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Effect of Passion Fruit Seed Extract Rich in Piceatannol on the Skin of Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial
Abstract
Piceatannol has been reported to have a wide variety of effects on the skin, including promoting collagen production, inhibiting melanin synthesis, inducing the antioxidant glutathione, and eliminating reactive oxygen species. In this study, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted to clinically evaluate the effects of piceatannol-rich passion fruit seed extract on the skin of healthy Japanese women (age, 35-54 y). Thirty-two women with dry skin received either passion fruit seed extract (5 mg piceatannol) or a placebo (dextrin) for 8 wk. Skin hydration and other parameters on the face were assessed at 0, 4, and 8 wk by using specialized equipment. Furthermore, questionnaire interviews were conducted regarding the physical condition of subjects at 0, 4, and 8 wk. The results showed that consumption of passion fruit seed extract led to significant increases in the moisture content of human skin after 4 and 8 wk compared with that before the trial. The amount of transepidermal water loss decreased over time, although the differences were not significant. Moreover, a stratified analysis of subjects with moisture values of ≤200 μS revealed increased moisture content in the passion fruit seed extract group as compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, the results of questionnaires showed significant reductions in "perspiration" and "fatigue" in the passion fruit seed extract group as compared with the placebo group. These results indicate that oral intake of passion fruit seed extract that is rich in piceatannol could improve the moisture of dry skin and reduce fatigue.
... Piceatannol has also been shown to have protective effect against diabetes in mice models. Although it did not prevent high calorie induced body weight gain or visceral fat gain, it reduced fasting glucose level in obese mice (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). Another study in mice model showed that piceatannol decreased body weight and prevented obesity in a dose dependent manner compared to the control. ...
... In vitro studies have shown that passion fruit extract rich in piceatannol can down regulate ROS generation in UVB irradiated human keratinocytes (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). It also promotes collagen synthesis and inhibits melanin synthesis in human melanoma and fibroblast cells (Matsui et al., 2010). ...
... Transepidermal water loss was also reduced over time. In the end-trial questionnaire, the treatment group also reported a significant reduction in perspiration and fatigue (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). ...
Stilbenoids are synthesized by plants in response to external stimuli such as infection and UV-irradiation, thus known as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids include resveratrol, piceid, piceatannol, pterostilbene, astringin, and viniferin and have been of interest due to their myriad of health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects. Despite their numerous health effects, the bioavailability of stilbenoids is poor. However, the existing literature on this subject is fragmented and thus collective effort is needed to better understand their role before and after consumption. Therefore, this contribution provides an overview of the synthesis, occurrence, bioavailability and health benefit of stilbenoids.
... Piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene), which is an analog of resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) ( Fig. 1), has been reported to have the following effects: antioxidation [25,26], anti-inflammation [14,[27][28][29], inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation [30], anti-arrhythmia [31], anticancer [32,33], anti-melanin generation [12,25], stimulation of collagen synthesis [12], inhibition of a-amylase activity in mouse plasma [34], enhanced expression of eNOS as manifested by increased levels of eNOS mRNA and protein [35], suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia [23], increased fat oxidation [36], inhibition of androgen synthesis and androgen receptor activation [37], and alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress [38]. In addition, piceatannol has been reported to have beneficial effects on many pathological conditions including behavioral disorders and brain injury in an aging mouse model [39], Streptococcus suis infection [40], cytomegalovirus infection [41], ischemic heart disease [42], arrhythmias, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes [43][44][45], liver fibrosis [46], benign prostatic hypertrophy [38], obesity [47], obesity-related early-stage nephropathy [48], angiogenesis-related disease [49], and dry skin [50]. However, in many cases, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of piceatannol are involved in the underlying mechanisms. ...
... In the first report, oral administration (20 mg/day for 8 weeks) of piceatannol, which was purified from passion fruit seed extract (purity 81.4%) improved insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in overweight men [97]. In the second report, the effects of oral administration of passion fruit seed extract (5 mg/day of piceatannol for 8 weeks) on dry skin showed improvements after 4 weeks, with the effects maintained at 8 weeks [50]. ...
Cardiovascular disease is a global health problem. According to the World Health Organization, ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death globally in 2019, followed by stroke. The French paradox, which has been known since the early 1990s, describes the lower incidence of ischemic heart disease in French people despite the consumption of a diet rich in saturated fatty acids. This phenomenon has been attributed to the high intake of red wine, which is rich in polyphenols, namely, resveratrol and piceatannol. It is becoming clear that scirpusin B, a dimer of piceatannol, has anti-atherosclerotic properties such as vasodilation, antioxidant effects, and suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia; nonetheless, the effects of scirpusin B on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated. This review aimed to describe the cardiovascular effects of piceatannol and scirpusin B on aortic and coronary artery dilation and cardiac function and to outline the cardiovascular effects of prostacyclin and nitric oxide, as these substances are involved in the vasodilatory effects exerted by these polyphenols.
... PIC's anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antioxidant effects, and chemopreventive properties were previously reported [20,21]. Recent studies demonstrated that PIC could be a potential compound with certain effects on cancer [21], cardiovascular injuries [22], liver injury [23], ophthalmological disorders [24], and dermatological diseases [25]. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase, was demonstrated previously as an endogenous neuroprotector on the early brain injury (EBI) following SAH [26][27][28]. ...
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 5% of all stroke cases and is responsible for significant permanent brain and neurological damage within the first few days. Loss of smell is one of those neurological disorders following olfactory bulb injury after SAH. Olfaction plays a critical role in several aspects of life. The primary underlying mechanism of olfactory bulb (OB) injury and loss of smell after SAH remains unknown. Piceatannol (PIC), a natural stilbene, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects against various diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of PIC on OB injury following SAH at molecular mechanism based on SIRT1, inflammatory (TNF-α, IL1-β, NF-κB, IL–6, TLR4), and apoptosis (p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3)-related gene expression markers and histopathology level; 27 male Wistar Albino rats were used in a pre-chiasmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Animals were divided into groups (n = 9): SHAM, SAH, and PIC. Garcia’s neurological examination, brain water content, RT-PCR, histopathology, and TUNEL analyses were performed in all experimental groups with OB samples. Our results indicated that PIC administration significantly suppressed inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL–6, IL1-β, TLR4, NF-κB, SIRT1) and apoptotic molecules (caspase-3, p53, Bax). We also evaluated edema levels and cell damage in OB injury after SAH. Ameliorative effects of PIC are also observed at the histopathology level. Garcia’s neurological score test performed a neurological assessment. This study is the first to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of PIC on OB injury after SAH. It suggests that PIC would be a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating OB injury after SAH.
... To date, available drugs that suppress inflammation have limited efficacy with many side effects, thereby identifying new natural anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of inflammatory disorders is a provocative area of therapeutic need. Towards achieving this goal, PC possesses various pharmacological attributes, including anti-inflammatory properties, and it has been used for the treatment of several disease conditions including cancer, liver injury, and skin diseases [3,10,11]. ...
The beneficial effects of the polyphenolic compound piceatannol (PC) has been reported for metabolic diseases, antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Despite its beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases, little is known about how PC regulates inflammatory responses and adipogenesis. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of PC on the inflammatory response and adipogenesis. The effect of PC on splenocytes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and RAW264.7 macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, morphometry, and western blot analysis. PC induced apoptosis in activated T cells in a dose-dependent manner using stimulated splenocytes and reduced the activation of T cells, altered T cell frequency, and interestingly induced the frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells as compared to controls. PC suppressed the expression of TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6R, and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophages after lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induction as compared to the control. Interestingly, PC altered the cell morphology of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a concomitant decrease in cell volume, lipid deposition, and TNF-α expression, but upregulation of leptin and IL-1β. Our findings suggested that PC induced apoptosis in activated T cells, decreased immune cell activation and inflammatory response, and hindered adipogenesis. This new set of data provides promising hope as a new therapeutic to treat both inflammatory disease and obesity.
... The piceatannol from the seed improved insulin sensitivity in obese patients and potentially reduced type 2 diabetes (Kitada et al., 2017). The oral intake supplement made by passion fruit seed extract, which is rich in piceatannol, improves dry skin, and reduces fatigue among women, who suffer from these problems (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory effects of the seed extract can be beneficial for developing skin-lightening cream, sunscreen, and anti-ageing cream (Yepes et al., 2021). ...
Passion fruit is a short-term crop with a life span of up to 2 years. Nowadays, passion fruit captures increasing demand in the global market. However, passion fruit is considered an underrated fruit in Malaysia as the production has not reached commercial cultivation. Highlighting the passion fruit as the next important commodity could rejuvenate the economy by disseminating equal benefits for both small and large-scale growers. This article provides a perspective on underlining the fruit to be explored as a commercial commodity. The fruit consists of three main components: juice, seed, and peel. Each of the fruit components has unique properties that can benefit multiple industries. In addition, strategies for successful passion fruit planting are also emphasised by farm management until the processing line produces high-quality fruit that can penetrate the global market. Therefore, a comprehensive review of passion as an essential crop could benefit Malaysia’s agriculture and processing industries.
... Also according to the authors, the substances detected were related to antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities promoted by the extracts obtained from the seeds, with a significant improvement in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Maruki-Uchida et al. (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018) verified in their studies that the ingestion of passion fruit seed extracts can improve the quality of the skin, with a decrease in fatigue and an increase in humidity, due to the presence of the piceatannol compound. ISHIDA E FURUYA (ISHIDA e FURUYA, 2021), tested 19 bacterial strains to verify the action of piceatannol and resveratrol as defense compounds and observed that piceatannol had a bacteriostatic effect on most of the bacteria tested. ...
Passion fruit belongs to the genus Passiflora, family Passifloraceae, with more than 500 species.
The seeds represent an important source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, they are
routinely discarded and discarded soon after processing to obtain the pulp leading to environmental
issues. The oil is extracted from the passion fruit seed and contains valuable bioactive. Due to the
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of these compounds, the oil could have a role to prevent
the development of numerous health conditions. Due to the above, this study aims to perform a
review on the applications of passion fruit seed oil. The oil extracted from the passion fruit seed
presents several benefits and can be used in different ways, mainly because it is a residue that
contains a good amount of omega 6. In the food industry, it can be used to manufacture juices and
jellies. The defatted pie also has a high added value, as it is rich in proteins and fibers, thus being
an excellent option for the veterinary industry to be used as an ingredient in animal feed. In the
pharmaceutical area, it is attractive in the formulation of creams and shampoos. Passion fruit seed
oil has valuable bioactive compounds with high concentrations of bioactive compounds with
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The search for these benefits is increasing sharply in
processed food and pharmaceutic compounds.
... For example, it has been observed in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial on women with dry skin that passion fruit seed extract can increase the moisture content of human skin, lower the amount of transepidermal water loss and increase the moisture content together with reductions in "perspiration" and "fatigue". 198 Passion fruit peel extract was shown to decrease pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model because of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. 199 9. Mechanisms of actions of Passiflora underlying their health properties Very few studies have been performed aiming to decipher the mechanisms of action of Passiflora and their bioactives underlying their health properties. ...
The Brazilian biodiversity is one of the largest in the world, with about 41 000 species cataloged within two global biodiversity hotspots: Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, the Brazilian savannah. Passiflora, known also as passion flowers, is a genus of which 96% of its species are distributed in the Americas, mainly Brazil and Colombia. Passion fruit extracts have a commercial value on a global scale through the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, self-care, and food and beverage industries. Passiflora are widely studied due to their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and vascular and neuronal protective effects, probably owing to their content of polyphenols. Passiflora setacea DC is a species of wild passion fruit from the Brazilian Cerrado, rich in flavonoid C-glycosides, homoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin and orientin. Intake of these plant food bioactives has been associated with protection against chronic non-communicable diseases (CNDCs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to discuss the varieties of Passiflora, their content in plant food bioactives and their potential molecular mechanisms of action in preventing or reversing CNDCs.
... Otro estudio evaluó clínicamente los efectos del extracto de semilla de maracuyá rico en piceatannol en la piel de mujeres japonesas sanas (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018), encontrando aumentos significativos en el contenido de humedad de la piel en comparación con antes del ensayo, además, los resultados mostraron reducciones significativas en la transpiración y fatiga en el grupo que consumió el extracto de semilla de maracuyá en comparación con el grupo placebo. En el estudio (Kitada et al., 2017) en donde investigaron los efectos del piceatannol (purificado a partir de extracto de semilla de Passiflora edulis) sobre la salud metabólica en humanos, encontraron que la suplementación con piceatannol mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina y podría reducir la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca en hombres con sobrepeso, pero no en mujeres con y sin sobrepeso. ...
Objective: To examine the effect of the consumption of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) on biochemical markers of oxidative stress (BMEOX) in female volleyball players of a university team. Method: Population fourteen players (age: 19.3 ± 2.2 years; mass: 57.5 ± 5.0 kg; height: 1.62 ± 6.2 m), were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and placebo group (GP). During the seven days of the microcycle, the EG was given 2 ml / day of P edulis juice and the GP received 2 ml / day of placebo (flavored water). Blood samples were taken during days 1, 4, 7 and 14. Creatine kinase (CK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine (Cr), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results: Transaminases increased significantly on day 4, and decreased on days 7 and 14 in both groups. CK and Cr, increased, but did not return to baseline values on day 14. TBARS and CAT increased in both groups without significant differences, while SOD increased with significant differences for all days only in GP. Conclusion: The microcycle produces changes in the BMEOX, its level increase with the increase in its intensity; Consumption of P. edulis did not significantly affect transaminase, SOD and CAT activities, but these enzymes remain more stable in athletes who consumed P. edulis. It is necessary to deepen the knowledge about antioxidant uses and intense exercise. © 2021 Federacion Espanola de Docentes de Educacion Fisica. All rights reserved.
... Moreover, the in vivo antioxidant properties are still poorly understood. The available reports documented that the oral consumption of passion fruit seeds improved systemic and hepatic parameters in animals fed with high-fat diet (Ishihata et al., 2016), enhanced the moisture and fatigue of human skin (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018), and exerted antitumor properties against PCa progression (Kido et al., 2020). ...
We evaluated the impact of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis sp.) bagasse extract (PFBE) administration in systemic oxidative and inflammatory parameters in vivo, considering prostate cancer progression in transgenic mice (TRAMP). Piceatannol, scirpusin-B, dicaffeoylquinic acid, citric acid, and (+)-catechin were identified in PFBE, and the extract showed high in vitro antioxidant capacity. Some alterations in systemic parameters were verified during prostate cancer progression, as the increase in ALT and MDA levels, and SOD and GPx activities in the plasma. In the liver, higher MDA, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels, and GR and GPx activities were verified. Compared to their respective controls, the short- and long-term PFBE administration reduced MDA levels in the liver and plasma. The long-term treatment increased the catalase activity in the plasma, while the short-term treatment increased the hepatic SOD and catalase activities. Still, a reduction in hepatic TNF-α and NF-κB levels was verified after long-term treatment.
Practical applications
Prostate cancer progression is associated with changes in systemic redox status and inflammation markers. Moreover, the intake of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, besides delaying prostate carcinogenesis, may improve the systemic antioxidant defenses and inflammatory response. In vitro studies pointed to a promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of yellow passion fruit bagasse. However, in vivo studies are scarce. Our results provided information about in vivo impacts of PFBE oral consumption on antioxidant defense and inflammation, indicating its potential as an adjuvant during the initial steps of prostate cancer.
... The company published several experimental results on bioactivities of piceatannol and its dimer, scirpusin B ( Fig. 9.5), from passion fruit seed extract. with Japanese woman revealed that intake of passion fruit extract rich in piceatannol help increasing moisture content of skin (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). Another human study by (Kitada et al., 2017) showed that ingestion of piceatannol (20 mg/day) for 8 weeks improve insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and heart rate in overweight men. ...
Passion fruit is one of the well-known tropical fruits that can be consumed fresh and processed into several products. Due to a very large portion of by-products from peel and seed (more than 60 % of whole fruit weight), utilizing of these industrial by-products is necessary and can add much value to its supply chain. Interestingly, passion fruit by-products contain very valuable and health-beneficial components which attract manufacturers and researchers worldwide. Current by-product valorizing schemes that have been already commercialized including an extraction of seed oil and further fractionation of unsaponifiable fraction for cosmetic uses. In addition, seed extract containing functional phenolic compounds, piceatannol and scirpusin B is also in the market. At the same time, a number of research works on the peel have revealed various possibilities on adding value to this major waste particularly the extractions of pectic substances and other bioactive compounds.
... Stilbenes are naturally produced in some plants like grapes, passion fruits, green tea and others [21,22]. Piceatannol can inhibit the melanin synthesis, prevent and treat skin cancer (melanoma), has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, promotes collagen production, and prevents UV damage [16,[23][24][25][26]. ...
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been studied for over 20 years, constituting the second generation of lipid nanoparticles. These nanosystems were introduced to overcome the drawbacks of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Passion fruit seeds oil have a high antioxidant potential and also skin whitening properties. The objectives of this work were to prepare NLC by two methods (ultrasonication and High pressure homogenization) using different solid lipids (Glyceryl Distearate, Glyceryl Dibehenate and Cetyl Palmitate) and passion fruit seeds oil as liquid lipid. The nanoparticles prepared with glyceryl distearate, using the ultrasonication method showed better characteristics, since these nanosystems presented smaller particle sizes and polydispersity index, and higher zeta potential. Besides that, these nanoparticles showed a high occlusion factor and non-irritant potential in HET-CAM assay. Based on the results obtained, it may be suggested that the prepared NLCs can be applied to the face, since they did not cause any irritation, and represent a potential strategy for further use in topical formulations with antioxidant activity.
... The presence of an additional hydroxyl group in the piceatannol structure gives it greater antioxidant activity when compared to its prodrug, resveratrol [21,23]. Piceatannol also promotes collagen production, preventing skin damage and inhibiting melanin synthesis [24]. ...
Recently, studies on the by-products from the food industry, such as passion fruit seeds, have significantly increased, as these can have an added value, due to their properties, such as potential antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to determine the presence of piceatannol and resveratrol in various extracts of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds from Madeira Island and a commercial passion fruit oil was used as reference. The commercial oil and the extracts that were obtained by traditional Soxhlet method with ethanol and acetone did not reveal the presence of the two stilbenes, piceatannol and resveratrol. However, the extracts that were obtained by the ultrasound method showed significant amounts of piceatannol and resveratrol when compared with the commercial oil. The presence of these compounds indicates that this oil could have potential application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, due to their proven antioxidant and anti-aging properties.
... Piceatannol (PIC), a structurally related analog of resveratrol, is widely isolated from blueberries, grapes, and passion fruit seeds, etc. PIC has been proved to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-proliferative activities (Kalariya et al., 2013). Moreover, it has been used to treat many diseases including liver injury (Wen et al., 2018), cardiac injury , cancer (Lucas et al., 2018) and skin disease (Maruki-Uchida et al., 2018). Evidence indicated that treatment of PIC visibly repressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells during LPS stimulation (Yamamoto et al., 2017). ...
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and complex inflammatory lung syndrome with higher morbidity and mortality rate. Piceatannol (PIC) has anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties. The study was designed to explore the effect and the action mechanisms of PIC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Twenty-four hours after LPS challenge, mice from different treatment groups were euthanized, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue samples were collected. Then the degree of pulmonary edema, lung pathological changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected. Additionally, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions associated with cell adhesion molecules and tight junction were analyzed through quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, and the TLR4/NF-κB activation was examined by western blot. The results showed that PIC significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung edema, histopathological damage, MPO activity, cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Moreover, PIC notably suppressed mRNA expressions associated with inflammation and cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, PIC also alleviated LPS-induced damage of air-blood barrier through reducing the levels of total proteins in BALF and recovering the expression of occludin and ZO-1 in the lung tissues. We also found that PIC remarkably restrained the LPS-induced TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation in lung tissues. In conclusion, PIC may be potential to treat LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via regulating air-blood barrier and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation.
... It was also revealed that it lowered the glucose transport into adipocytes and diminished the major components of lipogenic pathway (Carpéné et al. 2018). In a different study carried by Maruki-Uchida et al. (2018), it was concluded that the oral consumption of piceatannol-enriched passion fruit seed extract improved the moisture content of the skin. Piceatannol also promulgated anti-biofilm activity against the Streptococcus mutans via the inhibition of the virulence factor Gtfs. On the other hand, it inhibited S. mutans-induced carcinogenicity in vivo (Nijampatnam et al. 2018). ...
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) and piceatannol (3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene) are well-known natural products that are produced by plants. They are important ingredients in pharmaceutical industries and nutritional supplements. They display a wide spectrum of biological activity. Thus, the needs for these compounds are increasing. The natural products have been found in diverse plants, mostly such as grapes, passion fruit, white tea, berries, and many more. The extraction of these products from plants is quite impractical because of the low production in plants, downstream processing difficulties, chemical hazards, and environmental issues. Thus, alternative production in microbial hosts has been devised with combinatorial biosynthetic systems, including metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and optimization in production process. Since the biosynthesis is not native in microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, genetic engineering and manipulation have made it possible. In this review, the discussion will mainly focus on recent progress in production of resveratrol and piceatannol, including the various strategies used for their production.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and has several functions such as barrier against external agents, the maintenance of temperature and homeostatic functions. Skin ageing is a natural process that can be influenced by environmental factors, intrinsic skin factors and lifestyle. UV light plays an important role in skin ageing and can cause spots, requiring the use of depigmenting agents. Nowadays, there is a great demand for ingredients that prevent skin ageing, with natural agents occupying a promising position. Among the natural agents, polyphenols, such as resveratrol and piceatannol, found in grapes, passion fruits and other fruits, have a huge relevance. Great benefits of piceatannol have been reported, so thus, this work focuses specifically on a review of the literature regarding the application of this polyphenol in skin care products. This polyphenol can be used in a wound-healing, or as anti-ageing, antioxidant, anti-acne and skin whitening, among other effects.
The objective of this work was to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of ethanolic extract of seeds of Brazilian Passiflora edulis fruits (PESE), a major by-product of the juice industry, and piceatannol (PIC), one of the main phytochemicals of PESE. PESE, PIC, and acarbose (ACB) exhibited IC50 for alpha-amylase, 32.1 ± 2.7, 85.4 ± 0.7, and 0.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively, and IC50 for alpha-glucosidase, 76.2 ± 1.9, 20.4 ± 7.6, and 252 ± 4.5 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of PESE, PIC, and sitagliptin (STG) for dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) was 71.1 ± 2.6, 1137 ± 120, and 0.005 ± 0.001 µg/mL, respectively. PESE and PIC inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 366 ± 1.9 and 360 ± 9.1 µg/mL for the initial stage and 51.5 ± 1.4 and 67.4 ± 4.6 µg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. Additionally, PESE and PIC inhibited the formation of β-amyloid fibrils in vitro up to 100%. IC50 values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity of PESE and PIC were 20.4 ± 2.1, and 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. IC50 values for scavenging hypochlorous acid (HOCl) were similar in PESE, PIC, and quercetin (QCT) with values of 1.7 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.5, and 1.9 ± 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. PESE had no cytotoxicity to the human normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B), and alpha mouse liver (AML-12) cells up to 100 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. However, 10 µg/mL of the extract was cytotoxic to non-malignant breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). PESE and PIC were found to be capable of protecting cultured human cells from the oxidative stress caused by the carcinogen NNKOAc at 100 µM. The in vitro evidence of the inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and DPP-4 enzymes as well as antioxidant and antiglycation activities, warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of P. edulis seeds and PIC.
özet: Yaşamın erken dönemlerinde kazanılan sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlığı genel sağlık yanında duygu ve davranışlar üzerine de etkilidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinde cilt sorunlarının beslenme durumu ve duygu kontrolü ile ilişkisinin saptanmasıdır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 318 gönüllü öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada, öğrencilere demografik özellikleri ve yeme alışkanlıklarının sorulduğu bir anket yanında Courtauld Duygu Kontrol Ölçeği uygulanmış; ayrıca boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, bel çevresi ve kalça çevresi ölçümleri alınmış ve Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ) hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 20 istatistik paket programında tanımlayıcı testler, t-testi, Pearson korelasyonu ve Khi kare testleri ile yapılmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 16,04±0,71 yıl ve BKİ 21,64±3,33 kg/m 2 olup %68'i normal BKİ'ne sahiptir. Öğrencilerin %30,4'ü cilt sorunları, %13,5'i bağırsak sorunları yaşadıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Cilt sorunu yaşayan kızların (%39,7) erkeklerden (%21,5) anlamlı olarak daha fazla oranda olduğu bulunmuştur (P= 0,001). Ailesinde cilt problemleri ve saç dökülmesi olan öğrencilerin benzer problemler yaşadıkları görülmüştür. Cilt sorunlarını en fazla stresli dönemlerde, sınav dönemlerinde ve kızlarda regl döneminde arttığı belirlenmiştir. Bağırsak sorunları ile sebze tüketimi arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon saptanmıştır (P= 0,023). Sigara ve alkol kullanımı ile cinsiyet arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuş olup erkeklerde sigara (P= 0,002) ve alkol (P= 0,001) kullanımı kızlara göre daha fazladır. Erkeklerin kaygı alt ölçeği puanı (16,44±3,32), kızların puanından (15,04±3,67) anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (P= 0,001). Öğrencilerin cilt sorunlarının genetik, fizyolojik, emosyonel veya çevresel stresörler nedeniyle artış gösterdiği; beslenmelerindeki dengesizlikler ve stres yönetimindeki yetersizliklerinin cilt sorunlarının gelişmesine katkı sağladığı düşünülmüştür. Bu nedenle, adolesanların genel sağlıkları kadar mental sağlıklarını da iyileştirmek için optimal beslenme ve duygu kontrolü yönünden desteklenmesi yararlı olabilir. Abstract: Healthy eating habits gained in the early stages of life are effective on emotions and behaviors as well as general health. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between skin problems and nutritional status and emotional control in high school students. The sample of the study consisted of 318 volunteer students. In the study, along with a questionnaire asking the students about their demographic characteristics and eating habits, the Courtauld Emotion Control Scale was applied; in addition height, body weight, waist circumference and hip circumference measurements were taken and Body Mass Indexes (BMI) were calculated. The analysis of the data was carried out using the descriptive tests, t-test, Pearson correlation and Chi-square tests in the SPSS 20 statistical package program. The average age of the students is 16.04±0.71 years and their BMI is 21.64±3.33 kg/m 2 and 68% of them have normal BMI. 30.4% of the students reported that they had skin problems and 13.5% had intestinal problems. It was found that girls with skin problems (39.7%) were significantly higher than boys (21.5%) (P= 0.001). It was observed that students with skin problems and hair loss in their families experienced similar problems. It has been determined that skin problems increase the most during stressful periods, exam periods and menstrual period in girls. A significant negative correlation was found between intestinal problems and vegetable consumption (P= 0.023). A significant relationship was found between smoking and alcohol use and gender, and the use of cigarettes (P= 0.002) and alcohol (P= 0.001) was higher in boys than in girls. The anxiety subscale score of boys (16.44±3.32) was found to be significantly higher than that of girls (15.04±3.67) (P= 0.001). Students' skin problems increase due to genetic, physiological, emotional or environmental stressors; nutritional imbalances and inadequacies in stress management were thought to contribute to the development of skin problems. Therefore, it may be beneficial to support adolescents in terms of optimal nutrition and emotional control in order to improve their mental health as well as their general health.
The potential role of plant-based foods in the promotion of skin health is an emerging area of nutrition research. Plant-based foods are rich in bioactive compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, polyphenols, and phenolic acids, which can contribute to oxidant defense, lower inflammation, and promote structural support of the skin. Epidemiological studies have associated higher intakes of select fruits and vegetables with positive skin health.1,2 Beneficial effects of certain fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and polyphenolic-rich beverages on the skin have been reported, with each of these providing a unique phytochemical composition. While most studies use extracts, this review will focus on data from whole foods and minimally processed products. Collectively, the evidence to date suggests a promising future for plant-based dietary interventions that promote skin barrier health and function. However, additional research is required to address issues such as the optimal quality and duration of intake as well as potential mechanisms. Studies in the above areas will help formulate specific targeted dietary recommendations.
The skin microbiome, especially the axillary microbiome, consists of odor-causing bacteria that decompose odorless sweat into malodor compounds, which contributes to the formation of body odor. Plant-derived products are a cheap source of bioactive compounds that are common ingredients in cosmetics. Microbial bioconversion of natural products is an ecofriendly and economical method for production of new or improved biologically active compounds. Therefore, in this study, we tested the potential of a Lactobacillus acidophilus KNU-02-mediated bioconverted product (BLC) of Lotus corniculatus seed to reduce axillary malodor and its effect on the associated axillary microbiota. A chemical profile analysis revealed that benzoic acid was the most abundant chemical compound in BLC, which increased following bioconversion. Moreover, BLC treatment was found to reduce the intensity of axillary malodor. We tested the axillary microbiome of 18 study participants, divided equally into BLC and placebo groups, and revealed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing that Staphylococcus , Corynebacterium, and Anaerococcus were the dominant taxa, and some of these taxa were significantly associated with axillary malodor. After one week of BLC treatment, the abundance of Corynebacterium and Anaerococcus , which are associated with well-known odor-related genes that produce volatile fatty acids, had significantly reduced. Likewise, the identified odor-related genes decreased after the application of BLC. BLC treatment enhanced the richness and network density of the axillary microbial community. The placebo group, on the other hand, showed no difference in the microbial richness, odor associated taxa, and predicted functional genes after a week. The results demonstrated that BLC has the potential to reduce the axillary malodor and the associated odor-causing bacteria, which makes BLC a viable deodorant material in cosmetic products.
Besides providing essential nutrients for humans, food contains bioactive compounds that exert diverse biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-cancerogenic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The cosmetic industry is interested in natural bioactive compounds for their use in nutricosmetic and cosmeceutical products. These products aimed to reduce skin aging, inflammation or provide photoprotection against UV radiation. As a result, nutricosmetics and cosmeceuticals are becoming innovative self-care products in the beauty market. These products contain phytochemicals as active compounds obtained from fruits, vegetables, legumes, medicinal herbs and plants with anti-aging potential. This review summarizes the information within the last 5 years related to bioactive compounds present in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices commonly used for human consumption. Their antioxidant and biological potential for modulating molecular markers involved in the aging process, as well as their mechanism of action. Diverse natural foods and their byproducts could be used as a source of bioactive compounds for developing cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic products.
The quality of passion fruit oil is determined by its main components like the lipids but also by minor compounds whose levels are influenced by several factors (i.e. genetic, environmental, etc.). Description of properties of bioactive components in passion fruit seed oil and their potential beneficial role for human health will be a focal point of this chapter. Presence of aroma compounds and their contribution to the organoleptic properties of the fruit and its industrial residues will be discussed. Suitable research strategies as well as the definition of practical possibilities for using passion fruit oils and its constituents represents another focus: conventional procedures and advanced extraction technologies, as well as analytical techniques, with particular attention to green procedures will be taken into account. An integrated and multidisciplinary system of analysis combined with statistical methods is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for analyzing and modeling agro-food systems in their totality. These new directions will be discussed, with particular regards to spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometrics. Such approaches are applied in classification, discrimination and authentication studies. Furthermore, they are used in detection and monitoring of contaminants and adulterants. The use of passion fruit oil in different fields (i.e. pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, bio-based applications) will be discussed.
Obesity is a global health concern. Piceatannol (Pic), an analog of resveratrol (Res), has many reported biological activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of Pic in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese animal model. The results showed that Pic significantly reduced mouse body weight in a dose-dependent manner without affecting food intake. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and blood glucose (GLU) were significantly lowered in Pic-treated groups. Pic significantly decreased the weight of liver, spleen, perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat compared with the HFD group. Pic significantly reduced the adipocyte cell size of perigonadal fat and decreased the weight of liver. Pic-treated mice showed higher phosphorylated adenosine 50-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC) protein levels and decreased protein levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein C/EBP, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in adipocytes and the liver. Pic altered the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and decreasing Bacteroidetes compared with the HFD group. Collectively, these results suggest that Pic may be a candidate for obesity treatment.
Resveratrol is beneficial in obese and diabetic rodents. However, its low bioavailability raises questions about its therapeutic relevance for treating or preventing obesity complications. In this context, many related natural polyphenols are being tested for their putative antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. This prompted us to study the influence of piceatannol, a polyhydroxylated stilbene, on the prevention of obesity complications in Zucker obese rats. A 6-week supplementation was followed by the determination of various markers in plasma, liver, adipose tissue and heart, together with a large-scale analysis of gut microbiota composition. When given in doses of 15 or 45 mg/kg body weight/day, piceatannol did not reduce either hyperphagia or fat accumulation. It did not modify the profusion of the most abundant phyla in gut, though slight changes were observed in the abundance of several Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Bacteroides species belonging to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. This was accompanied by a tendency to reduce plasma lipopolysaccharides by 30 %, and by a decrease of circulating non-esterified fatty acids, LDL-cholesterol, and lactate. While piceatannol tended to improve lipid handling, it did not mitigate hyperinsulinemia and cardiac hypertrophy. However, it increased cardiac expression of ephrin-B1, a membrane protein that contributes to maintaining cardiomyocyte architecture. Lastly, ascorbyl radical plasma levels and hydrogen peroxide release by adipose tissue were similar in control and treated groups. Thus, piceatannol did not exhibit strong slimming capacities but did limit several obesity complications.
We previously found that passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds contained a high amount of piceatannol (3,5,3',4'-trans-tetrahydroxystilbene), a natural analog of resveratrol (3,5,4'-trans-trihydroxystilbene). Resveratrol has been proposed as a potential anti-metabolic disorder compound, by its activation of sirtuin and AMP-activated protein kinase. Many reports show that resveratrol ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. However, it is not known whether piceatannol also affects diet-induced obesity. We explored the effect of piceatannol on high fat diet-fed mice. The results showed that piceatannol did not affect high fat diet-induced body weight gain or visceral fat gain in mice. However, piceatannol did reduce fasting blood glucose levels. Furthermore, to explore the potential of passion fruit seed extract containing piceatannol as a functional food, passion fruit seed extract was administered in a genetic diabetic mouse model (db/db mice). Single administration of passion fruit seed extract, as well as piceatannol reduced the blood glucose levels of these db/db mice. These results suggest that piceatannol and passion fruit seed extract may have potential application in the prevention of diabetes.
Piceatannol is a phytochemical that is present in large amounts in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds, and is an analog of resveratrol. Recently, the absorption and metabolism of piceatannol were investigated in rats, and isorhapontigenin, O-methyl piceatannol, was detected as a piceatannol metabolite in rat plasma. To elucidate the function of piceatannol and its metabolites, we investigated the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in THP-1 monocytic cells after treatment with piceatannol and its metabolites, and compared their effects with those of resveratrol and its metabolites. Piceatannol and resveratrol upregulated the expression levels of SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein. An extract of passion fruit seeds, which contained high levels of piceatannol, also upregulated SIRT1 mRNA expression. As for the metabolites, isorhapontigenin upregulated SIRT1 mRNA expression, whereas resveratrol glucuronides and sulfate did not affect SIRT1 expression. These findings indicate that after intake of piceatannol, not only piceatannol itself, but also its metabolite, isorhapontigenin, contributed to the upregulation of SIRT1 expression.
CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), which express the Foxp3 transcription factor, play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Here, we show
that in mice, Tregs were most abundant in the colonic mucosa. The spore-forming component of indigenous intestinal microbiota, particularly clusters
IV and XIVa of the genus Clostridium, promoted Treg cell accumulation. Colonization of mice by a defined mix of Clostridium strains provided an environment rich in transforming growth factor–β and affected Foxp3+ Treg number and function in the colon. Oral inoculation of Clostridium during the early life of conventionally reared mice resulted in resistance to colitis and systemic immunoglobulin E responses
in adult mice, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to autoimmunity and allergy.
The differences between intrinsic aging and photoaging are reviewed. The various model systems currently employed for the studies of aging and photoaging are discussed. Findings on age associated decrements in receptor/ligand mediated signaling as well as changes during cellular senescence in the expression of nuclear transcription factors are described. The role of telomere shortening and oxidative damage in the aging process is explained. At the cellular level, genetic and behavioral differences between aging and photoaging are illustrated with particular emphasis on changes in the structure and function of the tumor suppressor gene p53.
In diverse organisms, calorie restriction slows the pace of ageing and increases maximum lifespan. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calorie restriction extends lifespan by increasing the activity of Sir2 (ref. 1), a member of the conserved sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases. Included in this family are SIR-2.1, a Caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that regulates lifespan, and SIRT1, a human deacetylase that promotes cell survival by negatively regulating the p53 tumour suppressor. Here we report the discovery of three classes of small molecules that activate sirtuins. We show that the potent activator resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, lowers the Michaelis constant of SIRT1 for both the acetylated substrate and NAD(+), and increases cell survival by stimulating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of p53. In yeast, resveratrol mimics calorie restriction by stimulating Sir2, increasing DNA stability and extending lifespan by 70%. We discuss possible evolutionary origins of this phenomenon and suggest new lines of research into the therapeutic use of sirtuin activators.
The effects of chronic administration of piceatannol-enriched (9.5% w/w) passion fruit seed extract (PFSE) on the cardiovascular damage induced in a high-fat (HF) diet-fed model of Fischer 344 rats were evaluated. Rats were fed the control, HF, or HF diets containing PFSE (0.5% w/w) for 16 weeks, and the effects of the various diets on the tissue weight, serum lipid profile, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic ductular reaction, cardiac function and aortic ring reactivity were examined. HF diet-fed rats developed signs of cardiovascular disease with abnormal serum profiles compared to control diet-fed rats. PFSE supplementation improved the liver hypertrophy and hepatic histology of the HF diet-fed rats. In addition, the triglyceride and cholesterol levels, platelet aggregation, cardiac function, and acetylcholine-mediated relaxation of the aortic ring were improved. These results suggest that the chronic intake of PFSE containing piceatannol prevents HF diet-induced cardiovascular disease in rats.
Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring plant products and are widely distributed in plant foods, such as, fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, bark and seeds, etc. These polyphenols contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary products. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure of the skin to environmental factors/pollutants, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induce harmful effects and leads to various skin diseases including the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer, comprising of squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, is a significant public health concern world-wide. Exposure of the skin to solar UV radiation results in inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways and immunosuppression thereby resulting in skin cancer. The regular intake of natural plant products, especially polyphenols, which are widely present in fruits, vegetables, dry legumes and beverages have gained considerable attention as protective agents against the adverse effects of UV radiation. In this article, we first discussed the impact of polyphenols on human health based on their structure-activity relationship and bioavailability. We then discussed in detail the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols on UV-induced skin inflammation, proliferation, immunosuppression, DNA damage and dysregulation of important cellular signaling pathways and their implications in skin cancer management. The selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans.
Oligonol is a low-molecular weight polyphenol that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, nothing is known regarding the impact of Oligonol on sudomotor activity. This study investigated the effects of Oligonol supplementation on sudomotor activity during heat load in humans. Initially, we conducted a placebo-controlled, cross-over trial where participants took a daily dose of Oligonol 200 mg or placebo for one week. After a 2 week washout period, the subjects were switched to the other study arm. As a heat load, half-body immersion into hot water (42 ± 0.5 °C for 30 min) was performed in an automated climate chamber. Tympanic and skin temperatures were measured. Sudomotor activity, including onset time, sweat rate (SR) and volume (SV), active sweat gland density (ASGD), and sweat gland output (SGO), was tested in four or eight areas of skin. When compared with placebo, Oligonol attenuated increases in tympanic and skin temperatures after the heat load. There was an increasing trend in local sweat onset time, but there was a decrease in local SR, SV, ASGD, and SGO for Oligonol compared to placebo. The mean ASGD was significantly higher in the Oligonol group than in the placebo group for 10, 20, and 30 min. This study demonstrates that Oligonol appears to be worthy of consideration as a natural supplement to support more economical use of body fluids against heat stress.
Piceatannol (trans-3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene), a natural analogue of resveratrol, has multiple biological functions. Nevertheless, piceatannol's biological fate is yet to be determined. In this study, we evaluated the absorption and metabolism of piceatannol in rats. Furthermore, the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUC) and metabolic pathway of piceatannol were compared with those of resveratrol. We determined the plasma concentrations of piceatannol, resveratrol, and their respective metabolites following their intragastric administration. Resveratrol metabolites were only conjugates, whereas piceatannol metabolites were piceatannol conjugates, O-methyl piceatannol, and its conjugates. The AUC for piceatannol, resveratrol, and their metabolites increased in a dose-dependent manner (90-360 μmol/kg). The AUC for total piceatannol was less than that for total resveratrol, whereas the AUC for piceatannol (8.6 μmol·h/L) after piceatannol and resveratrol coadministration was 2.1 times greater than that for resveratrol (4.1 μmol·h/L). The greater AUC for piceatannol was a result of its higher metabolic stability.
The use of naturally occurring botanicals with substantial antioxidant activity to prevent photoageing is receiving increasing attention. We have previously identified piceatannol and scirpusin B, which is a dimer of piceatannol, as strong antioxidants that are present in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds. In the present study, the effects of passion fruit seed extract, piceatannol, and scirpusin B on human keratinocytes were investigated. The passion fruit seed extract and piceatannol upregulated the glutathione (GSH) levels in keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that piceatannol is an active component of the passion fruit seed extract in keratinocytes. The pretreatment with piceatannol also supressed the UVB-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the keratinocytes. In addition, the transfer of the medium from the UVB-irradiated keratinocytes to non-irradiated fibroblasts enhanced matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 activity, and this MMP-1 induction was reduced when the keratinocytes were pretreated with piceatannol. These results suggest that piceatannol attenuates the UVB-induced activity of MMP-1 along with a reduction of ROS generation in keratinocytes. Thus, piceatannol and passion fruit seed extract containing high amounts of piceatannol are potential anti-photoageing cosmetic ingredients.
Piceatannol (3, 3', 4, 5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring phytochemical found in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds. Previously, we demonstrated that piceatannol has acute vasorelaxant effects in rat thoracic aorta. It was suggested that endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) might be involved in piceatannol-induced acute vasorelaxation. Here, we investigated the expression of eNOS in EA.hy926 human umbilical vein cells after long-term treatment with piceatannol, and compared this effect with that of resveratrol, an analog of piceatannol. Long-term treatment with piceatannol up-regulated eNOS mRNA expression and increased eNOS protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, piceatannol increased the levels of phosphorylated eNOS. Treatment with resveratrol also increased eNOS expression, but to a lesser degree than piceatannol. These findings indicate that piceatannol may improve vascular function by up-regulating eNOS expression.
The skeletal muscle cells are one of the main sites of glucose uptake through glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in response to insulin. In muscle cells, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as another GLUT4 translocation promoter. Natural compounds that activate AMPK have a possibility to overcome insulin resistance in the diabetic state. Piceatannol is a natural analog and a metabolite of resveratrol, a known AMPK activator. In this study, we investigate the in vitro effect of piceatannol on glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane in L6 myocytes, and its in vivo effect on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic model db/db mice. Piceatannol was found to promote glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation by Western blotting analyses in L6 myotubes under a condition of insulin absence. Promotion by piceatannol of glucose uptake as well as GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane by immunocytochemistry was also demonstrated in L6 myoblasts transfected with a glut4 cDNA-coding vector. Piceatannol suppressed the rises in blood glucose levels at early stages and improved the impaired glucose tolerance at late stages in db/db mice. These in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that piceatannol may be preventive and remedial for type 2 diabetes and become an antidiabetic phytochemical.
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trans-trihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring stilbene, is considered to have a number of beneficial effects, including anticancer, anti-aethrogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and estrogenic activity. Piceatannol (3, 3', 4, 5'-trans-trihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring hydroxylated analogue of resveratrol, is less studied than resveratrol but displays a wide spectrum of biological activity. Piceatannol has been found in various plants, including grapes, passion fruit, white tea, and Japanese knotweed. Besides antioxidative effects, piceatannol exhibits potential anticancer properties as suggested by its ability to suppress proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, including leukemia, lymphoma; cancers of the breast, prostate, colon and melanoma. The growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of piceatannol are mediated through cell-cycle arrest; upregulation of Bid, Bax. Bik, Bok, Fas: P21(WAF1) down-regulation of Bcl-xL; BCL-2, clAP, activation of caspases (-3, -7,- 8, -9), loss of mitochondrial potential, and release of cytochrome c. Piceatannol has been shown to suppress the activation of some transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, which plays a central role as a transcriptional regulator in response to cellular stress caused by free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, cytokines, or microbial antigens. Piceatannol also inhibits JAK-1, which is a key member of the STAT pathway that is crucial in controlling cellular activities in response to extracellular cytokines and is a COX-2-inducible enzyme involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Although piceatannol has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, there are examples of its anti-apoptotic pro-proliferative activity. Piceatannol inhibits Syk kinase, which plays a crucial role in the coordination of immune recognition receptors and orchestrates multiple downstream signaling pathways in various hematopoietic cells. Piceatannol also binds estrogen receptors and stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent cancer cells. Piceatannol is rapidly metabolized in the liver and is converted mainly to a glucuronide conjugate; however, sulfation is also possible, based on in vitro studies. The pharmacological properties of piceatannol, especially its antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, suggests that piceatannol might be a potentially useful nutritional and pharmacological biomolecule; however, more data are needed on its bioavailability and toxicity in humans.
Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring plant products and are widely distributed in plant foods, such as, fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, bark and seeds, etc. These polyphenols contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary products. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure of the skin to environmental factors/pollutants, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induce harmful effects and leads to various skin diseases including the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer, comprising of squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, is a significant public health concern world-wide. Exposure of the skin to solar UV radiation results in inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways and immunosuppression thereby resulting in skin cancer. The regular intake of natural plant products, especially polyphenols, which are widely present in fruits, vegetables, dry legumes and beverages have gained considerable attention as protective agents against the adverse effects of UV radiation. In this article, we first discussed the impact of polyphenols on human health based on their structure-activity relationship and bioavailability. We then discussed in detail the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols on UV-induced skin inflammation, proliferation, immunosuppression, DNA damage and dysregulation of important cellular signaling pathways and their implications in skin cancer management. The selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans.
Flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract (FRLFE) is a processed lychee fruit extract that is higher in flavanols (monomers, dimers and trimers) than its unprocessed counterpart. FRLFE exerts antioxidant activities in vitro and is expected to protect against inflammation and tissue damage. However, the physiological effects of FRLFE intake have not been explored in vivo. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of FRLFE supplementation on inflammation and tissue damage in young athletes during intense physical training. Twenty healthy male long-distance runners at a university were randomly assigned to receive FRLFE or placebo in a double-blind manner. Blood and serum parameters associated with inflammation, tissue damage and oxidative stress were evaluated before (pre-training), during (mid-training) and after (post-training) a 2-month training period. Some parameters, including the white blood cell count, were significantly modified by FRLFE supplementation. Compared with the placebo group, the change in the serum interleukin-6 level between pre- and mid-training were significantly lower in the FRLFE group, while the change in the transforming growth factor-β level between pre- and post-training was significantly greater in the FRLFE group. These findings suggest that FRLFE supplementation may suppress inflammation or tissue damage caused by high-intensity exercise training.
Piceatannol is present in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds in high amounts. In this study, we isolated the second major polyphenolic compound of passion fruit seeds and identified it as scirpusin B, which is a dimer of piceatannol. We investigated the antioxidant activities and vasorelaxing effects of these polyphenols. Their antioxidant effects were measured using an in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and their vasorelaxant effects were determined ex vivo in rat thoracic aorta. Both polyphenolic compounds exhibited potent antioxidant activities and significant vasorelaxant effects in endothelium-intact aortas. More specifically, scirpusin B exerted a greater antioxidant activity and vasorelaxant effect compared with that of piceatannol. Additionally, the vasorelaxation effects of the compounds were induced via the NO derived from the endothelium. This study provides the possibility that polyphenols in passion fruit seeds are effective against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
The effect of passion fruit, the fruit of Passiflora edulis , on melanin inhibition and collagen synthesis was studied using cultured human melanoma and fibroblast cells. Passion fruit was divided into three parts, rind (PF-R), pulp (PF-P), and seed (PF-S), and each part was extracted using 80% ethanol. The concentration of polyphenols was higher in PF-S than in PF-R or PF-P. Treatment of melanoma cells with PF-S led to inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, the production of total soluble collagen was elevated in dermal fibroblast cells cultured in the presence of PF-S. PF-R and PF-P did not yield these effects. Furthermore, the removal of polyphenols from PF-S led to the abolishment of the effects described above. We discovered that piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is present in passion fruit seeds in large amounts and that this compound is the major component responsible for the PF-S effects observed on melanogenesis and collagen synthesis.
Among various functions of the skin, the most vital one is carried out by the stratum corneum (SC), because the SC effectively protects our body from desiccation even in a dry environment as well as from external invasion of injurious agents. Despite the general decline of various bodily functions in advanced age, the barrier function of the SC does not deteriorate but rather improves with aging, reflecting the reduced epidermal proliferation associated with slower desquamation of the SC. Although the intercellular lipid production that is crucial for the SC barrier is reduced in aged epidermis, it is compensated by the thicker SC, consisting of larger corneocytes covering the aged skin surface due to the retardation of the desquamating process. However, such SC is deficient in water-binding capacity, another important function of the SC that keeps the skin surface soft and smooth, due to decreased amounts of water-binding substances in the SC. Thus, large portions of the covered skin begin to develop xerotic changes in a dry environment of winter, being frequently accompanied by pruritus. In contrast, most elderly individuals display the unique features of photoaging on their exposed skin such as the face and hands due to chronic exposure to the ultraviolet light (UV) of sunlight. However, functional derangements of the SC are rather mild in the photoaged skin. Our functional analyses of the SC of the chronically sun-exposed skin found in the symmetrical located areas, i.e., the dorsa of the hands in middle-aged Japanese golf players who always wore a glove only on the one of the hands demonstrated significant impairment in SC water-binding capacity in the sun-exposed side, while its barrier function was well retained. Despite the decreased water content of the SC, elderly people can live without any inconvenience even when they expose the facial skin to the dry environment of winter, because there take place sebum excretion and non-apparent sweating by comparison with the skin of the sun-protected areas such as the trunk and limbs that easily develop xerotic changes in cold seasons.
In our efforts to find new skin lightening agents, piceatannol (PICE) was investigated for its antioxidative property and ability to inhibit melanogenesis. In this study, PICE's effect on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase, and tyrosinase inhibiting activity and melanin content were assessed utilizing the B16F10 melanoma cell (B16 cell) culture system. Results indicated that PICE has a strong antityrosinase activity (IC(50)=1.53 microM). To evaluate the relative efficacy of PICE compared to other tyrosinase inhibitors, its inhibitory effect was compared and showed that PICE was significantly stronger than kojic acid (IC(50)=50.1 microM) and resveratrol (IC(50)=63.2 microM). Furthermore, PICE was shown to down-regulate melanin content. To document PICE's antioxidative property, which is known to influence melanogenic activity, we assessed reactive species (RS) generation, reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels in these B16 cells. The results showed that PICE suppressed RS generation and enhanced the GSH/GSSG ratio. In conclusion, our results indicated that the antimelanogenic action of PICE is likely exhibited by the combined effect of PICE's antioxidative property and its ability to suppress RS generation while increasing the GSH/GSSG ratio.
Manual of SF-36v2: Japanese Version. Institute for Health Outcomes and Process Evaluation Research
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The supplementation of Oligonol, the new lychee fruit-derived polyphenol converting into a low-molecular form, has a positive effect on fatigue during regular track-and-field training in young athletes
- H Ohno
- T Sakurai
- T Hisajima
Ohno H, Sakurai T, Hisajima T. 2008. The supplementation of Oligonol, the new lychee fruit-derived polyphenol converting into a low-molecular form, has a positive
effect on fatigue during regular track-and-field training
in young athletes. Adv Exerc Sports Physiol 13: 93-99.