ArticlePDF Available

Basic Definitions in Personality Psychology: Challenges for Conceptual Integrations.

Authors:

Abstract

Personality psychology is fragmented across heterogeneous subfields each focussing on particular aspects of individuals and from particular paradigmatic perspectives. Attempts for integration into overarching theories as that presented in the target article are therefore important. But the ideas proposed build on vague and often circular definitions of basic terms and concepts that hamper advancement and integration. My critique from philosophy-of-science perspectives pinpoints central problems and presents alternative concepts to help overcome them. A metatheoretical definition highlights the core ideas underlying common personality concepts and opens new avenues for conceptual integration.
Original citation: Uher, Jana (2017) Basic definitions in personality psychology: Challenges
for conceptual integrations. European Journal of Personality, 31 (5). pp. 572-573.
Full text available: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/87730/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2128
ISSN: 0890-2070 (Print), 1099-0984
Official URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1002/per.2128
© 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
Abstract:
Personality psychology is fragmented across heterogeneous subfields each focussing on
particular aspects of individuals and from particular paradigmatic perspectives. Attempts for
integration into overarching theories as that presented in the target article are therefore
important. But the ideas proposed build on vague and often circular definitions of basic terms
and concepts that hamper advancement and integration. My critique from philosophy-of-
science perspectives pinpoints central problems and presents alternative concepts to help
overcome them. A metatheoretical definition highlights the core ideas underlying common
personality concepts and opens new avenues for conceptual integration
Keywords:
personality; behaviour; individual differences; concept; theory; development; process; state;
trait; trait level; structure
... Mental health literacy Self-esteem Personality A stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. It encompasses a broad range of traits and characteristics that manifest consistently across various situations and over time (Uher, 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Children and adolescents with disabilities face increased mental health challenges and lack of access to exercise. Olympic combat sports (OCS) such as judo, taekwondo, and others might encourage social engagement, self-control, and resilience. However, not much is known about their mental health impact on this population. Methods Following PRISMA-P protocols (PROSPERO registration: CRD42023452489), we searched seven databases for randomized controlled trials or non-randomized trials that evaluated the impact of OCS on mental health in children and adolescents (5–18 years) with developmental or physical disabilities. The key findings fell into 11 domains across mental illness attitudes, social skills, and mental health literacy. We also extracted individual (e.g., age) and social (e.g., family participation) moderating factors. Rob 2.0 (randomized trials) and ROBINS-I (non-randomized trials) were used to measure the risk of bias. Results Twelve studies (seven randomized, five controlled trials) conducted during 1975–2022, encompassing 436 participants (11.4 ± 2.8 years), were included. There were significant improvements (p < 0.05) in stereotypy, communication, social–emotional functioning, and executive function, with occasional improvements in self-esteem and stress management. Several experiments reported rapid hormonal changes (e.g., cortisol) immediately after OCS, particularly among adolescents. Family involvement and age emerged as potential moderators, with older children and adolescents with engaged carers likely to benefit even more. Discussions Despite different study protocols, outcomes, and risk-of-bias thresholds, OCS interventions overwhelmingly seem to enhance mental health in children and adolescents with disabilities. More substantial, longer-term trials would be required to validate these findings, explain the processes, and evaluate safety. Programs based on OCS that address disabilities could provide broad pathways to physical activity and psychological development as part of a whole-person developmental model. Conclusion This review indicates that OCS interventions have the potential to improve mental health outcomes for children and adolescents with disabilities by increasing social skills and executive functioning while better regulating stress. The diversity of samples and inadequate study designs necessitate additional high-quality research. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023452489, CRD42023452489.
... Personality, on the other hand, is a construct that has been studied little in relation to depression and prenatal attachment variables in the context of high-risk pregnancies. Far from adopting a deterministic perspective, personality represents the set of distinctive traits and characteristics that shape the way an individual thinks, feels, and behaves consistently and relatively stably over time and across different situations [33]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: The observational study investigates how personality factors influence depression , prenatal attachment, and fear of COVID-19 in women with high-risk pregnancies. Methods: Women experiencing a high-risk pregnancy between the 20th and 24th weeks of gestation (N = 84) were selected. The Personality Inventory (PI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI), and Fear of COVID (FCV-19S) were used for data collection. Results: Agreeableness was significantly negatively correlated with fear of COVID-19 (r = −0.33, p = 0.002) and positively correlated with prenatal attachment (r = 0.28, p = 0.008). Conscientiousness was negatively correlated with prenatal attachment (r = 0.34, p = 0.001). Depression was positively correlated with fear of COVID-19 (r = 0.27, p = 0.013). Linear regressions showed that agreeableness negatively predicted fear of COVID-19 (β = −0.34, p = 0.002) and positively predicted prenatal attachment (β = 0.27, p = 0.008). Conscientiousness negatively influenced prenatal attachment (β = −0.35, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study explores personality traits in high-risk pregnancies, a variable underexplored in this clinical population. High-risk pregnancies may lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and child.
... Despite these similarities, social scientists continue to debate the definition and nature of personality (Bergner, 2020;D. M. G. Lewis & Buss, 2021;Uher, 2017). This diversity of thought resulted in competing and conflicting approaches to studying personality. ...
Thesis
The purpose of this quantitative correlational-predictive study was to examine if, and to what extent, there was a relationship among Conscientiousness and Extraversion, as measured by the Big Five Inventory, and the Annual Sales of travel agents in the United States. Trait theory, viewed from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model, served as the study’s theoretical foundation. The convenience sample of 246 self-employed, leisure-oriented travel agents were recruited from the memberships of two leading retail travel industry organizations in the United States. Multiple linear regression was used to explore whether Conscientiousness and Extraversion, both collectively and individually, predict the Annual Sales of travel agents in the United States. Data collected from an anonymous online survey were analyzed and failed to satisfy the assumptions for linearity and normally distributed residuals. The overall regression model was not statistically significant, and the results indicated that F(2, 243) = 0.388, p > 0.05. The correlation coefficient (R = 0.056) and the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.003) indicated no relationship between Conscientiousness and Extraversion and Annual Sales. Individually, Conscientiousness (p = 0.480) and Extraversion (p = 0.705) did not have a statistically significant effect on Annual Sales. The study’s post-hoc power analysis was 0.999.
... Kepribadian adalah suatu karakteristik pola perilaku seseorang yang mencakup pemikiran, perasaan, dan motivasi (Uher, 2017). Ciri-ciri kepribadian khususnya dalam konsep five factor models dapat dijelaskan sebagai suatu kecenderungan perilaku individu dalam memperlihatkan pola perasaan, pikiran, dan tindakan (Costa & McCrae, 1992). ...
Article
Full-text available
The increasingly massive use of social media in society has had various impacts, one of which is the feeling of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). FOMO is a fear that a person feels about not being involved in an experience that is considered valuable or important. The purpose of this research is to look at the relationship that arises from the intensity of social media use, feelings of FOMO and personality from the Big Five Theory perspective. The method used in this research is a literature study of five scientific publications based on predetermined criteria. The results obtained are that people with personalities with extraversion and agreeableness scores are more prone to have FOMO, neuroticism personalities are quite vulnerable, and conscientiousness and openness personalities are not correlated with FOMO. Based on these results it is known that each dimension of the big five theory has a different impact in explaining FOMO that occurs in individuals based on the level of intensity of social media use. Abstrak Penggunaan media sosial yang semakin masif di masyarakat menimbulkan berbagai dampak, salah satu dampaknya adalah perasaan Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). FOMO merupakan sebuah ketakutan yang dirasakan seseorang karena tidak terlibat didalam sebuah pengalaman yang dianggap berharga atau penting. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan yang muncul dari intensitas penggunaan media sosial, perasaan FOMO dan kepribadian dalam perspektif Big Five Theory. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur terhadap lima publikasi ilmiah berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah orang dengan kepribadian dengan skor extraversion dan agreeableness lebih rentan untuk memiliki FOMO, kepribadian neuroticism cukup rentan, dan kepribadian conscientiousness dan openness tidak berkorelasi dengan FOMO. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut diketahui bahwa masing-masing dimensi big five theory memiliki dampak berbeda-beda dalam menjelaskan FOMO yang terjadi dalam individu yang berdasarkan tingkat intensitas penggunaan media sosialnya.
... The major factor determining the growing interest of modern psychology in dynamic approaches is the increasing influence of processes taking place in other areas of scientific knowledge, in particular in the natural sciences, on psychology. Analysis of modern publications on methodological ideas in the field of personality psychology (Giordano, 2015, Uher, 2017, Kostromina & Grishina, 2019 shows that in search of relevant foundations of the dynamic nature of personality, scientists almost invariably turn to the principles of open non-equilibrium systems. This is primarily about the theory of self-organizing systems, the "philosophy of instability" by Ilya Prigogine (Prigogine, 1989) and similar concepts. ...
Article
Full-text available
The article reveals the basic principles of the processual approach to the study of personality, which have a natural scientific foundation and are based on the ideas of the philosophy of instability of I. Prigogine. The developed processual approach is designed to overcome the opposition of variability and stability of personality, and to explain how the personality remains sustainable, being in constant change. This question, formulated by Mischel, continues to be debated in modern theoretical and methodological studies, maintaining the controversy between supporters of structural and dynamic paradigms of personality research. The significant role of the theory of non-equilibrium systems for understanding personality changeability is revealed in connection with explanation of its processual nature, when the leading role is played not by the variety of elements and their dynamics, but by self-organization of personality components. The processuality of personality determines its ability to move to new levels of functioning, to become more complex, to unpredictably change structurally and meaningfully in an infinite variety of options. The processual nature of personality focuses attention of a researcher on the potentially possible, when the object of research is not the existing, but the emerging. The methodological principles for describing the processual nature of personality are the principle of contextuality, revealing the sensitivity of its subsystems to fluctuations, the principle of multiplicity (uncertainty) of states, explaining the growth of non-adaptive forms and variability in critical situations and turning points, the principle of historicity, defining events as a starting point of imbalance and consistency, the principles of complementarity and wholeness, describing the dialectic of sustainability and changeability at different levels of functioning (three contexts of personality existence: situational, life and existential).
Chapter
This chapter has two major aims. On the one hand, it advances the original analytical framework of the book by providing theoretical arguments that support the idea that personality traits could drive acceptance of state surveillance. On the other hand, it presents the research design of the book. The original contribution of this chapter is that it represents the first attempt to integrate the theory of personality traits into an analytical framework to explain the acceptance of state surveillance. To date, only very few studies have sought to explain the relation between personality traits and concerns about privacy or workplace surveillance, but none of them has analyzed if and how these elements predict if someone is more or less likely to accept state surveillance.
Article
Full-text available
This study aims to investigate the impact of financial knowledge and personality on people's sustainable financial behavior. Researchers utilized a cross-sectional survey approach. The target population of the study was people aged 18-59 years in Kutabumi Village, Pasar Kemis Subdistrict, Tangerang Regency, amounting to 10,852 people. The researcher determined a sample size of 386 participants (Slovin formula, sampling error 5%) using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Each participant was given a questionnaire that had been validated by validity and reliability tests. The questionnaire was distributed through WhatsApp groups. The binary logit estimation results showed that financial knowledge had a positive and significant impact on sustainable financial behavior, as well as personality. In other words, the more people's knowledge increased and the better their personality, the probability of improving sustainable financial behavior increased. Thus, financial decisions taken by the community consider future circumstances. The empirical implication of this research is the importance of emphasizing basic financial knowledge in long-term financial knowledge planning education and improving personality for better financial behavior.
Article
Full-text available
The research aims at t finding out the sixth categories personality and focused on describe the factors behind the influenced of superiority feelings in Luca as a main character in the Luca movie script. The main theory of this study was individual psychology by Alfred Adler. The primary data sources used in this study was from Luca movie script that written by Jesse Andrews and Mike Jones. This study used descriptive qualitative analysis. The resultsofthis study shows that the main character in the Luca moviescript had sixth categories consist of fictionfinalism, inferiority feeling, striving for superiority, style of life, social interest, and creative power. The dominant personality changed was easily influenced because of Luca’s life style. Then, there were two factors that influence the superiority feelings which internal factors emerge based on the data social interest and creative power categories. Meanwhile, based on external factors, it appeared in the categories of fiction finalism and style of life. The dominant factors that easily influenced was external factors from style of life category
Article
Full-text available
Behaviour is central to many fields, but metatheoretical definitions specifying the most basic assumptions about what is considered behaviour and what is not are largely lacking. This transdisciplinary research explores the challenges in defining behaviour, highlighting anthropocentric biases and a frequent lack of differentiation from physiological and psychical phenomena. To meet these challenges, the article elaborates a metatheoretical definition of behaviour that is applicable across disciplines and that allows behaviours to be differentiated from other kinds of phenomena. This definition is used to explore the phenomena of language and to scrutinise whether and under what conditions language can be considered behaviour and why. The metatheoretical concept of two different levels of meaning conveyed in human language is introduced, highlighting that language inherently relies on behaviours and that the content of what-is-being-said, in and of itself, can constitute (interpersonal) behaviour under particular conditions. The analyses reveal the ways in which language meaningfully extends human's behavioural possibilities, pushing them far beyond anything enabled by non-language behaviours. These novel metatheoretical concepts can complement and expand on existing theories about behaviour and language and contribute a novel piece of theoretical explanation regarding the crucial role that language has played in human evolution.
Article
Full-text available
Personality assessments and observations were contrasted by applying a philosophy-of-science paradigm and a study of 49 human raters and 150 capuchin monkeys. Twenty constructs were operationalised with 146 behavioural measurements in 17 situations to study capuchins’ individual-specific behaviours and with assessments on trait-adjective and behaviour-descriptive verb items to study raters’ pertinent mental representations. Analyses of reliability, cross-method coherence, taxonomic structures and demographic associations highlighted substantial biases in assessments. Deviations from observations are located in human impression formation, stereotypical biases and the findings that raters interpret standardised items differently and that assessments cannot generate scientific quantifications or capture behaviour. These issues have important implications for the interpretation of findings from assessments and provide an explanation for their frequent lack of replicability.
Article
Full-text available
Introspection is considered a key method for exploring the workings of the psyche because psychical phenomena are accessible only by the individual him- or herself. But this epistemological concept, despite its importance, remained unclear and contentious. Its scientificity is often questioned, but still introspective findings from psychophysics are widely accepted as the ultimate proof of the quantifiability of psychical phenomena. Not everything going on in individuals’ minds is considered introspection, but clear criteria that qualify explorations as introspective are still missing. This research applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to metatheoretically define the peculiarities of psychical phenomena of which various kinds are differentiated and to derive therefrom basic methodological principles and criteria applicable to any investigation. Building on these foundations, the TPS-Paradigm introduces the concepts of introquestion versus extroquestion and reveals that introspection cannot be clearly differentiated from extrospection and that psychophysical experiments and some first-person perspective methods are not introspective as often assumed. The chapter explores the challenges that arise from the fact that psychical phenomena can be explored only indirectly through individuals’ behavioural and semiotic externalisations and scrutinises what, when, where and how to externalise in introquestive explorations. The basic principles and criteria elaborated also allow for determining which kind of psychical phenomenon can be explored by using which kind of method for establishing an appropriate phenomenon-methodology match.
Article
Full-text available
As science seeks to make generalisations, a science of individual peculiarities encounters intricate challenges. This article explores these challenges by applying the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) and by exploring taxonomic "personality" research as an example. Analyses of researchers' interpretations of the taxonomic "personality" models, constructs and data that have been generated in the field reveal widespread erroneous assumptions about the abilities of previous methodologies to appropriately represent individual-specificity in the targeted phenomena. These assumptions, rooted in everyday thinking, fail to consider that individual-specificity and others' minds cannot be directly perceived, that abstract descriptions cannot serve as causal explanations, that between-individual structures cannot be isomorphic to within-individual structures, and that knowledge of compositional structures cannot explain the process structures of their functioning and development. These erroneous assumptions and serious methodological deficiencies in widely used standardised questionnaires have effectively prevented psychologists from establishing taxonomies that can comprehensively model individual-specificity in most of the kinds of phenomena explored as "personality", especially in experiencing and behaviour and in individuals' functioning and development. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is not universal models but rather different kinds of taxonomic models that are required for each of the different kinds of phenomena, variations and structures that are commonly conceived of as "personality". Consequently, to comprehensively explore individual-specificity, researchers have to apply a portfolio of complementary methodologies and develop different kinds of taxonomies, most of which have yet to be developed. Closing, the article derives some meta-desiderata for future research on individuals' "personality".
Article
Full-text available
Scientists exploring individuals, as such scientists are individuals themselves and thus not independent from their objects of research, encounter profound challenges; in particular, high risks for anthropo-, ethno- and ego-centric biases and various fallacies in reasoning. The Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) aims to tackle these challenges by exploring and making explicit the philosophical presuppositions that are being made and the metatheories and methodologies that are used in the field. This article introduces basic fundamentals of the TPS-Paradigm including the epistemological principle of complementarity and metatheoretical concepts for exploring individuals as living organisms. Centrally, the TPS-Paradigm considers three metatheoretical properties (spatial location in relation to individuals' bodies, temporal extension, and physicality versus "non-physicality") that can be conceived in different forms for various kinds of phenomena explored in individuals (morphology, physiology, behaviour, the psyche, semiotic representations, artificially modified outer appearances and contexts). These properties, as they determine the phenomena's accessibility in everyday life and research, are used to elaborate philosophy-of-science foundations and to derive general methodological implications for the elementary problem of phenomenon-methodology matching and for scientific quantification of the various kinds of phenomena studied. On the basis of these foundations, the article explores the metatheories and methodologies that are used or needed to empirically study each given kind of phenomenon in individuals in general. Building on these general implications, the article derives special implications for exploring individuals' "personality", which the TPS-Paradigm conceives of as individual-specificity in all of the various kinds of phenomena studied in individuals.
Article
Full-text available
Taxonomic "personality" models are widely used in research and applied fields. This article applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to scrutinise the three methodological steps that are required for developing comprehensive "personality" taxonomies: 1) the approaches used to select the phenomena and events to be studied, 2) the methods used to generate data about the selected phenomena and events and 3) the reduction principles used to extract the "most important" individual-specific variations for constructing "personality" taxonomies. Analyses of some currently popular taxonomies reveal frequent mismatches between the researchers' explicit and implicit metatheories about "personality" and the abilities of previous methodologies to capture the particular kinds of phenomena toward which they are targeted. Serious deficiencies that preclude scientific quantifications are identified in standardised questionnaires, psychology's established standard method of investigation. These mismatches and deficiencies derive from the lack of an explicit formulation and critical reflection on the philosophical and metatheoretical assumptions being made by scientists and from the established practice of radically matching the methodological tools to researchers' preconceived ideas and to pre-existing statistical theories rather than to the particular phenomena and individuals under study. These findings raise serious doubts about the ability of previous taxonomies to appropriately and comprehensively reflect the phenomena towards which they are targeted and the structures of individual-specificity occurring in them. The article elaborates and illustrates with empirical examples methodological principles that allow researchers to appropriately meet the metatheoretical requirements and that are suitable for comprehensively exploring individuals' "personality".
Article
Full-text available
This article develops a comprehensive philosophy-of-science for personality psychology that goes far beyond the scope of the lexical approaches, assessment methods, and trait concepts that currently prevail. One of the field's most important guiding scientific assumptions, the lexical hypothesis, is analysed from meta-theoretical viewpoints to reveal that it explicitly describes two sets of phenomena that must be clearly differentiated: 1) lexical repertoires and the representations that they encode and 2) the kinds of phenomena that are represented. Thus far, personality psychologists largely explored only the former, but have seriously neglected studying the latter. Meta-theoretical analyses of these different kinds of phenomena and their distinct natures, commonalities, differences, and interrelations reveal that personality psychology's focus on lexical approaches, assessment methods, and trait concepts entails a) erroneous meta-theoretical assumptions about what the phenomena being studied actually are, and thus how they can be analysed and interpreted, b) that contemporary personality psychology is largely based on everyday psychological knowledge, and c) a fundamental circularity in the scientific explanations used in trait psychology. These findings seriously challenge the widespread assumptions about the causal and universal status of the phenomena described by prominent personality models. The current state of knowledge about the lexical hypothesis is reviewed, and implications for personality psychology are discussed. Ten desiderata for future research are outlined to overcome the current paradigmatic fixations that are substantially hampering intellectual innovation and progress in the field.
Article
Full-text available
Animal researchers are increasingly interested in individual differences in behavior. Their interpretation as meaningful differences in behavioral strategies stable over time and across contexts, adaptive, heritable, and acted upon by natural selection has triggered new theoretical developments. However, the analytical approaches used to explore behavioral data still address population-level phenomena, and statistical methods suitable to analyze individual behavior are rarely applied. I discuss fundamental investigative principles and analytical approaches to explore whether, in what ways, and under which conditions individual behavioral differences are actually meaningful. I elaborate the meta-theoretical ideas underlying common theoretical concepts and integrate them into an overarching meta-theoretical and methodological framework. This unravels commonalities and differences, and shows that assumptions of analogy to concepts of human personality are not always warranted and that some theoretical developments may be based on methodological artifacts. Yet, my results also highlight possible directions for new theoretical developments in animal behavior research.
Article
Ruth Millikan's extended argument for a biological view of the study of cognition in Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories caught the attention of the philosophical community. Universally regarded as an important, even brilliant, work, its complexity and dense presentation made it difficult to plumb. This collection of essays serves both as an introduction to that much discussed volume and as an extension and application of Millikan's central and controversial themes, especially in the philosophy of psychology. The title essay, referring to the White Queen's practice of exercising her mind by believing impossible things, discusses meaning rationalism and argues that rationality is not in the head, indeed, that there is no legitimate interpretation under which logical possibility and necessity are known a priori. Nor are there any laws of rational psychology. Rationality is not a lawful occurrence but a biological norm that is effected in an integrated head-world system under biologically ideal conditions. In other essays, Millikan clarifies her views on the nature of mental representation, explores whether human thought is a product of natural selection, examines the nature of behavior as studied by the behavioral sciences, and discusses the issues of individualism in psychology, psychological explanation, indexicality in thought, what knowledge is, and the realism/antirealism debate.