D8K@
:8CCP =FI M8I@FLJ K?<D<J
4. Results
LI@E> K?< UIJK N<<BJ F= K?< I<?89@C@K8K@FE GIF>I8D K?< UIJK P<8I
K?< F9J<IM<I :?FJ< KF F9K8@E @E=FID8K@FE =IFD K?< G?PJ@FK?<I8G@JK 8E;
K?< GJP:?FK?<I8G@JK :FE:<IE@E> <8:? G8IK@:@G8EK’J DFF; 9<=FI< 8E; 8=
K<I <8:? J<JJ@FE "FN<M<I K?< F9J<IM<I K?<E I<8C@Q<; K?8K N?8K<M<I K?<
DFF; F= K?< G8IK@:@G8EK J8;E<JJ ?8GG@E<JJ =ILJKI8K@FE K?@J ;@; EFK
@EVL<E:< K?<@I 9<?8M@FLI 8=K<I K?< M8I@FLJ J<JJ@FEJ GJP:?FK?<I8GP FI
G?PJ@FK?<I8GP @E :FEE<:K@FE N@K? <C<D<EKJ @;<EK@U<; 8J 9<@E> @EK<I
<JK@E> KF DFE@KFI ;LI@E> K?< I<JK F= K?< GIF>I8D =K<I :FCC<:K@E> K?@J
B@E; F= @E=FID8K@FE @K N8J ;@J:FM<I<; K?<I< N<I< EF @EK<I<JK@E> C@EBJ
9<KN<<E K?< :LII<EK JK8K< F= D@E; 8E; K?< JL9J<HL<EK :FLIJ< F= <M<EKJ
FI 9<?8M@FLI
=K<I FECP KNF N<<BJ F= F9J<IM8K@FEJ ;LI@E> K?< UIJK P<8I 8 :C<8I
G8KK<IE N8J I<M<8C<; 8E; @K N8J ;<:@;<; KF JKL;P K?@J @E >I<8K ;<K8@C
9<:8LJ< F= @KJ I<C<M8E:< 8E; :FEE<:K@FEJ N@K? ?<8C@E>I<:FM<IP =8:
KFIJ .?LJ K?< =F:LJ F= K?< F9J<IM8K@FEJ J?@=K<; =IFD ><E<I8C F9J<IM8
K@FEJ KF JFD< JG<:@8C J@KL8K@FEJ 8E; <M<EKJ 8=K<I K?< KNF B@E;J F= K?<I
8GP K?< GJP:?FK?<I8GP 8E; K?< G?PJ@FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FEJ @E :FD9@E8
K@FE N@K? :FEK8:K N@K? K?< JLIIFLE;@E> >8I;<E LI@E> K?< =FCCFN@E>
P<8I K?< F9J<IM8K@FEJ JK8IK<; KF =F:LJ ;@I<:KCP FE K?<J< J@KL8K@FEJ 8E;
<M<EKJ "<E:< DFJK F9J<IM8K@FEJ :FE:<IE<; K?< @EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E
GJP:?FK?<I8GP 8E; K?< >8I;<E FI G?PJ@FK?<I8GP 8E; K?< >8I;<E @>
4.1. Observed behaviour after the psychotherapy session
4.1.1. Contact seeking
.?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ J?FN<; 8 ;<J@I< =FI FLK>F@E> @EMFCM<D<EK <O
GI<JJ<; K?IFL>? >I<8K FG<EE<JJ 8E; <8JP 8::<JJ@9@C@KP 8 N@CC@E>E<JJ KF
@EK<I8:K N@K? FK?<IJ 8E; KF ><K @E :FEK8:K N@K? FK?<IJ .?<P N<I< @E
;<<; 8EO@FLJ KF ><K @EKF :FEK8:K <JG<:@8CCP 8 E<<; =FI ?LD8E :FEK8:K
.?@J 9<?8M@FLI N8J EFK F9J<IM<; @E FK?<I J@KL8K@FEJ @E K?< >8I;<E 8E;
N8J ;@JGC8P<; 8J 8E <OKI8FI;@E8IP @DD<;@8K< <M<EK 8J @= JFD<FE< ?8;
V@GG<; 8 JN@K:? @> –
4.1.2. Talking
.?< F9J<IM<I EFK@:<; K?8K G8IK@:@G8EKJ 8CN8PJ KI@<; KF @E@K@8K< 8E;
:FEK@EL< M<I98C :FDDLE@:8K@FE N@K? JFD<FE< .?@J E<<; =FI K8CB@E>
N8J F9M@FLJ N?<K?<I 8 G<IJFE :8I<>@M<I 8EFK?<I G8IK@:@G8EK K?< F9
J<IM<I N8J 8::<JJ@9C< J<<D<; KF ;<K<ID@E< N?F K?< G8IK@:@G8EK :?FJ< KF
K8CB N@K? "<E:< @K 8GG<8I<; KF 9< @II<C<M8EK N?<K?<I K?< G<IJFE :?FJ<E
N8J FE< K?< G8IK@:@G8EK LJL8CCP K8CB<; N@K? -L:? 8E F9M@FLJ E<<; =FI
K8CB@E> N8J EFK F9J<IM<; 8K 8CC @E :FEE<:K@FE N@K? 8EP FK?<I J@KL8K@FE
.?< JL9A<:K F= K?< :FEM<IJ8K@FE ;@; EFK J<<D KF 9< F= >I<8K @DGFIK8E:<
K?< D8@E =8:KFI N8J K?8K K?< ;@8CF>L< :FLC; JK8IK 8E; :FEK@EL< .?< K8CB
N8J LE=F:LJ<; 8E; K?< G8IK@:@G8EK @E HL<JK@FE ;@; EFK J<<D KF 9< G8IK@:
LC8ICP J8; FI ?8GGP )E< F9J<IM8K@FE N8J K?8K ;LI@E> F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F;
# K?< JL9A<:K DFJKCP :FE:<IE<; GC8EKI<C8K<; HL<JK@FEJ ;@I<:K<; D8@ECP
8K K?< >8I;<E<I 8E; K?< <;L:8KFI FI <M<E K?< F9J<IM<I N?@C< ;LI@E> F9
J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; ## K?< JL9A<:K DFJKCP :FE:<IE<; =FF;I<C8K<; HL<JK@FEJ
@K8K@FE =IFD K?< F9J<IM8K@FE EFK<J
“-?< N<EK ;@I<:KCP KF 2 8 G<IJFE @E K?< JK8W @E K?< U<C; 8E;
F? ?FN J?< K8CB<; 8E; 8K K?< J8D< K@D< K8B@E> G8IK @E K?< 8:
Fig. 3. '8G J?FN@E> K?< IFFDJ @E K?< >8I;<E K?8K K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ CFFB LG N?<E K?<P 8I< <OKIFM<IK<; .?< <EKI8E:< KF K?< D8@E 9L@C;@E> :IFJJIF8;J K?< ;@==<I<EK :LCK@M8K@FE 8I<8J 8E;
K?< "8I;J:8G< IFFD #CCLJKI8K@FE 9P %8I@E -LE;< *<IJJFE .?< @CCLJKI8K@FE @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< 8IK@JK
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
Fig. 4. IFJJIF8;J @E K?< 1<C:FD@E> >8I;<E *?FKF C@J89<K? MFE JJ<E .?< G?FKF>I8
G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
Fig. 5. ,8@J<; 9<;J @E K?< "8I;J:8G< IFFD *?FKF *8KI@B !I8?E .?< G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<
GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
K@M@KP ;<8C@E> N@K? VFN<IJ -?< :?8E><; G8IKE<IJ KF K8CB N@K?
:FEK@ELFLJCP”
4.1.3. Hunger
"LE><I N8J F9J<IM<; KF 8 C8I>< <OK<EK .?<I< J<<D<; KF 9< JL;;<E
?LE><I =<<C@E>J F= 9<@E> “8=K<I N?8K<M<I KF <8K” 8J FE< G8IK@:@G8EK <O
GI<JJ<; @K #E F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; ## @K N8J :C<8I K?8K K?<J< =<<C@E>J ;@;
EFK ?8M< KF :FE:<IE =FF; 9LK :FLC; :FE:<IE FK?<I K?@E>J I<C8K<; KF K?<
DFLK? JL:? 8J :@>8I<KK<J 8E; 8 JL;;<E E<<; KF UE; 8 G8JK@CC<CFQ<E><
@E 8 GF:B<K @E 8 :FLGC< F= :8J<J .?@J =<<C@E> G<:B@J? N8J FECP EFK@:<;
Fig. 6. .?< >I<<E?FLJ< 8K K?< <EKI8E:< KF K?< D8@E 9L@C;@E> *?FKF *8KI@B !I8?E .?<
G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
Fig. 7. .?< K<II8:< =8:@E> K?< KI8;@K@FE8C B@K:?<E >8I;<E *?FKF *8KI@B !I8?E .?< G?F
KF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
8=K<I K?< GJP:?FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FE =FID F= 9<@E> C<JJ 8==<:K@M< N8J @E;@
:8K<; 8=K<I K?@J J<JJ@FE
@K8K@FE =IFD K?< F9J<IM8K@FE EFK<J
“.8CB<; ;@I<:KCP N@K? K?< FK?<I G8IK@:@G8EKJ ;LI@E> ?<I JDFB< #K
N8J F9M@FLJ K?8K J?< JFL>?K FLK FK?<IJ =FI K8CB@E>”
4.2. Observed behaviour after the physiotherapy session
4.2.1. Being self-absorbed and friendly
.?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ J?FN<; @EN8I;KLIE@E> 9<?8M@FLI 8E; N<I< @E N?8K
D8P 9< G<I:<@M<; 8J 8 I<V<:K@M< 8E; K?FL>?K=LC @EE<I JK8K< .?<P N<I<
8J 89JFI9<; @E K?<@I K?FL>?KJ 8J JFD<9F;P J<C=:<EKI<; K K?< J8D<
K@D< K?<P 8:K<; @E 8 EFK@:<89CP =I@<E;CP N8P @>
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
Fig. 8. '8G J?FN@E> K?< IFFDJ @E K?< >8I;<E K?8K K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ CFFB LG N?<E K?<P 8I< @EKIFM<IK<; .?< 1<C:FD@E> !8I;<E K?< FI<JK !8I;<E .?< '<8;FN 8E; K?< !IFM< #CCLJKI8K@FE
9P %8I@E -LE;< *<IJJFE .?< @CCLJKI8K@FE @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< 8IK@JK
4.2.2. An introspective gaze
.?< <P<J F= K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ N<EK =IFD 9<@E> EFID8C KF 8 :FDGC<K<CP
;@==<I<EK B@E; F= <OGI<JJ@FE N?@:? :8E 9< ;<J:I@9<; 8J J<C=89JFI9<;
N@K? 8E @EKIFJG<:K@M< >8Q< 'FI< GI<:@J<CP @K :8E 9< ;<J:I@9<; 8J 8 ?8QP
8E; M8:8EK EFE:C<8I >8Q< 8E 89J<EK <OGI<JJ@FE @E K?< =8:< GI<F::L
G8K@FE N@K? ?@D?<IJ<C= @E K?8K DFD<EK 8:K@E> 8J K?FL>? @E 8 ‘9L99C<’
)=K<E G8IK@:@G8EKJ ?8; K<8IJ @E K?<@I <P<J 8E; :FLC; 9< ;<J:I@9<; 8J ?8M
@E> >FE< KF 8 :FDGC<K<CP ;@==<I<EK JK8K< F= D@E; 8J @= 8 E<N ‘:?8EE<C’
?8; FG<E<; KF <OG<I@<E:<
4.2.3. Calm and collected body language
.?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ J<<D<; KF 9< @E 8E @EN8I; JK8K< F= D@E; N@K? :C<8I
I<C8O<; :8CD 8E; :FCC<:K<; 9F;P C8E>L8>< .?<P N8CB<; CFFB@E> ;FNE
8K K?<@I J?F<J :8CD 8E; :FCC<:K<; N@K? JK<8;P JK<GJ FLK =IFD K?< J<J
J@FEJ @> –
4.2.4. A friendly silent approach
=K<I K?< J<JJ@FEJ K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ N<I< F9J<IM<; KF <EK<I @EKF
=I@<E;CP 9LK K8:@KLIE 9<?8M@FLI .?@J =I@<E;C@E<JJ N8J I<D8IB89CP 8G
G8I<EK F=K<E <OGI<JJ<; K?IFL>? D<JJ8><J ;<C@M<I<; 9FK? M@8 K?< <P<J
8E; K?< DFLK? =I@<E;CP ;<D<8EFLI N8J 8CN8PJ :FDDLE@:8K<; JFD<
K@D<J N@K?FLK M<I98C :FDDLE@:8K@FE FI N@K? ALJK 8 =<N NFI;J .?< G8I
K@:@G8EKJ E<M<I JK8IK<; 8 :FEM<IJ8K@FE @DD<;@8K<CP 8=K<I 8 G?PJ@FK?<I8GP
J<JJ@FE .?<P <@K?<I J8@; 8 =<N =I@<E;CP GFC@K< G?I8J<J :FDDLE@:8K<; @E
8 :8CD 8E; I<C8O<; N8P FI FECP >8M< 8 N8ID JD@C< 8 EF; #K 8GG<8I<;
K?8K K?<P :FLC; EFK G8JJ 9P N@K?FLK J8P@E> JFD<K?@E> E@:< <M<E ALJK 8
:FLGC< F= NFI;J I@<E;C@E<JJ N8J J?FNE ;@I<:KCP 8=K<IN8I;J FI D@ELK<J
C8K<I 8=K<I K?<P ?8; <D<I><; =IFD K?< ‘9L99C<’K?<P 8CC ‘F::LG@<;’@D
D<;@8K<CP 8=K<I G?PJ@FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FEJ
.?< F9J<IM<I N8J KI<8K<; ;@==<I<EKCP N?<E K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ :8D<
FLK =IFD 8 G?PJ@FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FE :FDG8I<; N@K? FK?<IN@J< 1?@C< K?<
Fig. 9. *?FKF>I8G?P J?FN@E> 8 G8K? @E K?< C<JJ ;<D8E;@E> 1<C:FD@E> !8I;<E *?FKF
C@J89<K? MFE JJ<E .?< G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8
G?<I
8GGIF8:? F= K?< F9J<IM<I N8J KF 8MF@; ;@I<:K :FEK8:K N@K? K?< G8IK@:@
G8EKJ @E K?< =FID F= <> JK8IK@E> 8 :FEM<IJ8K@FE @K N8J DFI< LJL8C K?8E
LELJL8C =FI K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ KF 9<>@E K8CB@E> <> 9P ALJK J8P@E> 8 =<N
=I@<E;CP NFI;J .?@J ?8GG<E<; N?<E<M<I K?<P <E:FLEK<I<; K?< F9J<IM<I
@E K?< >8I;<E 8E; JFD<K@D<J @E;FFIJ 8J N<CC #K N8J K?<@I N8P F= :FD
DLE@:8K@E> K?8K N8J ;@==<I<EK =K<I G?PJ@FK?<I8GP K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ 8C
N8PJ J<<D<; KF 9< I<D8IB89CP :F?<I<EK J<C=:FEKIFCC<; LJ<; =<N NFI;J
8E; J?FN<; =I@<E;C@E<JJ E LE;FL9K<; :8CDE<JJ F= 9<?8M@FLI N8J 8CJF
;<DFEJKI8K<; LI@E> F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; # K?@J =I@<E;C@E<JJ N8J D8@ECP
<OGI<JJ<; K?IFL>? :FDGC@D<EKJ F=K<E GC8EKI<C8K<; JL:? 8J “3FL 8I<
;F@E> K?8K C@B< 8 I<8C >8I;<E<I”
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
Fig. 10. G@:KLI< =IFD K?< >IFM< KFN8I;J K?< KI<< C@E< 8K K?< D<8;FN *?FKF C@J89<K?
MFE JJ<E .?< G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
Fig. 11. E8IIFN G8K? @E K?< N<C:FD@E> >8I;<E N@K? GC8EKJ K?8K K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ C@B< KF
JKIFB< 8E; :8I<JJ *?FKF C@J89<K? MFE JJ<E .?< G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<I
D@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
4.2.5. Picking behaviour
1?<E K?< @EKIFJG<:K@M< >8Q< 8E; K?< ‘9L99C<’N<I< FM<I –D@E
8=K<I K?< G?PJ@FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FE @K N8J F=K<E F9J<IM<; K?8K K?< G8I
K@:@G8EKJ <OG<I@<E:<; 8 E<<; KF G@:B FI KFL:? JFD< M<><K8K@FE 1?8K
K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ 8:KL8CCP :?FJ< KF G@:B ;@==<I<; VFN<IJ C<KKL:< ?<I9J
9<II@<J =IL@K <K: )E< G8IK@:@G8EK 8:KL8CCP ?8; ?<I FNE <OGI<JJ@FE =FI
Fig. 12. 1@C; IFJ<J 8E; N@C; JKI8N9<II@<J @E K?< FI<JK !8I;<E *?FKF C@J89<K? MFE J
J<E .?< G?FKF>I8G?P @J ,<GIF;L:<; N@K? G<ID@JJ@FE =IFD K?< G?FKF>I8G?<I
K?@J J?< I<=<II<; KF ?<I G@:B@E> 9<?8M@FLI 8J ‘G<KK@E> ?<I GC8EK 98
9@<J’@E K?< >I<<E?FLJ< N?<I< J?< F=K<E N<EK 8=K<I K?< G?PJ@FK?<I
8GP J<JJ@FEJ #K N8J 8CJF F9J<IM<; K?8K K?<I< N8J 8 ;@==<I<E:< 9<KN<<E
J?FIKK<ID G@:B@E> N?@:? F::LII<; JGFEK8E<FLJCP 8E; M<IP JFFE 8=K<I
K?< G?PJ@FK?<I8GP J<JJ@FE 8E; CFE>K<ID G@:B@E> K@D< N8J <JG<:@8CCP
J<K 8J@;< 8E; :FDDLE@:8K<; 8J >F@E> FW KF G@:B 9<II@<J FI =IL@K LI@E>
F9J<IM8K@FE G<I@F; ## K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ N<I< F9J<IM<; KF 8CJF KFL:? K?<
M<><K8K@FE @E 8;;@K@FE KF G@:B@E>
4.2.6. Imitating behaviour
#E :FEE<:K@FE N@K? ;<DFEJKI8K@E> =I@<E;C@E<JJ K?< G8IK@:@G8EKJ 8CJF
J?FN<; 8 K<E;<E:P =FI 9<@E> @EJG@I<; 9P N?8K K?< F9J<IM<I ;@; )E
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K?< C<8M<J K?< ?<;>< K?< VFN<I G<K8CJ”
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
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5. Discussion
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5.1. The garden
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
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5.2. Possible link between physiotherapy and the emotional tone in the
garden?
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5.3. Psycho-physiological responses
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/MEäJ'F9<I> <K 8C
UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
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D<EK@FE<; 89FM< FECP F::LI @E 8 J8=< <EM@IFED<EK 1?<E K?< <EM@IFE
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6. Conclusion
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:8LJ8K@FE JK8IKJ =IFD K?< JLGGFIK@M< <EM@IFED<EK K?<FIP !I8?E <K 8C
8E; K?< K?<FIP F= J@KL8K<; :F>E@K@FE 1@CJFE 8E; C8IB
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KNF KPG<J F= 9<?8M@FLI @E K?@J JKL;P 1< ?FG< KF =FCCFN LG K?@J ?PGFK?
<J@J N@K? 8 ELD9<I F= JKL;@<J
Con'icts of interest
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K<CC<:KL8C GIFG<IKP I@>?KJ (" "FC;@E> F= N?@:? K?< -N<;@J? /E@
M<IJ@KP F= >I@:LCKLI8C -:@<E:<J @J K?< D8AFI@KP J?8I<?FC;<I K?IFL>? @KJ
JL9J@;@8IP -&/ "FC;@E> .?< 8LK?FIJ ;<:C8I< EF :FEV@:K F= @EK<I<JK
Author contributions
@IJK 8LK?FI =FIDLC8K<; K?< I<J<8I:? HL<JK@FE 8E; @E@K@8K<; K?< JKL;P
KF><K?<I N@K? K?< K?@I; 8LK?FI @IJK 8LK?FI D8;< K?< F9J<IM8K@FEJ @E K?<
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8E8CPJ@E> 8E; @EK<IGI<K@E> K?< :FCC<:K<; ;8K8 8E; ;I8=K@E> K?< D8EL
J:I@GK CC 8LK?FIJ I<8; 8E; 8GGIFM<; K?< UE8C D8ELJ:I@GK
Acknowledgments
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FLE:@C FID8J .?< 8LK?FIJ NFLC; C@B< KF
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K8K@FE !8I;<E
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
A.A. Adevi et al. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
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