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Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activities of Rumex nervosus Natural Populations Grown in Sarawat Mountains, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Rumex nervosus, common weed plant in Sarawat Mountains, Saudi Arabia, belongs to family Polygonaceae and usually used as traditional herbal medicines. In the current study, R. nervosus plants dissected into roots, stems, leaves, and flowers that collected from seven locations in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The antimicrobial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts was investigated against three pathogenic bacterial strains and one pathogenic fungus by using agar well-diffusion method. The phytochemicals and vitamins content present in the methanol extracts was investigated by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that all extracts showed significant activity against tested microbes. Methanol extracts demonstrated the highest degree of antimicrobial inhibition activity as compared with n-hexane extracts. The root extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the tested microbes. The GC–MS and HPLC indicated the presence of numerous phytochemicals in the different parts of R. nervosus as well as a set of vitamins including vitamins , and folic acid. In conclusion, the present study showed that methanol and n-hexane extracts of all parts of R. nervosus could be used as promising alternative drugs to treat bacterial and Candida spp. infections.
... Historically, it has been used for treating many ailments and microbial infections (Al-Nowihi et al., 2020;Azzam et al., 2020;Hussein et al., 2008;Wachtel-Galor and Benzie, 2012). R. nervosus is widely distributed throughout several habitats, including mountains, overgrazed areas, roadsides, sandy areas, high-altitude regions, locations with reasonably high rainfall and rocky areas (Al-Aklabi et al., 2016;Al Yahya et al., 2018). ...
... Recent studies have shown that extracts derived from several components of the R. nervosus plant, namely the roots, had strong antibacterial properties against various harmful bacteria and fungi (Al-Farhan et al., 2022;Al Yahya et al., 2018;Hussein et al., 2008). The antibacterial and fugal capabilities of R. nervosus are ascribed to the existence of several phytochemicals and bioactive substances inside the plant (Al-Garadi et al., 2022;Al Yahya et al., 2018). ...
... Recent studies have shown that extracts derived from several components of the R. nervosus plant, namely the roots, had strong antibacterial properties against various harmful bacteria and fungi (Al-Farhan et al., 2022;Al Yahya et al., 2018;Hussein et al., 2008). The antibacterial and fugal capabilities of R. nervosus are ascribed to the existence of several phytochemicals and bioactive substances inside the plant (Al-Garadi et al., 2022;Al Yahya et al., 2018). Furthermore, (Tawhid et al., 2023) provided evidence of the antidiarrheal effects of a methanolic extract derived from R. nervosus, suggesting its potential for therapeutic use. ...
Background: Coccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, presents an important risk to rabbits’ health and production. Methods: Potential bioactive compounds in the extract were identified by FT-IR analysis and the total content of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids was calculated. In addition, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant effects were investigated. Result: The phytochemical results of methanolic extract of the leaves of R. nervosus showed the presence of 14 compounds of active chemical constituents. In addition, the results showed that the methanolic extract had the amount of TPC (54.33±0.198 mg/g DW), TFC (21.51±0.155 mg/g DW) and TTC (29.37±1.43 mg/g DW). The sporulation inhibition rate between 72- and 96-hour exposures, as the rate rose significantly with an increasing incubation period (p less than 0.05). The extract has inhibitory abilities on tested enzymes á-amylase and-glucosidase.
... 22,23 Rumex nervosus (R. nervosus) is the most common species found in the Arabian and African countries, where the leaves are usually consumed for their medicinal values. 24,25 In Africa, extracts obtained from R. nervosus leaves are used to treat burns, skin rashes, gastritis, snake bites, and cancer. 26 In Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the leaves of R. nervosus are used to fasten the healing of new burns and injuries, as well as treat inflammatory and skin disorders. ...
... 26 In Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the leaves of R. nervosus are used to fasten the healing of new burns and injuries, as well as treat inflammatory and skin disorders. 25,27,28 Various extracts (i.e. water, ethanol, and methanol) of R. nervosus were demonstrated to exert anti-obesity, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging activities. ...
... glucoside, quercetin, Quercetin rutinoside and isomers, Hesperetin, Apigenin 7-(O-6-acetyl)-glycoside, etc.) which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. 25,32 Further studies identifying the active ingredients responsible for the upregulation and activation of Nrf2 should be considered in future studies, which may present a novel Nrf2 activator that can treat diabetic complications and other disorders. . R. nervosus attenuates the increase in mRNA levels of Bax and caspase-3 and upregulates mRNA levels of Bcl2 in the kidneys of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in a dose and Nrf2-dependent manner. ...
This study tested the protective effect of Rumex nervous (R. nervosus) methanol extract against streptozotocin (STZ)-mediated type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-induced nephropathy in rats and examined if this protection involves activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 (Nrf2). Rats were divided into control, R. nervous (300 mg), STZ (T1DM), STZ + R. nervosus (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg), and STZ + R. nervosus (300 mg/kg) + brusatol (an Nrf2 inhibitor). With no effect on fasting glucose and insulin levels, R. nervosus methanol extract preserved kidney histological structure and alterations kidney function markers (e.g. albumin, creatinine, and urine volume) in the STZ-diabetic rats. R. nervosus also reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukine-6 (IL-6), nuclear levels of the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), and mRNA of caspase-3 and Bax in the kidneys of these diabetic rats. Concomitantly, it stimulated renal mRNA levels of Bcl2 and Nrf2, cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of Nrf2, and levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). All these effects were dose-dependent, with the maximum effect seen with the 300 mg/kg dose, all prevented by brusatol. Also, these effects occurred without any alteration in the transcription of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap-1). Similar effects on levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, and NF-κB, as well as expression of Nrf2, were also observed in the kidney of control + R. nervous-treated rats. In conclusion, R. nervosus prevents diabetic nephropathy in rats by upregulating and activating Nrf2.
... Arabia, Yemen, and East Africa. It is widely distributed in mountains, roadsides, overgrazing areas, sandy areas, elevated areas, relatively heavy rain, and rocky areas (Al Yahya et al., 2018). RN is a branched shrub of 6 feet in height. ...
... The leaves are often crowded on short, lateral striped, oblong branches or upper shaft and are bright green, subacute, lanceolate, long, narrow to the base, and firm. The leaves are rich in biologically active compounds and vitamins (Al Yahya et al., 2018).In addition, it has been reported to have efficient antimicrobial characteristics (Adams 2007). Capparis spinosa and Rumex nervosus are high in natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents; a formulation of the two plants will be a potent traditional therapeutic for a variety of diseases. ...
The present study examined the phytochemical composition , antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, and molecular docking of different solvents extracts (methanol, , and water) of two medicinal plants, namely, Capparis spinosa L (CS) and Rumex nervosus (RN). Phytochemical analysis showed that total phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, and vitamin C were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in the methanolic extract of both plants than in other solvents. However, tannin content was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) high in the water extract for both plants. Chloroform and acetone extracts were significantly lower in phytochemicals than other solvents, therefore excluded in this study. GC-MS analysis showed one dominant compound in CS (isopropyl isothiocyanate) and two in RN (pyrogallol and palmitic acid). The antioxidant methods applied (DPPH, ABTS, β-Carotene/linoleic acid assay, and reducing the power) showed that the methanolic extract of CS exerted higher activity in methanolic extract but lower than that of BHA standard. The methanolic extract of both plants inhibited the bacterial pathogens when a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was applied, compared to water extract with RN-methanolic extract had a lower inhibition concentration than CS-methanolic extract. The molecular interactions study revealed that the palmitic acid and pyrogallol interacted with the receptors' active site. This work concluded that CS and RN showed a remarkable antioxidant and antibacterial effect with the high antimicrobial activity of RN extract.
... Here, we determined the antioxidant activity of Rumex nervosus leaf extracts against coccidiosis induced by E. tenella in chickens. R. nervosus belongs to the Polygonaceae family and contains important anti-microbial phytochemicals and a set of vitamins (Al Yahya et al., 2018). ...
... Filtration and evaporation of the filtrate had been achieved at 50°C in a rotary evaporator (Chikoto and Eloff, 2005). The extract was dissolved for treatment of chickens using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Al Yahya et al., 2018). ...
Coccidiosis has a considerable economic loss in the poultry industry where the parasite Eimeria affect the animal survival. Natural products emerge as an essential and complementary means of controlling avian coccidiosis, in addition to anticoccidial medications. The current study examined the antioxidant activity of Rumex nervosus leaf extract (RE) in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. RE was able to decrease the induced weight loss due to infection. Also, RE significantly suppressed the oocysts released in chickens’ faeces. Moreover, the oxidative status due to E. tenella infection had been changed after treatment with RE where the level of glutathione, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide was improved indicating the antioxidant activity of the R. nervosus. Our findings suggested that RE could boost the induced oxidative stress in the caecum of infected birds, but studies are needed to determine the mechanism of RE action.
... [16] Previous study on Mentha longifolia proposed that piperitenone oxide, menthone and other components are the major components of essential oil for antimicrobial activity. [18,19] Rumex nervosus has the same result in previous studied which showed that methanol extract of all parts of this plant have antibacterial activity. The results showed with Leptadenia pyrotechnica has the same work obtained in previous study. ...
... Similarly, Dharajiya et al. [46] found that methanol extracts of W. somnifera were highly effective against E. coli and B. cereus. Al Yahya et al. [48] contributed to this body of knowledge by demonstrating the significant antimicrobial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts of R. nervosus. Dessie Belay et al. [14] extended this understanding by revealing the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of solvent fractions of C. aurea leaves. ...
Ethiopia’s healthcare system relies on traditional medicinal practices that use medicinal plants to treat human and livestock ailments. However, the lack of empirical validation regarding the efficacy of these treatments against specific infectious diseases necessitates rigorous scientific investigations. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening on five selected medicinal plant species, namely Solanum somalense Franchet., Verbascum sinaiticum Benth., Rumex nervosus Vahl, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. The plants were first identified jointly with local informants and later considering mainly their high informant consensus and fidelity level values for their efficacy in treating infectious diseases in the area. Ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from the plant materials, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated against standard bacterial strains, representing both gram-positive and gram-negative types. To assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Additionally, phytochemical screening was performed using standard qualitative tests to identify various secondary metabolites. The results indicated antibacterial efficacy in the ethanol extracts of S. somalense, W. somnifera, and C. aurea against particular bacterial strains (S. somalense against S. agalactiae with MIC of 1.5 mg/mL; W. somnifera against S. aureus and E. coli, with MIC of 2 mg/mL; C. aurea against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, with MICs of 3 mg/mL and 3.5 mg/mL, respectively). The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. The selected medicinal plants demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against certain bacterial strains. The current findings support the long-standing claim of the traditional medical system of the study area for their continued use of these plants in their treatment of infectious diseases. Further investigation is required to isolate the responsible active compounds and characterize the constituents and description of their antibacterial effect for possible use in areas where these infectious diseases are major health problems.
... In Saudi Arabia, R. nervosus is a common plant in Sarawat Mountains, it is largely used as traditional herbal medicine for many diseases. The R. nervosus extracts showed several pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anticoccidial, and antileishmanial activities [23,24]. An effective protocol for the propagation of Rumex nervosus was reported in our previous work [25]. ...
... In Saudi Arabia, R. nervosus is a common plant in Sarawat Mountains, it is largely used as traditional herbal medicine for many diseases. The R. nervosus extracts showed several pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anticoccidial, and antileishmanial activities [23,24]. An effective protocol for the propagation of Rumex nervosus was reported in our previous work [25]. ...
... In Saudi Arabia, R. nervosus is a common plant in Sarawat Mountains, it is largely used as traditional herbal medicine for many diseases. The R. nervosus extracts showed several pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anticoccidial, and antileishmanial activities [23,24]. An effective protocol for the propagation of Rumex nervosus was reported in our previous work [25]. ...
Among biological methods, green synthesis of the nanomaterials using plant extracts was shown to be an environmentally friendly, economical, and simple approach. In the current study, the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using the leaf extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus, in order to prevent the contamination of the tissue culture media and induce callus growth. The nanostructures of the fabricated AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta size, and zeta potential techniques. Our results indicate that The UV–vis spectrum of AgNPs exhibited an absorption band at 415 nm. The FTIR analysis identified the functional groups which could involve in the reduction of silver ions to AgNPs, this was also confirmed by the (hkl) diffraction peaks in the XRD diffractogram. Moreover, the TEM analysis showed a spherical nanoparticle with a size ranging from 21 and 26 nm. Thereafter, the potential antibacterial and antifungal activity of the biogenic AgNPs was evaluated against Bacillus pumilus and Alternaria alternata which were isolated from the in vitro culture media and identified based on 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequences, respectively. The results showed that the AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternata and Bacillus pumilus at all applied concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L). Compared to the control more fungal radial growth reduction (42.59%,) and bacterial inhibition (98.12%) were registered in the plates containing high doses of AgNPs (40 mg/L). Using Rumex nervosus explants, the biosynthesized AgNPs were tested for their impact to promote callus growth. The obtained results showed a significant effect of AgNPs on callus fresh weight at all applied doses. Moreover, AgNPs treatments showed a polymorphism of 12.5% which was detected by RAPD markers. In summary, the results revealed that AgNPs (40 mg/L) can be effectively added to the in vitro culture media for reducing microbial contamination and improving callus growth while greatly maintaining its genetic stability.
... Rumex nervosus is a medicinal shrub used throughout Asia and North Africa to cure a variety of ailments, such as inflammatory diseases [20,21]. Rumex nervosus, a plant used in folk medicine, was selected by Yemenis [21,22] and Saudis [23] to test its antimicrobial activity. It contains active compounds such as gallic acid, which can be used to treat chronic and infectious diseases and inflammatory conditions [24]. ...
Background and aim:
Scientists are interested in identifying natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi to counter pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNLs) as a medicinal herb against four bacterial and two fungal strains using absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts.
Materials and methods:
The antimicrobial activities of various RNL extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum fungicidal concentrations, and the poisoned food technique.
Results:
The absolute ethanol RNL extract showed the best bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC/MBC: 0.20/0.40, 0.20/0.40, and 0.32/0.65 mg/mL, respectively). The diameter of the zone of inhibition was larger (p < 0.05) for the 100% ethanol RNL extract (8.17 mm) against Salmonella Typhimurium, the 50% ethanol-RNL extract (11.5 mm) against E. coli, and the aqueous RNL extract (14.0 mm) against S. aureus than for any other bacterial isolate. The aqueous RNL extract strongly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus fumigatus (100%) and Aspergillus niger (81.4%) compared with the control.
Conclusion:
The results of this study suggest that RNL is a promising new natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation. To date, most research on the antimicrobial properties of natural herbs has been conducted in vitro, with few exceptions in vivo and intervention-based research.
... It grows in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania, among other places. It's been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases in the past, including diarrhea, burns, typhus, rabies, and skin conditions [17]. It is known in Yemen as Al-Athrab (Rumex Nervosus) and is grown on a wide range of mountains and plains, particularly in the western and central regions, including Ibb, Taiz, Dhamar, Sana'a, and Al Mahwit [18]. ...
Interdisciplinary research groups are interested in corrosion because it combines materials science, chemistry, physics, metallurgy, and chemical engineering. Corrosion is caused by the chemical and electrochemical action of an environment on metals and alloys. The consequences are severe in a variety of fields, particularly industry: production halts, replacement of corroded parts, accidents, and pollution risks are all common occurrences with potentially severe economic consequences. One of the most effective strategies for ensuring the protection of these metal materials in environments characterized by contact with aggressive acid media is the use of plant extracts as inhibitors. Rumex ethanolic extract is a novel green corrosion inhibitor for C38 steel in an acidic medium that is both inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Rumex extracted inhibitor (RNVLE) was used to overcome two major challenges for corrosion inhibitors: poor performance at high temperatures and low biodegradability. The extraction process by maceration produced a yield of 16%. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and polarization techniques were used to assess RNVLE’s inhibition performance. It was shown that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreased slightly with temperature increase. The RNVLE adsorption process on the C38 steel surface was found to be spontaneous and obeyed to Langmuir isotherm at all studied temperatures.
... It grows in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania, among other places. It's been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases in the past, including diarrhea, burns, typhus, rabies, and skin conditions [17]. It is known in Yemen as Al-Athrab (Rumex Nervosus) and is grown on a wide range of mountains and plains, particularly in the western and central regions, including Ibb, Taiz, Dhamar, Sana'a, and Al Mahwit [18]. ...
The efficacy of Rumex Nervosus Vahl Leaves Ethanolic extract (RNVLE) to inhibit C38 steel corrosion in one molar hydrochloric acid medium was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. Polarization measurements revealed mixed-type inhibitor behavior. The inhibitory efficacy assessed by both polarization and (EIS) techniques was consistent, with an IE value of (96.0 %) and (95.5 %) at 2g/L of RNVLE, respectively. The RNVLE adsorption on the C38 metal surfaces in 1M HCl follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated free energy (G°ads equal to -16.1 KJ mol-1) explained that RNVLE controls the corrosion process by physisorption. The effect of immersion time was also investigated. This study demonstrated that RNVLE can be considered an excellent inhibitor up to 6 hours and after this time; it is considered a lower quality inhibitor although it still has sufficient inhibitory ability. SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis revealed that the extract molecules adsorb on the metal's surface. These findings indicate that RNVLE can be used as an effective corrosion inhibitor for C38 steel in 1M HCl solution.
... The genus Rumex, with more than 200 species of the Polygonaceae family, is found at an altitudes above 1,000 m asl (Nigussie, 2020;Alasmari, 2020). Rumex nervosus is a large annual herb it bears a nut that is light brown and fruits that are cordateorbicular (Al Yahya et al., 2018;Aati et al., 2019). The plant is commonly found in the eastern part of Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula. ...
... It grows in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania, among other places. It's been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases in the past, including diarrhea, burns, typhus, rabies, and skin conditions [17]. It is known in Yemen as Al-Athrab (Rumex Nervosus) and is grown on a wide range of mountains and plains, particularly in the western and central regions, including Ibb, Taiz, Dhamar, Sana'a, and Al Mahwit [18]. ...
Interdisciplinary research groups are interested in corrosion because it combines materials science, chemistry, physics, metallurgy, and chemical engineering. Corrosion is caused by the chemical and electrochemical action of an environment on metals and alloys. The consequences are severe in a variety of fields, particularly industry: production halts, replacement of corroded parts, accidents, and pollution risks are all common occurrences with potentially severe economic consequences. One of the most effective strategies for ensuring the protection of these metal materials in environments characterized by contact with aggressive acid media is the use of plant extracts as inhibitors. Rumex ethanolic extract is a novel green corrosion inhibitor for C38 steel in an acidic medium that is both inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Rumex extracted inhibitor (RNVLE) was used to overcome two major challenges for corrosion inhibitors: poor performance at high temperatures and low biodegradability. The extraction process by maceration produced a yield of 16%. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and polarization techniques were used to assess RNVLE's inhibition performance. It was shown that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreased slightly with temperature increase. The RNVLE adsorption process on the C38 steel surface was found to be spontaneous and obeyed to Langmuir isotherm at all studied temperatures. The associated adsorption thermodynamic parameters led to suggest the occurrence of physical adsorption of the RNVLE compounds on the C38 steel surface.
... As a results about 70% of the plant species growing in Saudi Arabia have been reported (Collenette, 1985) in western south part of Saudi Arabia. The biological activities of some plants growing in Asir region were explored and found it had promising antimicrobial activities (Al Yahya et al., 2018;Mahmoud et al., 2016;Moustafa et al., 2018b;Moustafa et al., 2013). A. canariense is a succulent, seasonal to short-lived perennial herb with very dense prostrate stems, often used as food and leaves are eaten in famine times (Fern, 2018). ...
It is well known that silver nanoparticles are a good candidate to be antifungal agent against wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. The objective of this work is to examine the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Aizoon canariense L. aqueous fresh leaf extract as antifungal agent. The formation of AgNPs from leaf extracts are confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV–visible), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AgNPs from fresh cold and hot water extracts of A. canariense leaf exhibited highest absorption at 444 and 426 nm, respectively, through ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has verified the transformation of Ag+ ions to AgNPs owing to the reduction by capping material of aqueous plant extract. The X-RD pattern revealed the presence of crystalline having size ranging from 12.95 to 10.83 nm for cold and hot aqueous extract, respectively, based on FWHM of the diffraction peaks. SEM showed that the synthesized AgNPs are semi spherical with an average size between (42 and 183 nm) for NPs from cold water and (29 and 138 nm) for NPs from hot water extracts based on SMILEVIEW software. The synthesized silver nanoparticles from hot water extract showed higher antifungal action than cold water extract in the range between 10.17 and 19.85% against Alternaria alternate, Drechslera halodes, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Penicillium expansum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, and Macrophomina phaseolina. These findings may suggest A. canariense aqueous fresh leaf extract could be applied as a natural solution for biosynthesizing AgNPs as eco-friendly antifungal drug against plant pathogenic fungi.
... The active chromatographic fraction of the plant extract was further analyzed for its phytocompounds by GC-MS (Al Yahya et al. 2018). The seed extracts of C. spinosa were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) (GC-7890 A, Agilent Technologies). ...
Plant extracts prompting free radical formation causing DNA damage among especially symbiotic microorganisms of Aedes aegypti has not been extensively examined in previous studies. Here, investigated whether: (1) it was possible to reduce the vectorial capacity by eliminating the microbial consortia of Aedes aegypti larvae, (2) the excess formation of free radical could induce damages of genomic DNA and alter the morphological appearance of Aedes aegypti larvae, and (3) which are the probable mechanisms driving the death of mosquitoes that has been treated with phytochemicals. The toxicity of Catunaregam spinosa seed extracts on the microbial community of Aedes aegypti larvae was determined as previously described. The formation of free radicals was confirmed using the ammonium molybdate method. While the GCMS method was used to assess the phytochemical analysis and the DNA lysing potential. The petroleum ether, ethanol, acetone and water extracts of Catunaregam spinosa has exhibited potent toxicity towards Aedes aegypti larvea’s gut bacterial microbiota, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabilis with strong MIC values ranging from 0.07 mg/ml to 5.9 mg/ml. Plant extract induced free radical formations and oxidative damage to DNA. The presence of the bioactive element squalene justifies the insecticidal proprieties of Catunaregam spinosa extract. This study reflects the probable mechanisms underlying the lethal effect of Catunaregam spinosa extract on Aedes aegypti, and it potential as a novel biological vector control approach.
... Extraction was performed as described previously 21 . Briefly; 1100 mL of 99.5% methanol was added to 184g of dried leaves in a dark glass bottle and left at room temperature for five days. ...
Introduction and aim: Most of today’s drugs are plant-derived natural products or their derivatives. The objectives of this study were to carry out a primary screening for the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of Origanum majorana, Rumex nervosus, and Withania somnifera. Methods: Three medicinal plants were collected from Dhamar city (Yemen) during April 2018. Primary phytochemical analysis was performed by classical chemical assays. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated against three opportunistic pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the disk diffusion agar assay. Synergy was investigated by combining extracts with standard antibiotic disks. Results: Steroids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and anthocyanins were detected in all extracts. Meanwhile, alkaloids and anthraquinones were absent. Phenols and flavonoids were also undetected in the extracts of W. somnifera and R. nervosus respectively. In terms of antibacterial activity, W. somnifera was the most active extract against S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zone diameters range from 17 mm to 24 mm at 2 mg/disk. Extracts of O. majorana and R. nervosus showed no activity against the challenged bacteria. In terms of synergy, extracts of O. majorana and R. nervosus enhanced the activity of chloramphenicol against S. aureus while antagonistic effect was observed when extract of R. nervosus combined with fluoroquinolones against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Only the extract of W. somnifera showed good antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. According to the literature, it is most likely that this is the first report on synergy testing between standard antibiotics and extracts of these medicinal species.
... The dissolved contents were filtered and evaporated at 50°C in rotary evaporator. The solvent was evaporated to obtain dark hydro-alcohol extractions (Chikoto and Eloff, 2005), and to obtain liquid extract again, it was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Al Yahya et al., 2018) for inoculating chickens. ...
Eimerian parasites are the main intestinal tract pathogens in many animals, which invade and damage the intestinal epithelium causing severe injuries and economic loss. Our study was planned to examine the ameliorative effect of Rumex nervosus leaf extracts (RNE) against Eimeria tenella-induced changes in caecal goblet cells and cytokines of chickens. The infected chickens with E. tenella were treated with 50, 100, 200 mg/Kg RNE, respectively. Amprolium was used as a reference drug. Our result showed that RNE contained 8 phytochemical components that were able to decrease the number of oocysts in bird’s faeces. Also, the number of goblet cells was decreased after infection. This number was increased after RNE treatment. In addition, RNE caused upregulation of the mucin gene, MUC2 after E. tenella infection. Moreover, the infection caused upregulation in the inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL 6, INF-γ and LiTAF. This increase in mRNA expression of IL1β, IL 6, INF-γ and LiTAF was about 5, 5.6, 4 and 5.8 fold, respectively. Collectively, R. nervosus is a promising medicinal plant with anticoccidial, and anti-inflammatory properties and could be used for the treatment of eimeriosis.
Livestock is an important and integral component of agriculture production in Yemen and contributes 28% of the total agricultural production income. Research in the field of Yemeni ethnoveterinary medicine is limited to a few studies. Therefore, our work aims to substantiate scientifically the ethnoveterinary use of some documented plant species based on a literature review of their bioactivities and toxicological properties. Searching the scientific literature has revealed various pharmacological activities that may support the claimed healing activities of 11 out of 14 plant species for some of their ethnoveterinary utilization. This comprises the use of Aloe spp. latex for constipation, worms, boils, and wounds; Boswellia sacra underbark for wounds and its oleo-gum resin for mastitis; Soqotraen Boswellia species as an insect repellent; Cissus rotundifolia for stomach pain; Cyphostemma digitatum as an appetite stimulant; Psiadia punctulate for bone fracture; Pulicaria undulata as an insect repellent; combinations of Aristolochia bracteolate with Sorghum bicolor grains for bloating; Rumex nervosus and salt for eye pimples; and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds with Hordeum vulgare grains for constipation. Some plants were found to demonstrate various toxic effects in in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. The local administration of Calotropis procera latex was also reported to induce an intense inflammatory response. It can be concluded that our work has provided valuable scientific information on the biological and toxic activities of some Yemeni ethnoveterinary remedies that could be utilized for the benefit of farmers to ration the use of these remedies and avoiding their toxicity.
A total of 192 one-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to four treatments with 8 replicate cages of 6 chicks (3♀ and 3♂) per cage according to a completely randomized block design. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control), and a control diet supplemented with 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg Rumex nervosus leaves meal (RN). Gallic acid and some volatile compounds were detected in the RN extract. On 10 d of age, body weight (BWG) was improved (P = 0.016) with supplemental RN (1000-5000 mg/kg). On d 14 of age, dietary application of RN up to 3000 mg/ kg increased BWG (P = 0.003) compared with control, while a 1000 mg/kg RN had the best feed conversion ratio (P = 0.016). On 10 d of age, samples were taken on a single female bird per replicate. The addition of RN (1000-5000 mg/kg) increased (P<0.001) serum albumin and triiodothyronine levels and maximized the relative weight of breast meat (P = 0.003). Feeding a diet with 1000 mg/kg RN resulted in greater duodenal villus height (P<0.001) compared with control and the diet with 5000 mg/kg RN. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1000 mg/kg RN had the best duodenal villus surface area (P < 0.001). Feeding a diet with 1000 mg/kg RN decreased (P < 0.001) cecal Escherichia coli count compared with control and the diet with 5000 mg/kg RN. Salmonella spp. count tended to increase with 5000 mg /kg RN leaves meal (P=0.069, linear P=0.026).In conclusion, Rumex nervosus leaves meal could be considered as a phytogenic feed additive in broiler diets up to a 1000 mg/kg inclusion rate due to its combined positive effects on BWG, FCR, villus height, villus surface area, serum albumin and triiodothyronine hormone, and cecal E. coli during the starter period (d 10-14 of age). Further study is required to elucidate its molecular mechanism.
Aedes aegypti is responsible for causing dengue in which the post infection risks are being reported to increase alarmingly. In this study various solvent extracts of microalgae were tested for their efficacy against the Dengue vector Aedes aegypti larvae. Chlorella sp. Genus confirmation was done to molecular level. Intracellular metabolites of chloroform and methanol extracts exhibited comparatively higher mortality in the dose dependent assay (91.2 and 50.1% respectively) to 3rd instar larvae. The lethal concentration (LC) of Chloroform extract (LC50 range within 116.82 and 159.20 ppm) was found efficient than methanol (LC50 range within 445.16 and 703.49 ppm). Lower larval instars were found to be more susceptible to the tested extracts. Chloroform extracts were purified using thin layer and column chromatography for separation and purification of compounds. Among the two fractions obtained the faster fraction had exhibited comparatively more larvicidal potency with a six fold increase in tested purified extract. Histopathology of dead larvae treated with column purified fractions showed severely affected region of the midgut, hindgut, brush border, epithelial cells and food bolus. The Gas chromatography Mass Spectral and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis were carried out. The fractions revealed larvicidal compounds -hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, β-sitosterol in both active fractions. A comparatively high larvicidal activity of the faster fraction could be attributed to the high % of hexadecanoic acid. Study concludes that partially purified fraction can be used as a potential and cost-effective biopesticide for the control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
The study aims to determine the bioactive components, microbial potency against pathogens, antioxidant and larvicidal activities of Goniothalamus wightii leaves extracts by using different organic solvents as hexane chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous. Further, methanol extract was exhibited to be most effective when compared to other extraction of phytochemicals and its use for further analysis of biological activities. Alkaloid content ranged from 68.42 ± 1.36 (mg AE/g), flavonoid content ranged from 76.80 ± 2.80 (mg QE/g), and phenolic content ranged from 67.50 ± 2.55 (mg GAE/g), respectively. The metabolites are identified and characterized by using HPTLC biomarker, the presence of different types of Rf values ranged from 0.02 to 0.94, and FT-IR spectrum and GC–MS analysis displayed 25 biochemical compounds which are liable for the various biological activities. Based on their compounds, they evaluated that antimicrobial activity highly inhibits against the bacterial species of Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and fungal species of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma virideae. In vitro antioxidant assays activities showed that 70% inhibited against the free radicals. Additionally, G. wightii methanol extract was contrary to the mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi in 24 h; and LC50 and LC90 were calculated. In conclusion, these findings suggested that the G. wightii extract may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and potentially applicable for both therapeutic and industrial uses.
The main objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition from the dried galls of Quercus infectoria, using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using infrared (IR) technique. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Twelve bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Q. infectoria. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Q. infectoria revealed the existence of the Cis-p-mentha -1(7),8-dien-2-ol, 3-Nonynoic acid, Urea, N,N´-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-, 3-Trifluoroacetoxypentadecane, Pterin -6-carboxylic acid, 2,2-Difluoroheptacosanoic acid, y-Sitosterol, Spirost-8-en-11-one, 3-hydroxy-, (3ß,5α,14ß,20ß,22ß,25R)-, Curan,16,17-didehydro-,(20xi.)-, 17.alfa.21ß-28,30-Bisnorhopane, Ethyl iso-allocholate, Milbemycin B,6,28-anhydro-15-chloro-25-isopropyl-13-dehydro-5-. The Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) analysis of Q. infectoria proved the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, nitro compounds, alkanes, hydrogen bonded alcohols, and phenols.
Extracted wood samples of Fagus orientalis with different solvents were analyzed for their antifungal activity against white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) in an agar plate. The most active extract was analyzed for its antioxidant activity by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and the chemical composition were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After the solvent removal of extractives, especially using chloroform (Chl) and Chl-water mixture, losses in the resistance of beech wood had occurred. However, Chl extract was found to be the most active antifungal agent, and the weight loss (30.38%) of specimens after 14 weeks of incubation was higher than that of other extracted specimens. At the concentration of 0.016 mg/mL, the highest activity observed was by Chl extract (89.45%), which was lower than the value of vitamin C (96.63%) at the same concentration. The lowest weight loss values obtained from the decay test were 0.35% and 0.64% for ethanol and ethanol-water extracted beech wood samples, respectively. The highest weight loss values were 30.38% and 23.98% for Chl and Chl-water extracted samples, respectively.
Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural compounds with biological activities and therefore attract the attention of researchers worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of seeds extract from methanol. The phytochemical compound screened by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Fifty six bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare. The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragmentions and Pharmacological actions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of F. vulgare seeds proved the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters, nitro compounds, alkanes, hydrogen bonded alcohols and phenols.
The medicinal plants are laden with numerous effective antibacterial, antioxidants, anticancer agents which provide an alternative means of therapy to various infections caused by drug resistant bacteria, oxidative stress due to over-production of free radicals and leading to dreadful diseases like cancer and other physiological disorders. This study was conducted to evaluate the biological properties of different extracts of whole plant of Eclipta alba in terms of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and phytochemical analysis to find out the ctive compounds responsible for these activities. Cell viability assay was performed using Human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (HCC-827). Our results demonstrated that extracts causes growth arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells and the growth inhibitory effects were found to be significant. Cell morphology was observed using phalloidin staining. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of compounds like Naphthoquinone, Hydrazine carboxamide of biological significance.
Comparative studies on macro-morphology, foliar epidermis, stem and petiole anatomy of two indigenous wild cucurbits (Zehneria capillacea and Zehneria scabra) in Nigeria were carried out in order to improve the delimitation of the species based on these parameters. The morphological features of significance observed include variations in leaf and stem pubescence density, leaf shape, fruit shape and color, flower color, seed shape and coat texture. Similarities were observed in their growth habit, shape of foliar epidermal cells, stomatal features and stem anatomy. The two species evaluated have a creeping growth habit, uniseriate eglandular trichomes, anomocytic and tetracytic stomata, pentagonal shaped stem with 8 bicollateral vascular bundles. Glandular 4-celled head trichome and isotricytic stoma were only found in Z. capillacea. The leaves of both species are amphistomatic having adaxial and abaxial stomatal densities of 2.47±0.058 and 13.68±0.021 for Z. capillacea and 3.24±0.125 and 19.72±0.199 for Z. scabra. However, the observed petiolar vascular bundle was 5 in Z. capillacea and 7 in Z. scabra. This distinct number in the petiole provides additional distinguishing information for maintaining them as different species.
Objective: To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases.
Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews as well as collection of herbarium specimens of indigenous medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases of urinary tract, reproductive, digestive, respiratory and skin systems were performed. This study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews; the questionnaires were distributed among traditional healers and simultaneous interviews were also run. The plants were herbariumized, herbarium specimens were authenticated, and their species were determined by using reliable flora and other sources. Finally, the data were input into Excel 2010 and analyses were performed.
Results: Out of the studied plants, 35 native medicinal plants belonging to 17 families were effective in the treatment of various diseases and infections. In this study, the Lamiaceae family had the highest frequency of plants for the treatment of infections. Traditional healers of Urmia in 24% of cases used the leaves of medicinal herb to treat patients. In 68% of cases, they prescribed medicinal herbs in the boiled forms. Most medicinal herbs showed therapeutic effect on the digestive system.
Conclusions: Traditional medicinal sources, valuable knowledge of traditional healers in Urmia, the scientific investigation of the effects of the herbs offered in this study and their effects in traditional medicine may provide a good source for new drugs in modern medicine.
Objective: The antimicrobial effect of aerial part of Rumex nervosus obtained from the Southern region of
Saudi Arabia was evaluated on bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus,
Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and fungal strain Candida albicans.
Materials and Methods: The solvents used for the extraction were aqueous, hexane, and methanol. The invitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar diffusion and disk diffusion methods and the confirmation of this activity was done by the enumeration of colony forming units(CFU). Results: The aqueous extract showed the growth inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria while the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive microorganism as determined by the agar diffusion technique. Surprisingly, the extract showed little antibacterial activity on other Gram-negative bacteria(E.coli) by this technique. Ethanolic extract was also found to be inhibitory to the growth of microorganisms. Hexane extract was relatively low in antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative E.coli and P. aeruginosa, while both the organic extracts were inhibitory to the growth of the fungus, C. albicans. Hexane gave no conclusive results with agar or disk diffusion methods, but showed the microbial growth inhibition in CFU enumeration. The antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with vancomycin while antifungal activity of was compared with amphotericin B. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study suggest that R. nervosus showed a marked antimicrobial activity with the test organisms.
There are a number of medicinal combinations in the Iranian traditional medicine which are commonly used as tonic for liver. In this review, we have introduced some medicinal plants that are used mainly for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine, with focus on their hepatoprotective effects particularly against CC14 agent. In this study, online databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched for papers published from January 1970 to December 2013. Search terms consisted of medicinal plants, traditional medicine, folk medicine, hepatoprotective, Iran, liver, therapeutic uses, compounds, antioxidant, CC14, anti-inflammatory, and antihepatotoxic, hepatitis, alone or in combination. Allium hirtifolium Boiss., Apium graveolens L., Cynara scolymus, Berberis vulgaris L., Calendula officinalis, Nigella sativa L., Taraxacum officinale, Tragopogon porrifolius, Prangos ferulacea L., Allium sativum, Marrubium vulgare, Ammi majus L., Citrullus lanatus Thunb, Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Prunus armeniaca L. are some of the medicinal plants that have been used for the treatment of liver disorders in Iranian folk medicine. Out of several leads obtained from plants containing potential hepatoprotective agents, silymarin, β-sitosterol, betalain, neoandrographolide, phyllanthin, andrographolide, curcumin, picroside, hypophyllanthin, kutkoside, and glycyrrhizin have been demonstrated to have potent hepatoprotective properties. Despite encouraging data on possibility of new discoveries in the near future, the evidence on treating viral hepatitis or other chronic liver diseases by herbal medications is not adequate.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Medicinal plants are widely used for treatment of oral/dental diseases in Uganda.
Aim of the study:
To investigate antibacterial activities of 16 commonly used medicinal plants on microorganisms associated with periodontal diseases (PD) and dental caries (DC).
Materials and methods:
Pulp juice and solvent extracts (hexane, methanol and water) from the plants were tested against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia associated with PD and Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus associated with DC. Tests were done using agar well-diffusion (pulp juice) and agar-dilution (Solvent extracts) assays.
Results:
Pulp juice from Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Euclea latidens showed activity against all the bacteria, Zanthoxylum chalybeum being most active. Hexane extract from aerial part of Helichrysum odoratissimum was most active (MIC: 0.125-0.5 mg/ml). Methanol extract from leaves of Lantana trifolia showed activity against all bacteria (MIC: 0.25-1 mg/ml).
Conclusion:
Several of the tested plants showed antibacterial activities against bacteria associated with PD and DC, meriting further investigations.
The ethanolic extract of the plant Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) was investigated for activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma and nematode Ascardi galli. Various concentrations (10, 20, 50 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract were tested, which involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. It was compared with Piperazine citrate (15 mg/ml) and Albendazole (20 mg/ml) as standard reference and normal saline as control. The study indicated the potential usefulness of Pistia stratiotes against earthworm infections.
Background
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious fatal acute haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs currently has no treatment or vaccination protocol and it threatens the pig industry worldwide. Recent outbreaks were managed by farmers with ethnoveterinary preparations with various claims of effectiveness.
Results
We identified 35 compounds using GC-MS protocol and ASF virus (NIG 99) was significantly reduced by some extracts and fractions of the plant. However, the plant was poorly extracted by water and cytotoxicity was found to be a major problem with the use of the plant since its extracts also reduced the primary cells used in the assay.
Conclusion
It is confirmed that the plant has antiviral potentials against ASF virus and farmers’ claims seem to have certain degree of veracity, but finding the best means of exploring the potential of the plant while reducing its cytotoxic effect in-vitro and in-vivo will be necessary.
Water soluble vitamins e.g. riboflavin (B 2), pyridoxine (B 6), cyanocobalamin (B 12) and folic acid in neutraceu-tical product have been determined simultaneously by using a rapid, precise and time saving new high performance liquid chromatographic method and its validation. The method involves gradient elution of mobile phase through C 18 discovery column (Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich) in a reverse phase chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm at ambient tempera-ture. The ranges for quantification for B 2 , B 6 , B 12 and folic acid were 0.13 mg g -1 (0.57-131 g g -1), 0.235 mg g -1 (3-235 g g -1), 7.94 x 10 -2 mg g -1 (8-80 g g -1) and 9.66 x10 -2 mg g -1 (10-97g g -1), respectively. For the validation of the method, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness have been performed. The repeatability was measured in terms of RSD value. The RSD for all vitamins was below 1%. Recovery of vitamins ranges from 98.6 to 100.5%.
Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts (stems, adult leaves, immature flowers and fruits) of Eucalyptus oleosa were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and their chemical composition. According to GC-FID and GC-MS, the principal compound of the stem, immature flowers and the fruit oils was 1,8-cineole, representing 31.5%, 47.0% and 29.1%, respectively. Spathulenol (16.1%) and γ-eudesmol (15.0%) were the two principal compounds of adult leaves oil. In the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, the oils of the four parts showed moderate antioxidant activity. In the ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay, the most active part was the adult leaves, with a IC(50) value 13.0 ± 0.6 mg/L, followed by stems (IC(50) = 43.5 ± 1.4 mg/L). The essential oils showed a better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and a significant antifungal activity also was observed against yeast-like fungi. A strong correlations between oxygenated monoterpenes and antimicrobial activity (especially 1,8-cineole) were noted (R2 = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.79 for B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, respectively).
Numerous studies have shown that high olive oil intake reduces blood pressure (BP). These positive effects of olive oil have frequently been ascribed to its minor components, such as α-tocopherol, polyphenols, and other phenolic compounds that are not present in other oils. However, in this study we demonstrate that the hypotensive effect of olive oil is caused by its high oleic acid (OA) content (≈70–80%). We propose that olive oil intake increases OA levels in membranes, which regulates membrane lipid structure (HII phase propensity) in such a way as to control G protein-mediated signaling, causing a reduction in BP. This effect is in part caused by its regulatory action on G protein-associated cascades that regulate adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C. In turn, the OA analogues, elaidic and stearic acids, had no hypotensive activity, indicating that the molecular mechanisms that link membrane lipid structure and BP regulation are very specific. Similarly, soybean oil (with low OA content) did not reduce BP. This study demonstrates that olive oil induces its hypotensive effects through the action of OA.
• aorta
• fatty acids
• membrane structure
• signaling proteins
• membrane-lipid therapy
Lychnophora ericoides is a Brazilian medicinal plant used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. The essential oils from leaves of two populations with and without scent, collected at 2-month intervals during an 1-year period, were analysed by GC-MS. The results were submitted to principal component and cluster analysis which allowed two groups of essential oils to be distinguished with respect to sampling site and scent: cluster I (Vianópolis site, with specimens exhibiting an aromatic scent) containing a high percentage of alpha-bisabolol (44.7-76.4%) and alpha-cadinol (10.9-23.5%), and cluster II (Cristalina site, with specimens without scent) characterised by a high content of (E)-nerolidol (31.3-47.1%) and ar-dihydro-turmerone (4.8-15.4%). The canonical discriminant analysis showed that using the data set of the seven sampling months and (E)-nerolidol and alpha-bisabolol as predictable variables, it was possible to distinguish between the samples harvested according to Cerrado seasons, dry winter (May-September) and humid summer (November-March). In addition, canonical correlation analysis between the soil sampling sites and the populations revealed a significant relationship between oil components and edaphic factors. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes and potential acidity, Al saturation, cationic exchange capacity, silt, and sand load as the first canonical variate were fairly strongly related to samples collected in Vianópolis site. On the other hand, monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were strongly related to chemical balance in soils (organic matter, P and base saturation), which is related to samples at the Cristalina site. The chemovariation observed appears to be environmentally determined.
Nearly all cultures, from ancient times to today, have used plants as a source of medicine. In many developing countries, traditional medicine is still the mainstay of health care and most of the drugs and cures used come from plants. In developed countries many people are turning to herbal remedies. With this widespread use has come the assumption that plants identified as having medicinal qualities will be available on a continuing basis. However no concerted effort has been made to ensure this and in the face of the threats of increasing demand, a vastly increasing human population and extensive forest destruction, there can be no guarantee that we will continue to benefit indefinitely from this valuable resource. In light of this situation the World Health Organisation held a meeting in 1988. This book is the outcome of that meeting, detailing in a series of papers by leading experts the problems of which need to be addressed, the existing experiences from a range of countries and the future direction which must be taken to ensure the conservation of the world's medicinal plants.
Genetics and chemicals relatedness among three Euphorbia species (Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Euphorbia peplus L. and Euphorbia terracina L.) were analysed by RAPD, ISSR markers and GC-MS technique. RAPD profiling pattern revealed that E. peplus and E. terracina in one cluster with similarity value (44.37%) while the lowest value (29.14%) between E. prostrata and E. terracina. ISSR profiling pattern revealed that E. prostrata and E. terracina in one cluster with similarity value (46.75%) and the lowest similarity value (37.87%) between E. prostrata and E.peplus. The sum results of RAPD and ISSR data revealed that E. peplus and E. terracina in one cluster with similarity value (44.69%) while the lowest value (36.88%) between E. prostrata and E. peplus. Sixty-eight chemicals pattern revealed that E. prostrata and E. peplus in one cluster with similarity value (39.71%) while the lowest value (25.0%) between E. prostrata and E. terracina. Super tree (RAPD, ISSR and phytocomponents) revealed that E. peplus and E. terracina in one cluster with similarity value (43.04%) while the lowest value (36.08%) between E. terracina and E. prostrata. In conclusion, biosystematics tools including biomarkers and chemical compounds can be applied to investigate relatedness of Euphorbia species and probably to other plant taxa.
Nowadays, most of the pathogenic bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, the pharmaceutical properties of the natural plant extracts have become of interest to researchers as alternative antimicrobial agents. In this study, antibacterial activities of extract gained from Acacia etbaica, Acacia laeta, Acacia origena and Acacia pycnantha have been evaluated against isolated pathogenic bacteria (Strains MFM-01, MFM-10 and AH-09) using agar well diffusion methods. The bacterial strains were isolated from infected individuals, and their exact identification was detected on the basis of 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequence determination. Alignment results and the comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates to 16S rRNA gene sequences available in Gen Bank database as well as the phylogenetic analysis confirmed the accurate position of the isolates as Klebsiella oxytoca strain MFM-01, Staphylococcus aureus strain MFM-10 and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain AH-09. Except for cold water, all tested solvents (Chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol, diethyl ether, and acetone) showed variation in their activity against studied bacteria. GC-MS analysis of ethanol extracts showed that four investigated Acacia species have different phytocomponents. Eight important pharmaceutical components were found in the legume of Acacia etbaica, seven in the legume of Acacia laeta, fifteen in the legume of Acacia origena and nine in the leaves of Acacia pycnantha. A dendrogram was constructed based on chemical composition, revealed that Acacia laeta is more closely related to Acacia etbaica forming one clade, whereas Acacia origena less similar to other species. Our results demonstrated that, investigated plants and chemical compounds present could be used as promising antibacterial agents.
Rumex nervosus vahl leaves were evaluated for antidiarrheal potential against experimental models of diarrhea in mice and rats. Methanolic extract of leaves of Rumex nervosus vahl (LRN) was evaluated against charcoal meal test in mice and castor oil induced diarrhea in rats. LRN was given at two different doses of 0.5 g/kg p.o and 1 gm/kg p.o. The effects obtained were compared with atropine (5 mg/kg s.c). LRN (1 gm/kg p.o) produced significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility following charcoal meal in mice. It also showed significant inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhea in rats. The effect produced by LRN was less when compared to atropine (5 mg/kg s.c). LRN (0.5 gm/kg p.o) did not show any significant reduction in castor oil induced diarrhea. However, it significantly decreased gastrointestinal motility when tested by charcoal meal test. The results obtained established the efficacy of LRN as an antidiarrheal agent.
Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms such as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms reside in the gastrointestinal tract but may also burrow into the liver and other organs. Rumex abyssinicus Jacq and Rumex nervosus Vahl (polygonaceae) is a large annual herb up to 4m high, leaves usually sagittate, inflorescence much branched, leafless panicle, nut light brown. These plants called in Amharic as Mekmako. Rumex abyssinicus as well as Rumex nervosus of the roots tested for anthelmintic activities. When tested in vitro, showed potent anthelmintic activity on the earthworm, Pheretima posthuma. Methanolic extract of Rumex abyssinicus were more active than its aqueous extract (p<0.001), while methanol extract of Rumex nervosus also more potent than the aqueous extract. Piperazine citrate (20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard.
Rumex nervosus is a plant species found widely in Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In addition to uses in traditional medicinal, the plant shows various biological activities, such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity. In this study, nine flavonols, six flavones, three flavanones, and one flavanol were characterized from the flowers of R. nervosus using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and literature data. Validation data indicated that the determination coefficients (R(2) ) were ≥ 0.9914. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.15-1.24 and 0.50-4.13 mg/L, respectively. Recoveries at 10 and 50 mg/L were 71.1-110.2 and 65.4-115.1%, with relative standard deviations of 7.4-40.1 and 2.1-13.0%, respectively. Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (10) was the dominant component, contributing 30.8% of total flavonoids (1003.0±26.2 mg/kg fresh flower sample), whereas luteolin 6-C-glucoside (3) was the lowest yielding compound (0.1%). The 19 flavonoids identified were characterized for the first time. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies showed that this mixture can suppress the production of inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, kappa B inhibitor, and interleukin-1β, by down regulating the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. The results of this study may provide information for processing R. nervosus as a potential source of functional food. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of plant diversity, owing to its unique geographical location with different climatic and geomorphological structures. For this reason interest in ethnobotanical studies has been rising. The goal of this study is to document traditional uses of medicinal plants and supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care in Bozüyük in Bilecik district, located in the nortwestern part of Anatolia in Turkey.
The ethnomedicinal data was collected during 2009-2010 using semi-structured questionnaires, personal interviews and group discussion with 60 informants (22 men and 38 women). As a statistical method, informant consensus factors (FIC) and fidelity level (FL) values were calculated to analyse the importance of ethnobotanical plant species.
104 plant species belonging to 47 families were found in this study. Among them 59 species were wild and 45 species were cultivated plants. The most common wild species belongs to Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%), Polygonaceae (5.1%) and the most common cultivated species belongs to Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) families. The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45%. According to use value (UV) the most important plant is Linum usitatissimum L. (0.86). The highest Consensus Informants Factor (FIC) of the ailments are skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis diseases with the same value of 0.80. The most frequent species is Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson which is used for diuretic ailments with the amount of 88.33% fidelity level.
This paper reserves valuable ethnobotanical information for research area. The importance of traditional medicines and indigenous knowledge should be conserved and encouraged. In addition to this further laboratory investigations should be conducted on plants to produce pharmaceutical output.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is ranked among vegetables as the most consumed and the best provitamin A provider. Moreover, carrot also contains vitamins, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidant micronutrients. The influence of carrot genetic background on the content of several micronutrients was investigated. Carotenoids and vitamins (C and E) were analyzed by HPLC in 20 varieties of carrot, and antioxidant activity of carrots was investigated with colorimetric methods (ORAC and Folin-Ciocalteu). There were large differences among cultivars in carotenoid content (0.32 to 17 mg/100 g of fresh weight). In yellow and purple carrots, lutein represents nearly half of the total carotenoids. By contrast, in orange carrots, β-carotene represents the major carotenoid (65%). The concentration of vitamin E ranged from 191 to 703 μg/100 g of fresh weight, whereas the concentration in ascorbic acid ranged from 1.4 to 5.8 mg/100 g. For all these components, dark-orange carrots exhibited the highest values. Significant differences among these 20 varieties were also recorded for mineral and total phenolic compound concentrations. Purple and dark-orange carrots could be preferred to usual carrot varieties to benefit from their specific micronutrients (anthocyanins, carotenoids, or vitamin E). ORAC is a complex reflection of phytomicronutrients but is not tightly linked to vitamin C levels, as shown for white carrots, which are rich in this vitamin.
Medicinal plants constitute several bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial. Due to the extensive need of the new antimicrobial compounds of plant origin the study was conducted. The present paper deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial assay of methanolic extracts of four medicinal plants namely Butea monosperma (seed), Cissampelos pareira (root), Myrica esculenta (bark) and Selinum tenuifolium (root). The standard phytochemical test of the extracts revealed the presence of polyphenols, glycosides and coumarins in all the plant extracts. For the in-vitro antimicrobial assay, agar well diffusion method was employed against human pathogenic bacteria (11) and phytopathogenic fungi (5). The extracts of C. pareira , M. esculenta were effective against all the tested bacteria and fungi which indicated their broad spectrum antimicrobial potential. The extract of B. monosperma was effective against B. subtilis, S. typhi, Acinetobacter species , F. oxysporum, F. moniliformie, E. turticum and S. roulfsii . But the extract of S. tenuifolium was ineffective against all the tested bacteria but was effective against all the fungal strains revealing it to have more antifungal potential. The antimicrobial properties of these plant extracts may be due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. The results provided evidence that the studied plants might indeed be employed in the management of microbial infections. Key words: Plant extract; Phytochemicals; Antibacterial; Antifungal DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v9i9.5526 SW 2011; 9(9): 90-92
1. A selection of native species and introduced species suitable for naturalistic landscape design in Saudi Arabia is given, together with de-tails of these species' phy~ical appearance and growth characteristics, their cultural requirements and' environmental tolerances, the methods and ease of propagation, and their potential for design use. 2. The reasons for the apparent reluctance to use native plants more fre-quently and the attitude towards naturalistic designs are discussed.
Environmental factors affecting essential oils variability in Thymus piperella L. are studied. The relationship between the bioclimatics index and edaphic factors with three chemotypes is determined through the application of multivariate analysis (CANOCO) and other statistical processes to both ecological and the essential oil data set components. Chemotype p-cymene γ-terpinene carvacrol shows a positive relationship with the aridity index (Ia) and Altitude. The p-cymene thymol chemotype is related to factors affecting water balance in both the soils and plants. The influence of climatic factors over p-cymene carvacrol is less evident. The compound p-cymene, common to the three chemical groups and the most abundant of all, presents positive correlation with the organic matter in the soil.
Seed and leaf alkaloids of Lupinus argenteus were examined at seven different sites in western Colorado by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. As compared to other lupin species variation of alkaloid patterns between and within sites is substantial. At least five different alkaloid profiles were observed. A preliminary garden experiment where seeds from two different locations were grown under identical conditions produced the same alkaloid pattern as found in the plants grown in the wild. This indicates that the chemotype differences are probably genetically based and not caused by differing environmental conditions or a sampling artefact.
Abstract The antimicrobial activity of a spirostanol saponin (DM-1), isolated from the fruit pulp of Dracaena mannii, was investigated against 17 species of fungi and 4 of bacteria. DM-1 showed strong antifungal activity and weak antibacterial activity within the concentration range of 6.25-10, 000 μg/ ml. The structure of DM-1 was characterized as 3β-0-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 ← 2), α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1←3))-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-17 α-hydroxyl-spirost-5-ene from the analysis of the spectra data and chemical reactions.
To examine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of fresh fruits of Solanum incanum L., fresh leaves of Ricinus communis L. and Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum L., and to determine and quantify the phenol compounds of the investigated plant parts.
This study was carried out at the Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from July 2011 to September 2011. Nine clinical strains of bacteria and 3 ethanol extracts of 3 plant species were used for the antimicrobial study. Thirty grams of each sample was ground, filtrated, and each filtrate mixed with 100 ml ethanol and placed in a shaker for 48 hours. The ethanol was evaporated from the sample, weighed, and subjected to an antibacterial activity test using the agar diffusion method. The high-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify the phenols extracts of investigated samples.
Ethanol extract of the investigated plant parts showed antibacterial activities against different pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts of Ricinus communis showed the highest antibacterial activity, followed by the leaves of Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum, while the fruits of Solanum incanum showed the least activity. The amounts of main phenols detected in Ricinus communis leaves were higher than those of Solanum incanum fruits and Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum leaves.
The ethanol extract of the tested plants could be considered as an alternative source of new antibacterial drugs.
Antifungal activity of methanol and n-hexane leaf, stem, root and inflorescence extracts (1, 2, 3 and 4% w/v) of three Chenopodium species (family Chenopodiaceae) namely Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium murale L. and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. was investigated against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) G. Goid., a soil-borne fungal plant pathogen that has a broad host range and wide geographical distribution. All the extracts of the three Chenopodium species significantly suppressed the test fungal growth. However, there was marked variation among the various extract treatments. Methanol inflorescence extract of C. album exhibited highest antifungal activity resulting in up to 96% reduction in fungal biomass production. By contrast, methanol leaf extract of the same species exhibited least antifungal activity where 21-44% reduction in fungal biomass was recorded due to various employed extract concentrations. The various methanol extracts of C. murale and C. ambrosioides decreased fungal biomass by 62-90 and 50-84%, respectively. Similarly, various n-hexane extracts of C. album, C. murale and C. ambrosioides reduced fungal biomass by 60-94, 43-90 and 49-86%, respectively.
Ethanolic and aqueous (cold and hot) extracts of Landolphia owerrience root parts (whole-root, root-bark and root-wood) were tested for activity against ten bacterial strains using agar-well diffusion and macro-broth dilution methods, respectively. The ethanolic extracts of the whole-root and root-wood were active against 100 and 80% of the test organisms, respectively. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the root-bark were moderately active while the aqueous (cold and hot) extracts of the root-wood exhibited little or no activity. Out of the nine extracts prepared, 66.7% were active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, 55.6% variously against each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 and local clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, 44.4% against Proteus sp., 33.3% against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and 22.2% against E. coli ATCC 11775. The agar-well-determined MIC values for the ethanolic whole-root extract (0.78-50 mg/ml) were higher (indicating lower activity) than the corresponding macro-broth-determined values (0.39-50 mg/ml) probably because of slow diffusion rates of the active constituents of the extract in agar. On the other hand, the differences could be due to the effects of DMSO used to dissolve the ethanolic extracts in the agar-well diffusion tests. Similar discrepancies in the MIC values detectable with the two test methods were apparent in the root-wood extract and the control drug, Gentamycin, except that in the latter the agar-well-determined MIC values (0.125-8.0 microg/ml) were lower than the macro-broth-determined values (0.125-64 microg/ml). The strong activity of the ethanolic extracts against known etiologic agents of diseases traditionally treated with L. owerrience root of similar preparations provides scientific justification for the use of the herb in ethnomedical practice in Nigeria.
Aqueous, hexane and methanol extracts of 12 plant species, traditionally used in Kenya for treatment of ailments of infectious and/or inflammatory nature were screened for in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method while anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the cyclooxygenase (COX-1) assay. All the antibacterial activity was against Gram-positive bacteria with nine plant species showing some activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The highest activity was found in the methanol extracts of Maytenus senegalensis, Plectranthus barbatus, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Zanthoxylum usambarense and hexane extracts of Spiranthes mauritianum. All the plant species showed some anti-inflammatory activities. In most cases, methanol extracts caused higher inhibition than aqueous and hexane extracts.
Thirty-nine native plant species were collected from the provinces of Chaco and Formosa, in northern Argentina, and were screened for antimicrobial activity. The plants were dried and extracted thoroughly with methanol. The dry extracts, dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, were tested for inhibition of microbial growth via microplate assay with an oxidation-reduction dye. The test organisms were: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. Inhibition of respiratory activities in some of these microbial species was produced by the extracts of Astronium balansae, Geoffroea decorticans, Peltophorum dubium, Geoffroea spinosa, Lantana balansae, Prosopis kuntzei, Prosopis ruscifolia and Bulnesia sarmientoi, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.08 to 0.5 mg dry matter/ml. Further in vitro experiments measuring the growth of S. aureus in liquid culture confirmed that all of the above extracts at 2 x MIC were able to inhibit bacterial growth effectively, and that some of them (A. balansae, G. decorticans, P. dubium, G. spinosa, P. kuntzei and B. sarmientoi) were able to reduce the initial number of viable counts by at least one order of magnitude in 10 hours, indicating that these extracts should be investigated further for the possible presence of bactericidal components.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental and physiological factors on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system.
The Curvularia haloperoxidase system is a novel enzyme system that produces reactive oxygen species which have an antimicrobial effect. Escherichia coli MG1655 was exposed to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system under different temperatures and NaCl concentrations and after exposure to different stress factors. Temperature clearly affected enzymatic activity with increasing antibacterial effect at increasing temperature. The presence of NaCl interfered with the enzyme system and in the presence of 1% NaCl, no antibacterial effect could be observed at pH 7. Cells grown at pH 8.0 were in one experiment more resistant than cells grown at pH 6.5, whereas cells grown in the presence of 2% NaCl were more susceptible to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system.
Environmental and physiological factors can affect the antibacterial activity of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system.
The study demonstrates a systematic approach in assessing the effect of environmental and physiological factors on microbial susceptibility to biocides. Such information is crucial for prediction of application as well as potential side-effects.
The study was conducted around Debre Libanos monastery from October 2005 to June 2006. A total of 250 villagers, 13 monks and 3 nuns were interviewed using semistructured questionnaire on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants. The informant consensus factor (ICF) and the fidelity level (FL) of the species were determined. Eighty medicinal plant species were reported. The average medicinal plant reported by a female is 1.67+/-0.33 and a male is 5.77+/-0.71 with significant difference between them (alpha=0.05, p=0.023). The ICF values demonstrated that local people tend to agree more with each other in terms of the plants used to treat 'Mich' and headache (0.69) and intestinal illness and parasites (0.68) but a much more diverse group of plants are cited to treat problems related to rabies (0.14) and unidentified swelling and cancer (0.11). The FL values are also similar to ICF values. The knowledge of the villagers close to the monastery is found to be higher than those distant from the monastery and the correlation between Abichu and Telaye (r=0.970, alpha=0.05, p=0.001), and Zegamel and Doreni (r=0.745, alpha=0.05, p=0.027) is significant indicating the relationships between the number of plants reported by the informants and the distance from the monasteries to the villages. This study was not able to determine the knowledge difference between the villagers and the monastery dwellers because the monks and nuns were not willing to give information on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants. This may result in the long run in loss of local knowledge in the surrounding area and the country at large for preparation of pharmacologically effective remedies.
Phytochemical screening of methanolic dried galls extract of Quercus infectoria using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR)
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