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Bergmeier, E.; Goedecke, F.: Platanus orientalis woodlands of Crete - diversity, distribution and conservation status. In: Achille, G. (ed) Scritti in onore di Franco Pedrotti. Collana Natura e aree protette 31: TEMI, Trento, 29-45.
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In Italy, Platanus orientalis L. is judged as an endangered species by some authors and non-native by others: these contrasting assessments can mislead the prioritization of management actions to preserve the species and the riparian vegetation that is its host. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, including palaeobotanical and ecological information, we assessed its status in Italy including the ecological and conservation value of the riparian plant communities hosting it in the Cilento National Park (S-Italy). Palaeobotanical data showed that P. orientalis in Italy should be considered an archaeophyte. According to the ecological assessment of the riparian plant communities hosting P. orientalis, the presence of the species can be interpreted as an indicator of an unfavourable state for the conservation of riparian vegetation. Knowing the status of a species remains one of the first steps to take to correctly propose scientifically based solutions for the conservation of plant diversity. However, there are no absolute criteria for conservation because all conservation objectives can be considered as cultural values. In this context, P. orientalis should be protected as a symbolic tree, an archaeophyte testifying an ancient common Mediterranean cultural heritage, worthy of preservation but outside of natural habitats.
Lathyrus neurolobus and Carex cretica are two narrowly distributed, and often co-occurring, Aegean species of wetland habitats. Several new records are given from their main, or only (L. neurolobus), distribution area in western Crete (Greece). The species composition and ecological preferences are analysed using explorative ordination methods and classifi cation. The most important habitats are submontane riparian Platanus orientalis woodland (C. cretica), steep wet banks (Adiantion capilli-veneris; both species), and springs and seepage meadows (Brachypodio-Holoschoenion; both species). Both species are vulnerable due to increasing exploitation of spring and surface waters.
Greece harbours 85 Annex I habitat types and 30 additional types selected from a national perspective. There are 359 Natura 2000 sites containing 92 habitat types in Greece, of which 78 (21.7%) have been included in the area of responsibility of management institutions. To establish priority concepts for policy-makers and provide monitoring guidelines we have used the following criteria: total national distribution, degree of national responsibility and present and potential threats. Based on the total number of their occurrences in the Greek Natura 2000 sites, 30 of the 92 habitat types are considered rare, 13 infrequent, 24 scattered and 25 widespread or abundant. A reference list with 42 threat categories and their impact on the Greek habitat types is presented here for the first time. Greece takes a high responsibility for the following habitats: 16 endemic types; 14 important for endemic species; 17 types for which Greece forms the centre of the overall range; 12 widespread types with the largest stands in Greece; 26 types considered rare throughout Europe; 25 that occur in Greece on the edge of the overall range; and 35 that may be assigned a particular quality as stepping stones within the Natura 2000 network.
The hydrophilous plant communities of Western Crete described and classified in this paper belong to the following classes: Potametea, Adiantetea, Phragmitetea, Molinio-Juncetea, Juncetea maritimi, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea and Alno-Populetea. Two new alliances and five new associations are described: Brachypodio-Holoschoenion, Dorycnio-Rumicion conglomeratae, Dorycnio-Caricetum otrubae, Dorycnio-Cladietum marisci and Caricetum creticae (all Molinio-Juncetea), Acrocladio-Adiantetum (Adiantetea), and Juncetum subulato-maritimi (Juncetea maritimi).
Despite biological invasions being a worldwide phenomenon causing significant ecological, economic, and human welfare impacts, there is limited understanding regarding how environmental managers perceive the problem and subsequently manage alien species. Spanish environmental managers were surveyed using questionnaires to (1) analyze the extent to which they perceive plant invasions as a problem; (2) identify the status, occurrence, and impacts of noxious alien plant species; (3) assess current effort and expenditure targeting alien plant management; and, finally, (4) identify the criteria they use to set priorities for management. In comparison to other environmental concerns, plant invasions are perceived as only moderately problematic and mechanical control is the most valued and frequently used strategy to cope with plant invasions in Spain. Based on 70 questionnaires received, 193 species are considered noxious, 109 of which have been the subject of management activities. More than 90% of species are found in at least one protected area. According to respondents, the most frequently managed species are the most widespread across administrative regions and the ones perceived as causing the highest impacts. The perception of impact seems to be independent of their invasion status, since only half of the species identified as noxious are believed to be invasive in Spain, while 43% of species thought to only be casual aliens are causing a high impact. Records of management costs are poor and the few data indicate that the total actual expenditure amounted to 50,492,437 euros in the last decade. The majority of respondents stated that management measures are insufficient to control alien plants due to limited economic resources, lack of public awareness and support, and an absence of coordination among different public administrations. Managers also expressed their concern about the fact that much scientific research is concerned with the ecology of alien plants rather than with specific cost-efficient strategies to manage alien species.
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