... medium = 0.50-0.79, and large � 0.80 [23]. ...
... medium = 0.3-0.49, and large � 0.5 [23]. ...
... medium = 0.50-0.79, and large � 0.80[23]. Effect size φ interpreted as trivial <0.1, small = 0.1-0.29, ...
A sex-data gap, from testing primarily males, results in a lack of scientific knowledge for other groups (females, transgender individuals). It is unknown whether typical recruitment and participant characterization causes incorrect statistical decisions, and three factors were evaluated: 1) underrepresenting cisgender females, 2) recruiting small sample sizes, 3) misgendering. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2004) were evaluated for sex differences after removing missing values (N = 3,645; F = 1,763). Disparities were determined by utilizing sample sizes common in sport and exercise science research; mean sample size N = 187, median sample size N = 20. Participants were randomly allocated into datasets in an imbalanced manner (33.5% females, 66.5% males). Potential effects of misgendering were determined at rates of 2% and 5%. Differences between the complete data set and expected decisions were conducted through Chi-squared (χ 2) goodness of fit with significance at p < .05. When the entire dataset was evaluated as if a sex testing disparity was present, decisions were not altered (χ 2 = .52, p = .47). Differences were observed for mean sample size (χ 2 = 4.89, p = .027), median sample size (χ 2 = 13.52, p < .001), and misgendering at 2% (χ 2 = 13.52, p = < .001) and 5% (χ 2 = 13.52, p = < .001). Recruitment practices in sport and exercise science research should be revis-ited, as testing primarily cisgender males has consequences, particularly in small sample sizes. Misgendering participants also has consequences on ultimate decisions and interpretations of data, regardless of sample size. Inclusiveness is needed in helping all individuals feel valued and respected when participating in sport and exercise science research.
... kann die Nullhypothese verworfen werden. Um Aussagen über die Stärke des Effekts über die Zeit zu machen, wird der Koeffizient berechnet, welcher auf Basis der Konventionen von Cohen (1988) interpretiert werden kann. Entsprechend gelten Werte von r = 0.1 als kleine, Werte von r = 0.3 als mittlere und r = 0.5 als große Effekte. ...
... Dieses Maß gibt an, wie viel Varianz der abhängigen Variablen durch die jeweiligen Faktoren erklärt werden kann. Zur Interpretation von η 2 werden ebenfalls die Konventionen von Cohen (1988) herangezogen, wonach Werte von .01≤ η 2 < .06 ...
... η 2 = .17). Nach Cohen (1988) handelt es sich hierbei um einen starken Ef-fekt. Die transmissiven Überzeugungen der Teilnehmenden entwickeln sich im Programmverlauf signifikant negativ bei mittlerer Effektstärke (F(1, 1) = 8.67, p = .004, ...
Die Integration migrierter Lehrkräfte in den Arbeitsmarkt wird international als herausfordernd beschrieben. Um dieser Herausforderung zu begegnen, wird seit 2017 das Qualifizierungsprogramm Lehrkräfte Plus in Nordrhein-West-falen angeboten, welches u. a. auf die Förderung der professionellen Kompetenz und der sprachlichen Fertigkeiten der Teilnehmenden abzielt. Die Untersuchung basiert auf Daten von 71 Teilnehmenden von Lehrkräfte Plus, die im Verlauf eines Jahres u. a. zu ihrer Selbstwirksamkeit, ihren lerntheoretischen Überzeugungen und ihrem Sprachniveau befragt wurden. Die Analysen zeigen eine Zunahme der Selbstwirksamkeit und des Sprachniveaus, sowie eine Abnahme von transmissi-ven Überzeugungen im Programmverlauf. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutsamkeit solcher Programme für die Arbeitsmarktintegration von international ausgebil-deten Lehrkräften insbesondere in Zeiten, in denen ein hoher Lehrkräftemangel besteht.
... To analyze evidence of validity based on external measures, we performed a convergent validity analysis using Kendall's Tau-b correlation (non-parametric data) between the CHES (Cohesion and Conflict) and Marital Satisfaction factors. The coefficients were interpreted as follows: small correlations (r > ± 0.10) and medium correlations (r = 0.30), according to Cohen (1988). Correlation analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; IBM, version 24). ...
... However, different from what was expected, the Conflict and Cohesion factors were positively correlated. Correlations were weak according to Cohen's (1988) guidelines. ...
Introduction
The present study analyzed evidence of validity and internal consistency of the Brazilian version of the COVID-19 Household Environment Scale (CHES). More specifically, we tested validity evidence for: (1) the content of the Brazilian version, which involved two experts experienced in research with LGB couples; (2) exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency through the composite reliability calculation; and (3) external measures through the correlation between the CHES factors (cohesion and conflict) and marital satisfaction.
Method
For the analysis of internal structure, internal consistency and external validity, a sample of 268 childless lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) spouses, who lived with their partners during the Covid-19 pandemic from all around Brazil, were used. Participants answered an online questionnaire posted on social media.
Results
In the content stage, i-CVI = 1.00 was found for only 27 items, with 3 items excluded for not being suitable for couples without children (i-CVI = 0.0). Exploratory factor analysis pointed to a two-factor solution for CHES (Conflict and Cohesion). Composite reliability was adequate for both factors, so the instrument’s correlations with marital satisfaction provided initial evidence of validity and suggested an association between the variables.
Conclusion
The findings support the psychometric adequacy of the CHES in line with the original version of the instrument, moreover, evidence is expanded of its validity with LGB spouses without children in the Brazilian context (using 27 items).
Policy Implications
The CHES instrument is a useful tool both for marital and family studies with data collected during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and for research and clinical initiatives aimed at evaluating post-pandemic family interventions.
... Based on Cohen (1988), a medium effect size requires 64 participants in each condition when power is estimated as .80; and a small effect requires 393 participants in each condition. ...
In the current study, female participants’ responses to a control threat were measured by an author-generated scale on attitudes toward traditional gender roles for women and Benevolent Sexism Scale (Glick & Fiske, 1996). In a community sample (but not in a student sample), participants whose personal control was threatened were more accepting toward benevolent sexism when compared with those whose control was not threatened. Participants in the control-threat condition also tended to express more traditional gender attitudes for women. In both community and student samples, those with stronger system-justification beliefs also tended to endorse more traditional gender roles and benevolent sexism; they also tended to be less gender-equality oriented, more politically conservative, and more religious. The effects of control threat in the community sample were not mediated by gender-specific system justification or moderated by gender identification. Based on the Compensatory Control Model (CCM; Kay et al., 2009), it is possible that benevolent sexism and traditional gender roles are perceived as a source of compensating control, which is in line with the protective and caring tone implied by benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996; 2001). The results suggest that control threat may lead women to accept the status quo and internalize gender inequality, rather than defending gender egalitarianism.
... Since the observations were nested within each country, we conducted a series of multilevel analyses using PEB as the outcome variable. First, we ran a null model (excluding all predictor variables) with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.088 for PEB, which is higher than the criterion proposed by Cohen (1988) and once again justifies the need for multilevel analysis (e.g., Zheng, 2023b). Second, we included cognitive flexibility as the predictor variable and age, gender, and ESCS as covariates at the individual level. ...
Research has shown that an individual's cognitive flexibility predicts their pro-environmental behavior (PEB). However, the cross-country variations in this relationship are not yet clear. Using an international dataset from PISA 2018, this study examined the relationship between cognitive flexibility and PEB and the role of cultural factors in the above relationship among 368,045 adolescents from 60 societies. The results showed that adolescents' cognitive flexibility positively and significantly predicted their PEB. However, the observed cognitive flexibility-PEB relationship does not operate in a sociocultural vacuum. The study identified individualism and uncertainty avoidance weakened adolescents' cognitive flexibility-PEB association; whereas cultural tightness strengthened this association. Therefore, the findings of this study extend our understanding by illuminating not just the role of individual cognitive processes, such as cognitive flexibility, in shaping adolescents' PEB, but also emphasizing the critical interplay between individual cognitive capabilities and the overarching sociocultural context. The nuanced interdependence between these factors provides rich ground for future research in the realm of cognitive and environmental psychology.
... For the qualitative interpretation of effect size, we follow Cohen's guidelines [11]: r ∈ [0.1, 0.3) indicates a small effect, r ∈ [0.1, 0.5) denotes an intermediate effect, and r ≥ 0.5 represents a large effect. ...
Researchers have proposed numerous tools, methods, and techniques for establishing and maintaining software traceability. Despite its acknowledged importance, researchers argue that traceability is still “a sought-after, yet often elusive quality in software-intensive systems”. We have little evidence regarding how creating, managing, and using traceability links vary depending on factors such as organizational contexts, software development practices, and project types. We conduct an empirical study where software development practitioners express their perception regarding the value of software traceability. Via an online survey, 55 participants provided information related to their current traceability practices and needs. Furthermore, we interviewed 14 practitioners to gain a more in-depth understanding. Our study investigates the effect of two independent variables: the software development paradigm and the type of developed software system. Among the several identified findings, our analysis reveals that, although the traceability costs are an inhibitor for adopting more mature traceability practices, the respondents believe that the expected benefits still outweigh envisioned costs. Traceability is mainly performed manually: not only are automated trace retrieval tools scarce, but their offered automation is not expected to replace human involvement.
... R 2 değerleri oldukça iyi oranda ve birbirine benzer seviyelerdedir. Böylece değerler büyük bir etki büyüklüğü ve iyi uyum gösteren (Cohen, 2013) bir model üretmiştir. Ölçüm modelinin güvenirliği, yapıların iç tutarlılık güvenirliğini değerlendiren Cronbach's Alfa (CA) ve CA'ya göre daha yumuşak bir güvenirlik ölçütü olan bileşik güvenilirlik (CR) değerleri ile test edilmiştir. ...
Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı sanal mağazalarda avatar görünümünün mutluluk, heyecan, güven, empati ve duygusal çekicilik unsurları üzerindeki ve bu unsurların tüketicinin müşteri olma niyeti üzerine etkisini ölçmektir. Ayrıca avatar görünümünün müşteri olma niyeti üzerinde mutluluk duygusunun aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Tasarım/Yöntem: Yazarların oluşturduğu sanal mağaza ve avatarlar katılımcılara izletilmiştir. Kolayda örneklem metodu yardımıyla 214 katılımcıdan toplanan veriler, kısmi en küçük kareler yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada avatar görünümünün mutluluk, heyecan, güven, empati ve duygusal çekicilik üzerinde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca mutluluk ve duygusal çekicilik unsurlarının müşteri olma niyeti üzerinde etkisi ve avatar görünümünün müşteri olma niyeti üzerinde mutluluk duygusunun aracı rolü tespit edilmiştir. Sınırlılıklar: Yazarlar tarafından oluşturulan sanal mağazada katılımcılara mağaza ve avatar deneyimini yaşatmak özellikle zaman açısından önemli bir kısıttır. Bu deneyimin sanal gözlük ile gerçekleştirilememiş olması da araştırmanın bir diğer kısıtıdır. Özgünlük/Değer: Dijital çağın, tüketicilerin ve işletmelerin sanal mağaza ve avatar kullanımındaki artışı beraberinde getireceği düşünülmektedir. Bu durum, sanal mağazalarda yer alan avatarların tüketici duygularına etkisini ve bu duyguların müşteri olma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesini değerli kılmaktadır. Çalışma; sanal mağaza deneyimi, avatar görünümü, tüketici duyguları ve müşteri olma niyeti konularını ele alan kısıtlı sayıdaki çalışmalardandır ve bu konuda pazarlama literatürüne katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.
... 95% CI: -.19 to 1.83) was small (eta squared = .021) as per the guideline for interpreting effect size proposed by Cohen (1988): 01 (small effect), 06 (moderate effect) and .14 (larger effect). ...
The study was intended to investigate the stress coping strategies among College of Education (CoE) students in Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mainefhi. To investigate the students’ stress coping strategies, descriptive research was carried out among a total of 123 student participants who were randomly drawn from the CoE. A self-developed College Students Coping Strategies Scale which entails 15 items has been utilized. The results of the study presented that the students were found to use more positive stress coping strategies than the negative ones. An independent-sample t-test result indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between gender and both positive and negative stress coping strategies. The study is expected to have an impact on broadening the horizon of knowledge and understanding of stress coping strategies practiced by the CoE students. The study will support the college students to identify the positive and negative coping strategies, thereby stick to the healthy ones.
... To determine the magnitude of change between the catching and pulling movements, the effect size Hedge's g was calculated. Effect sizes were categorized as trivial, small, moderate, and large accordingly to the thresholds <0.20, 0.20 -0.49, 0.5 -0.79, and > 0.8 respectively (Cohen, 1988). ...
The purpose was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Hang Power Clean (HPC) and Hang Power Snatch (HPS) with the Hang Clean Pull (HCP) and Hang Snatch Pull (HSP). Additionally, the influence of weightlifting expertise (beginner, advanced and elite) on EMG activity was analyzed. Twenty-seven weightlifters (beginner: n = 11, age: 23.9 ± 3.2 years, bodyweight: 75.7 ± 10.5 kg; advanced: n = 10, age: 24.8 ± 4.5 years, bodyweight: 69.4 ± 13.9 kg; elite: n = 6, age: 25.5 ± 5.2 years, bodyweight: 75.5 ± 12.5 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed two repetitions of HPC, HPS, HCP, and HSP at 50%, 70%, and 90% 1RM, respectively. The EMG activity of vastus lateralis (VL), gluteus maximus (GM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA) and trapezius (TZ) was recorded and normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of each muscle. There were significant differences in RA and ES EMG activity at 70% and 90% 1RM during HPC compared to HCP in the beginner group (p < 0.05, Hedges g = 0.50-1.06). Significant greater ES activity was observed in the beginner, advanced, and elite groups (p < 0.05, g = 0.27-0.98) during the HPS when compared to the HSP at 50-90% 1RM. TZ muscle activity was significantly greater at 50% and 70% 1RM in the HCP compared to the HPC in the elite group (p < 0.05, g = 0.61-1.08), while the beginner group reached significance only at 50% 1RM favoring HPC (p < 0.05, g = 0.38). Moreover, the EMG activity of the TZ during the HSP and HPS was significantly different only at 50% 1RM in the elite group and favored HSP (p < 0.05, g = 0.27). No differences were observed between the levels of weightlifting expertise. Based upon the results of this study, the overall pattern of EMG activity of the predominant muscles involved in HPC/HPS and the corresponding weightlifting pulling derivatives, apart from the stabilizing muscle (RA and ES), is similar at higher intensities (>70% 1RM) and expertise does not influence muscle activity.
... The effect size (ES) for the difference between variables was evaluated using Cohen's d (Cohen, 1998). A value of d < 0.1, 0.1 to 0.20, 0.20 to 0.50, 0.50 to 0.80, and >0.80 was considered trivial or no effect, small, moderate, large, and very large, respectively. ...
This study aimed to record, analyze and quantify professional soccer players' technical (TL) and physical load (PL) in friendly matches to compare their records during the first and second halves and between players with different positions. Eighteen professional soccer players, 24.6 ± 2.7 years, 1.78 ± 0.3 height (m), 74.6 ± 4.5 body mass (kg), 9.8 ± 2.2 body fat (%), and 65.6 ± 2.7 maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max , ml·kg-1 ·min-1) were monitored during six preseason friendly matches to analyze the activity profile using technical and physical variables through inertial measurement unit (IMU). No significant differences were found between the periods for the TL and PL. Significant differences were found between specific positions: Full Back (FB: n = 4), Central Defender (CD: n = 3), Midfielder (MD: n = 4), Winger (WG: n = 4), and Forward (FW: n = 3), both the TL and PL. We conclude that the PL profile based on his playing position is independent of the development of the PL shown during friendly matches. The monitoring, quantifying, and controlling of the TL added to the PL provides a more holistic vision of soccer players in friendly matches. The relative ease IMU application technology offers an alternative with less time-cost and more significant benefits than other types of technologies applied up to now.
... 주관적규범→열망(.084)로 나타났다[26]. 또한 다중공선성 위험을 확인하기 위해 VIF(variance inflation factor)를 확인한 결과, 주어진 모든 내부 VIF수치는 1~4.220으로 다중공선성의 위험은 없는 것으로 나타났다[27].구조모형 분석결과 태도(β태도→열망=.268, ...
... The averages, standard deviations (SD), Cronbach's alpha, and bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated to further assess the relationship between all variables used in this study. Using Cohen's parameters, we were able to determine the magnitude effects of "little" (0.10), "mid" (0.30), and "high" (0.50) correlation effects (Cohen, 2013). The PROCESS macro was used to evaluate the proposed models: the basic mediation model, and the further moderated mediation model (model 4 and model 7). ...
Aim/Purpose: The present study aims to frame the relationship between job and personal resources (namely, organizational identification and emotional intelligence), burnout, and musculoskeletal disorders (i.e., back pain, upper limb pain, lower limb discomfort), into the theoretical framework provided by the JD-R health model. Background: Empirical research indicates a connection between burnout and the onset of musculoskeletal problems, one of the most important occupational health issues affecting all jobs and organizations. In light of the JD-R health model, we investigated the association between personal and job resources with burnout and musculoskeletal disorders. Methodology: An anonymous online questionnaire was answered by 320 workers (82.4% female, Mage = 42.18; SDage = 12.24) investigating their perceived level of burnout, the presence of musculoskeletal pain (back, neck, and shoulder), and their level of organizational identification and emotional intelligence. Descriptive analysis, correlation, and moderated mediation model were performed using SPSS. Contribution: We confirmed the role of personal and organizational resources in the salutogenic process considered by the JD-R health model. Emotional intelligence, decreasing the perceived level of burnout, limited the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, when organizational identification presented low and medium levels, the association between emotional intelligence and burnout strengthened. Findings: Our results showed a negative, indirect effect of emotional intelligence on musculoskeletal disorders via burnout. Moreover, we found a moderation of organizational organization, indicating that at low and medium levels of identification, the association between emotional intelligence and burnout is stronger. Recommendation for Researchers: In addition to work factors involved in the link between burnout and musculoskeletal disorders, it is also important to consider personal and emotional factors, which can decrease the occurrence of adverse consequences. Future Research: Future research developments could contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking emotional intelligence, burnout, and musculoskeletal problems, as well as consider objective indicators of burnout levels or consider using ecological data collection methodologies (e.g., ecological momentary assessment), to identify patterns and associations between burnout and musculoskeletal disorders.
The present study examines the relationships between 12th grade students’ epistemological beliefs toward science and their personal beliefs in plant evolution, animal evolution and human evolution, before biological evolution instruction. Epistemological beliefs toward science, refer to students’ (and other individuals’) beliefs about the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing. Personal beliefs in biological evolution are considered to be personal truths or subjective views in biological evolution. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that there would be a relation between students’ epistemological beliefs toward science and their personal beliefs in biological evolution. Fifty-one (51) 12th grade students participated in the study. Participants’ epistemological beliefs and personal beliefs in biological evolution were assessed separately. A multiple regression analysis tested for relationships between students’ epistemological beliefs and their personal beliefs in biological evolution. Results showed that 12th grade students’ epistemological beliefs predicted their personal beliefs in plant evolution and animal evolution, but not in human evolution. In particular, students who held relatively sophisticated epistemological beliefs about the source of knowledge believed more in plant evolution and animal evolution than students with less sophisticated epistemological beliefs. Educational implications are discussed.
The practices of benefits management are designed to help development initiatives to identify and realize the benefits of a system under development. Although several benefits management frameworks and guidelines exist, practitioners experience challenges in applying the practices. In particular, practitioners experience challenges in that their understanding of what benefits the system should enable and how the benefits should be realized, changes during the course of a development effort. Since such benefits understanding is affected by experiences with the system in use, we conducted a survey to investigate if such changed understanding is affected by whether development is organized in projects (whose organization terminates after main deployment) or as continuous product development (whose organization persists throughout the lifecycle of the system). We find that (1) there is no difference in the occurrence of changes in understanding between the two, but that (2) practitioners in projects think that changed understanding could have been obtained earlier. There is (3) no difference in how one takes advantage of changes in benefits understanding, but (4) practitioners in continuous product development think that the use of changes in benefits understanding is more appropriate than do practitioners in projects. We also look at process models, where we do not find that agile facilitates early changes to understanding. We conclude that continuous product development seems to cater for changed benefits understanding better, but since the way one organizes work will vary depending on a host of factors, specific practices for handling changes to benefits understanding appropriately should be developed that span different ways of organizing work.
The success of a web application is closely linked to its performance, which positively impacts user satisfaction and contributes to energy-saving efforts. Among the various optimization techniques, one specific subject focuses on improving the utilization of web fonts. This study investigates the impact of different font formats on client-side resource consumption, such as CPU, memory, load time, and energy. In a controlled experiment, we evaluate performance metrics using the four font formats: OTF, TTF, WOFF, and WOFF2. The results of the study show that there are significant differences between all pair-wise format comparisons regarding all performance metrics. Overall, WOFF2 performs best, except in terms of memory allocation. Through the study and examination of literature, this research contributes (1) an overview of methodologies to enhance web performance through font utilization, (2) a specific exploration of the four prevalent font formats in an experimental setup, and (3) practical recommendations for scientific professionals and practitioners.
This study investigates factors influencing students’ intention to donate stem cells to leukemia patients. As a theoretical framework, an extended model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used, the TPB+ model. TPB+ model includes motivational internal factors of TPB ( behavioral, normative and control beliefs ), and selected external factors, such as knowledge , moral obligation , moral reasoning , self-identity as a helper , and empathy , which were identified as influencing factors, especially in studies about blood donation.
Based on the theoretical frame, the teaching unit “Wake up – sensitization for stem cell donation” was developed and conducted with 94 10th to 12th graders from German high schools. The research question was: To what extent do the measured constructs of TPB+ change among non-intenders and intenders (students with high or low levels of intention for a stem cell donation) after participation in the “Wake up” teaching unit? The participants completed a questionnaire before and after the teaching unit. The data were analyzed with t-tests. The findings demonstrate that the teaching unit significantly influences some factors (e.g. negative attitude-related beliefs , control beliefs , moral obligation and subject knowledge ), as well as the intention of non-intenders and intenders for stem cell donation.
The changes in market dynamics, customer-to-customer interactions, and the use of artificial intelligence have created a great concern among marketers in understanding customer behaviours such as customer loyalty. Policymakers account for the provision of quality service in terms of subscription numbers. However, little explains the impacts of these dynamics. Drawing up the service quality model, theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and customer loyalty model, the study examined the influence of service quality, technical quality (TQ), functional quality (FQ), and reputational quality (RQ) on customer loyalty (CL). Specifically, the study focuses on moderating gender differences to enhance robustness. Data were collected from 379 respondents and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) with smart PLS (partial least square). The results suggested that customer assessment of reputational quality was vital in m-payment services for both males and females. Female customers depicted a more significant positive relationship than male customers, meaning the former are more loyal than the latter. Technical quality negatively influences attitudinal customer loyalty, while functional quality affects behavioural loyalty. The study contributes towards understanding the role of the dimensions of service quality (dSQ), customer loyalty and gender differences. Theoretically, the foundation of this research adds up to the consideration of the moderation effect of gender and their differential assessment of technical and functional quality as predictors of customer loyalty. Implication to managers is improving marketing strategies, and policymakers provide a more enabling environment for m-payment service .
This chapter documents the investigation of all the participants’ Chinese (L1)-to-English (L2) rhetorical transfer and relevant metacognitive knowledge, primarily based on the quantitative evidence (Phase I). At first, it focuses on the textual analysis of the characteristic Chinese rhetorical features in English written products to investigate the occurrence of Chinese L1-to-English L2 rhetorical transfer. It then examines whether Chinese L1-to-English L2 rhetorical transferring processes are associated with the EFL writer-related factors assumed to affect the English writing performance of the participants (including their English writing proficiency and their perception of English writing difficulty). It is noteworthy that the transferring process reflects the influence of Chinese rhetoric during the composing process of English writing, which might cause the manifestation of textual outcomes in explicit forms or their termination as the presumed thinking inside the EFL writers’ minds. Moreover, this chapter explores the effects of Chinese L1-to-English L2 rhetorical transfer by analyzing the rhetorical evaluation of English writing samples by professional English essay evaluators. Another focus of this chapter is the relationship between Chinese L1-to-English L2 rhetorical transferring processes and relevant metacognitive knowledge; such metacognitive knowledge is concerned with the participants’ awareness of Chinese-English rhetorical differences in their own English writing.
Objective : Previous studies suggested that center of pressure (COP) shifts occur before an expected perturbation in the form of early and anticipatory postural adjustments which operate in a short time scale. However, the effect of such perturbations on pre-existing postural set on a longer time scale remained uncovered. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether rambling and trembling components of the COP trajectories depend on postural task or phase of trial before a self-initiated perturbation.
Materials and Methods : Twenty-four young healthy participants took part in the study. Subjects performed three postural tasks, namely, (i) quiet stance task: 60 seconds quiet stance, (ii) self-paced task: maximal vertical jump from quiet stance under the self-paced time condition, and (iii) reaction-time task: maximal vertical jump from quiet stance under the reaction-time condition. Postural sway features were examined in two phases, the first and last 20 seconds of the trials.
Results : The features of rambling and trembling components of the COP trajectories were affected by postural task or phase of trial. The ellipse area of the COP and rambling trajectories were significantly different among postural tasks. The median frequency was significantly different between the phases of trials for the COP and rambling trajectories.
Conclusion : This study indicated task-specific changes in postural sway features. Rambling and trembling trajectories, which would reflect two underlying human postural control mechanisms as maintaining the body's equilibrium with respect to a moving reference point and oscillating around the moving reference point respectively, were affected differently before a whole-body maximum-effort self-initiated perturbation.
This study examined a conceptual model encompassing perceived innovativeness, perceived values, attitude, and customer value co-creation behavior in the context of dessert cafés. An online survey was conducted with customers of dessert café chains based in Malaysia. The results indicated that menu innovativeness had the highest contribution to perceived innovativeness, followed by experiential innovativeness. The study found that perceived innovativeness improved the value of money, evoked positive emotions, and enhanced social image. In highly innovative dessert cafés, positive emotions led to a positive attitude and, in turn, increased willingness to co-create value. This study provides valuable insights for dessert café businesses by emphasizing the need to foster innovation and create emotionally satisfying experiences to enhance customer engagement in co-creation activities.
The purpose of the study was to determine if students' attitude towards online teaching and learning (T&L) mediate the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to adopt only T&L in South Africa. The institutions of higher learning were forced to adopt the online teaching model in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic regulations that inhibited people from moving around, including visitation to their workplace. Students were also not allowed to visit their campuses, but had to stay and learn online, at home. To achieve the objectives of the study, a quantitative survey was adopted, and data was collected from 112 students registered with a distance learning institution in South Africa. The results of the study show students' attitude mediates the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and their intention to adopt online T&L.
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics recommends using effective teaching methods to develop geometric thinking. Among the constructivist approach models, the 5E model has come to the fore in the active participation of the learner and the creation of their own knowledge. In constructivist models, it is recommended to use information and communication technologies together. The number of studies using the technology-supported 5E model in mathematics teaching is limited. In this article, the effect of activities suitable for the 5E model supported by Cabri 3D geometry software on geometry success has been examined. Student views on Cabri 3D activities were presented. The study was built on the quasi-experimental method. Activities suitable for the Cabri 3D and 5E model were applied to the experimental group students. The control group students conducted their lessons with textbook activities. Academic Achievement Test was applied to the study group students. After the application, the experimental group was interviewed. SPSS and descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data. As a result of this study, it can be said that teaching with the Cabri 3D supported 5E model increases the geometry success of the students and most of the students have positive opinions about Cabri 3D.
Objectives
Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) seem to be a popular way to develop pre-adolescents’ regulation abilities, psychological health, and life satisfaction, especially in difficult times. However, research into the effects of MBPs and factors influencing their effectiveness is still scarce and mixed. In the interest of understanding how MBPs can effectively be used to enhance pre-adolescents’ regulation abilities, psychological health, and life satisfaction, this study aimed (a) to analyze and compare the effects of two 16-week-MBPs with different implementation dosages and (b) to evaluate the moderating role of participants characteristics on MBP effects.
Method
During the COVID pandemic, we conducted this quasi-experimental study, in which we compared three groups of Portuguese sixth graders ( n = 105): daily MBP group (one long plus four short lessons per week), weekly MBP group (one long lesson per week), and a control group receiving socioemotional instruction. In particular, we examined MBP effects on attentional control, emotion regulation, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. Also, we evaluated the moderating role of participants’ gender, age, socioeconomic status, and baseline status on these effects.
Results
In comparison to the other groups, the daily MBP showed lower expressive suppression and stress symptoms as well as higher life satisfaction. Moreover, both MBP groups reported greater cognitive reappraisal than the control group. While the effects of MBPs on emotion regulation were found to be moderated by gender, age, and baseline expressive suppression, no additional moderating effects were observed.
Conclusions
These findings support the perspective that MBPs can serve as a broad preventive strategy, effectively promoting pre-adolescents’ psychological health and life satisfaction during challenging times.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
Precise protein supplementation strategies for muscle improvement are still lacking. The timing or type of protein supplementation has been debated as a window of opportunity to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with protein supplements and resistance training. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until May 1, 2023. We included 116 eligible trials with 4,711 participants that reported on 11 timing and 14 types of protein supplementation. Compared with placebo, protein supplementation after exercise (mean difference [MD]: 0.54 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.99] for fat-free mass, MD: 0.34 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.58] for skeletal muscle mass) and at night (MD: 2.85 kg [0.49, 5.22] for handgrip strength, MD: 12.12 kg [3.26, 20.99] for leg press strength) was most effective in improving muscle mass and strength, respectively (moderate certainty). Milk proteins (milk, whey protein, yogurt, casein, and bovine colostrum), red meat, and mixed protein were effective for gains in both muscle mass and strength (moderate certainty). No timing or type of protein showed a significant enhancement in physical performance (timed up-to-go test, 6-min walk test, and gait speed). Pre/postexercise and Night are key recommended times of protein intake to increase muscle mass and strength, respectively. Milk proteins are the preferred types of protein supplements for improving muscle mass and strength. Future randomized controlled trials that directly compare the effects of protein timing or types are needed. This trial was registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as CRD42022358766.
It is not known if resistance training reduces pre-frailty in community-dwelling middle-aged adults (50–65 years). This proof-of-concept study aimed to determine the feasibility (participant recruitment, intervention fidelity, acceptability, and burden) of a novel, preventative intervention for pre-frailty in this frequently overlooked age group. Sixteen pre-frail adults (mean age 57.9 SD = 4.1, 88% female) were randomly allocated into intervention (n = 7) and control (n = 9) groups. Both groups were similar at baseline. Intervention participants completed a six-week, home-based, progressively overloaded, resistance training program. Control participants followed their usual routine. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated via an exit survey. Preliminary effectiveness was explored through between- and within- group pre-post changes in Fried Frailty score, Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale, six-minute walk test, and hand grip strength. The level of significance for the study was p < 0.05. The intervention had high self-reported adherence rates and perceived ease of incorporation into daily routines. Compared to the control, the intervention produced significantly greater improvements in pre-frailty status (p = .046) and hand grip strength (p = .004). Home-based resistance training appears to be feasible, acceptable, and potentially effective in decreasing pre-frailty status and improving physical function in middle aged community dwelling adults.
Sports injuries are ubiquitous and can have far-reaching consequences for athletes (e.g., health, performance). Previous studies have examined various psychosocial influencing factors (e.g., stress), but have mostly focused on only one or two injury characteristics (e.g., frequency), neglecting the broader injury pattern. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain a more differentiated picture of potentially different injury patterns and related profiles of psychosocial factors. We investigated a sample of 213 athletes from a cross-sectional online study. Current injury status, frequency, severity, chronicity, medical treatment, and rehabilitation measures were subjected to cluster analysis indicating a 3-cluster solution with predominantly chronically injured athletes (n = 54), athletes not seeking treatment (n = 62), and athletes utilizing medical treatment and rehabilitation (n = 97). Building on the Model of Stress and Athletic Injury, we subsequently conducted three multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) to examine whether the obtained clusters differed in terms of personality factors (e.g., athletic identity), history of stressors (e.g., life events), and coping resources (e.g., self-compassion). We observed significant differences in all three categories of psychosocial variables implying different intervention possibilities for different injury patterns in the future.
Calf injuries are common in professional football; thus, the establishment of reliable and time-efficient methods of measuring the peak force capabilities of the plantar flexors with equipment that is accessible to football practitioners is valuable. In this study, we determined the preliminary reliability and feasibility of a new test, termed the kneeling isometric plantar flexion test (KIPFT), for footballers. Twenty-one male youth footballers (age = 17.8 ± 1.1 years, height = 182 ± 5 cm, weight = 77.6 ± 5.9 kg) from English League One football clubs completed three trials of the KIPFT on a wireless force plate at the end (2022–2023) and start (2023–2024) of the season. The within-session reliability of the peak force (relative to body weight) was good–excellent for both limbs and both occasions. On average, performance of the KIPFT took just over 1 min per limb and ~2 min to set up. The peak force values were larger for the non-dominant limbs only at the start versus the end of the season, but there were no between-limb differences. From these results, it was determined that (1) the KIPFT is feasible, (2) a minimum of 32 footballers would be required to establish its between-session reliability with ≥80% statistical power and (3) large-cohort normative data for the KIPFT may be best collected at the start of the football season.
This chapter starts with a brief discussion of the global efforts at improving the quality of life sustainably. Most specifically United Nations Organization's Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals are discussed. The importance of Micro, Small and Medium size (MSMEs) in achieving these goals is discussed. In particular the authors report on findings of a research in which they sought to establish the effect of Research and Development (R&D) on growth of Micro Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA), Uganda. Quantitative research methods were adopted. Descriptive, correlational, survey and cross-sectional research designs were used on a sample of 226 MSMEs where data was collected using a survey research questionnaire. Findings revealed that 18.7% of the growth of MSMEs was accounted for by research and development practices in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. This study recommends that MSMEs and government should embrace R&D policies and frameworks; invest heavily in promotion of R&D practices: and that finances and grants should be adequately allocated to micro small and medium enterprises as a way of supporting them to survive and grow in terms of capital, profits, size, sales and employees.
Purpose: Cancer survivors can experience symptoms such as fatigue, pain and distress that persist for many months following treatment. These enduring symptoms often impact on participation in self-care activities, returning to school and/or work, and leisure and social activities. Self-management support is increasingly recognised as a core aspect of cancer survivorship care to reduce the impact of persistent symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a group-based self-management intervention, OptiMal, to improve the physical and psychological health of cancer survivors. OptiMal is a six-week intervention comprising weekly sessions on fatigue, stress and physical activity, diet and effective communication strategies. Methods: A feasibility randomised control trial was undertaken. Individuals up to two years after cancer treatment were randomised to OptiMal or usual care. Feasibility was examined through recruitment and retention metrics. Potential effectiveness was tested through patient-reported outcomes collected at baseline and three months post-intervention. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse study data. Results: Recruitment for this study was 32.5% (80/246 eligible individuals) with 77.5% retention at three-month follow-up (82.5% for intervention group and 72.5% for control group). Of those who attended the intervention, 19 (73%) attended all OptiMal sessions, indicating high adherence to the intervention. The majority of participants had breast cancer and were between 12 and 24 months post-treatment. The intervention group (n = 29) had statistically significant greater improvements in anxiety (p = 0.04) and health-related quality of life (health index score: p = 0.023, visual analogue score: p = 0.035) at three months post-intervention than the control group. Conclusions: Recruitment and retention in this study was similar to other cancer trials and the high adherence rate indicates that OptiMal is an acceptable self-management intervention for cancer survivors and warrants further investigation. OptiMal is intended to address symptoms reported across different cancer types. However, a limitation of this study was that the majority of participants had breast cancer, and therefore, generalisability of findings cannot be assumed for other cancer types. Future studies of OptiMal therefore need to use different strategies to recruit survivors of other cancer types.
Generativity is the desire to pass something on to the coming generations. Through parents’ and children’s reports on authoritative parenting, parents’ generativity is associated with how similar young adults think their attitudes are to those of their parent (Peterson et al., 1997; https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1202). The present study represents a direct replication of these results. Altogether, a sample of 365 German parent–child dyads participated in the study (parents’ age: M = 52.87, SD = 4.89; children’s age: M = 20.81, SD = 2.26). Parents provided information on their generativity (Loyola Generativity Scale) and parenting styles (Parental Authority Questionnaire). Their child provided information on perceived parenting styles (Parental Authority Questionnaire) and attitudinal similarity to the parent (Psychological Separation Inventory). A serial mediation was found for authoritative parenting. It was not found, however, for authoritarian and permissive parenting. This pattern replicates Peterson et al.’s (1997) results. Potential questions for future research on how generative adults transmit their values and attitudes are discussed.
Purpose
Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) improves maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and several researchers have reported improvements to voluntary cough airflow in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the link between the change in MEP and cough and whether patient-specific factors impact the training response is not well understood. Therefore, study aims were to examine (a) the relationship between MEP and cough pre- and post-EMST, (b) the associations between the change in MEP and change in cough, and (c) if patient-specific factors predict the change MEP.
Method
This is a secondary analysis of data from 30 people with PD who completed MEP and voluntary and reflex cough testing via spirometry pre– and post–5 weeks of EMST. Pearson's r correlations were used for Aims 1 and 2. Multivariable linear regression was used for Aim 3.
Results
Pre-EMST correlations between MEP and cough as well as correlations between the change in MEP and change in cough were nonsignificant. Post-EMST, MEP was correlated with voluntary cough expired volume (CEV, r = .58 , p < .001), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR, r = .56 , p = .001), and cough volume acceleration ( r = .47 , p = .009 ) , as well as reflex CEV ( r = .5, p = .005). Patient-specific factors did not predict the change in MEP.
Conclusions
This study showed that there was a larger correlation between expiratory muscle strength and cough airflow post-EMST than pre-EMST for voluntary and reflex cough in PD; however, the correlation between the change was small. Future research is needed to identify additional physiologic changes that are impacting cough airflow after EMST.
Supplemental Material
https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24602565
The use of the Internet has several positive functions, but at the same time it also represents a health risk, especially for adolescents. The increased use of the Internet in recent decades has also been linked to an increase in problematic Internet use, which has now become a global social issue. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet use increased even more and influenced adolescents’ habits, leading to an increase in sedentary behaviors. The aim of this study was to understand whether Internet addiction differed between sportive and nonsportive adolescents and between males and females. We analyzed two samples of adolescents, with different behaviors regarding sports practice. Internet addiction was assessed by the administration of a validated questionnaire (UADI) via an online survey. Although all the mean values of both the subgroups fell into the “non-pathological” category, differences between sports groups and sexes were found, with different trends for each one of the five dimensions of Internet use. In conclusion, sportive adolescents generally showed less severe Internet addiction; therefore, encouraging sports practice can help to fight wrong habits related to a sedentary lifestyle. The promotion of sports practice in these ages is therefore a priority aspect, especially in females, who showed a general predisposition to escape from reality in comparison to males.
Kafein, önemli bir tarımsal ürün olan çayın en önemli bileşenidir. Kafein yaygın kullanımı nedeniyle büyük ticari değer taşımaktadır. Sinir sistemi üzerine uyarıcı etkiye sahip olan kafein, aşırı tüketildiğinde istenmeyen etkilere neden olabilmektedir. Türkiye, Dünya çay üretiminde altıncı sıradadır fakat yıllık kişi başına çay tüketiminde birinci sırada yer almaktadır. Kafeinin ekonomik önemi ve ülkemizdeki çay tüketiminin fazla olması nedeniyle çayın kafein içeriğinin kesin olarak bilinmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada çayın kafein içeriği farklı demleme ve analiz şartları uygulanarak, UV-Vis spektrofotometre cihazı ile belirlenmiştir. Çay demleri hazırlanırken demlikte çay demleme yöntemi dikkate alınarak durgun şartlarda çalışılmış, üç farklı sıcaklıkta farklı demleme süresi, çay/su ve dem/kloroform oranı için yüzde kafein içerikleri bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmaya göre, çayda analiz edilen kafein değerleri demleme sıcaklığına çok bağlıdır. Düşük sıcaklıklarda kafeinin deme çekilmesi için uzun süre gerekmekte, yüksek sıcaklıkta çay/su oranı artışı kafein değerini etkilemektedir. Kloroform üç farklı sıcaklık için yüksek hacimli demlerden bile kafeini ekstrakte edebilmektedir. Düşük LOD (0.338 mg/L) ve LOQ (1.025 mg/L) değerleri ile bu yöntem kafeinsiz kahve ya da çay ve bitki çayları için de uygundur.
Spatial acuity is a fundamental property of any sensory system. In the case of the somatosensory system, the two-point discrimination (2PD) test has long been used to investigate tactile spatial resolution. However, the somatosensory system comprises three main mechanoreceptive channels: the slowly adapting channel (SA) responds to steady pressure, the rapidly adapting channel (RA) responds to low-frequency vibration, and the Pacinian channel (PC) responds to high-frequency vibration. The use of mechanical stimuli in the classical 2PD test means that previous studies on tactile acuity have primarily focussed on the pressure-sensitive channel alone, while neglecting other submodalities. Here, we used a novel ultrasound stimulation to systematically investigate the spatial resolution of the two main vibrotactile channels. Contrary to the textbook view of poor spatial resolution for PC-like stimuli, across four experiments we found that high-frequency vibration produced surprisingly good spatial acuity. This effect remained after controlling for interchannel differences in stimulus detectability and perceived intensity. Laser doppler vibrometry experiments confirmed that the acuity of the PC channel was not simply an artifact of the skin’s resonance to high-frequency mechanical stimulation. Thus, PC receptors may transmit substantial spatial information, despite their sparse distribution, deep location, and large receptive fields.
The motor imagery ability is closely related to an individual’s motor performance in sports. However, whether motor imagery ability is diminished in athletes with yips, in whom motor performance is impaired, is unclear. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether general motor imagery ability or vividness of motor imagery specific to throwing motion is impaired in baseball players with throwing yips. The study enrolled 114 college baseball players. They were classified into three groups: 33 players in the yips group, 26 in the recovered group (previously had yips symptoms but had resolved them), and 55 in the control group. They answered the revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire (VMIQ-2), which assesses general motor imagery ability. Furthermore, they completed a questionnaire that assesses both positive and negative motor imagery vividness specific to baseball throwing. In the former, they responded to their ability to vividly imagine accurately throwing a controlled ball, whereas in the latter, they responded to the vividness of their experience of negative motor imagery associated with baseball throwing, specifically the image of a wild throw. No significant difference in the VMIQ-2 was found among the three groups. While no significant difference in the vividness of positive motor imagery for ball throwing was found in either first-person visual or kinesthetic perspectives among the three groups, the yips group exhibited significantly higher vividness of negative motor imagery than the control group in both perspectives. These results indicate that negative motor imagery specific to baseball throwing may be associated with symptoms of yips. Therefore, interventions addressing psychological aspects, such as anxiety, which are potential causes of the generation of negative motor imagery, may be necessary to alleviate the symptoms of yips.
Background
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions for improving children’s physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. It also aimed to identify intervention characteristics that resulted in the greatest impact.
Methods
Four databases: Education Research Complete, Scopus, Web of Science and PsychINFO were searched from database inception to January 2023. Eligible studies: (1) included children 0–12 years; (2) assessed the effect of physical activity outcomes on children’s physical activity knowledge, attitudes or behaviour and (3) were randomised controlled trials conducted in any setting. Study risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Intervention approaches were categorised, and effect sizes were compared across studies for each outcome.
Results
Twelve studies were included in the review: ten in school age and two in below five years. For behavioural outcomes, six of eight studies showed medium to large effects (effects size (ES) range: 0.3–0.9), two of the three studies that assessed attitudinal outcomes displayed medium effects (ES range: 0.4–0.5) and both studies that assessed knowledge outcomes displayed medium to large effects (ES range: 0.4–1.3). The two experiential learning interventions among children < 5 years demonstrated small to medium effects on behaviour change (ES range: 0.2–0.5). Effective interventions combined enjoyable practical activities (fitness activities, games and challenges), with behaviour change techniques (goal setting, and self-monitoring), were underpinned by a behaviour change theory, and were often of short duration (< 4 months) but intense (several sessions/week). Moderate to high statistical heterogeneity was observed for behaviour outcomes and risk of bias across studies was generally high.
Conclusions
This review provides some evidence supporting the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions in improving physical activity outcomes in school-aged children. Additional evidence is needed in children <5 years old. Future experiential learning interventions need to strengthen the evidence with rigorous methodological quality and clear reporting of the experiential learning components.
Referendums allow people to participate in political decision-making. However, they also come with the challenge of presenting complex issues to the electorate in a concise and comprehensible way. In order to simplify the decision-making process, referendum questions are often tailored to yes/no response options. In comparison, the UK European Union membership referendum of 2016, in contrast to the 1975 referendum on the same issue, discarded this option, and a verbal and conceptually more complex alternative response option was brought into play (remain vs. leave). This potentially relevant change in the voting tradition justifies a linguistic consideration of the suitability of the choice of verbs. Verbal response options such as stay, remain and leave might activate different framing effects due to their underlying etymology. Our goal was therefore to examine whether the choice of verbs can have a biasing effect, which might be the case due to their frame-inherent structure. This investigation attempts, through both a linguistic analysis and an experimental analysis using a version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), to bridge the research gap between the awareness that there are linguistic factors that can influence decision-making processes and the lack of inclusion of framing effects. Overall, the data of two IAT studies (n = 185 and n = 355) suggest that the exact wording of dichotomic response options has the potential to influence response choice based on evaluative associations of the verbs. Specifically, when compared to leave, we found relatively more positive evaluation for stay than for remain. Furthermore - independent of the Brexit referendum - our study raises the question whether verbs are at all suitable to replace yes/no response options due to inherent framing effects. This linguistic aspect requires more attention in the design of response options in future referendums.
This paper analyzes the findings of a preliminary, controlled efficacy study conducted by the National Philosophical Counseling Association of a prominent modality of philosophical counseling, Logic-Based Therapy (LBT). In this study, the latter modality was compared to a mindfulness activity. The study included 20 caretakers randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The hypothesis investigated was that a one-hour LBT session is more effective in reducing the level of (state or trait) anxiety and/or depression in family caregivers than a one-hour mindfulness session. Utilizing data compiled from study participants’ responses to the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2), two-way mixed ANOVA tests on three variables (state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression (BDI-2) scores) were performed as well as paired analyses yielding the preliminary conclusion (pending a more extensive study) that LBT shows promise as an effective intervention for reducing state anxiety as compared to the control condition, the mindfulness activity.
Psychological researchers may be interested in demonstrating that sets of scores are equivalent, as opposed to different. If this is true, use of equivalence analyses (equivalence and non-inferiority testing) are appropriate. However, the use of such tests has been found to be inconsistent and incorrect in other research fields (Lange and Freitag 2005). This study aimed to review the use of equivalence analyses in the psychological literature to identify issues in the selection, application, and execution of these tests. To achieve this a systematic search through several databases was conducted to identify psychological research from 1999 to the 2020 that utilized equivalence analyses. Test selection, choice of equivalence margin, equivalence margin justification and motivation, and data assessment practices for 122 studies were examined. The findings indicate wide variability in the reporting of equivalence analyses. Results suggest there is a lack of agreement amongst researchers as to what constitutes a meaningless difference. Additionally, explications of this meaninglessness (i.e., justifications of equivalence margins) are often vague, inconsistent, or inappropriate. This scoping review indicates that the proficiency of use of these statistical approaches is low in psychology. Authors should be motivated to explicate all aspects of their selected equivalence analysis and demonstrate careful consideration has been afforded to the equivalence margin specification with a clear justification. Additionally, there is also a burden of responsibility on journals and reviewers to identify sub-par reporting habits and request refinement in the communication of statistical protocols in peer-reviewed research.
The aim of this study was to examine which topic- and learning-related knowledge and motivational beliefs predict the use of specific deep-level learning strategies during an independent learning task. Participants included 335 Estonian fourth- and sixth-grade students who were asked to read about light processes and seasonal changes. The study was completed electronically. Topic-related knowledge was assessed via an open question about seasonal changes, and learning-related knowledge was assessed via scenario-based tasks. Expectancies, interest, and utility values related to learning astronomy and using deep-level learning strategies were assessed via questions based on the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory. Deep-level learning strategies (using drawings in addition to reading and self-testing) were assessed while completing the reading task. Among topic-related variables, prior knowledge and utility value—but not interest or expectancy in learning astronomy—were related to using deep-level learning strategies. Among learning-related variables, interest and utility value of effective learning—but not metacognitive knowledge of learning strategies or expectancy in using deep-level learning strategies—were related to using deep-level learning strategies. This study confirms that it is not enough to examine students’ knowledge and skills in using learning strategies with general or hypothetical questions, instead, it is of crucial importance to study students in real learning situations.
Mental Rotation ability is a key skill for success in many careers. Thus, accurate measurement of this ability is important. Three-dimensional holographic displays can help students process mental rotation stimuli easier and demonstrate their real performances without the limitations of two-dimensional representations. There are few studies measuring mental rotation ability in Mixed Reality environments. In this study, we transferred a mental rotation test, Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT:R), into Mixed Reality. We compared the 2-D and 3-D versions of the test in terms of mental rotation performance and cognitive load with 47 participants. While the accuracy of 2-D and 3-D PSVT:R did not differ significantly, the 3-D test induced a lower cognitive load than the 2-D version. Gender difference was observed in the 2-D test but not in the 3-D test. 3-D PSVT:R is an authentic and reliable tool for measuring spatial ability. Moreover, it can be used for training purposes.
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