Article

AMBULATORY RECORDING OF INTESTINAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN MAN.

January 1978
Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation

Authors:

The authors have obtained recordings of the rhythmic slow electrical waves, characteristic of longitudinal muscle in the small intestine, from an ambulatory subject by use of the R. Arzbaecher electrode. This small, swallowable bipolar pair, on thin flexible wires, allows relatively free movement of the subject. This technique allows correlation of data from chronic implanted electrodes in animal studies with that obtained from normal human studies. Modifications needed to facilitate guiding the electrode into position include adding mass to the pill without exceeding that size which can be readily swallowed. Once positioned, without the hinderance of an attached ″sinker″ , the pill should allow relatively long term recordings with minimal discomfort.

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Chapter

Morphine Initiated Migrating Myoelectric Complexes in Post-Prandial State in Dog: Changes in Refract...

January 1984

The ingestion of a meal in nonruminants disrupts the cycling of MMC’s for several hours. We investigated the initiation of phase III’s during the post-prandial state by morphine to elucidate the mechanism of disruption of MMC’s by a meal. Small intestinal recordings were made from 5 dogs by surgically implanted electrodes. Morphine boluses (5–400 pg/kg) were given during the fasted state and ... [Show full abstract] after a meal. Morphine initiated premature phase III’s in the fasted state and it also initiated phase III’s in the postprandial state. Motilin did not initiate phase III’s in the post-prandial state. The mean durations of morphine initiated phase III’s in the fasted state and in the postprandial state were not significantly different from that of spontaneous phase III’s. However, morphine initiated phase III’s in both the fasted and fed states propagated faster than spontaneous phase III’s in the proximal half of small intestine but not in the distal half. The latent period for the initiation of phase III’s was significantly greater 30–40 min after the meal than 2 hrs. after the meal. The minimum dose of morphine required to initiate a phase III 30–40 min after the meal was 3–4 fold higher than at a corresponding time in the fasted state. The minimum dose of morphine required to initiate a phase III decreased progressively after the initial increase till it reached fasted level 7–8 hrs after the meal. Spontaneous phase III’s appeared after this period. We conclude that (1) morphine overcomes the disruption of MMC cycling after a meal; (2) morphine acts at different sites than motilin to initiate phase III’s in the fed state; (3) the increased refractoriness of MMC mechanisms after a meal may play a role in the disruption of MMC cycling.

Article

Myoelectric Response of the Small Intestine to the Orad Presence of the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminut...

December 2001 · Journal of Parasitology

During its 24-hr migratory cycle in the small intestine, Hymenolepis diminuta is located in the orad part of the small intestine during the early morning hours and then in the caudad part of the small intestine during the late afternoon and early evening. During the later period, tapeworm-induced alterations of interdigestive myoelectric activity, a correlate of smooth muscle contraction or ... [Show full abstract] intestinal motility, are most intense in the ileal region. The hypothesis tested was that the tapeworm-induced changes in intestinal motility are local responses of the intestine responding to the close proximity of the lumenally positioned tapeworm and to the nutritional state of the host. The small intestine was monitored before and for 20 days after infection using electrodes implanted on the serosa of the small intestine. Myoelectric recordings were analyzed for the frequency of the normal patterns of interdigestive myoelectric spiking patterns and the altered myoelectric spiking related to tapeworm infection. During the morning hours, when the tapeworms are situated in the orad small intestine, no changes were observed during the normal myoelectric pattern of the digestive phase in any region of the intestine. When examined after the conversion of the digestive to interdigestive phase of motility, only on day 10 postinfection was the interdigestive phase significantly altered. It was concluded that the presence of the tapeworm in the orad small intestine during the satiety stage of the rat causes no changes in the electric events of the small intestine, with the exception of day 10 postinfection. Because tapeworms in the orad small intestine do not induce the tapeworm-altered myoelectric activity observed in the afternoon and evening with caudally positioned tapeworms, tapeworm-altered motility is not simply a response of the small intestine to the local presence of the tapeworm.

Article

Dynamic Laryngotracheal Closure for Aspiration: A Preliminary Report

December 2001 · The Laryngoscope

An estimated 500,000 patients per year in the United States. are affected by stroke-related dysphagia. Approximately half experience aspiration, which can lead to pneumonia or death. Aspiration may result from many factors, including delayed transport of the bolus, faulty laryngeal elevation, and poor coordination or inappropriate timing of vocal cord closure. Interventions carried out to protect ... [Show full abstract] the lungs are usually irreversible, destructive to the upper airway, and rarely prevent the need for enteral tube feeding. We present a report of the first implantations of a new device in an FDA-approved study to restore dynamic laryngotracheal separation. Two stroke patients needing tracheostomy were selected based on chronic aspiration verified by clinical and radiologic criteria (modified barium swallow [MBS]). The left recurrent laryngeal nerve was exposed and electrically stimulated to verify vocal fold adduction. Huntington Medical Research Institute Bipolar Helical Electrodes were then implanted around the nerve. The leads were tunneled and linked to a NeuroControl Implantable Receiver-Stimulator placed subcutaneously on the chest wall. Activation of the stimulator was performed through an external transmitter linked by induction. The device was successfully triggered intra- and postoperatively. Serial flexible fiberoptic endoscopies and MBS demonstrate that aspiration is systematically arrested using low levels of electrical stimulation (42 Hz, 48-100 microsec, 1 mA). This pioneering work has shown that aspiration can be controlled without airway damage for a wide population of neurologically impaired patients because it appears more physiological than standard therapies. Based on the first two patients, paced laryngotracheal separation is clinically effective in controlling aspiration.

Article

Simple method to improve performance of fine wire electrodes

January 1975 · American Journal of Physical Medicine

John V. Basmajian

A frequent disturbance in the use of fine wire electrodes is an intense 60 Hz hum which appears to originate in the electrodes and can sometimes be prohibitive for the use of the electrode in which it occurs. A simple method to eliminate this disturbance is described. The method has been tested and proven effective in thousands of electromyographic experiments in the author's laboratory.

Article

Functional interpretation of the photically elicited responses in the central visual system of man

August 1971 · Boletín de Estudios Médicos y Biológicos

Article

Entrainment of Segmental Small Intestinal Slow Waves with Electrical Stimulation in Dogs

May 2000 · Digestive Diseases and Sciences

The aim of this study was to derive effective pacing parameters for the entrainment of segmental intestinal myoelectrical activity. The study was performed in 12 dogs. Four pairs of electrodes were implanted on the serosa of the jejunum. Electrical stimulation of the small intestine was performed via the most proximal pair. For the slow waves within a distance of 5 cm, a complete entrainment was ... [Show full abstract] achieved with a pacing frequency of 1.1 times the intrinsic frequency (IF), a pulse width of 140 msec, and an amplitude of 4 mA. The time required for the entrainment was 25.6 +/- 2.7 sec. The maximum driven frequency was 1.38 +/- 0.03 IF. The percentage of the entrainment at this frequency was 44.0 +/- 3.9%. The data indicate that pacing is able to completely entrain segmental intestinal myoelectrical activity, suggesting that normalization of intestinal myoelectrical dysrhythmia is feasible with pacing.

Article

Proceedings: Twin-channel recording of electrophoretically-induced rhythmical activity in the inferi...

December 1974 · British Journal of Pharmacology

Article

Design, construction and mechanical optimisation process of electrode with radial current flow in th...

October 2003 · Journal of Neuroscience Methods

A 48 contact cochlear implant electrode has been constructed for electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. The stimulating contacts of this electrode are organised in two layers: 31 contacts on the upper surface directed towards the habenula perforata and 17 contacts connected together as one longitudinal contact on the underside. The design of the electrode carrier aims to make radial ... [Show full abstract] current flow possible in the cochlea. The mechanical structure of the newly designed electrode was optimised to obtain maximal insertion depth. Electrode insertion tests were performed in a transparent acrylic model of the human cochlea.

Article

Instrumentation Problems with Implanted Neuroaugmentive Devices

January 1977 · Applied Neurophysiology

Crompton Smith

An analysis of the technical problems encountered in the implantation of 218 neurostimulation systems during the period 1971--1977 is reviewed. Multiple transmitter and antenna failures were seen. The most significant failures involved lead conductors and/or insulation in the internal portion of the system. The failures seen often required surgical revision. The observed incidence of lead wire ... [Show full abstract] failure appears to increase in relation to age of the devices. This survey indicates that significant material and design changes in the neuroaugmentive devices surveyed are necessary.

Article

Minute rhythm of electrical spike burst of the small intestine in different species

July 1982 · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content

Electrical activity of propagating spike bursts recurring at minute intervals was recorded from the small intestine by chronically implanted electrodes in the rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, and pig. This "minute rhythm" has been recorded previously from the intact human small intestine. It occurs in the jejunum with a period duration of 0.5-2.0 min in all species examined. The minute rhythm was ... [Show full abstract] accompanied by pressure waves propagating over a short distance, and the activity was most prominent before the onset of phase III of the myoelectric complex. The minute rhythm was activated by the infusion of saline in the jejunum, and it may possibly reflect a normal mechanism for the transport of fluid content.

Article

Neurophysiopathological hypothesis on startle epilepsy in man

September 1975 · Revue Neurologique

Clinical observation and S.E.E.G. recordings performed with a surgical purpose in a typical case of startle-epilepsy has led to a reassessment of the relationship of this form of epilepsy and "Startle reaction". It is confirmed that the critical discharges take origin in the primary motor cortex. The authors discuss, in the light of experimental data already published, the physiopathological ... [Show full abstract] hypotheses likely to lead to a better understanding of startle epilepsy. On the one hand it is suggested that the startle reaction may be responsible through a feed-back mechanism for triggering the epileptogenic focus. On the other hand it is assumed that afferent pathways, central organization and efferent systems involved in startle reaction and actual fits are different.

Article

Protrusion of retention wire from Encor-Dec passive fixation atrial pacing lead

November 1995 · The Lancet