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Heilmann-Clausen 2003: Wood-inhabiting Fungi in Danish Deciduous Forests - Diversity, Habitat Preferences and Conservation
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... This ranges from arboreal, hollow-dwelling mammals and birds through to more cryptic fungi, lichens, bryophytes and invertebrates (e.g. Virkkala et al. 1994;Hanula et al. 2000;Ranius and Jansson 2000;Andersen and Ryvarden 2001;Nordén and Paltto 2001;Nilsson et al. 2002;Zack et al. 2002;Heilmann-Clausen 2003;Penttilä et al. 2004). Many Australia studies also highlight the importance of mature trees as habitat for arboreal mammals and birds (e.g. ...
... Mackowski 1987;Lindenmayer et al. 1993;Abbott 1998;Whitford and Williams 2001;, but little is known about their importance as habitat for more cryptic organisms such as wood-decay fungi and saproxylic (dead-wood dependent) invertebrates (Speight 1989). These organisms are of particular interest not only Wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles associated with living Eucalyptus obliqua trees: early results from studies at the Warra LTER Site, Tasmania in their own right, but also because they may be crucial to the creation of habitat for other organisms and for nutrient and carbon cycling (Swift 1977;Hanula 1996;Heilmann-Clausen 2003). ...
The succession and diversity of wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles in living trees in Australia are poorly known but are significant factors associated with the formation of habitat features such as decayed wood and tree hollows. This paper reports on work in progress investigating the communities of wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles associated with living Eucalyptus obliqua trees of different ages at Warra, Tasmania. Decay columns and their associated fungi and beetles were examined in six trees in each of three age classes: 69 years, 105 years and greater than 150 years. Preliminary results show that the amount of decay, and species richness of fungi and beetles, were all much greater in mature trees (> 150 years old) compared with trees in the younger age classes. The ecological importance for fungi and beetles of tree features such as hollows and large dead branches is discussed. The results of this study will provide information which can contribute to assessing the importance of mature living trees for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in Tasmanian wet E. obliqua forests.
... This ranges from arboreal, hollow-dwelling mammals and birds through to more cryptic fungi, lichens, bryophytes and invertebrates (e.g. Virkkala et al. 1994;Hanula et al. 2000;Ranius and Jansson 2000;Andersen and Ryvarden 2001;Nordén and Paltto 2001;Nilsson et al. 2002;Zack et al. 2002;Heilmann-Clausen 2003;Penttilä et al. 2004). Many Australia studies also highlight the importance of mature trees as habitat for arboreal mammals and birds (e.g. ...
... Mackowski 1987;Lindenmayer et al. 1993;Abbott 1998;Whitford and Williams 2001;, but little is known about their importance as habitat for more cryptic organisms such as wood-decay fungi and saproxylic (dead-wood dependent) invertebrates (Speight 1989). These organisms are of particular interest not only Wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles associated with living Eucalyptus obliqua trees: early results from studies at the Warra LTER Site, Tasmania in their own right, but also because they may be crucial to the creation of habitat for other organisms and for nutrient and carbon cycling (Swift 1977;Hanula 1996;Heilmann-Clausen 2003). ...
The succession and diversity of wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles in living trees in Australia are poorly known but are significant factors associated with the formation of habitat features such as decayed wood and tree hollows. This paper reports on work in progress investigating the communities of wood-decay fungi and saproxylic beetles associated with living Eucalyptus obliqua trees of different ages at Warra, Tasmania. Decay columns and their associated fungi and beetles were examined in six trees in each of three age classes: 69 years, 105 years and greater than 150 years. Preliminary results show that the amount of decay, and species richness of fungi and beetles, were all much greater in mature trees (> 150 years old) compared with trees in the younger age classes. The ecological importance for fungi and beetles of tree features such as hollows and large dead branches is discussed. The results of this study will provide information which can contribute to assessing the importance of mature living trees for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in Tasmanian wet E. obliqua forests.
... The dashed lines Indicate different ratios between estimated species numbers and database hits. The search was carried out on 22nd September 2006 (Updated from Heilmann-Clausen, 2003). ...
... A way forward is, therefore, to focus on particular species or species groups, commonly termed focal species (Caro and O'Doherty, 1999). Focal species definitions and terminology are confusing and widely different classification systems have been suggested (Heilmann-Clausen, 2003). Often the terms indicator species, surrogate species, umbrella species and focal species are used interchangeably which does not improve clarity. ...
Conservation of fungi faces the challenge of high species diversity, limited knowledge and a general lack of public awareness. In practical conservation the high species diversity makes it necessary to focus on a limited number of indicator species. Indicator species schemes are burdened by shortcomings: some are experience based and flimsy in their definition of indicator goals, whereas others are scientific in their approach, but with disputable results or an irrelevant indicator goal. The IUCN criteria for red-listing organisms are not specifically designed for fungi, and red-listing fungi, that is calculating the risk of their extinction, is complicated by a limited knowledge on population sizes, lifespan and spatial dynamics in fungi. In this chapter both approaches are discussed from an overall perspective, and with respect to two groups of saprotrophic basidiomycetes which are decreasing in Europe—grassland and wood-inhabiting fungi.
... Fungi are considered important factors in plantation forest ecosystems (Butler et al., 2002;Heilmann-Clausen, 2003;Lindahl et al., 2007). Mycorrhizal fungi are required for the survival and growth of forest trees (Smith and Read, 1997). ...
In Ethiopia, plantation forestry is dominated by Eucalyptus tree species. However, there is a very limited knowledge on the associated flora, specifically any study focused on fungal flora is lacking. In this study, we investigated the fungal species diversity, composition and sporocarp production in relation to plantation age of Eucalyptus grandis stands in Southern Ethiopia. For this purpose, we surveyed nine plots (100 m 2) established in ten-, nineteen-, and thirty-seven years old E. grandis stands. We found a total of 29 fungal taxa belonging to Basidiomycota, with the exception of Xylaria hypoxylon which is Ascomycota. All the taxa collected were sa-prophytic and one third of them were classified as edible. Taxa richness, species composition, the Shannon diversity values, and sporocarp yield were positively correlated with plantation age. The PERMANOVA showed that the stands are significantly different (P < 0.05) in terms of their fungal species composition. An analysis of similarity percentage (SIMPER) also identified influential fungal taxa such as Lepiota aff. cristata and Marasmius sp. that best differentiated between paired stands. This preliminary study extends our knowledge of fungal community structure in plantation forests and provides a starting place in broadening Eucalyptus stands management objectives for Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the country, mainly of mushrooms that could provide complementary incomes for the rural people.
... There is increasing evidence that the mortality cause of dead wood is significant for the occurrence of several fungi, as well as insect species (Heilmann-Clausen 2003). Based on the experience from more than 4000 logs in a Scandinavian study , the mortality types listed in table 4 and illustrated in Fig. 8 have proven to be a robust classification system. ...
... suitable resource for species with special requirements is created, the chance of establishment is decreased because non-selective species are likely to arrive first or with such a majority of propagules, that the selective species is out-competed (Gourbiere and Gourbiere, 2002). Along a gradient of old to recent forest reserves in Denmark the species composition of early decay agents did differ according to this hypothesis (Heilmann-Clausen, 2004). Thus, heart-rot agents were much more frequent on beech logs in old forest reserves, compared to recent reserves while early secondary invaders showed the opposite pattern (Figure 3). ...
Distribution patterns of fungi and other organisms are influenced by several factors over various scales in time and space. With their microscopic, often wind-dispersed spores, fungi are potentially able to disperse between continents, and many wood-inhabiting fungi with broad host ranges have been thought to have more or less global distribution patterns. With increased insight in fungal taxonomy outside Europe, and the use of molecular methods and mating experiments, it is becoming increasingly clear that many species, previously thought to have a wide distribution, actually circumscribe several biological taxa, each with a much more restricted distribution. Thus, continental drift, glaciations and other long-term geological and geographical factors have more impact on the current distribution patterns of fungi than believed earlier. At the continental scale, climate and host tree distribution patterns are important factors influencing the distribution of wood-inhabiting species, and climate change is likely to affect the distribution patterns of wood-inhabiting fungi considerably in the coming centuries. In the short time, man has had a strong impact on the abundance and distribution of dead wood habitat types, and this has clearly affected current distribution and frequency of many species. Most importantly, species strictly associated with large decaying logs have decreased in many parts of Europe, while common species associated with coniferous wood have expanded in many regions, due to widespread planting of coniferous trees, where such species are naturally absent or infrequent.
Easy-to-measure stand-scaled environmental drivers best explaining macrofungal diversity in temperate forests of Őrség National Park (West Hungary) were sought. Drivers of species richness were separately revealed for guilds and taxa of wood-inhabiting, terricolous saprotrophic, and EcM fungi (main functional groups) applying linear regression models. Species compositional drivers were represented by non-metric multidimensional scaling and redundancy analyses. Substrate preferences of wood-inhabiting fungi were identified completing FISHER's exact tests and indicator species analyses. Linear point process models were fitted to compare the spatial patterns of soil fungal sporocarps with that of tree individuals. Tree proportions principally drove wood-inhabiting, microclimatic factors formed terricolous saprotrophic, and soil properties shaped EcM fungal species richness. Wood-inhabiting fungal guilds differed in drivers of species richness. These results were statistically stronger and easier to interpret than those revealed for taxa, due to the concordant species response of guilds made up of functionally similar species. Knowing the drivers of guilds made it easier to interpret the drivers of main functional groups and shed light on their drivers of probable indirect effects. Tree proportions primarily formed the species composition of all main functional groups, however, secondarily, substrate characteristics were important for wood decomposers, microclimatic factors for soil saprotrophs, and landscape variables for EcM fungi. Depending on ordination methods, the EcM community responded differently suggesting that their true drivers probably remained unexplored by the exclusive use of stand structural variables. Neither main functional group had clear responses to landscape or management history. Most of the frequent wood-inhabiting species preferred rather freshly exposed, fallen beech or oak twigs as primary nutrient sources. Well-decayed coarse (D > 20 cm) woody debris was mainly represented by stumps, thus late stage fungi following such substrate were associated with them. Most wood saprotrophs were selective for a certain substrate. Sporocarp patterns of soil fungi frequently overlapped with the spatial distributions of tree individuals, however, these relationships were often dubious. In spite of that, I separated host-selective EcM fungal species from those with no clear host preference. Sporocarp surveys combined with DNA sequence-based sampling methods should be applied to reveal the life strategies and function of fungal species in order to define community components based on them. Exploring the environmental requirements of these guilds could enhance understanding the roles of fungal communities in nature.
Aim
Knowledge concerning species distribution is important for biodiversity conservation and environmental management. Fungi form a large and diverse group of species and play a key role in nutrient cycling and carbon storage. However, our understanding of fungal diversity and distribution remains limited, particularly at large spatial scales. Here, we predicted the diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic macrofungi at relatively fine spatial resolution at a continental scale and examined the importance of variables that affect the distribution of these two functional groups.
Location
Europe.
Time period
1990–2018.
Major taxa studied
Macrofungi.
Methods
From observations of 1,845 macrofungal species, we predicted the diversity and distribution of two functional groups of macrofungi at a resolution of 5 km across eight European countries based on 25 environmental variables using the MaxEnt model. We determined the importance of variables that affect the distribution of these two functional groups of macrofungi using the built-in jackknife test in the model.
Results
Analysis of the modelling results showed that eastern Denmark and southern Sweden are biodiversity hotspots for both functional groups of macrofungal species. Tree species and human disturbance (i.e., the human footprint index) were found to be the two most important predictor variables explaining the distribution of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic macrofungi.
Main conclusions
Overall, our study demonstrates that tree species and human disturbance have played a more important role than climatic factors in determining the diversity and distribution of macrofungi at the continental scale. Our study suggests that fungal diversity and distribution might change considerably if the strongest predictors (i.e., tree species) were to be affected by climate change and/or human activity. Changes in fungal diversity might, in turn, influence other processes, because fungi are important in driving ecosystem processes, such as nutrient and carbon cycling.
Résumé :
Ce cahier technique se veut un couteau suisse pour la mycologie, abordant cette science sous différents aspects. Dans un premier temps, il apporte les éléments nécessaires à la bonne compréhension de la fonge : biologie, écologie et facteurs d’influences. Des pistes pour entrer en contact avec des mycologues : sociétés mycologiques, fédérations, etc., ainsi que différentes formations à ce métier, sont ensuite proposées. Le cahier
technique explique dans une troisième partie les méthodes pour mettre en place des études (inventaires, suivis), et en interpréter les résultats (indicateur de l’état de l’inventaire, patrimonialité, impacts des modes de gestion, état de conservation, bioindication). Une quatrième partie traite de l’importance de la prise en compte des champignons dans les diagnostics et la gestion des sites, et la dernière apporte des informations et outils facilitant l’information, et propose des animations autour des champignons. Chaque point de ce cahier s’accompagne de ressources, liens Internet et annexes numériques afin de permettre aux utilisateurs d’accéder rapidement à un maximum d’informations.
Mots clés :
Champignons, mycologie, espaces naturels protégés, réserve naturelle, état de conservation, patrimonialité, bioévaluation, bioindication, inventaire, étude, suivi, animation, écologie, biologie, facteurs d’influence, plan de gestion, formation.
Abstract:
This technical notebook is intended as a Swiss army knife for mycology, approaching this science under various aspects. It first provides necessary elements for a good understanding of fungi: biology, ecology and influencing factors. Then it suggests tips for getting in touch with mycologists: mycological societies, federations, etc., as well as various courses in this discipline. The notebook explains in a third part some methods for setting up studies (inventories, monitoring), and for interpreting the results (indicator of inventory status, heritage value, impacts of management methods, state of conservation, bioindication). A fourth part deals with the importance of taking fungi into account in diagnostics and site management schemes, and the last one refers to specific information and tools facilitating information, and suggests animations around fungi. Each point in
this notebook goes with resources, Internet links, and digital appendices to allow users to rapidly access as much information as possible.
Key words:
Mushrooms, , fungus, mycology, protected natural areas, nature reserve, state of conservation, heritage value, bioassessment, bioindication, inventory, study, monitoring, animation, ecology, biology, determining factors, management plan, training.
Az alábbi tanulmány az erdei nagygombaközösségek sokféleségét befolyásoló erdőgazdálkodási gyakorlatok hatásait foglalja össze. A nagygombák erdőgazdálkodási szempontból fontos funkcionális csoportjainak (a fán élők, a mikorrhizaképzők és az avarbontók) ismertetése után számba vesszük azok erdei életközösségekben betöltött ökológiai szerepeit. Külön részletezve a hazai nagygombaközösségek számára előnyös és hátrányos következményeiket, kitérünk a hagyományos (vágásos) erdőgazdálkodási gyakorlat során előnyben részesített fafajok, faállomány-szerkezetek, a hátrahagyott holtfakészlet, a kitermelt faanyag közelítési, előkészítési és mozgatási módjainak, illetve az erdészeti beavatkozások időpontjainak, valamint térbeli és időbeli kiterjedtségének hatásaira. Olyan alternatív, a gombaközösségek és a különböző, hagyományos erdőgazdálkodási üzemmódok szempontjából egyaránt felvázolt gazdálkodási lehetőségeket is bemutatunk, amik a természetes bolygatási rendszert tükrözik, de a gyakorlatban is könnyen kivitelezhetők, és elősegítik az erdei nagygombaközösségek sokféleségének hatékony, tartamos védelmét.
In English:
In this chapter, the effects of forest management practices on macrofungal biodiversity are discussed. The fundamental role of wood-inhabiting, mycorrhizal and terricolous saprotrophic macrofungi in forest ecosystems and the mechanisms by which they function are reviewed; macrofungal guilds with considerable importance for forest management are listed. The positive and negative effects of the traditional (mainly shelterwood) Hungarian silviculture practices to macrofungal biodiversity are detailed separately. Special considerations were taken as for the effects of the preferred tree taxa, stand structure, dead wood properties, logging, skidding and log preparation characteristics, as well as the spatio-temporal severity and timing of management practices. In both the macrofungal and the silvicultural points of view, alternative forest management practices that are achievable in practice, but mimic the natural disturbance regime are listed to promote a sustainable conservation for macrofungal biodiversity.
This book is concerned with the paradox that humanity depends on biodiversity and landscape systems for its survival, yet, at the same time, the current burden of humanity's use of living resources places the existence of these natural systems at risk. The role of human values, technological society and social and political processes in the creation and solution of the paradox are explored in this volume, whose origins lie in an international discussion meeting held at the PennState Center for BioDiversity Research. Leading contributors to the fields of biodiversity conservation, ecology, economics, entomology, forestry, history, landscape management, philosophy and sociology draw from their unique disciplinary perspectives to consider the origins, bases and possible solutions to this pressing problem.
The parasitic interaction of Tremella mesenterica, T. encephala and T. mycophaga was studied by light and electron microscopy. The host range of T. mesenterica was tested with Peniophora laeta, Peniophora incarnata, Phlebia radiata, Schizopora paradoxa, Stereum hirsutum and Diatrype stigma. It was demonstrated that T. mesenterica is, at least in vivo, a mycoparasite of the corticiaceous homobasidiomycete Peniophora laeta. Specialized interactive cells of T. mesenterica, T. encephala and T. mycophaga, designated as tremelloid haustorial cells with haustorial filaments, penetrated the cell walls of their respective hosts. A single micropore connected the cytoplasm of the haustorial filament with that of the host cell. The pore membrane appears to be continuous with the plasmalemma of both cells. In older interaction structures, the micropore was often overgrown on the host side by secondary wall formation. In vitro such micropores were present in the interaction of T. mesenterica with Peniophora laeta, P. incarnata and Phlebia radiata but could not be found in the interaction of T. mesenterica with Schizopora paradoxa, Stereum hirsutum and Diatrype stigma. However, only in Peniophora laeta and P. incarnata was the pore domain delimited by a more or less circular arrangement of ER cisternae. Wall thickening may be responsible for the nonmicropore interaction.
In decay tests with 98 isolates (78 species) of lignicolous fungi followed by chemical and anatomical analyses, the validity of the generally accepted, major decay types (white, brown, and soft rot) was confirmed, and no new major types proposed. We could distinguish soft rot from other decay types based on anatomical and chemical criteria, without reliance on cavities or recourse to taxonomy of causal agents. Chemically, soft rot of birch could be distinguished from white rot by lower Klason lignin loss, and from brown rot by much lower alkali solubility. Anatomically, erosion of birch fiber walls in soft rot was distinguished from that in white rot by the angular erosion channels, V-shaped notches and diamond-shaped, eroded pit apertures that predominated in the former and their rounded forms in the latter.
Substantial decay was caused by fungi representing eight orders in addition to the Aphyllophorales. Members of the Exidiaceae generally caused low weight losses and anatomical and chemical patterns of degradation characteristic of white rot. Isolates of Auricularia auricula-judae also caused a white rot, with high weight losses and unusual, branching microcavities that were oriented longitudinally in the S2 cell-wall layer. Ten species of the Dacrymycetales caused a brown rot like that caused by some Aphyllophorales; most caused high weight losses.
Among white-rot fungi on birch, a relationship was observed between strongly selective delignification and strongly selective utilization of mannose. Among brown-rot fungi on birch, the top two polyose sugars (not including glucose) in order of selectivity were galactose>mannose; among soft-rotters they were arabinose>xylose. On pine, distinctions were not so clear, but some differing trends were evident.
Previously unreported selective delignifiers were found in the Auriculariales, Agaricales, and in two orders of gasteromycetes. Selective delignification was most pronounced at low weight losses. Certain decay features similar to those in the Ascomycota were found in the Auriculariales, consistent with hypotheses that place that order near the phylogenetic root of Basidiomycota. A sequence of origins of decay types is proposed.
Undifferentiated plant cells may be used in simplified systems for studying the interactions between plants and fungi. We used plant calli for investigating the interactions between three endophytic fungi (Coniothyrium palmarum, Geniculosporium sp. and Phomopsis sp.) and their host and nonhost plants (Lamium purpureum and Teucrium scorodonia), showing that growth of these endophytes was specifically enhanced by calli of the host. Substance (s) secreted by the host calli were responsible for this growth response. The endophytes also secreted metabolites into the medium. These were toxic to the plant calli, irrespective of whether it was a host or nonhost interaction. Further tests demonstrated the nonspecific herbicidal nature of these substances.
