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Growth and Plumage Color Uniformity of Back Cross (BC2) Chicken Resulted from Genetics Selection of Pelung Chicken and Broiler
Abstract
Research aim to derive an excellent hybrid to be positioned as meat-type chicken. An excellent breed which possess uniform morphological character was archived by genetic selection through back-crossed mating shceme in focus on growth rate and plumage color uniformity. Day Old Chicken (DOC) resulted from parent stock broiler cobb 500 and Pelung chicken originated from Cianjur district, West java mating were intensively reared for seven week from hatch. Each chicken weighted every seven day and morphological character assessed at seven weeks old. Observe variable are heterocyst, coefficient Inbreeding (Fx), Inbreeding rate (F), plumage and shank characteristic proportion, and its frequency gene alteration through selection. After serial genetic selection, the BC2 chicken has 1129 g body weight and uniform morphological character. Overall body weight of BC3 chicken offspring from BC2 and F1 was deteriorated compared its broiler predecessor because of Inbreeding depression (Fx: 0.4375; F: 0.3125) and heterocyst decrement (H: -39.33) however, morphological appearance were highly resemble pelung chicken. Based on these finding, BC2 chicken was promised meat-type hybrid chicken which has fast growth rate and similar morphological character.
... The inbreeding depression (Fx) and rate (F) were estimated as described by Telalbašić et al. (2007), and Sawitri & Takandjandji (2012). The phenotypic traits were estimated as allele frequency, described by Perdamaian et al. (2017). The detail procedures were as follows: ...
... Based on these two factors, BC1GKr was the highest, Fx: 0.375 and F: 0.3125. Perdamaian et al. (2017) stated that declining performance was influenced by inbreeding depression. Declining performance in the body weight observed in BC3 Kambro Gama Ayam was influenced by inbreeding (Perdamaian et al., 2017). ...
... Perdamaian et al. (2017) stated that declining performance was influenced by inbreeding depression. Declining performance in the body weight observed in BC3 Kambro Gama Ayam was influenced by inbreeding (Perdamaian et al., 2017). In pre-conclusion, an outbreeding should be introduced to tackle the unproductive alleles in the gene pool. ...
In this study the genetic resource of Pelung chicken from Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, was exploited. Pelung chicken has a higher body weight growth, unique meat flavor, and superior posture, compared with other indigenous breeds. Kamper chicken line selective breeding program was conducted, to increase the performance of Pelung breed by crossing with Layer Lohmann Brown-Classic. The Layer Lohmann Brown-Classic is an imported laying-type breed, which is widely known for its reproductive performance, based on the egg productivity. This study aims to use quantitative genetic method in estimating the commercial and reproductive traits' performance of Kamper chicken line. Based on commercial, phenotypic and reproductive traits, the progenies in Kamper chicken line have significant improvements, compared to the parental cross of Pelung and Layer Lohmann Brown-Classic. The quantitative genetic method was used in describing and underlying some phenomenon, in the selective breeding program. Although quantitative genetic method is utilized in basic breeding program with significant precision and rapidness, it is only used in the preliminary study, for the advanced type. Therefore, the addition of quantitative trait loci (QTL), provide a more thorough genetic examination, and play a role in selective breeding program.
... This statement was proven by Daryono and Muammar (2013), who reported the average live weight gain gains of second backcross chicken to be 563.83 ± 109.527 g lower than 1124 g reported by Perdamaian et al. (2017). Utama et al. (2018) found that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) for BC1, pelung chicken, and Broiler chicken to be 2.32, 3.35, and 1.55, respectively. ...
... Previous studies (Daryono et al. 2012;Daryono and Muammar, 2013;Perdamaian et al. 2017;Utama et al. 2018) recorded almost similar percentage and morphological traits composition to this current study. The inclination toward directional selection was responsible for the similar appearances and composition of colors observed in pelung chicken (Nataamijaya, 2005). ...
Pelung chicken, as one of the Indonesian indigenous chicken breeds, is known for its distinct characteristics. Pelung chicken has been an object of selective breeding programs due to its slow-growing performance, particularly in live weight gain. Through selective breeding, the backcross and its reciprocal generations have been produced. This study was aimed to identify the phenotypes, performance in live weight gain, and insulin gene (INS) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C1549T genotyping. The phenotypes consisted of morphometrics and morphological traits. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method was used to detect the SNP C1549T of the INS gene. The live weight gain of reciprocal backcross (RBC1) outperformed the first backcross (BC1) chickens. Morphometrics and morphological traits of BC1 and RBC1 indicated a directional selection effect towards pelung chicken. The transition mutation of SNP C1549T was only detected in RBC1 chickens as CT genotype (44.44%) and TT genotype (55.56%). The presence of SNP C1549T might have a significant association with the live weight gain of RBC1. T-ARMS-PCR method is suitable for the rapid detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Additional studies are required to confirm the association of INS gene polymorphism and live weight gain with a larger population size
Background
Pelung chicken has extensively been studied through selective breeding and used by the local poultry sector for ornamental purposes and occasionally as meat-type chicken. However, a well-documented and detailed description of its origins, genealogical backgrounds, unique traits, and diagnostic genotyping of its unique plumage colouration has never been compiled. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a detailed description of Pelung chicken and conduct a diagnostic genotyping of the TYR gene associated with golden plumage colouration accompanied with direct visual observations in Pelung chicken.
Results
Direct visual observations of GK resulted in dominant white shank governs by two autosomal loci and one sex-linked locus. Plumage colours were divided into four variants: black-brown barred, brown-golden barred, brown, and white. Each plumage colour group governs either by both the autosomal loci and recessive sex-linked locus or only autosomal locus. The diagnostic genotyping detected the presence of intron 4 retroviral sequence insertional mutation of tyrosinase (TYR) gene in both F1 Kamper and GK. Full-length retroviral insertional mutation of the G. gallus TYR gene is associated with the appearance of recessive white (C*C/C*C) chickens, with pigmented eyes.
Conclusions
The golden Pelung chicken was originated from inbreeding crossings between F1 Kamper, the progenies of crossbreeding between Layer Lohmann Brown-Classic and Pelung chicken. Historical accounts suggested the first documentation about the possible origin of Pelung chicken located in several villages surrounding Warungkondang, Cianjur, West Java. Genealogical background of Pelung chicken referred to Thailand RJF (G. g. gallus) and the possible contribution of Javanese fowl (G. g. bankiva) to the formation of domesticated chicken breeds. The genealogical background resulted in two different taxonomical terms, G. gallus and G. gallus domesticus as a subspecies of RJF. The unique and distinctive characteristics of Pelung chicken are crowing duration and plumage colour composition. Our findings provide essential information to assist the development of MAS and conservation initiative of the Pelung chicken germplasm. Our findings provide essential information for modern chicken breeders to assist the development of MAS and conservation initiative of the Pelung chicken germplasm.
GUNAWAN, B. and TIKE SARTIKA. 2001. Crossbreeding between male pelung and female selected native chicken at second generation (G2). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 6(1):21-27. The experiment aimed to produce native chicken with faster growth rate that is to achieve body weight of more than 1 kg at 3 months of age. Three hundreds and thirty three crossbreeds (PK) day old chicken from the results of artificial insemination between male Pelung and second generation of selection of female native chicken, were used in this experiment. One hundred and eighty purebreds native chickens were also used as control population. They were put in grower cages with density of 10 birds per cage and each cage was treated as a single unit of replication. Feeds during experiment were given and divided into 3 phases that is Starter Feeds I (Protein 21% and Energy 3000 kcal/kg) for chicken between 0-21 days of age, Starter Feeds II (Protein 19% and Energy 2900 kcal/kg) for chicken between 22-42 days and Grower Feeds (Protein 17% and Energy 2900 kcal/kg) for chicken between 43-84 days. Variables which were recorded were weekly body weight until 12 weeks of age, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality, carcass weight and simple economic ratio (B/C ratio). The results of the experiment showed that body weight at 12 weeks of crossbred (PK) was significantly higher than the pure native chicken (1000 vs 923 g) (P<0.05). Feed consumption was not significantly different (3037 vs 3036 g/bird/12 weeks), but the feed conversion of the crossbred was significantly better than the purebred (3.09 vs 3.4) (P<0.05). Carcass weight and carcass components were not significantly different between the two breeds, but they were different between sexes (P<0.05). Simple economic calculation showed that crossbreeds produced higher profit than purebreds with the benefit cost ratio were 1.31 for crossbred (PK) and 1.2 for purebred native chicken. The mortality rate during the experiment was low, that is 5.5% for crossbred and 6.36% for purebred.
The aims of this study were to estimate the inbreeding level and to evaluate inbreeding effects for birth (BW) and fourth week weight (FWW) in a multi-breed sheep population. The analyses were performed within eight lines and the total population. The data set of 36488 pedigreed individuals over twenty years was analysed. The inbreeding coeffi cients were derived from an additive relationship matrix. The inbreeding depression was expressed as a partial linear regression coeffi cient estimated via a single trait animal model including fi xed effects (fl ock, type of birth, sex, breed, inbreeding coeffi cient - as linear covariable) and random effects (additive genetic and residual). The number of pedigreed individuals varied considerably over time. The study has shown that the inbreeding of this population was very low (0.30%). However, the estimate is considerably infl uenced by incomplete pedigree information. Comparative analysis of inbreeding levels within lines and breeds indicated on differences between them. Both positive and negative inbreeding effects (ranged from -12.6 to 16.0 g for BW and from -61.9 to 18.1 g FWW) were found depending on line.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing body weight were mapped by linkage analysis in crosses between a high body weight selected line (DU6) and a control line (DUKs). The two mouse lines differ in body weight by 106% and in abdominal fat weight by 100% at 42 days. They were generated from the same base population and maintained as outbred colonies. Determination of line-specific allele frequencies at microsatellite markers spanning the genome indicated significant changes between the lines on 15 autosomes and the X chromosome. To confirm these effects, a QTL analysis was performed using structured F2 pedigrees derived from crosses of a single male from DU6 with a female from DUKs. QTL significant at the genome-wide level were mapped for body weight on chromosome 11; for abdominal fat weight on chromosomes 4, 11, and 13; for abdominal fat percentage on chromosomes 3 and 4; and for the weights of liver on chromosomes 4 and 11, of kidney on chromosomes 2 and 9, and of spleen on chromosome 11. The strong effect on body weight of the QTL on chromosome 11 was confirmed in three independent pedigrees. The effect was additive and independent of sex, accounting for 21-35% of the phenotypic variance of body weight within the corresponding F2 populations. The test for multiple QTL on chromosome 11 with combined data from all pedigrees indicated the segregation of two loci separated by 36 cM influencing body weight.
Technology and Culture 42.4 (2001) 631-664
In his 1948 classic, Mechanization Takes Command, Siegfried Giedion posed the following question: "What happens when mechanization encounters organic substance?" Well aware of the application of mass-production techniques to agriculture and of the role of genetics in facilitating "the structural alteration of plants and animals," Giedion nevertheless held to a basic distinction between "living substance" and mechanization. The idea of nature as technics, of biophysical systems as technological systems, would have seemed inappropriate in his framework. For Giedion, interventions in the organic growth process were qualitatively different from efforts to subject other aspects of modern life to the dictates of the machine.
In the half century since Giedion posed this question, numerous scholars have explored the relationship between nature and technology in a variety of areas, emphasizing the difficulty of making hard and fast distinctions. Environmental historians such as Donald Worster, William Cronon, and Richard White have interrogated some of the ways in which nature is incorporated into technological and political-economic systems. Historians of science such as Robert Kohler have explored how experimental creatures (drosophila in his case) are constructed as research instruments and technologies. And several historians and social scientists have investigated the role of science and technology in the industrialization of agricultural systems. Jack Kloppenburg and Deborah Fitzgerald, for example, have both demonstrated how a particular biological organism (hybrid corn) has been refashioned as an agricultural commodity and a vehicle for capital accumulation.
Following these leads, this article focuses on another organism, the broiler or young meat-type chicken, asking how science and technology have subordinated its biology to the dictates of industrial production. By looking explicitly at those technoscientific practices involved in making the industrial chicken, it offers a perspective on the course of technological change in agriculture that further blurs the distinction between nature and technology.
A product of key innovations in the areas of environmental control, genetics, nutrition, and disease management, the industrial broiler emerged during the middle decades of the twentieth century as a very efficient vehicle for transforming feed grains into higher-value meat products. By the 1960s the broiler had become one of the most intensively researched commodities in U.S. agriculture, while complementary changes in the structure, financing, and organization of leading firms created an institutional framework for rapidly translating research into commercial gain. The resulting increases in productivity and efficiency led to falling real prices, despite growing demand, and successfully brought chicken to the center of the plate for many Americans.
Like hybrid corn, the story of the industrial chicken must be seen as part of a larger process of agro-industrialization, which has not only transformed the social practices of agriculture, food production, and diet in twentieth-century America but also facilitated a profound restructuring of the relationship between nature and technology. This article explores the various and ongoing efforts to intensify and accelerate the biological productivity of the chicken -- asking how nature has been made to act as a force of production. Like Jack Kloppenburg's analysis of how capital intervenes in and circulates through nature in the case of plant breeding and biotechnology, the following story focuses quite specifically on the role of science and technology in incorporating biological systems into the circuits of industrial capital.
Yet where Kloppenburg offers an institutional analysis of how the "commodification of the seed" serves as an accumulation strategy, this essay focuses more broadly on a variety of technologies involved in accelerating biological productivity. While breeding and genetic improvement were clearly central vectors of technological change in making the industrial chicken, they were by no means the only ones. Intensive confinement, improved nutrition and feeding practices, and the widespread use of antibiotics and other drugs also represented important aspects of a larger technology platform aimed at subordinating avian biology to the dictates of industrial production.
Given the unpredictable nature and emergent properties of biological systems, however, any program aimed at the systematic intensification of biological productivity will almost inevitably be confronted with new sources of risk and vulnerability. Efforts to accelerate biological productivity must confront the vagaries of nature and the unintended consequences of attempts to simplify and incorporate biological processes...
In general, heterozygosity is considered to be advantageous, primarily because it masks the effects of deleterious recessive alleles. However, there is usually a reduction in fitness in individuals that are heterozygous due to the pairing of two species (heterospecific). Because the parental alleles arose along separate evolutionary paths, they may not function properly when brought together within an individual. The formation of these unfit interspecies hybrids is one of the mechanisms that maintains species isolation. Interestingly, it has been observed that later-generation individuals resulting from a backcross to one parent are more often sterile than those resulting from a backcross to the other parent, but the mechanism underlying this trend is unknown. Here, I show that one direction of backcross produces offspring with more heterospecific genome, and that this is correlated with the directionality seen in backcross hybrid sterility. Therefore, the directionality in sterility is likely due to the different amounts of heterospecific genome present in the two backcrosses. Surprisingly, in spite of the potential fitness consequences, I also find that interspecies laboratory backcrosses in general yield an excess of heterospecific individuals, and that this trend is consistent across multiple taxa.
An F(2) population (695 individuals) was established from broiler chickens divergently selected for either high (HG) or low (LG) growth, and used to localize QTL for developmental changes in body weight (BW), shank length (SL9) and shank diameter (SD9) at 9 weeks. QTL mapping revealed three genome-wide QTL on chromosomes (GGA) 2, 4 and 26 and three suggestive QTL on GGA 1, 3 and 5. Most of the BW QTL individually explained 2-5% of the phenotypic variance. The BW QTL on GGA2 explained about 7% of BW from 3 to 7 weeks of age, while that on GGA4 explained 15% of BW from 5 to 9 weeks. The BW QTL on GGA2 and GGA4 could be associated with early and late growth respectively. The GGA4 QTL also had the largest effect on SL9 and SD9 and explained 7% and 10% of their phenotypic variances respectively. However, when SL9 and SD9 were corrected with BW9, a shank length percent QTL was identified on GGA2. We identified novel QTL and also confirmed previously identified loci in other chicken populations. As the foundation population was established from commercial broiler strains, it is possible that QTL identified in this study could still be segregating in commercial strains.
Three populations of Japanese quail, selected over 13 generations for increased body weight, a randomly selected base population and reciprocal backcrosses of selected lines to the control were studied. Live body weight and weights of liver, testes, oviducts and carcasses were obtained to assess the effects of selection.At 6 weeks of age a 20 g. difference in live body weight existed between selected line and base population. Sexual dimorphism in live body weight in favour of females appeared at 3 weeks of age and increased with age. A 5 g. difference in 6‐week body weight between female backcross progeny from sires from selected lines and those sired by males from the base population suggested an influence of sex‐linked genes. At 8 weeks of age the weight of females of both reciprocal back‐cross types significantly exceeded the average of females from the selected lines suggesting that female reproductive organ weight had increased under selection as well as heterosis. Carcass weight of selected females was lower than for corresponding males, a reversal of the sexual dimorphism displayed by the controls.Reciprocal differences in liver weight between backcross females, but not males, suggested an effect of sex‐linked genes.Testis as well as oviduct weights of quail from selected lines were substantially greater than from controls.
Marker-assisted backcrossing is routinely applied in breeding programs for gene introgression. While selection theory is the most important tool for the design of breeding programs for improvement of quantitative characters, no general selection theory is available for marker-assisted backcrossing. In this treatise, we develop a theory for marker-assisted selection for the proportion of the genome originating from the recurrent parent in a backcross program, carried out after preselection for the target gene(s). Our objectives were to (i) predict response to selection and (ii) give criteria for selecting the most promising backcross individuals for further backcrossing or selfing. Prediction of response to selection is based on the marker linkage map and the marker genotype of the parent(s) of the backcross population. In comparison to standard normal distribution selection theory, the main advantage of our approach is that it considers the reduction of the variance in the donor genome proportion due to selection. The developed selection criteria take into account the marker genotype of the candidates and consider whether these will be used for selfing or backcrossing. Prediction of response to selection is illustrated for model genomes of maize and sugar beet. Selection of promising individuals is illustrated with experimental data from sugar beet. The presented approach can assist geneticists and breeders in the efficient design of gene introgression programs.
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