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Terrorism and parents experience of children’s schooling in Nigeria: A phenomenological study.
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Discourse on the experience of displaced parents concerning the schooling of their teenage daughters.
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... Between 2000 and 2500 persons, including students of secondary schools were abducted in 2014 alone (Robinson, 2015:6&15 (Oyewole, 2016). Over 800 schools were destroyed by (Urien, 2017 and in March, 2014, about 85 secondary schools were closed in Borno State and over 120,000 students were sent home by the government (Maiangwa & Agbiboa, 2014:51). 10 million Nigerian children, out of a population of 160 million are not in school (Osita-Njoku & Chikere, 2015:105) and approximately 670,000 children have been deprived education due to insecurity in northern Nigeria (UNICEF, 2016). ...
The task of ensuring perpetually, maximum security to every citizens and assets in a state has in recent time become a possible impossibility. Yet, states strive to, and deploy available human and technological resources and strategies to mitigate this endless blizzard of security storms. Twice, the Boko Haram terrorist group has brazenly harassed and embarrassed the Nigerian security apparatuses by kidnapping and using as pawns, decoys and bargaining chips, students of the high schools at DapChibok (Dapchi and Chibok). Twice, security apparatuses, the state governors, and the presidents have been blamed and accused of complicity by divergent parties. Using the abductions in DapChibok as cases, this work examines the complexity that surrounds the hyper-centralisation of the Nigerian domestic security apparatuses in delivering security to her citizens. It has been discovered that such high centralisation culminates in nominal/peripheral security legitimisation which is responsible for the confusion and disharmony between the government and the governed. It is our argument that absorbing the locals and state governors from security roles and responsibility is insidious, counterproductive, preposterous, and breeds complacency and complicity. With lessons drawn from the settings of the traditional African society, the work therefore recommends, inter alia, the initiation of processes towards the attainment of absolute security legitimisation for an inclusive, responsible and effective policing of our internal security environment.
Insecurity and terrorism has been a major challenge to the Nigerian government in recent times. The activities of the Islamic sect (Boko Haram) had led to loss of lives and properties in the country especially in the Northern part of Nigeria. Some of these activities include bombing, suicide bomb attacks, sporadic shooting of unarmed and innocent citizens, burning of police stations, churches, kidnapping of school girls and women, e.t.c. Kidnapping, rape, armed robbery and political crises, murder, destruction of oil facilities by Niger Delta militants alongside the attacks carried out by Fulani Herdsmen on some communities in the North and South have been another major insecurity challenge facing the country. Nigeria has been included among one of the terrorist countries of the world. Many lives and properties have been lost and a large number of citizens rendered homeless. Families have lost their loved ones. Many women are now widows. Children become orphans with no hope of the future. This has implications for national development. Government had made frantic efforts to tackle these challenges posed by terrorism and insecurity in the country and put an end to it but the rate of insurgency and insecurity is still alarming. The events surrounding September 11, 2001 and other recent events of terrorism across the globe especially the current wave of terrorism in Nigeria, had focused our minds on issues of terrorism and insecurity. This study therefore, investigated empirically the challenges of insecurity and terrorism on national development in Nigeria. The scope of the study spans from 1990 to 2012. Data used for this study was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, Newspapers and related journal articles on security issues. Using ordinary least square method of analysis, the result showed that terrorism and insecurity impacts negatively on economic development. It has made government to divert resources meant for development purposes to security votes. Expenditure made by government on security matters had significantly and positively impacted on economic development implying that expenditure on security matters has helped to ameliorate the negative effect of terrorism and insecurity despite the fact there is a crowding-in effect of security expenditure on economic development. This finding is in line with other studies on different countries of the world. It is therefore recommended that government should declare war on terrorism and seek assistance/advice from international communities who have in the time past faced this kind on challenge and were able to tackle it. The Nigerian Military should be empowered more with arms to fight this insurgency. Government should beef up security in the eastern and southern parts of the country to curb the menace of insecurity. Grazing grounds or/and ranches should be built in all states of the country for Fulani herdsmen who rear cattle.
We study how armed violence affected educational outcomes in Rwanda during the nineties, relying on two waves of population census data and on a difference-in-differences identification strategy. Results indicate that the violence caused a drop of about 1 year of education for the individuals exposed to the violence at schooling age. The drop was slightly larger for girls than for boys. While increased dropouts and school delays explain the drop in primary schooling, secondary schooling was mainly affected by a drop in enrolments. Finally, in a within-country analysis, we find no robust link between subnational variations in the drop in schooling and the intensity of the 1994 genocide – the most intense conflict event that took place in the country over the studied period. We present possible explanations for the observed patterns and provide related policy implications.
We present our theme in this issue with an emphasis on the Middle East. Unrest between Israel and Palestine has a long history. Even when there is no overt aggression by either side, decades of conflict may have engendered cognitive distortions and emotional vulnerability.
The Middle East has been in conflict for many decades and wars have become the ‘normative reality’ of children residing in the area. Questions have been raised about children's vulnerability to the stresses that come with living in a war area. Are children more resilient because they are more flexible in their ways of coping? Or are children more vulnerable because their psychological development is influenced by the environment?
Modern societies are embroiled with varied levels of conflict. The type and intensity of conflict is often historically determined and the causative factors are also closely tied to the social dynamics of the global community. Many factors tend to account for modern conflict. Apart from having political, economic, and environmental causes some are precipitated by sociocultural and human factors. One area of concern is the type of weapons and strategies employed in the furtherance of the various interests of the combatants. While few socio-cultural groups favor Ghandian strategy several others adopt violence ranging from insurrection to terrorism. It is within the purview of the weapons and strategies employed in modern conflict that this paper examines the dimension of conflict along Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. It situates this dimension within the category of home grown terrorism in order to establish its criminal burden and also uses conflict theory to explain its socio-political relevance. It finally concludes with several alleviating strategies towards solving the current imbroglio
Objective:
This study investigated how parents' perceptions of, feelings toward, and anticipated responses to children's emotions relate to parents' meta-emotion philosophy (MEP) and attachment.
Design:
Parents (112 mothers and 95 fathers) completed an online research study where they viewed photographs of unfamiliar girls and boys (aged 10 to 14 years) displaying varying intensities of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and neutral expressions. Parents labeled the emotion, identified the emotion's intensity, and reported their mirrored emotion and responses. They also completed measures assessing their MEP and attachment.
Results:
MEP predicted parents' responses to children's negative emotion, in that greater emotion-coaching predicted greater accuracy in labeling emotions (boys only), a greater likelihood to interact with children, and for mothers to be further from the mean in either direction in their mirrored emotion. Attachment also predicted parents' responses to children's negative emotions: Parents higher in anxiety reported more mirrored emotion, and those higher in avoidance reported less mirrored emotion, lower intensity, and less willingness to interact (boys only). In exploratory models for positive emotion, parents' MEP did not predict their responses, but parents higher in attachment avoidance rated girls' positive emotions as less intense, reported less mirrored emotion, less willingness to interact, and less supportive responses, and those higher in anxiety showed the opposite pattern.
Conclusions:
Despite methodological limitations, results offer new evidence that parents' ratings on a standardized emotion perception task as well as their anticipated responses toward children's emotion displays are predicted by individual differences in their attachment and MEP.
