... The script used for data analysis was based on Bido and Silva (2019) and . The parameters were defined based on Bagozzi and Yi (1988);Henseler, Ringle, and Sinkovics (2009);Cohen (1988); Chin and Marcoulides (1998); Fornell and Larcker (1981), and Hair Jr et al. (2021). ...
... The statistical significance of the path coefficients was measured through the bootstrapping resampling technique (5,000 subsamples), to evaluate the portion of the variance of the endogenous variables explained by the structural model. The model fit was assessed using the Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ), which for social and behavioral sciences corresponds to a small effect when R 2 = 2%, to an average effect when R 2 =13% and to a large effect when R 2 =26% (Chin, 1998;Cohen, 1988). ...
... Com o objetivo de avaliar a porção da variância das variáveis endógenas, que é explicada pelo modelo estrutural, foram mensurados a significância estatística dos coeficientes de "caminho" por meio da técnica "Bootstrapping" com 5.000 subamostras. Logo após, a qualidade do ajuste do modelo foi observada mediante o Coeficiente de Determinação (R 2 ), em que para a área de ciências sociais e comportamentais, R 2 =2% corresponde a efeito pequeno, R 2 =13% corresponde a efeito médio e R 2 =26% corresponde efeito grande (Chin, 1998;Cohen, 1988). ...
Objetivo: Verificar a influência da percepção de risco do COVID-19 e a intenção de compra presencial mediado pelas dimensões do modelo TCP estendido. Método: A pesquisa é classificada como descritiva com abordagem quantitativa com a participação de 596 consumidores. A técnica utilizada foi a de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais, com o uso do SmartPLS versão 3. Originalidade/Relevância: Esta pesquisa incorporou o medo antecipado ao modelo TCP para construir um modelo estendido. O modelo TCP estendido auxilia a realização de uma análise abrangente e faz entender melhor a intenção de compra dos consumidores durante a pandemia do COVID-19. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a percepção de risco do COVID-19 influencia negativamente os elementos do modelo TCP e positivamente o medo antecipado. Constatou-se também que a atitude, a norma subjetiva e o controle do comportamento percebido tem um impacto positivo na intenção de compra. Portanto, os antecedentes do modelo TCP exercem a função de mediação na relação entre a percepção de risco do Covid-19 e a intenção de compra, porém o medo antecipado não possui nenhuma influência. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: A contribuição teórica do estudo se refere a observação de como a percepção do risco da COVID-19 influenciou a intenção de compra por meio do modelo TCP. Contribuições para a gestão: As descobertas podem contribuir para a compreensão do comportamento dos consumidores durante uma pandemia e ajudar o governo e a área de marketing a tomar medidas para reduzir as perdas.
... To enhance the credibility of data analysis, minimize potential bias, and ensure uniformity and precision in data categorization, an additional evaluator participated in coding and analyzing all the gathered data. This approach adhered to the methodology outlined by Cohen (2013). ...
... Within the moderation analysis, it is important to highlight that before conducting the assessment, a centering process was applied to all variables to mitigate potential issues related to multicollinearity (Cohen, 2013). Subsequently, through this process, three distinct product terms emerged because of the multiplication between the centered academic achievements score and the centered scores associated with discrete higher-order thinking skills. ...
... Skewness values ranged from .04 to .41, and kurtosis values ranged from .61 to 1.34. These values were within an acceptable range (skewness < 2.0, kurtosis < 7.0), suggesting no significant concerns regarding multivariate normality (Cohen, 2013). The maximum There was a positive correlation between students' academic achievements and their attitude toward machine learning (r=.62, p<.01). ...
Students’ perspectives on using generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots and machine learning are crucial in shaping the design, development, and implementation of their learning projects across various disciplines. Cognitive thinking, a key aspect of AI-related machine learning, aims to replicate human intelligence and behavior. However, the relation between cognitive thinking and knowledge acquisition is often overlooked. This cross-sectional study empirically examines the relationship between academic achievement and students’ attitudes toward machine learning, particularly through the use of generative AI chatbots. It specifically focuses on the role of higher-order thinking skills—such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity—as both mediators and moderators in this relationship. A total of four hundred sixteen undergraduate students (n=416) from diverse academic backgrounds voluntarily took part in a project, in which they designed and developed generative AI chatbots in media and information literacy courses. The findings indicate that creativity mediated the relationship between academic achievements and attitudes toward machine learning, but its moderating impact was not significant. Problem-solving and critical thinking did not show significant mediating effects on attitudes toward machine learning, while they showed significant moderating effects in the connection between academic performance and attitudes toward machine learning. This study contributes by elucidating the interrelationships between students’ higher-order thinking skills, academic performance, and attitudes on the use of AI and machine learning technologies. By highlighting the mediating role of creativity and the moderating effects of problem-solving and critical thinking, this study offers a deeper understanding of how these skills shape students’ perceptions of AI.
... Significant "Group × Test Time" interactions indicated differing score changes "Δ", with effect sizes quantified as partial eta-squared (η p 2 ): small (0.01-0.059), medium (0.06-0.13), and large (≥0.14), as per Cohen. 39 Δ was calculated by subtracting the pretest score from the posttest score. Motivation scores (autonomous and controlled) were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test across pre and posttests by group, with significance at p < 0.05. ...
... Motivation scores (autonomous and controlled) were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test across pre and posttests by group, with significance at p < 0.05. Effect sizes were derived as r = Z n √ ., with small, medium, and large effects at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, respectively [39]. Engagement rates were compared between groups with an independent samples t-test, significant at p < 0.05. ...
... Engagement rates were compared between groups with an independent samples t-test, significant at p < 0.05. The effect size was reported using Cohen's d, 39 with values interpreted as follows: 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 or above (large). ...
The flipped classroom (FC), a blended learning approach where students engage with lesson content remotely before in-person class, is increasingly recommended in different educational settings. Advancing its integration within genuine physical education (PE) settings, this research explores the effects of an innovative FC model on the learning experiences of secondary school students in gymnastics. This study presents data from 42 students, aged 17.42 ± 0.80 years, divided quasi-randomly between 19 in the flipped classroom (FC) group and 23 in the traditional approach (TA) group. Data were collected before and after a six-week intervention, assessing motor learning through gymnastics floor routines, knowledge acquisition in gymnastics via a custom-designed written test, and both autonomous (AMI) and controlled motivation indexes (CMI) through the "Situational Motivation Scale" (SIMS). During the intervention, physical engagement was quantified through direct observation as the number of gymnastics skill repetitions per session. Results showed that the FC group significantly outperformed the TA group in motor learning and knowledge acquisition, with p < 0.001. The FC group also exhibited a significant increase in AMI (p < 0.001) and a decrease in CMI (p < 0.01), opposite to the TA group. With mean repetitions ranging from 41 to 47.67 compared to TA group's 21.17 to 25.83, the FC model significantly enhanced phsycial engagement in the FC group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). This research underscores the efficacy of the suggested FC model in boosting motor, cognitive, and affective outcomes in gymnastics. Recommendations for optimal implementation are discussed.
... Sorting the candidate pulse pair data set by increasing value of |ΔΔfΔEW | before applying a binomial model to calculate the AWGN-expected mean count of pulse pairs in an RA bin, provides a means to seek anomalous counts of pulse pairs in RA bins. The results are presented as Cohen's d effect size [9], the pulse pair count mean shift from the binomial AWGN-cause mean, measured in binomial-AWGN model standard deviations. ...
... The files each have a four hour MJD duration and are included to flatten the event probability across an examined RA range. Statistical power, using effect size Cohen's d, [9] is calculated using a binomial modeled process that calculates event probabilities, pulse pair mean counts and standard deviations per RA bin, assuming an AWGN cause. Statistical power may therefore be measured outside of the flattened probability area, albeit with increased Cohen's d uncertainty. ...
Prior work using synchronized, geographically spaced radio telescopes, and a radio interferometer, suggests that narrow-bandwidth polarized pulse pair measurements repeatedly falsify a noise-cause hypothesis, given a prior celestial direction of interest. A four-step method was proposed, tested, and reported, using interferometer phase measurements, to seek common celestial directions among pulse pair components, during 92 days of observation. In the work reported here, the proposed four-step signal discovery method is simplified to have a single step. A 123.8 day interferometer experiment provides measurement evidence supporting a hypothesis that the prior direction of interest, and a second direction of interest, are associated with celestial coordinates. Each pointing direction measures statistical power at greater than six standard deviations, with some indications of associated interferometer-induced Right Ascension aliasing. Explanations are proposed and discussed.
... This is supported by evidence that the cultural consonance space is superior to the cultural consonance score in statistically modeling the relationships between enacting the cultural model, structural factors, and outcomes. Drawing on Cohen's (1988) effect sizes for R 2 , the bivariate correlations indicated no relationship between the cultural consonance score and disordered eating or BMI. However, PROFIT analyses of the cultural consonance space demonstrated a small, statistically significant relationship with disordered eating, which became a strong relationship once body dissatisfaction and sexual identity were accounted for. ...
Cultural consonance, defined as the extent to which one is able to approximate a given cultural model in one’s own life, is a highly adaptive theory and method which anthropologists have used for decades to demonstrate direct connections between individuals’ variation in relation to meaning systems and their health outcomes. However, it has been limited by use of a “cultural consonance score” which treats cultural consonance unidimensionally. Because people enact cultural models in multiple ways, cultural consonance may be better operationalized multidimensionally. Applying correspondence analysis to young South Korean men’s responses to a cultural consonance scale measuring their approximation of the local ideal male body, cultural consonance is rather demonstrated to be a multiplicity. In the case of South Korean men’s body ideals, two dimensions—men’s overall attractiveness and whether they pursue a “flower boy” or a “beastly man” embodiment—are identified. These two dimensions are also significantly associated with university prestige and sexual identity, and predict disordered eating beyond body dissatisfaction. These data suggest that well-being in relation to cultural consonance is a product of its assemblage: both of degree of approximation of a cultural model and the manner by which individuals enact it.
... The study also evaluated the F 2 to gauge the effect size of the independent variables on the dependent variable. In this context, Cohen (1988) indicated that the effect size is considered large or strong if it is at a level of 0.35 or more, and moderate if it is at 0.34-0.15 and weak at 0.14-0.03. ...
The global burden of foodborne illnesses remains high due to consumption of contaminated food. Vigilant attention from all, particularly food handlers, is needed to address food safety concerns and minimize the risks that affect consumer health, international business, and tourism worldwide. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the food safety knowledge, attitudes, commitment (involving affective, continuance, and normative types), and practices of students studying subjects related to food sciences in Jordanian universities and (ii) examine the impact of knowledge and attitude on commitment, and subsequently, on relevant practices using structural equation modeling. The questionnaire was completed by 526 students from 5 universities. The score percentages of students in tested categories were as follows: agreement on food safety knowledge (87.7%), attitude (92%), affective commitment (90.4%), continuance commitment (83%), normative commitment (90.3%), and practices (91.5%). The results showed that associations between food safety knowledge and attitude with the three types of commitment were positive and significant (p < 0.05). Affective and normative commitments acted as partial mediators between food safety knowledge and practices and between food safety attitude and practices, whereas continuance commitment did not act as a mediator. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between food safety knowledge and attitude. Focus on food safety commitment drivers is essential, as commitment plays a key role in achieving actual hygienic practices by translating adequate knowledge and positive attitudes to improvements in hygienic behavior and reductions in the risk of foodborne illnesses.
... To compare the results from the replication study and the original study, we calculated effect sizes for the LMM analyses (chemical richness, Shannon diversity and volatility). For fixed effects, we calculated a corrected version of the standardised effect size Cohen's d (Cohen 1988) for small sample sizes, the Hedges' g (Hedges and Olkin, 1985) and its 95% confidence interval, using the 'effsize' package (Torchiano 2020) in R. We used the repeatabilities with their confidence interval as effect sizes for random effects (Stoffel et al. 2017). To guide our inference on whether the results of the original study were reproduced (replication success), for each effect studied, we answered two questions (Valentine et al. 2011): 1) is the effect significant or non-significant (i.e. ...
Preen oil – the secretion from the uropygial gland of birds – may have diverse functions in avian reproduction: protection against eggshell bacteria, olfactory crypsis against nest predators and olfactory mate choice. To investigate such functions, we should first characterise variation in preen oil composition, but also confirm that previously described patterns are robust. Replication studies are crucial to test the reproducibility of previous findings, but are rarely undertaken in chemical ecology. Here, we conducted an almost exact replication of a previous study on the chemical composition of preen oil in a wild passerine bird, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. We aimed to estimate the reproducibility of the previous results using larger sample sizes and following a pre‐registered analysis. In addition, we explored the ontogeny of preen oil composition by comparing nestling and adult preen oil. In line with previous findings, preen oil composition was similar between breeding partners and not repeatable within individual females across breeding stages. Female preen oil changed across breeding stages more clearly than in the original study (higher richness, diversity and volatility during incubation than nestling‐rearing), further refuting a role of preen oil in olfactory crypsis in this species. Unlike the original study, we found no difference in chemical profiles between sexes (nestling‐rearing), casting doubt on the proposed role of preen oil as a sex semiochemical in this species. Nestling preen oil differed from adults, was more similar to adult males than to adult females, but was not more similar to parents than to non‐parents. We found family chemical signatures, which, along with the breeding pair signature, suggests an influence of the nest environment on preen oil composition. Our study highlights the importance of replication and provides novel insights into the function and development of preen oil.
... and extremely strong (r = .7) correlation levels are included based on Cohen's (1988) criterion. For each condition, 1,000 data sets are simulated, resulting in a total of 20,000 data sets. ...
The primary goal of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is to determine the number of factors and their structure. Thus, the decision on the number of factors to retain is crucial. Nevertheless, researchers frequently overlook the precision of factor retention techniques and opt for unreliable methodologies instead. The objective of this study is to compare the efficiency of utilizing root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and parallel analysis (PA) methods for retaining factors in exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Two methods for comparing RMSEA, namely root deterioration per restriction (RDR) and RMSEA difference test, are employed for nested models. Although researchers use RMSEA to compare two different models, no studies have compared RMSEA and RDR methods. Thus, this study examined three different methods for factor retention. Monte-Carlo simulations were utilized to evaluate the accuracy of RDR compared to RMSEA difference testing and PA. The simulations show that RDR performs better than RMSEA difference testing and PA when the number of variables per factor is low. However, as the number of variables per factor increases, PA becomes more effective. This study provides guidance to researchers using EFA to select factor retention methods that suit different conditions.
... Where the ANOVA was significant, a Bonferroni post hoc test and power test (1-β) were performed. For all statistical analyses, significance was set at p < 0.05 and effect size (Ƞ²) was defined as small for Ƞ² > 0.01; medium Ƞ² > 0.09; and large for Ƞ² > 0.25 (Cohen, 1988). Lastly, Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between selected variables. ...
Badminton racket deflection, comparison between rigid versus flexible according to different strokes Deflexión de la raqueta de bádminton: comparación entre rígida y flexible en diferentes golpes Abstract Badminton shuttlecock generate the highest projectile velocity among all sports. To deliver a powerful stroke, the design of a badminton racket is primordial, especially the deflection on the shaft. The purpose of the study was to analyse the gain of racket deflection compares with a rigid racket during four different strokes. Eight national and international standard badminton players participated in this study and performed a drop, a clear, a smash and a full smash. Six reflective markers were affixed to the racket and were recorded with Vicon cameras capture system set. Results showed racket deflection increased racket head velocity by shaft deflection by +13.2% during a full smash and a typical time around 60 ms during which the player accelerates the racket head. The gain obtained between head velocity related to the handle by +74% during a full smash. The deflection is caused by the relation between player ability, racket mass repartition and stiffness properties of the shaft. Finding suggest players should choose a racket with their badminton stroke pattern, especially the timing of the preparation phase before the impact with the shuttlecock to obtain the higher deflection and the best energy restitution during the impact.
... Cohen's d was also used to evaluate the magnitude of the effect size, calculated by standardized mean difference, with g > 0.2 to 0.5 = small effect size, g > 0.5 to 0.8 = medium effect size and g > 0.8 = large effect size. 21 A confidence level of 95% and a significance level of 0.05 were considered in all tests, and the analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21. ...
Background & Aim
The use of mechanical ventilation devices as a supportive respiratory system for hospitalized patients in intensive care units is often accompanied by the inability of alert patients to establish verbal communication. This study aims to determine the impact of patient communication software on facilitating communication for mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.
Methodology
This clinical trial was conducted with two groups, each comprising 60 alert, mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized in medical universities in Mashhad, from December 2022 to January 2023. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, communication with the patient was established using specially designed software, while in the control group, conventional methods were used to identify patient needs. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire and the Ease of Communication Scale. SPSS software (version 20) was utilized for data analysis, employing chi-square, independent t-test, Mann–Whitney, Wilcoxon and paired t-tests. Cohen's d was also used to evaluate the magnitude of the effect size.
Results
The composition of the groups, including gender and marital status, was comparable, as was their baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (age, gender, education level, marital status, underlying diseases, airway type, hospital stay length, sedative medication, and mechanical ventilation duration), with no significant differences found (p > 0.05). Before the intervention, there was no difference in communication ease scores between the groups. Post-intervention, the intervention group showed significantly improved communication ease scores compared to the control group (P < 0.001) The Wilcoxon test results indicated a significant reduction in the average communication ease score after the intervention within both the intervention and control groups.
Conclusion
Software designed to assist communication for patients on mechanical ventilation with artificial airways could enhance their ability to communicate their needs more effectively, offering an alternative to methods such as lip-reading, writing, alphabet boards and communication boards.
... To ensure the fairness of the comparison, the parameters in SHADE-CC were set to the same values as the corresponding ones in RBF-SHADE-SACC.Table 2summarizes the results obtained by SHADEmention that the results of CC-I are directly taken from[35]. To statistically analyze the performance of the three competitors, we employed Cohen's d effect size[38] to quantify the difference among the average FVs obtained by them. Cohen's d effect size is independent of the sample size and is generally considered 'small', 'medium', and 'large' if its absolute value belongs to [0.2, 0.3), [0.3, 0.8), and [0.8, +∞), respectively. ...
It has been shown that cooperative coevolution (CC) can effectively deal with large scale optimization problems (LSOPs) through a divide-and-conquer strategy. However, its performance is severely restricted by the current context-vector-based sub-solution evaluation method since this method needs to access the original high dimensional simulation model when evaluating each sub-solution and thus requires many computation resources. To alleviate this issue, this study proposes a novel surrogate model assisted cooperative coevolution (SACC) framework. SACC constructs a surrogate model for each sub-problem obtained via decomposition and employs it to evaluate corresponding sub-solutions. The original simulation model is only adopted to reevaluate some good sub-solutions selected by surrogate models, and these real evaluated sub-solutions will be in turn employed to update surrogate models. By this means, the computation cost could be greatly reduced without significantly sacrificing evaluation quality. To show the efficiency of SACC, this study uses radial basis function (RBF) and success-history based adaptive differential evolution (SHADE) as surrogate model and optimizer, respectively. RBF and SHADE have been proved to be effective on small and medium scale problems. This study first scales them up to LSOPs of 1000 dimensions under the SACC framework, where they are tailored to a certain extent for adapting to the characteristics of LSOP and SACC. Empirical studies on IEEE CEC 2010 benchmark functions demonstrate that SACC significantly enhances the evaluation efficiency on sub-solutions, and even with much fewer computation resource, the resultant RBF-SHADE-SACC algorithm is able to find much better solutions than traditional CC algorithms.
... old) with evident skewed distribution towards younger ages for both genders ( Figure 3, a and b). The difference between the age means was statistically significant (p < 0.05) (Table 2), however, the effect size was 0.1 which is a minimal effect of the differences between the two means according to Jacob Cohen [13,14]. ...
Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors (PSMLI) among non-syndromic Libyan orthodontic patients and the effect of gender on the phenomenon. Methods: Pretreatment orthodontic records of Libyan orthodontic patients were screened in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, and three private orthodontic clinics in the city. Records of 2500 patients (1778 females and 722 males) were investigated; patients' ages ranged from 11 to 35 years old. The two researchers checked the records, searching for unilateral or bilateral PSMLI. Descriptive statistical estimations (prevalence and statistical significance) of the collected raw data and the interexaminer reliability testing were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM ® SPSS ® Statistics) version 26. Results: Kappa values (K) =100% and 90% for intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreements respectively (P> 0.05). The overall prevalence of PSMLI in this study was 7.4% (2.6% unilateral and 4.8% bilateral). Gender does not affect the overall prevalence (P >0.05). The difference in unilateral and bilateral PSMLI percentages was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of right-sided unilateral PSMLI among males was 1%, while 2.25% among females; the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: PSML in Libyan orthodontic patients is more prevalent than in some other populations. No effect of gender on the phenomenon except in the case of the right-sided unilateral PSMLI, which was more in females.
... The test revealed that the difference is statistically significant for this sub-sample as well. Besides, the parameters of effect size (d or r) showed that the discrepancy is considered to be large in both sub-samples and in the whole sample (see Cohen, 1988). Table 3 additionally informs us that each individual overrated their own intercultural sensitivity, considering the fact that the minimal orientation gap between the scores of perceived and developmental orientation was 10.66. ...
This paper looks at the intercultural sensitivity of teachers in a culturally heterogeneous context in Serbia, defined in accordance with Milton Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity. The main objective of this research was to determine the following: a) the average developmental orientation and perceived orientation scores of the teachers; b) the frequency of participants in different stages of developmental orientation; c) whether there are significant differences between the developmental and the perceived orientation of teachers; d) whether the gap between the perceived and the developmental orientation varies across the developmental continuum in line with the supposition of the Dunning-Kruger effect. The sample consisted of 76 primary school teachers from Vojvodina and South Serbia. Furthermore, the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI®), used in this research, is based on the theoretical foundations of the selected model of intercultural sensitivity. The results indicate that the mean developmental orientation of teachers is in the range of minimization, while they perceive themselves as more interculturally sensitive, in alignment with the ethno-relativistic orientation of acceptance. The differences between the perceived and the developmental orientations are significant. The Abstract 404 gap between the perceived and the developmental orientations decreases with higher intercultural sensitivity, meaning that those teachers who are interculturally sensitive are more objective in assessing their own intercultural sensitivity in comparison with those who are less interculturally sensitive. The implications of the obtained results, when it comes to the professional roles of teachers and their development as reflexive practitioners, are further discussed in this article. Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, teachers, Intercultural Development Inventory -IDI®, developmental and perceived orientation, Dunning-Kruger effect.
... According to Cohen's recommendations, typical statistical analyses aiming for an 80% power level (corresponding to a 20% chance of Type II error) at a 0.05 significance level (equivalent to a 95% confidence interval) are widely regarded as acceptable, tolerable, and infrequent occurrences of error [35]. Using G*Power software (Version 3.1.9.6) to conduct the power analysis, and considering the treatment outcomes observed in a prior clinical trial [19], we anticipated an effect size, as denoted by a customary Cohen's d of 0.80, indicating 21 patients in each group, as the appropriate sample sizes for this study. ...
Background: This study assessed Transcutaneous Pulse Radiofrequency Therapy’s (TCPRF) effectiveness in reducing shoulder pain and improving shoulder function. Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial involved 50 SAIS patients with chronic shoulder pain. Participants were randomized into two groups: the study group (n = 27) received TCPRF, while the control (n = 23) received sham treatment. The primary outcome was shoulder pain, secondary outcomes, including shoulder function, quality of life, and range of motion, were assessed at baseline, and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and the SF-36 questionnaire. Supraspinatus tendon thickness (SSPT) and acromiohumeral distance (AHD) were measured by ultrasound. Results: Both groups showed reductions in activity and resting pain over 12 weeks. In the control, activity pain dropped from a median (IQR) of 8 (7–8) to 6 (3–7), and in TCPRF from 8 (7–10) to 3.5 (2–6.3), with no significant difference at 12 weeks (p = 0.192). Resting pain decreased from 3 (1–6) to 1 (1–3) in the control, and from 3 (2–4) to 0 (0–2) in TCPRF, showing a lower resting pain at 12 weeks (p = 0.041). SPADI-Total scores decreased from 87 (54–105) to 50 (29–82) in the control and from 84 (69–107) to 21 (9–66.3) in TCPRF, favoring TCPRF at 12 weeks (p = 0.017). SPADI–Disability scores reduced from 49 (30–63) to 30 (15–30) in control and from 47 (35–62) to 11 (5.8–38.8) in TCPRF, also favoring TCPRF (p = 0.008). Both groups showed similar improvements in other outcomes. Conclusions: TCPRF reduced resting pain and shoulder disability in SAIS over 12 weeks, though other outcomes showed similar improvement in both groups. Further studies are needed to determine long-term effects.
... Effect sizes of group differences were also computed using Hedge's g. The effect size was considered small (g = 0.2), medium (g = 0.5), and large (g = 0.8) [59]. All analyses were conducted using SPSS 21 (IBM Corp. ...
Background: Perfectionism is a prominent personality trait in modern society, warranting further research across diverse cultural contexts to develop culturally appropriate measures and identify culture-specific perfectionism profiles. This study aims to identify perfectionism profiles and evaluate the best-fitting short form of Hewitt and Flett’s Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HF-MPS) within a Korean context. Methods: Data were collected from 276 Korean college students to compare three short forms of the HF-MPS: Cox et al.’s, Hewitt et al.’s, and a newly proposed version. Reliability and validity were assessed for each short form, and latent profile analysis with distal outcomes was conducted using the best-fitting short form to identify perfectionism profiles. Results: All three short forms demonstrated good reliability and validity. However, the newly proposed short form showed the highest alignment with the original scale and the best model fit. Using this short form, three perfectionism profiles were identified: high perfectionists (HiP), average perfectionists (AvP), and non-perfectionists (NP). Non-perfectionists displayed the most adaptive emotional adjustment, while high and average perfectionists exhibited similar levels of emotional adjustment. Conclusion: This study identified three distinct perfectionism profiles within a Korean sample using the best-fitting short form of the HF-MPS. Findings suggest that perfectionism factors may be more closely interrelated in this cultural context, with self-oriented or other-oriented perfectionism potentially buffering against emotional maladjustment. These results underscore the importance of culturally tailored approaches to understanding and assessing perfectionism.
... Interpretation of the partial eta-squared values[29]. ...
This study aimed to investigate how external perturbations caused by the treadmill belt’s deceleration during the pre-swing phase affect gait kinematics and kinetics in young adults. Twenty-one healthy young females walked on a treadmill in a virtual environment (GRAIL, Motek), where unexpected perturbations were applied to the left belt, mimicking a ‘trip-like’ effect at toe-off. The spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were analyzed during two cycles. The first cycle involved the first perturbation and the response to it. The second included a gait cycle without the perturbation (treadmill gait). The perturbation resulted in an increased stride duration for both limbs when compared to the treadmill gait. The perturbed limb had a longer support phase, while the reactive limb had the longest double stance phase. The responding limb exhibited more than double the ankle plantarflexion compared to the normal treadmill gait and the perturbed limb. At the hip joint, both limbs showed significantly higher values, with a 40.8% increase in flexion and a 227% increase in extension for the perturbed limb, and a 24.5% increase in flexion and a 212% increase in extension for the responding limb, compared to the treadmill gait. Muscle torque was generally lower in most joints for both limbs, except for notably higher hip and knee extensor values for the perturbed limb. The responding limb exhibited lower values for the ankle, knee, and hip joints, indicating unexpected muscle activity patterns. Studying treadmill belt deceleration during pre-swing gait can provide valuable insights into biomechanical adaptations and motor control strategies.
... Additionally, effect sizes (ƒ 2 values) for all structural model relationships were analyzed. In the current study, we utilized the effect size guidelines established by Cohen (1988), which indicate small, medium, and large effect sizes for greater than or equal to 0.02, greater than or equal to 0.15, and greater than or equal to 0.35, respectively. Results indicate that the values for the variables in the hypothesized model range from 0.12 to 0.60, demonstrating that these variables have a range of effects on the dependent variables. ...
This study examines cognitive and behavioral mechanisms that explain why narcissism leads to positive and negative workplace outcomes. By sampling 296 working adults in the United States at three time points, we tested the model using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Drawing from social cognitive theory, we explore how grandiose and vulnerable narcissism influence workplace attitudes and behaviors, including organizational commitment, citizenship behavior, and workplace deviance. Our findings reveal that these differences are mediated through the serial mechanisms of self-efficacy and political skill. By highlighting the role of self-concept and social effectiveness skills in shaping narcissistic employees’ workplace behaviors, this study contributes to a deeper theoretical understanding of the factors motivating their engagement in positive workplace contributions versus unethical workplace behaviors.
... Therefore, the second hypothesis is rejected. The strength of the moderating effect, based on Cohen's (1988) criteria of effect size, bootstrapping analysis on Table 2 (f-Square ≥ 0.03) is small. Table 3 shows an analysis to examine the influence of various elements of transformational leadership on IWB, aiming to substantiate the rejection of the hypothesis in this study. ...
Orientation: As quick-commerce emerges as an evolving extension within the broader e-commerce landscape, it requires a deeper understanding of how to effectively manage employees to sustain continuous innovation. Implementing appropriate leadership practices has been shown to promote the development of employees from varied backgrounds and personalities, thereby enhancing innovation and driving organisational success.Research purpose: This study explored how transformational leadership influences the relationship between employees with proactive personality and the frequencies of innovative work behaviour (IWB) within a quick-commerce organisation, offering insights for organisations to enhance team performance.Motivation for the study: Quick-commerce organisations present novel work processes and environments. This research examines how to effectively translate and implement appropriate leadership approaches that sustain IWB in these dynamic settings.Research approach/design and method: Online questionnaires were utilised for data collection involving 200 employees working at a quick-commerce organisation. This quantitative research approach utilised SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares) to conduct moderation analysis on processed data.Main findings: The analysis indicated that proactive personality had a significant positive effect on IWB, whereas transformational leadership was found to negatively moderate the relationship between proactive personality and IWB.Practical/managerial implications: The transformational leadership approach is not well-suited for encouraging employees with proactive personalities to engage in innovative behaviour within a quick-commerce environment.Contribution/value-add: The study shows that transformational leadership is not necessarily the best leadership approach for stimulating IWB in a quick-commerce context, potentially opening the door for further exploration and discussion on this topic.
... Intercorrelations of subscales were computed with a Spearman's rho of 0.30 considered as a moderate correlation, and an rho of ≥0.50 as a large correlation (Cohen, 1988). Reliability coefficients were assessed with McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α, with a threshold of acceptability at ≥0.60 indicating an acceptable level of reliability (Taber, 2018). ...
An active and constructive process whereby individuals possess the ability to develop, implement, and flexibly maintain planned behavior in order to achieve a desired achievement goal is referred to as self-regulation. The aim of the present study is to examine the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire, validated in the Czech educational context (SRQ-CZ). The other target is to identify any usage of self-regulation strategies which may differ as nationality, gender, age, education, and internal motivation to learn come into play. A total of 1,711 adult learners from Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic who were enrolled in a formal secondary or higher education system pursuing professions in the field of humanities, social and health care sciences participated in this study. A measurement-invariant four-factor model was obtained across all countries (min. CFI, TLI = 0.918, and 0.902, max. RMSEA = 0.059; ω between 0.625 and 0.838, and Cronbach’s α between 0.622 and 0.837), including the Impulse Control, Goal Orientation, Self-Direction, and Decision Making subscales. Generally, the study confirmed a gradual increase in scores that measure positive self-regulatory qualities (Goal Orientation and Decision Making) and a decrease in unfavorable self-regulatory qualities (Impulse Control and Self-Direction) with higher age, education, and motivation, with no gender differences reported within countries. Moreover, scores on Goal Orientation and Decision Making dominated between countries. In conclusion, the SRQ-CZ demonstrated its suitability for cross-national comparisons, and personal characteristics appear to be important factors that distinguish those with high and low self-regulation.
... An a priori power analysis was conducted by using G*Power version 3.1.9.4 (Faul et al., 2007) for sample size estimation, based on reports from Tong et al. (2020) (n = 32 videos), which used a linear multiple regression analysis to predict individual/aggregate choices of watching videos. The effect size in Tong et al. (2020) was considered to be large (f 2 ≥ 0.35) using criteria (Cohen, 2013). With a significance criterion of α = .05 ...
Neuroscientists in decision science have advanced an affect-integration-motivation (AIM) framework, demonstrating that neural activity associated with positive affect or value integration can predict individual and aggregate choice. Given that individuals with higher interoceptive sensibility (IS) have tendency to engage their bodily sensations and thus exhibit a more coherent pattern between their neural, affective, and behavioral measures, we investigated how IS may interact with
the affective/integrative components for predicting individual and aggregate choice. Thus, we 1) explored neural underpinnings of individual choice, affective ratings, aggregate outcomes, 2) examined how the above-mentioned measures predict
individual and aggregate choices on mobile games, and 3) tested the moderation effect of IS by comparing the differences in how these measures perform in prediction models between subgroups of IS. Neuroimaging results showed that individual choice associated with NAcc activity, aggregate download rate tracked by regions in salience network, and revenue additionally tracked by regions in motor tendency and attention regulation. Affective ratings and AIns activity predicted individual download choice; mPFC activity forecasted aggregate download rate, and positive arousal forecasted aggregate revenue. As hypothesized, the high IS group displayed coherent correlations between affective ratings, individual choice, and neural measures. More importantly, at the aggregate level, mPFC activity (integrative component), forecasted aggregate download rate above and beyond ratings and individual choice in the high IS group, with this prediction significantly stronger compared with the low IS group. These findings extend the AIM framework by shedding light on the influence of interoceptive sensibility on the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying human decision-making.
... Since the correlation coefficient between pre-post/follow-up scores was not provided, it was imputed as r = .7 [38]. According to Cohen [41], d values of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 are considered small, moderate, and large, respectively. In studies with multiple intervention groups and a single control group (e.g., Bao 2022, Bao b 2022, Lam 2022, Rappon 2022, Li 2023), the control group's sample size was divided by the number of comparisons (intervention vs. control) to prevent statistical dependence. ...
Purpose
To investigate the efficacy of spectacle lenses designed to control myopia progression in individuals under 18 years old, focusing on changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and relative peripheral refraction (RPR).
Methods
A systematic review was conducted according to Prisma guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, covering studies from the last six years without language restrictions. Studies were included based on specific criteria, and data were extracted and analysed using the metafor package in R. Separate meta-analyses were conducted for SER and AL at 12- and 24-month follow-ups, using random-effects models. RPR information was synthesized without meta-analysis.
Results
Out of the 796 studies screened, 21 were included in the review, with 17 selected for the meta-analysis, comprising a total of 6,175 patients. At 12 months, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in SER (d+ = -0.281, p < .0001) and AL (d+ = -0.155, p < .0001) compared to the control group, where d + is the pooled mean effect size estimate. However, at 24 months, no significant differences were observed in SER (d+ = -0.385, p = .067) or AL (d+ = -0.272, p = .137) between groups. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings, and publication bias was minimal. Regarding RPR, the results are limited and differ among model lenses.
Conclusion
Spectacle lenses designed to control myopia progression show short-term benefits, significantly reducing SER and AL at 12 months. However, their long-term efficacy remains uncertain, with no significant differences observed at 24 months. Further research is needed to understand treatment response factors and evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of these lenses in myopia management.
... The effect sizes for the differences in the pretest and posttest change scores between the two conditions ranged from medium to large (J. Cohen, 1988). In terms of campus connectedness and parenting self-efficacy between the two groups, no significant differences were found in pretest and posttest change. ...
The increasing enrollment of student parents, particularly mothers, in higher education highlights the crucial need for timely support. Compared to their non-parent peers, student mothers are more likely to encounter financial, logistical, and social barriers. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a strengths-focused, peer-led support program for young university mothers (YUM). YUM adapted an evidence-based life skills program previously designed for adolescent mothers. Seventeen mothers (M age = 24.59; SD age = 4.65) participated in the 7-week YUM program, and 17 mothers (M age = 24.12; SD age = 3.10) were in the control group. Following the intervention, YUM participants demonstrated significant decreases in stress and depression, significant increases in career and academic exploration, and satisfaction with social support compared to the control group. YUM participants also reported an increased sense of campus connectedness over time, although the change was not significantly different between the two groups. In their parenting self-efficacy, the two groups demonstrated no significant differences in the change over time. The qualitative findings
... The ANCOVA results indicated significant differences in programming skills among the four groups (F (3, 168) = 3.15, p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.05), with a small effect size (As shown in Table 3). According to Cohen (1988), Cohen's d value of less than 0.2 is considered a smaller effect size. The post-hoc results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between CAG, DAG, and CDAG (DAG-CAG: Mean difference = 0.12, p > 0.05; CAG-CDAG: Mean difference = 0.12, p > 0.05), but all were significantly higher than NAG (DAG-NAG: Mean difference = 3.61, p < 0.05; CAG-NAG: Mean difference = 3.50, p < 0.05; CDAG-NAG: Mean difference = 3.38, p < 0.05). ...
Feedback is crucial during programming problem solving, but context often lacks critical and difference. Generative artificial intelligence dialogic feedback (GenAIDF) has the potential to enhance learners’ experience through dialogue, but its effectiveness remains sufficiently underexplored in empirical research. This study employed a rigorous quasi-experimental design and collected multidimensional data through mixed methods to investigate the impact of GenAIDF at different stages of programming problem-solving on high school students’ programming skills and critical thinking. One hundred seventy-two high school students from four distinct classes participated in this study. We established three experimental groups, introducing GenAIDF during the code writing (CAG, NCAG = 43), verification debugging (DAG, NDAG = 43), and both code writing and verification debugging (CDAG, NCDAG = 43) stages, and one control group, without GenAIDF introduced at any stage (NAG, NNAG = 43). The results indicated that, first, in terms of programming skills, the three experimental groups exhibited no significant difference in their programming knowledge, yet they significantly outperformed the control group. CAG excelled in programming project performance, while DAG excelled in structure. CDAG excelled in functions but had poor plagiarism scores. Second, regarding critical thinking skills, DAG performed best, followed by CAG, CDAG, and NAG, with significant differences observed among the four groups. Finally, student interviews revealed increased learning engagement, satisfaction, and critical thinking consciousness. Based on these findings, the study provides empirical recommendations for teachers on effectively utilizing GenAIDF in the future.
... Cramer's V was used to measure the strength of these relationships. The Cohen scale (Cohen, 2013) was used for the interpretation of ''Cramer's V'': Cramer's V \0.10 was considered weak, 0.10 to \0.50 moderate, and !0.50 strong relationship. The error threshold was set at 5%. ...
Musculoskeletal injuries during the “Initial Training Phase” (ITP) are a major medical problem faced by law enforcement agencies worldwide. Aiming to develop an injury prevention strategy, we examined the incidence, type, associated factors, and severity of injuries and secondarily tracked their evolution over time by batches in a police academy. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using prospectively collected injury data on 979 newly recruited male police cadets enrolled in eight batches between 2015 and 2023. Among the 376 injured participants (age: 18.1 ± 0.3 years, body-mass: 75.8 ± 12.5 kg, body-height: 173.7 ± 4.0 cm, body mass index [BMI]: 25.1 ± 4.1 kg·m⁻², body-fat percentage: 18.1% ± 5.1%), 405 injuries were recorded during the ITP. Musculoskeletal injury data were analyzed according to type, associated-factors, severity, and evolution across batches. Almost half of the recruits (41.4%) sustained at least one musculoskeletal injury. Based on injury frequency (39–69 case) and exposure time (20,944.5–43,006.5 hours per participant) indices, and with an implication of scientific training tips, the long-term follow-up over-batches showed that the injury incidence was decreased 2.5-fold from Batch 1 to Batch 8 (p < .0001). Most injuries occurred between Weeks 2 and 5 (80% cumulative). The most common injury type was medial tibial stress syndrome (36.0%), followed by iliotibial band syndrome (12.6%), and ankle sprain (10.4%). This injury profile aligns with previous studies on law enforcement recruits, although comparisons should be made cautiously due to variations in training programs and recruit characteristics between agencies. The most frequently reported perceived potential contributors of injuries were vitamin and mineral deficiencies (20.7%), overweight/obesity (19.1%), and harsh physical activities (13.0%). During ITP, almost half of the recruits sustained at least one musculoskeletal injury, most of them in the fourth week. Some of the major associated factors of injury could be controlled resulting in a potential reduction of the injury incidence by up to 2.5 times. Implementing tailored fitness programs, incorporating subjective and objective training load assessments, and enhancing monitoring could significantly decrease injury rates, improve recruit readiness, and reduce resource and time waste on injury treatment.
... The expected effect size for the present experiment was estimated at η 2 = .14, hence at the lower bound of a large effect (Cohen, 1988). This estimation was based on previous studies which reported large effects on the electrophysiological correlates on perceptual and mnemonic processes under different modalities (Johnsdorf et al., 2023;Schöne et al., 2023). ...
While pictures share global similarities with the real‐world objects they depict, the latter have unique characteristics going beyond 2D representations. Due to its three‐dimensional presentation mode, Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used to further approach real‐world visual processing, yet it remains unresolved to what extent VR yields process comparable to real‐world processes. Consequently, our study examined visuospatial processing by a triangular comparison of 2D objects, virtual 3D objects and real 3D objects. The theta band response (TBR) was analysed as an electrophysiological correlate of visual processing, allowing for the differentiation of predominantly stimulus‐driven processes mirrored in the evoked response and internal, complex processing reflected in the induced response. Our results indicate that the differences between conditions driven by sensory features go beyond a binary division into 2D and 3D materials but are based on further sensory features: The evoked posterior TBR differentiated between all conditions but revealed fewer differences between processing of real‐world and VR objects. Moreover, the induced midfrontal TBR indicated higher cognitive load for 2D objects compared to VR and real‐world objects, while no difference between both latter conditions was revealed. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the transferability of 2D‐ and VR‐based findings to real‐world processes depends to some degree on whether predominantly sensory stimulus features or higher cognitive processes are examined. Yet although VR and real‐world processes are not to be equated based on our results, their comparison yielded fewer significant differences relative to the PC condition, advising the use of VR to examine visuospatial processing.
... Due to the normal distribution of total scores and the non-normal distribution of the remaining data, group differences were analyzed using the Student-t test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively. The effect size was estimated using Cohen's d value, where a value of 0.3 was considered small, 0.5 was considered medium, and 0.8 was considered large.79 The questionnaires' internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha co-efficient. ...
Anatomy forms the foundation for the training and execution of routine surgical procedures. However, a gap persists in effectively bridging anatomical knowledge with the confident performance of procedures. Virtual simulation (VS) techniques, based on experiential and situated learning theory, hold promise in addressing this challenge. Apicoectomy, a procedure involving root apex resection to preserve a tooth, requires a blend of regional and dental anatomy knowledge, making it an ideal model for assessing the effectiveness of VS. This prospective cohort study evaluated primarily the enhancement of incorporating VS training in the preclinical skill training of apicoectomy for undergraduate dental students, compared to relying solely on traditional methods. VS training includes the simulated dissection process, patient examination, and apicoectomy based on graphically synthesized virtual models. Secondly, the study investigated the influence of exposure to VS training on students' confidence and satisfaction. The training was divided into three progressive levels aligned with students' cognitive processes, employing Miller's competence learning framework. Participants were categorized into the control group (CG) (n = 214) and VS training group (VSTG) (n = 220) based on their classes. The results demonstrated that VSTG showed significantly greater training enhancement (VSTG: 7.14 ± 1.74; CG: 6.57 ± 2.02, p = 0.002) and higher confidence levels (VSTG: 2.94 ± 0.13; CG: 2.69 ± 0.13, p < 0.001), along with greater satisfaction with the training compared to the CG (VSTG: 3.70 ± 0.18; CG: 3.20 ± 0.17, p < 0.001). In conclusion, VS proves to be a valuable adjunct for enhancing procedural skill training in surgical procedures.
... The ES of post hoc comparisons was calculated using Cohen's d, which was interpreted as a low (<0.50), moderate (0.50-0.79), or large effect (>0.80) (36). For CV, values below 10% were considered acceptable, indicating low variability, and ICC) values were interpreted as follows: poor reliability (<0.5), moderate reliability (0.5-0.75), good reliability (0.75-0.9), and excellent reliability (>0.9) (37). ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects on
mechanical, neuromuscular, metabolic, and muscle contractile responses to
different set configurations in full-squat (SQ).
Methods: Twenty-two men performed three SQ sessions that consisted of 3 sets
of 12 repetitions with 60% 1RM with 4 minutes inter-set rests: a) traditional set
(TS): no rest within the set; b) cluster-6 (CS6): a 30 seconds intraset rest after
the 6th repetition of each set; and c) cluster-2 (CS2): a 30 seconds intraset
rest every 2 repetitions. Mechanical (i.e., force, velocity, and power) and
electromyography (EMG) values were recorded for every repetition. A battery
of tests was performed: a) tensiomyography (TMG), b) blood lactate c),
countermovement jump (CMJ), d) maximal isometric SQ, and e) performance
with the load that resulted in a velocity of 1 m·s−1 at baseline (V1-load).
Repeated measured ANOVA analyses were used to compare the 3 protocols.
Results: As the number of intraset rests increased (TS < CS6 < CS2), mechanical
performance was better maintained (p < 0.01) and EMG variables were less
altered (p = 0.05). At post, CS2 and CS6 displayed lower lactate concentration,
lesser reductions in CMJ height, and smaller alterations in TMG-derived
variables than TS (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The introduction of short and frequent intraset rest periods during
resistance exercise alleviates training-induced fatigue, resulting in better
maintenance of performance. This approach can be applied during the inseason
period when minimizing fatigue is a priority
... The magnitude of the differences between values was also interpreted using Cohen's d effect size (ES) (between-group differences). Effect sizes are reported as trivial (<0.19), small (0.2-0.49), medium (0.5-0.79) and large (≥0.8) [28]. ...
The evaluation of gait biomechanics using portable inertial measurement units (IMUs) offers real-time feedback and has become a crucial tool for detecting gait disorders. However, many of these devices have not yet been fully validated. The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity and relative reliability of the RunScribe™ system for measuring spatiotemporal gait parameters during walking. A total of 460 participants (age: 36 ± 13 years; height: 173 ± 9 cm; body mass: 70 ± 13 kg) were asked to walk on a treadmill at 5 km·h−1. Spatiotemporal parameters of step frequency (SF), step length (SL), step time (ST), contact time (CT), swing time (SwT), stride time (StT), stride length (StL) and normalized stride length (StL%) were measured through RunScribe™ and OptoGait™ systems. Bland–Altman analysis indicated small systematic biases and random errors for all variables. Pearson correlation analysis showed strong correlations (0.70–0.94) between systems. The intraclass correlation coefficient supports these results, except for contact time (ICC = 0.64) and swing time (ICC = 0.34). The paired t-test showed small differences in SL, StL and StL% (≤0.25) and large in CT and SwT (1.2 and 2.2, respectively), with no differences for the rest of the variables. This study confirms the accuracy of the RunScribe™ system for assessing spatiotemporal parameters during walking, potentially reducing the barriers to continuous gait monitoring and early detection of gait issues.
... 95 As an effect size, although slightly conservative for LMM, the h p 2 output can be generally interpreted as small (0.01), medium (0.06) and large (0.14). 96,97 For most of the data in which we employed an LMM, a considerable percentage of animals only had one single observation which may have led to inappropriate fitting of the model thus possibly affecting any inferences about the biologically relevance of the data. Therefore, in addition to the results from the LMM, we decided to also treat datapoints relating to those data as independent and report bootstrapped mean difference and Hedges' g. ...
In many neurological conditions, early-stage neural circuit adaptation preserves relatively normal behavior. In some diseases, spinal motoneurons progressively degenerate yet movement remains initially preserved. This study investigates whether these neurons and associated microcircuits adapt in a mouse model of progressive motoneuron degeneration. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology and super-resolution microscopy, we find that, early in the disease, neurotransmission in a key pre-motor circuit, the recurrent inhibition mediated by Renshaw cells, is reduced by half due to impaired quantal size associated with decreased glycine receptor density. This impairment is specific and not a widespread feature of spinal inhibitory circuits. Furthermore, it recovers at later stages of disease. Additionally, an increased probability of release from proprioceptive afferents leads to increased monosynaptic excitation of motoneurons. We reveal that, in this motoneuron degenerative condition, spinal microcircuits undergo specific multiphasic homeostatic compensations that may contribute to preservation of force output.
... Effects size were calculated using partial eta-squared (ηp2). According to Cohen (2013), ηp2 can be interpreted as small (ηp2 = 0.01), medium (ηp2 = 0.06) and large (ηp2 = 0.14). ...
This research investigates the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) for enhancing neuroanatomy learning among medical students, focusing on optimizing cognitive load, intrinsic motivation, and user experience. Conducted with 77 second-year medical students, the study compares traditional video-based instruction with three VR interaction conditions: active, guided, and passive. VR significantly improved anatomical learning performance compared to traditional methods, particularly in the passive and active conditions. Specifically, VR enhanced intrinsic motivation, optimized cognitive load by reducing extraneous load, and improved germane load. Additionally, the guided VR condition yielded the poorest learning performance, though it did not significantly differ from the other two VR conditions, suggesting that interactivity is not the primary factor driving VR’s effectiveness. The findings highlight the complex relationship between cognitive load, intrinsic motivation, and learning performance, supporting a balanced approach to using VR for educational purposes. The role of domain expertise and interaction modes within VR are discussed as critical factors in VR’s instructional efficacy.
... Foram considerados indicadores de significância níveis de p<0,05. As magnitudes das correlações foram interpretadas a partir da classificação proposta por Cohen (1988), sendo -0,09 a 0,09 descritas como nulas, 0,10 a 0,29 pequenas, 0,30 a 0,49 medianas e 0,50 a 1,0 grandes, que foram verificadas com o auxílio do software Jamovi (2020). Nota-se, por meio da análise paralela, que somente os quatro primeiros fatores estimados por meio dos dados reais apresentaram porcentagens de variâncias explicadas (41,1; 12,9; 10,9; 8,6 e 6,5 respectivamente) superiores aos valores alocados no percentil 95 dentre os dados aleatórios (9,9; 9,0; 8,4; 7,8 e 7,3, respectivamente). ...
The study aimed to adapt the Optimal Functioning in Society Scale (OFISS) to the Brazilian Portuguese language and estimate the initial validity evidence, based on the internal structure and relationships with other variables and reliability. The sample was composed of228 participants aged between 18 and 72 years (M=32.3, SD=12.4); 71.5% were female. Through the content validity coefficient, the judges’ analysis indicated the adequacy of the items regarding language clarity, practical pertinence, and theoretical relevance. Furthermore, the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the oblique structure of six factors, all with good indicators of reliability, similar to the original proposal. Finally, the OFISS factors were positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect, and negatively related to negative affect. Accordingly, the results suggest that the OFISS is an adequate measure of optimal functioning in the Brazilian population.
... Eta-squared describes the amount of variance in a response variable that is described by the fixed effect, and η 2 can be interpreted similarly to Pearson's r, but for categorical analyses. Traditionally, η 2 values have been interpreted as indicating no effect (η 2 < 0.01), a small effect (0.01 < η 2 < 0.06), a medium effect (0.06 < η 2 < 0.14), or a large effect (η 2 > 0.14) (Cohen, 1988). We calculated η 2 using the eta_squared function in the effectsize package in R (Ben-Shachar et al., 2020). ...
Residential lawn management often includes fertilizer application to encourage healthy plant growth and support the aesthetic preferences of homeowners and communities. These inputs may negatively impact the environment by increasing nutrient export to aquatic ecosystems via surface runoff or leaching through soil into groundwater. Fertilizer management and nutrient export are of particular concern in karst areas like North‐Central Florida, where the underlying karst geology leads to rapid, direct connections between surface and groundwater ecosystems. We quantified nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from residential landscapes in North‐Central Florida. We investigated nutrient leaching from landscapes spanning a real estate gradient and across different fertility treatments (no N fertilizer, synthetic mineral fertilizer, biosolids‐based organic mineral fertilizer, compost topdressing, natural areas). We measured leachate from these landscapes weekly for 1 year. All residential landscapes, including control yards that received no N fertilizer, leached >10x more nitrate than natural areas, and landscapes treated with synthetic fertilizer exhibited an >80x increase in nitrate leaching. Fertilizer treatments also appeared to alter the N leaching composition, with a greater proportion of total dissolved N leaching coming from nitrate in fertilized treatments (synthetic and organic) compared to natural, control, or compost‐treated landscapes. These results show that landscape management and human actions are important drivers of nutrient leaching in residential landscapes. While all residential lawns leached more N than natural areas, less leaching was associated with certain management approaches. When implemented at larger scales, these approaches may reduce the likelihood of negative impacts of residential landscapes on regional water quality.
... Assim, foi utilizado o teste de medidas repetidas de Friedman para análise do desempenho dos participantes considerando a variável tempo (condições pré-teste, pós-teste, follow-up de 1 mês) e condição experimental (GE e GC). Foi utilizado o coeficiente ômega quadrado (ω 2 ) para cálculo do tamanho de efeito, em que valores inferiores a 0,20 são considerados pequenos; valores iguais a 0,20 e inferiores a 0,80 são considerados médios; e valores superiores a 0,80 são considerados grandes (Cohen, 1988). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para frequência das respostas ao formulário de avaliação da intervenção, com teste do Qui-Quadrado (χ 2 ) para diferenças nas categorias de resposta. ...
This research evaluated the effects of a Positive Psychotherapy intervention program to promote the subjective and psychological well-being of public security professionals with depressive symptoms. Participants were 16 public security professionals, with mild to moderate depressive symptoms, of both sexes; 8 constituted the experimental group and 8 the control group, paired according to the score obtained in a measure that evaluates depressive symptoms. This study had a longitudinal design, in which the participants responded to measures that assess components of subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and depressive symptoms in three moments: pre-test, post-test (1 week), and follow-up (1 month). The results indicated that the experimental group had greater Satisfaction with Life, and Achievement; and lower Negative Affects, Receiving Emotional Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms compared to the control group. The effects of the intervention demonstrated that it was effective in increasing the Positive Affects of public security professionals.
Background
At a global scale, the impact of the manufacturing sector on the environment has led to the increased demand for the sustainable practices and strategies that help the businesses achieve environmental, social, and economic objectives particularly within the context of developing economies.
Objective
This paper addresses this gap by investigating the relationship between employees and firms’ environmental performance in the manufacturing sector operating in a developing country, Pakistan—where the environmental focus is sparse and organizational structures rarely follow cross-functional systems.
Methods
Quantitative research was employed and SmartPLS technique was used to test the theoretical model with a valid response rate of 77 percent of senior and middle-level managers of manufacturing firms.
Results
Results revealed the significance of green HRM as direct effect with all constructs. And internal environment management mediates the relationship (β = 0.158; t-value = 3.458; p < 0.05; lower level = 0.077; upper level = 0.258) between green HRM and green health and Safety.
Conclusion
For sustainable performance, firms must transform their human resource into an environmentally responsible asset. Our findings provide practical implications for the managers of manufacturing firms where ethical monitoring of environmental management must be the prime concern of these firms.
A limitation in fine-tuned tree-ring radiocarbon (14C) data is normally associated with overall data uncertainty. Tree-ring 14C data variance as a result of sample heterogeneity can be reduced by adopting best practices at the time of sample collection and subsequent preparation and analysis. Variance-reduction of 14C data was achieved by meticulous sample handling during increment core or cross-sectional cuttings, in-laboratory wood reductions, and cellulose fiber homogenization of whole rings. To demonstrate the performance of those procedures to final 14C results, we took advantage of the replicated data from assigned calendar years of two Pantropical post-1950 AD tree-ring 14C reconstructions. Two Cedrela fissilis Vell. trees spaced 22.5 km apart, and two trees of this species together with one Peltogyne paniculata Benth tree spaced 0.2 to 5 km apart were sampled in a tropical dry and moist forest, respectively. Replicate 14C data were then obtained from grouped tree-ring samples from each site. A total of 88% of the replicated 14C results fell into a remarkably consistent precision/accuracy range of 0.3% or less, even though multiple tree species were used as pairs/sets. This finding illustrates how adopting a few simple strategies, in tandem with already established chemical extraction procedures and high-precision 14C analysis, can improve 14C data results of tropical trees.
A new kind of reading platform supported by ChatGPT has quickly become a popular research assistant among students due to its instant natural language interaction and question-answering capabilities. This study explored the effects of ChatGPT-based reading platform on student’s foreign language paper reading. A total of 64 undergraduate students were recruited to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Questionnaires and reading test were used to evaluate participants’ performance on dependent variables such as foreign language reading anxiety, cognitive load, critical thinking and academic reading achievement. Significant differences were discovered between two groups after intervention. Due to characteristics of ChatGPT-based reading platform, the experimental group students experienced less foreign language reading anxiety and cognitive load than the control group. Furthermore, they outperformed the control group in terms of critical thinking and academic reading achievement.
In glioma surgery, maximizing the extent of resection while preserving cognitive functions requires an understanding of the unique architecture of the white matter (WM) pathways of the single patient and of their spatial relationship with the tumor. Tractography enables the reconstruction of WM pathways, and bundle segmentation allows the identification of critical connections for functional preservation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a streamline-based approach for bundle segmentation on a clinical dataset as compared to the traditional ROI-based approach. We performed bundle segmentation of the arcuate fasciculus, of its indirect anterior and posterior segments, and of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in the healthy hemisphere of 25 high-grade glioma patients using both ROI- and streamline-based approaches. ROI-based segmentation involved manually delineating ROIs on MR anatomical images in Trackvis (V0.6.2.1). Streamline-based segmentations were performed in Tractome, which integrates clustering algorithms with the visual inspection and manipulation of streamlines. Shape analysis was conducted on each bundle. A paired t-test was performed on the irregularity measurement to compare segmentations achieved with the two approaches. Qualitative differences were evaluated through visual inspection. Streamline-based segmentation consistently yielded significantly lower irregularity scores (p < 0.001) compared to ROI-based segmentation for all the examined bundles, indicating more compact and accurate bundle reconstructions. Qualitative assessment identified common biases in ROI-based segmentations, such as the inclusion of anatomically implausible streamlines or streamlines with undesired trajectories. Streamline-based bundle segmentation with Tractome provides reliable and more accurate reconstructions compared to the ROI-based approach. By directly manipulating streamlines rather than relying on voxel-based ROI delineations, Tractome allows us to discern and discard implausible or undesired streamlines and to identify the course of WM bundles even when the anatomy is distorted by the lesion. These features make Tractome a robust tool for bundle segmentation in clinical contexts.
Background: Healthy lifestyles depend on forming crucial habits through the process of habit formation, emphasising the need to establish positive habits and break negative ones for lasting behaviour changes. This systematic review aims to explore the time required for developing health-related habits. Methods: Six databases (Scopus, PsychINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline and PubMed) were searched to identify experimental intervention studies assessing self-report habit or automaticity questionnaires (e.g., the self-report habit index (SRHI) or the self-report behavioural automaticity index (SRBAI)), or the duration to reach automaticity in health-related behaviours. Habit formation determinants were also evaluated. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the change in the SRHI or SRBAI habit scores between pre- and post-intervention, and the study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of 20 studies involving 2601 participants (mean age range: 21.5–73.5 years) were included. Most studies had a high risk of bias rating (n = 11). Health behaviours included physical activity (n = 8), drinking water (n = 2), vitamin consumption (n = 1), flossing (n = 3), healthy diet (n = 8), microwaving a dishcloth (for foodborne disease reduction, n = 2) and sedentary behaviour reduction (n = 1). Four studies reported the median or mean times to reach habit formation, ranging from 59–66 days (median) and 106–154 days (means), with substantial individual variability (4–335 days). The meta-analysis showed significant improvements in habit scores pre- to post-intervention across different habits (standardised mean difference: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.88). Frequency, timing, type of habit, individual choice, affective judgements, behavioural regulation and preparatory habits significantly influence habit strength, with morning practices and self-selected habits generally exhibiting greater strength. Conclusions: Emerging evidence on health-related habit formation indicates that while habits can start forming within about two months, the time required varies significantly across individuals. A limitation of this meta-analysis is the relatively small number of studies included, with flossing and diet having the most evidence among the behaviours examined. Despite this, improvements in habit strength post-intervention are evident across various behaviours, suggesting that targeted interventions can be effective. Future research should aim to expand the evidence base with well-designed studies to better understand and enhance the process of establishing beneficial health habits.
Recent applications of wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) for predicting human movement have often entailed estimating action-level (e.g., walking, running, jumping) and joint-level (e.g., ankle plantarflexion angle) motion. Although action-level or joint-level information is frequently the focus of movement intent prediction, contextual information is necessary for a more thorough approach to intent recognition. Therefore, a combination of action-level and joint-level information may offer a more comprehensive approach to predicting movement intent. In this study, we devised a novel hierarchical-based method combining action-level classification and subsequent joint-level regression to predict joint angles 100 ms into the future. K-nearest neighbors (KNN), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and temporal convolutional network (TCN) models were employed for action-level classification, and a random forest model trained on action-specific IMU data was used for joint-level prediction. A joint-level action-generic model trained on multiple actions (e.g., backward walking, kneeling down, kneeling up, running, and walking) was also used for predicting the joint angle. Compared with a hierarchical-based approach, the action-generic model had lower prediction error for backward walking, kneeling down, and kneeling up. Although the TCN and BiLSTM classifiers achieved classification accuracies of 89.87% and 89.30%, respectively, they did not surpass the performance of the action-generic random forest model when used in combination with an action-specific random forest model. This may have been because the action-generic approach was trained on more data from multiple actions. This study demonstrates the advantage of leveraging large, disparate data sources over a hierarchical-based approach for joint-level prediction. Moreover, it demonstrates the efficacy of an IMU-driven, task-agnostic model in predicting future joint angles across multiple actions.
Exposure to natural environments or to their audiovisual representations has a restorative effect on attention and short-term memory. However, higher-level cognitive processes, such as decision making, have been overlooked. Additionally, studies have generally compared natural environments perceived to be restorative, such as woods, with built environments perceived to be nonrestorative, such as roads with traffic, paying less attention to built environments that could be restorative, such as libraries. We examined whether exposure to potentially restorative natural or built environments (vs. nonrestorative built environments) would improve the ability to apply decision rules to multiattribute
choices, an important aspect of decision-making competence. Fatigued participants completed parallel versions of the Applying Decision Rules task before and after being exposed to audiovisual representations of these environments. Performance improved after exposure to restorative natural environments, remained unchanged after exposure to restorative built environments, and deteriorated after exposure to nonrestorative built environments. Restorative effects were partially mediated by self-reported fatigue, but not mediated by changes in attention control, emotional state, or motivation. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Objetivo: Objetivo deste estudo é examinar como os fatores sociais, pessoais, conspícuos, ambientais e econômicos influenciam a atitude de compra de produtos de luxo de segunda mão, além de analisar como anonimato e garantia de autenticidade moderam a intenção de compra de luxo de segunda mão e normas subjetivas e percepção do controle do comportamento, devido ao aumento do mercado de produtos de luxo de segunda mão. Metodologia/abordagem: Utilizando dados coletados de 301 brasileiros entre meses de novembro de 2022 a março de 2023, um modelo estrutural que considerou os constructos fatores sociais, pessoais, conspícuos, ambientais e econômicos, a atitude e intenção de compra de produtos de luxo de segunda mão, o anonimato, a garantia de autenticidade, a percepção de controle de comportamento e normas subjetivas. Originalidade/valor: Este trabalho testa pela primeira vez as hipóteses que a garantia de autenticidade e anonimato aumentam as relações entre percepção de controle do comportamento, normas subjetivas e intenção de compra. Isso porque a garantia de autenticidade e o anonimato são necessários para muitos consumidores de itens de luxo usados. Resultados: Os resultados da análise evidenciam que anonimato e garantia de autenticidade não aumentam as relações entre normas subjetivas e percepção do controle do comportamento com a intenção de compra de artigos de luxo de segunda mão. Além disso, dos fatores, os ambientais e pessoais não possuem relação positiva com a atitude de compra de produtos de luxo de segunda mão. Contribuição teórica e prática: Este traz contribuições teóricas ao analisar como os fatores exercem influência na atitude de compra de segunda mão, uma vez que há dificuldade de encontrar estudos acadêmicos relevantes que abranjam esse tema. Já como contribuição prática, este contribui com direcionamentos para empresas do mercado de produtos de luxo de primeira e segunda mão, para melhor elaborarem estratégias de marketing, uma vez que fatores não se mostraram relevantes.
Rationale
Alcohol-intoxication is implicated in negative social behaviours, however the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood. Impaired emotion perception following alcohol consumption may partially account for this link, however limited methodology in prior studies undermines the efficacy of this explanation.
Objectives
The current study investigated the effect of acute moderate-dose alcohol-intoxication on basic and compound emotion perception abilities using contextualised video vignettes. Self-appraisals of performance accuracy were also investigated.
Methods
Sixty-eight participants consumed a beverage containing either (a) an alcohol dose calculated to achieve a BrAC of 0.08%, or (b) a placebo. The Complex Audio-Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT) was used to assess emotion perception ability. Anticipatory performance accuracy and emergent confidence judgements were made on the CAVEAT.
Results
There were no significant between-group differences on emotion perception ability and emergent confidence judgements. However, anticipatory performance accuracy was more aligned to actual performance in the alcohol intoxication group compared to the placebo group.
Conclusions
Overall, these results suggest that (1) deficits in perception of facial emotional expressions following alcohol intoxication may not be as pronounced as originally suspected; and (2) the questioning of performance accuracy may prompt intoxicated individuals to anticipate poorer emotion perception performance, which may lead to better monitoring of—and improvements in—task performance.
Der Sammelband analysiert interdisziplinär die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf Studierende, mit Fokus auf psychische und soziale Belastungen sowie Lösungsansätzen. Expertinnen und Experten aus verschiedenen Disziplinen beleuchten individuelle und strukturelle Faktoren und unterstreichen die Bedeutung sozialer Aspekte für die psychische Gesundheit in der (post-)pandemischen Zeit. Ziel ist es, Erkenntnisse für Wissenschaft, Praxis und Hochschulpolitik zu liefern, um die akademische Resilienz der Studierenden zu stärken.
Food safety and health have become a crisis due to the inappropriate and indiscriminate use of Chemical inputs. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and identifying the most important factors affecting food security, with an emphasis on organic agriculture in Tabriz County. This research is based on a mixed approach and on practical purposes. The statistical population of this research is the expert agricultural jihad of Tabriz County. In terms of collecting information, it was done in two forms: library and field, using semi-structured interviews. The statistical sample was initially conducted using targeted sampling and then using the snowball method with 16 people until theoretical saturation was reached. Qualitative data analysis was done using the six-step theme model. MAXQDA software was used to code the interviews. The reliability of the interview was checked using the retest method (within the subject). Acceptability and verifiability methods were used to measure validity. The results of the qualitative section included eight main themes, 28 sub-themes, and 62 optional themes. Acceptability and verifiability methods were used to measure validity. The results of the qualitative section included eight main themes, 28 sub-themes, and 62 optional themes. The quantitative part of the research was conducted based on the results of the qualitative part, and a questionnaire was prepared based on 62 selective themes. And in the form of a census, it was provided to 95 people who were directly and indirectly related to the cultivation of crops. To analyze the data from the questionnaire, Structural Equation Modeling with Smart PLS3 software were used. The results showed that the policy dimensions of organic agriculture, economics, health, quality, and standard of living, optimization of production, access, and environment had the greatest impact on food security, respectively.
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