How to Do Things with Words
... Speech act theory, originating with Austin (1962) and Searle (1969), provides a framework for understanding how utterances perform actions, distinguishing between the locutionary act (the utterance itself), the illocutionary force (the speaker's intended action), and the perlocutionary effect (the impact on the listener). Discourse analysis examines the structure and organization of language beyond individual sentences, revealing how meaning is constructed through interaction (Coulthard, 1992;Shuy, 2005). ...
... Speech act theory (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969) provides a framework for understanding how utterances perform actions, not just convey information. It distinguishes between the locutionary act (the words uttered), the illocutionary force (the speaker's intended action -e.g., threatening, requesting, ordering), and the perlocutionary effect (the impact on the listener -e.g., fear, compliance). ...
... The analysis highlights the power of speech act theory (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969) in understanding language crimes. Mustafa's utterances, as reported, are consistently directive, with the clear illocutionary force of requesting, commanding, and inciting Al-Sokary to murder Suzan Tamim. ...
This paper examines the application of forensic linguistic principles to analyze criminal speech acts in the Egyptian case of Hesham Talaat Mustafa, convicted of inciting the murder of Suzan Tamim. Drawing on speech act theory, discourse analysis, and sociolinguistics, the study analyzes reported excerpts of recorded conversations between Mustafa and the perpetrator, Mohsen Al-Sokary, alongside court documents and testimonies. The central research question investigates how Mustafa's utterances fulfill the speech act conditions for solicitation, threatening, and conspiracy. The analysis identifies key linguistic features, including directives, commissive, representatives, and euphemisms, demonstrating their contribution to illocutionary force and perlocutionary effect. The broader conversational context, marked by an asymmetrical power relationship and shared understandings, further supports criminal intent. Sociological theories of crime (Differential Association, Strain, Social Control, and Rational Choice) are integrated to provide insights into motivations and social contexts. The study utilizes NVivo for qualitative data analysis, coding for speech acts, linguistic features, and thematic patterns. Findings reveal that Mustafa's communication demonstrably fulfills the criteria for solicitation through consistent directives, financial inducements, and rejection of alternatives. Threatening was established through both direct and indirect threats, creating fear. Evidence of agreement, planning, shared goals, and coordination indicated conspiracy. The analysis, though limited by reliance on reported excerpts rather than full transcripts, confirms that the recorded communication, as presented, provides strong linguistic evidence supporting the charges.
... Initially, speech acts were introduced by John Langshaw Austin in 1962 and developed by John Rogers Searle in 1969. According to Austin (1962), speech acts are an act performed in saying something. Hence, in speech acts, people do not merely use language to say something but to perform some kind of action via their utterances. ...
... The general belief of the speech act theory is that there is an action in saying something, which is why Yule (1996) claimed that speech acts are actions carried out through speech. Austin (1962) added that in uttering an utterance, speakers can perform three actions simultaneously, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary acts are known as acts that interpret an utterance in a traditional way, which refers to interpreting an utterance by using the grammatical elements of an existing language. ...
... It can be said that when uttering their utterances, speakers do not arbitrarily use language to say something, but also to do something. Austin (1962) also adds that in telling an utterance, speakers can perform three actions simultaneously, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. ...
People not only produce sentences but also perform actions when using language. In the study of language, an action performed by saying something is known as a speech act. Speech acts are divided into three categories: locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. In this research, the main purpose is to find out each type and function within the category of illocutionary acts in a Disney+ short movie entitled Once Upon a Snowman. According to Searle’s theory on speech acts, an illocutionary act is classified into five types: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives. It was found that the short movie entitled Once Upon a Snowman consists of four types (representatives, directives, expressives, and commissives) out of the five types in the category of illocutionary acts. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to accumulate all the data. The result shows that there are fifty-four utterances that consist of illocutionary acts in Once Upon a Snowman, with 24 utterances classified as representatives, 15 utterances as directives, 13 utterances as expressives, and 2 utterances as commissives.
... Eventually, it became evident that factors beyond syntax or language were influential in what was referred to as the 'rules of the language' (Sabeeh & Rashid, 2023). John Austin (1962) and John Searle (1969) are the pioneers of the SA theory, which includes how people apologize, promise, request, and perform other linguistic acts. The term SA itself was first used by Searle (1969), stating that "talking is performing acts according to rules " (p. ...
... It means that various types of communication are used to move the listener and encourage them to do something, and the type of SA performed corresponds to the type of activity stated (Muhsun & Hattab, 2023) PVs are linguistic expressions describing and performing an action simultaneously. Unlike constative utterances, which are simply descriptive and can be evaluated as true or false, performatives are assessed based on their felicity or infelicity (Austin, 1962). Language is a versatile tool that serves as a medium for conveying information and performing actions. ...
... The philosophical underpinnings of SA theory can be traced back to Ludwig Wittgenstein, who posited that language is inherently performative, transcending mere description (Levinson, 1983). Austin (1962) categorized utterances into locutionary acts (the production of meaningful linguistic expressions), illocutionary acts (the intended communicative force), and perlocutionary acts (the actual effect on the listener). Subsequently, Searle refined and systematized SA theory in SAs (1969). ...
A Linguistic Study of Performative Verbs in The Graham Norton Show
Language is not only used to transfer information from one person to another. Language is how people behave and think, what they do, and how they relate. The study aims to analyze British talk show hosts' and guests' performative verbs regarding possible cultural differences in communication at a pragma syntactic level. It seeks to contribute to understanding how language is used to construct social interactions, establish relationships, and shape the discursive dynamics of the show. By examining the frequency, types, and functions of performative verbs in "The Graham Norton Show," The present study aims to identify the types of performative verbs used in British talk shows. Analyze performative verb functions and how they contribute to achieving communicative goals within the cultural context. Employing an eclectic model of Searle (1976) and the two models of Quirk et al. (1985), including the types of sentences and adverbs, functions. This study will strategically combine quantitative and qualitative methods through a mixed-methods research design. The study shows that declarative sentences are the most used structure by the companions. The study reveals that culture determines the type of performative verb preferred and how the options are conveyed. It has also been noted that the A Linguistic Study of Performative Verbs in The Graham Norton Show Nasaq Journal V0L (45) No.(1) March 2025-1445 h 398 British talk shows are forceful and informative-looking. Adverbs cooccurring with performative verbs can enhance the impact on an audience or modify the degree of explicitness depending on the culture.
... En el proyecto de investigación propuse que prestaría atención especial a tres aspectos: el lugar o papel del sujeto en su narración o discurso, pues me interesaba entender cómo las personas hablan de sí mismas; la forma en que se narra la experiencia de hacerse tatuajes; y, las razones o los motivos que indujeron o impulsaron a los hablantes a realizarse tatuajes. Propuse que el acercamiento a estos elementos me sería posible a través de las ideas otorgadas por el modelo de análisis de los actos de habla de Austin (1962). Este autor entiende los actos de habla en tres niveles: locutividad, que define como el hecho de decir algo que transmite un sentido; ilocutividad, que refiere a la intención del sujeto al emitir un discurso; y, perlocutividad, o los efectos que produce el discurso. ...
... Ilocutividad refiere a la intención del hablante al emitir el discurso (Austin, 1962). Relatos como los de Sebastián y Antonio que ofrecen razones que los impulsaron a tatuarse coinciden en que el marcamiento corporal condensa decisiones importantes en sus vidas, por ejemplo, como haber experimentado cambios radicales en su entorno, sufrido pérdidas emocionales o adoptados sistemas de creencias de transformación personal. ...
... Que los hablantes empleen los tatuajes para narrar procesos de cambio personal y modulación de conductas y actitudes de vida, puede interpretarse como manifestación de actos performativos. SegúnAustin (1962), performatividad refiere a aquellos actos que hacen más que transmitir aseveraciones o negaciones. Los actos performativos, constituyen acciones en sí mismos; decir es hacer.La dimensión ilocutiva de los actos de habla en las narrativas del yo alrededor de los tatuajes puede rastrearse en el uso de verbos ejercitativos. ...
El argumento general de la tesis es que, la economía política de los tatuajes de estudio en la ciudad de Guatemala nos permite observar, a un nivel etnográfico, cómo los influjos del neoliberalismo, definido como una fuerza estructural global, particularizan procesos de producción de cuerpos y subjetividades mediante el cultivo de prácticas de consumo destinadas a la estilización corporal, cuyo propósito principal es realizar deseos de individualidad y singularización personal. Para que estas prácticas tomen lugar es requerido que las personas incorporen formas específicas de apreciación y valuación de cualidades, y que posean los recursos monetarios para consumir las mercancías que los contienen. El consumo de estas mercancías hace posible la portabilidad de dichos valores. De modo que, los tatuajes son contenedores de valores que se portabilizan en el cuerpo.En las personas socializadas en la economía política de los tatuajes de estudio la influencia del neoliberalismo se plasma de una forma particular llevándolas a adquirir deseos o inquietudes por construir un tipo particular de persona. Estas visiones de sí mismo se expresan en dos dimensiones: una corporal y una racional. En esta visión bidimensional del yo, ambas extensiones se conectan y complementan mutuamente; al mismo tiempo que las personas plasma sus ideas, valores identitarios, metas e ideales en su piel, construyen en su racionalidad una visión de sí mismos como seres autónomos e individuales. En esta instancia, el acto de tatuarse acerca a la realidad los proyectos de autorrealización personal.
... The concept of found space revolves around the reclamation of spaces that are not traditionally utilized for a theatre performance. 3 A Brechtian convention, or known formally as the 'Epic Theatre', is best characterized by elements that disrupt the illusion of realism and alienate the audience, encouraging critical thought rather than emotional investment in the performance. IJIRME, Volume 4 Issue 04 April 2025 www.ijirme.com ...
... Most importantly, it encourages us to take risk in challenging the existing discourses and narratives without abandoning the conventions. In a language setting, we are all agents (actors) enacting the abstract realities in our minds (Austin, 1962;Bauman, 2000;Butler 1990Butler -1993Carlson, 2006;Eco, 1984;Fernandez, 2020;& Spargo, 1999). As Austin (1962) puts it: "to say is to state", and some action is completed simply by utterance. ...
... In a language setting, we are all agents (actors) enacting the abstract realities in our minds (Austin, 1962;Bauman, 2000;Butler 1990Butler -1993Carlson, 2006;Eco, 1984;Fernandez, 2020;& Spargo, 1999). As Austin (1962) puts it: "to say is to state", and some action is completed simply by utterance. But even before we enact our experience through language, we are to absorb every bit of it in lieu with our breathing. ...
This paper proposes Banà-banà as a concept for describing the process and the result of a performance or a creative pursuit. With that, three main points are emphasized: 1) Banà-banà is an imminent phenomenon that creative individuals, performers, and actors encounter when dealing with unpredictable factors in the present moment; 2) it holds the potential for serving as a method for executing an evocative performance; and, 3) it can serve as an active lens for describing the quality of its (performance) engagement, as exemplified by the Hakop of MSU-IIT's resident theatre company, IPAG. Along this line, the need for understanding and liberating it from delimiting notions becomes a priority. In a nutshell, the study aims to (1) establish a discourse model for signifying performance experience and (2) develop a culturally-rooted performance method. To make sense of this, the study looks into three phases of the act of Banà-banà in performance: Una, Akto, and Unya, and their corresponding R-model efforts: reflect, respond, react. Through Banà-banà, the study hopes to gain at least a minute view of the complex cultural negotiation, creativity, and culture-building taking place in language exchange and performance, implying discoveries and possibilities in fields like Peace Studies, Language Studies, Public Relations, Politics, and the Humanities.
... Tiga video yang dipilih dari masing-masing kreator konten kecantikan didasarkan pada tingkat keterlibatan yang diperoleh video tersebut (yaitu jumlah komentar, jumlah penayangan, dan jumlah like). Ucapan tersebut dianalisis dengan menerapkan teori tindak tutur J.L. Austin (1962) untuk mengkategorikan jenis tindak tutur pada tiga tingkatan lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi, yang digunakan dalam video promosi digital. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kreator konten sebagian besar menggunakan tindak tutur direktif dan asertif dalam video promosi mereka. ...
... 22(2): 65-73 66 number of views, and number of likes). The utterances were analysed by applying J.L. Austin's (1962) speech act theory to categorize the types of speech acts at the three levels of locution, illocution, and perlocution, which are used in digital promotional videos. The results showed that content creators mostly used directive and assertive speech acts in their endorsement videos. ...
... Previously, linguists thought that a sentence only served to describe a situation or state a fact, and that the sentence could be proven to be true. Austin (1962) argued that not all sentences were simply uttered to state or report something. According to Austin, in saying a sentence, a person not only states something but he also performs an action. ...
This study aims to analyze the form of speech acts used by content creators in beauty product endorsement videos on TikTok platform. The research method used is qualitative collecting the data of utterances found in beauty products endorsement videos posted by TikTok content creators. Nine videos were selected from three top beauty content creators who have the highest number of followers. Three videos picked from each beauty content creator were based on the engagement rate that the video got (i.e. number of comments, number of views, and number of likes). The utterances were analysed by applying J.L. Austin's (1962) speech act theory to categorize the types of speech acts at the three levels of locution, illocution, and perlocution, which are used in digital promotional videos. The results showed that content creators mostly used directive and assertive speech acts in their endorsement videos. At the perlocutionary level, comment sections were observed and it was found that the selection of speech acts have created a sense of resonance to the audiences; thus, influencing their evaluations to the promoted products. These findings have brought implications on how communicative actions can shape brand identity leading to audiences engagement and trust towards the products.
... However, labeling a phenomenon as a "project" is not a neutral act of naming. Instead, it is a speech act of categorization that often has performative effects on how the phenomenon is understood (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1965). Applying the "project" as an organizational category it tends to impose connotative features, such as uniqueness and temporality, on the phenomenon in question. ...
... Conversely, with the "project" applied as an analytical lens, the researcher categorizes a set of empirical actions as belonging to a theoretical construct. In this sense, the researcher conducts a performative utterance (Austin, 1962) where the addressed actions become assembled to a whole, while at the same time they become understood as separated from other actions in time and space. In this way, the project lens enables light to be fruitfully shed on temporal relations and structures that might otherwise have been ignored. ...
... Microaggressions must not be framed as singular, individual incidents, that the victims may have misunderstood. With organising theory (Dobusch and Schoeneborn, 2015) and speech act theory (Cooren, 2000, Austin, 1962 it can be argued that microaggressions are among the practices that create, stabilise, change and represent companies and organisations (Cooren et al., 2011). This specifically in cludes informal and casual workplace conversations between coworkers and managers that leave way for micro-forms of discrimination ("Here in Denmark", see section: microexclusions). ...
... This specifically in cludes informal and casual workplace conversations between coworkers and managers that leave way for micro-forms of discrimination ("Here in Denmark", see section: microexclusions). Microaggressions have a performative character, that is, the spoken word constructs the image of the organisation (Austin, 1962, Taylor et al., 1996. Hence, microaggressive behaviour by one school principal or by one medical doctor in a clinic should not be constructed as single cases, but, due to their performative character, as co-constituting the organisation itself, which may result in institutional discrimination -actions of people in power within institutions that maintain differ ences (Lewicki, 2022). ...
Labor market success is a crucial aspect of social inclusion in today’s societies. Migrants and women have long been excluded from access to the labor market, from advancing in their careers, or they have been pushed into certain segments of the labor market, such as precarious and/or part-time work. The special issue analyzes these mechanisms of discrimination both at the national and the supranational level as well as at company level. In studying discrimination of women and racialized minorities from an institutionalist, a comparative or an intersectional perspective the contributions shed light on the multi-level governance of labor market discrimination.
... The aforementioned examples have underscored the persuasive inQluence of speech acts in creating a false impression of substantial performance to convince the target audience. Introduced by John Austin (1962), a speech act refers to an utterance that is not primarily judged as true or false, but rather functions as an action. Examples given by Austin regarding performative utterance as illocutionary are couple's marriage ceremonies; by contrast, perlocutionary performatives characterize the utterances from which effects follow only when certain other kinds of conditions are in place. ...
... Various researchers have applied the performative lens to study state governance in China. Drawing on Austin (1962), Michael Schoenhals (1992 examines the use of language and the deQinition of terminology in the Chinese political context. These linguistic tools function as a bureaucratic apparatus to attain, consolidate, and preserve state power. ...
Technological incubators are commonly regarded as important infrastructures that nurture nascent business ventures, meant to create conditions for innovation and regional economic development. However, in China, such an incubator functions as a performative apparatus governed by the state. The Chinese state has purposefully fostered entrepreneurial hopes and expectations among certain privileged groups of talents through the indirect manipulation of competition winners by mentors and judges. These individuals are not necessarily the ideal entrepreneurial talents according to market standards. In this article, I employ the passive construction of entrepreneurship as a verb – “being entrepreneured” (bei chuangye) – to illustrate how entrepreneurs are not merely actors with agency, but are also acted upon by socialist mechanisms in China and the performative governance exercised by the Chinese state over individual entrepreneurs. Using an ethnographic case study of a state-sponsored entrepreneurship competition, which took place in Guangzhou in 2020, and 95 semi-structured interviews collected throughout seven months of multi-sited fieldwork, the article shows how transnational technological communities are in some ways “being entrepreneured” in China. I problematize this notion to show the discrepancies and contradictions between the public and the private criteria in selecting entrepreneurial talents in China.
... Part of teaching students how to communicate effectively ideally entails providing students not just with technical language skills (e.g., writing or presentation skills) but also with a deeper understanding of how communication works. In other words: students would also benefit from obtaining knowledge about communication and communicative processes such as knowledge about speech acts (e.g., Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969), conversational implicature (e.g., Cummings, 2005) and politeness theory (e.g., Brown & Levinson, 1987). This way, students' language skills might be underpinned by an understanding of critical communicative mechanisms and patterns, which arguably makes their language skills more conscious. ...
... Speech acts are described by Austin (1962) as the actions performed in saying something-they are thus actions that come into being by using language. Speech acts are in that sense quite distinct from 'regular' acts. ...
This study explores the introduction of pragmatics concepts-speech acts, conversational implicature, and politeness-into L1 language education and its impact on students' writing. Despite the well-documented benefits of pragmatics instruction in L2 contexts, its application in L1 settings remains under-researched. Using a quasi-experimental research design with switching replications, involving 241 Dutch pre-university students, the current study examined whether a short intervention in which core pragmat-ics concepts were introduced would benefit the quality of students' written requests, their self-efficacy in writing them and the associated perceived mental effort. Contrary to expectations, the intervention did not manage to secure any improvements on these variables. While this result may be due to the nature of the intervention in terms of its design principles or duration, we also found evidence that the number of words students wrote during the tests significantly declined over time, revealing a decrease in motivation for the writing tasks. This appears to be a major contributing factor to the results. Based on these results, the paper discusses meaningful ways forward for future research on this topic, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of student learning through improved fidelity measures and as well as following strategies to maintain student engagement during repeated testing.
... En este contexto, este artículo se ha concebido como un texto «frío» orientado a mostrar la utilidad de la expresión «Sur Global», bien definida y acotada, y a poner orden en el debate y a establecer una agenda de investigación. De ahí que haya optado por una metodología de análisis forense y, además, por resumir en el propio título una de las conclusiones fuertes de este trabajo: que nos encontramos ante una expresión que por el hecho de ser usada implica una voluntad de actuación, es decir, constituye, simultáneamente, un enunciado performativo 1 (Austin, 1962), una realidad en construcción (lograr cambios en el sistema internacional y en sus normas reguladoras) y, por último, una herramienta que pese a su polisemia puede resultar de utilidad analítica y explicativa. En resumen, usando la distinción tradicional de la filosofía analítica, se trata de poner las bases para usar la expresión de verdad y no solo mencionarla. ...
... .Austin (1962) llama enunciado performativo al que no se limita a describir un hecho, sino que, por el mismo hecho de ser expresado, lo realiza, total o parcialmente. Se pueden encontrar muchos tipos de enunciados performativos, aunque entre los más comunes están aquellos que derivan de determinados verbos, como es el caso de «prometer», «pretender» o «aspirar a». ...
Este artículo se pregunta si es pertinente el uso de la expresión «Sur global» desde un punto de vista analítico y explicativo, pese a ser un concepto esencialmente contestado, que combina uso performativo y analítico y hace referencia a una realidad en construcción. Ello se hace desde un análisis forense, centrado en hechos y evidencias. La respuesta es positiva. Para llegar a ella se reconstruyen sus dos fuerzas motrices: la reivindicación política del programa del Tercer Mundo, en clave no territorial sino aspiracional; y el impacto de la reimaginación de las relaciones internacionales como disciplina inclusiva y de la exigencia de un nuevo orden internacional más consensuado que el de los surgidos de las dos guerras mundiales y la posguerra fría. Se define Sur Global como un conglomerado cambiante de actores estatales y transnacionales y se proponen criterios para fijar su universo mediante diversos círculos concéntricos.
... Austin defined two kinds of utterances in this hypothesis: ''constatives and performatives. Constatives are statements that are evaluated based on whether they are true or untrue, while performatives are evaluated based on whether they are felicitous or not Austin (1962) is considered the founder of what became known as the standard SAT as he studied the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic factors in a particular context by concentrating on the difference between saying and doing (Blum-Kulka, 1981). Convinced that language can be used in any act of communication, instead of being only concerned with "true" or "false" statements, he was the first to introduce his SAT by drawing a distinction between constatives and performatives, the two main acts of an utterance. ...
... He defines constatives as statements that can be judged in terms of truth and falsity; i.e., they do not cause actions, and performatives are statements that aim at doing something and can be successful or unsuccessful, felicitous or infelicitous, rather than true or false (Austin 1962, p. 7). After rejecting the constatives-performatives distinction, Austin (1962) favored general SAT focusing on the performative force of an utterance (Cutting, 2002). As a result, Austin (1962, p. 109) classifies the elements of a communicative act of an utterance into three major types, namely, locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary, which can be performed simultaneously. ...
This study presents a comprehensive examination of the speech act phenomena in Ziyarat Ashura through the theoretical lens of John Searle's (1969) Speech Act Theory, complemented by insights from discourse analysis and ritual studies. The research systematically investigates how performative language operates within this text to construct meaning, shape religious experience, and reinforce its identity. To understand the intended meaning of a text, it is essential to use speech act theory to consider the various functions of speech acts in the text of the Zyara . To clarify the central question of this study : What connotations and meanings do these acts carry? The current study aims to understand how to interpret and analyze these acts to achieve this goal.
Keywords: Speech acts theory, Direct and indirect, Imam Hussein, Ziyarat Ashura, Pragmatic analysis, Religious Discourse.
... The concept of speech acts was initially introduced by Austin (1962) and later expanded upon by Searle (1979), who examined how language relates to actions. In essence, speech involves more than just verbal exchanges; it also involves active performance of a variety of actions, including the expression of thanks, requests, and promises (Fowler, 2014). ...
... Additionally, there are two distinct classifications of speech acts. They are grounded in Austin's (1962) approach and another one in Searle's (1979). The speech acts described by Searl's (1979) categorization are the focus of the current investigation. ...
This study analyzed teacher talk in Indonesian EFL classroom. The research aimed to investigate the predominant speech act classification employed by the teacher, the factors influencing an EFL teacher using the predominant speech acts, as well as its impact on instructional activities. It applied a qualitative case study involving one English teacher as the participant. The study used Searle’s taxonomy of speech act classification as the instrument. Data were collected from the recording of classroom observation and interview. The finding of this study revealed the frequency of each classification found as the following: 69,4% for directives, 19,4% for representatives, 8,3% for expressives, and 2,8% for commissives. Directive speech acts were the most frequent used by the teacher in the classroom. The study further suggested that creating better classroom management and guiding the students became teacher’s reasons using directive speech act which potentially impacted instructional activities by influencing students’ behavior to be more attentive and engaged, making class operation smoothly, and creating productive and meaningful learning experiences. The results contribute greater insights to the dynamics of teacher-student interactions and may direct the development of effective pedagogical strategies to be used in EFL classrooms.
... In using language, we are able to express many ideas such as ordering, requesting, and declaring. Austin (1975) stated that we can act through language, do things through words, and get others to do things for us through our words. A language functions as a communication where the focus of it is on the meaning of a speaker's intention. ...
... This action performed through utterances are generally called speech acts. Austin (1975) added Austin (1962), speech act is a theory of performative language in which to say something is to do something. In speech acts, the information conveyed sometimes contains intended meaning in which the speaker does not want to deliver the real meaning from what is said from the utterance expressed where the listener is expected to fulfill the speaker's intention. ...
This research analyzed the illocutionary speech acts and its function found in the presentation of Abdullah Azwar Anas in Kick Andy TV show. This research aims at describing kinds and functions of speech acts based on the theory emerged by Yule. This research is descriptive qualitative analysis. The data was obtained from video on YouTube and the presentation was transcribed. The data then selected and identified based on the speech act classification. The result of the analysis showed: (a) there were five types of speech act found in the presentation, namely: representative/ assertive, expressive, directive, commissive, and declarative. (b) the most frequent type of speech was representative/ assertive. (c) the functions of the speech act found in Anas’ presentation were to express opinions, give information, give orders either directly or indirectly, and say gratitude and blessing.
... It is also believed that incongruity is a necessary component of irony, as Pelsmaekers and Besien (2002) briefly explain in terms of Austin (1962) and Searle's(1969) speech act theory. When there is a discrepancy or contradiction between what is stated and what can be deduced from the circumstances, irony results. ...
The subtitling translation of humour presents unique challenges due to linguistic, cultural, and contextual differences between source and target audiences. This study examines the subtitling translation of humour in the Chinese film Hi, Mom, focusing on three types of audiovisual humour: international jokes, jokes reflecting a community’s sense of humour, and language-dependent jokes. By analyzing examples from the film, this research highlights the complexities of translating wordplay, irony, and culturally specific references while maintaining comedic effects. It also explores strategies such as addition, replacement, compensation, and clarification used by subtitlers. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding the original humour, assessing the target audience's interpretation, and rephrasing humour to ensure its effectiveness in translation.
... Нәтиже: Қазақ тіл біліміндегі когнитивтік және прагматикалық модельдер жүйеленді. Салыстырмалы әдіс Негізі: Коммуникативтік-прагматикалық теориялар (Austin, 1975;Van Dijk, 1997) Түсіндірме: Нейролингвистика мен коммуникативтік тіл білімінің негізгі ұстанымдарын салыстырып, олардың өзара ықпалдастығын анықтау үшін қолданылды. ...
In modern linguistics, the study of cognitive and pragmatic aspects of linguistic activity is a relevant research area. Neurolinguistics examines the role of the brain in shaping speech activity and the impact of cognitive mechanisms on linguistic structures. Communicative linguistics, in turn, considers language as a means of communication, analyzing the pragmatic, discursive, and socio-psychological aspects of speech acts. The integration of these two fields contributes to the development of new methodological and methodical approaches in linguistics.
The aim of the study is to identify the interrelation between neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics, compare their theoretical and methodological foundations, and describe the influence of cognitive mechanisms on speech activity.
In line with this objective, the research examines the cognitive processing of linguistic structures and the features of neurolinguistic and communicative-pragmatic processes. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the systematization of cognitive and neuropsychological mechanisms of linguistic activity, providing a deeper understanding of the relationship between neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics. The practical significance is in enhancing language teaching methodologies, integrating cognitive and neuropsychological approaches, analyzing the pragmatic structure of speech acts, and optimizing linguistic communication. The research employs theoretical analysis, comparative methods, discourse analysis, cognitive modeling, and content analysis. These methods enabled a comparative examination of linguistic communication across different scientific frameworks, viewing neurolinguistic and communicative factors as a unified system. The results indicate that neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics are complementary research domains. Cognitive mechanisms and pragmatic factors play a crucial role in shaping speech activity. It is demonstrated that linguistic information processing and the structure of speech behavior are regulated by cognitive processes. Furthermore, the cognitive foundations of speech act interpretation and pragmatic meanings have been clarified. This study offers a comprehensive perspective on linguistic communication through the integration of neurolinguistics and communicative linguistics. The findings contribute to the development of new scientific approaches in cognitive linguistics and the refinement of language teaching methodologies. The research findings can be applied in language teaching methodologies, the development of speech skills, and the optimization of linguistic communication. The combination of neurolinguistic and communicative-pragmatic approaches will facilitate the design of effective language acquisition strategies.
... The foundational idea that each utterance performs an action was first introduced by philosopher Wittgenstein [72]. Speech act theory, developed by Austin [6] and later expanded by his student Searle [61], was one of the earliest frameworks for categorizing communicative actions. DAMSL (Dialogue Act Markup in Several Layers) [2,21] was proposed to address the issue of multi-functionalities [3,20,33] by allowing utterances to serve multiple roles across independent layers, such as Communicative-Status, Information-Level, Forward-Looking Function, and Backward-Looking Function. ...
Effective feedback is essential for refining instructional practices in mathematics education, and researchers often turn to advanced natural language processing (NLP) models to analyze classroom dialogues from multiple perspectives. However, utterance-level discourse analysis encounters two primary challenges: (1) multifunctionality, where a single utterance may serve multiple purposes that a single tag cannot capture, and (2) the exclusion of many utterances from domain-specific discourse move classifications, leading to their omission in feedback. To address these challenges, we proposed a multi-perspective discourse analysis that integrates domain-specific talk moves with dialogue act (using the flattened multi-functional SWBD-MASL schema with 43 tags) and discourse relation (applying Segmented Discourse Representation Theory with 16 relations). Our top-down analysis framework enables a comprehensive understanding of utterances that contain talk moves, as well as utterances that do not contain talk moves. This is applied to two mathematics education datasets: TalkMoves (teaching) and SAGA22 (tutoring). Through distributional unigram analysis, sequential talk move analysis, and multi-view deep dive, we discovered meaningful discourse patterns, and revealed the vital role of utterances without talk moves, demonstrating that these utterances, far from being mere fillers, serve crucial functions in guiding, acknowledging, and structuring classroom discourse. These insights underscore the importance of incorporating discourse relations and dialogue acts into AI-assisted education systems to enhance feedback and create more responsive learning environments. Our framework may prove helpful for providing human educator feedback, but also aiding in the development of AI agents that can effectively emulate the roles of both educators and students.
... In these ways, performance does something that is socially meaningful beyond the doing itself (Thompson, 2011). For example, following Austin (1975), Butler (2006), and Dolan (2005), tangible actions such as saying wedding vows or the daily labor of communicating one's gender identity are also performative. Conquergood (2002), who championed the performance studies discipline as a radical and multiplicitous means of knowledge formation and intervention, explained that performance studies brings this rare hybridity into the academy, a comingling of analytical and artistic ways of knowing that unsettles the institutional organization of knowledge and disciplines. ...
... This complexity is encapsulated within the domain of pragmatics and speech acts. Pragmatics investigates the relationship between language, context, and meaning, while speech act theory delves into the ways speakers perform actions through utterances (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969). Multilingual and multicultural communities, characterized by diverse linguistic and cultural norms, present fertile ground for examining how these theories manifest in real-world communication scenarios. ...
This study investigates speech acts and pragmatics in Indonesia’s multilingual and multicultural settings, focusing on how linguistic diversity and cultural norms influence communication strategies. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, ethnographic observations, and discourse analysis involving participants from various cultural backgrounds, including Bataknese and Sundanese communities. The study examines requests, apologies, and refusals, exploring how these speech acts reflect cultural values and adapt to different social hierarchies and contexts. The findings highlight that Bataknese speakers often use direct language, emphasizing clarity, while Sundanese speakers prefer indirectness and elaborate politeness to maintain harmony. Code-switching emerged as a significant strategy, allowing participants to navigate linguistic and cultural boundaries effectively, often shifting between Indonesian, local languages, and English depending on the audience and context. Additionally, in digital communication, pragmatic strategies evolved with the use of emojis, formal expressions, and explanations to ensure clarity and respect. These results underscore the dynamic and adaptable nature of pragmatic competence in multilingual and multicultural contexts, offering insights into the interplay of language and culture. This research contributes to the broader understanding of communication in diverse settings, providing valuable implications for intercultural interactions in education, business, and social integration Keywords: Speech act, Pragmatic, Multilingualism, Cultural Norms
... The third is linguistics context where advertisers use language effectively to promote their products (Arrosid & Munandar, 2018).Yule (1996) defines speech acts as including compliments and requests. Austin (1962) classifies speech acts into three types: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts (Witek, 2015). Locutionary acts refer to the verbal communication while illocutionary acts involve the hidden meaning behind those words (Haucsa et al., 2020). ...
A British writer Frances Tower (1885–1948) is known for her short stories. She often explored themes of relationships, human sentiments, social conventions and the inner lives of her characters. The Little Willow by Tower explores themes of vulnerability, strength and the complexities of human sentiments through precise and refined prose. Pragmatic analysis investigates how context influences meaning in communication by paying attention to speaker intent, implications and interpretations beyond literal language. Speech act theory was developed by John Searle. The study reveals how Tower skillfully manipulates locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts to create tension and emotional resonance. Using Speech Act Theory and pragmatic principles this study examine how language shapes social identities and sentimental connections within the story. The Little Willow is analysed through the lens of pragmatics with particular attention to Speech Act Theory highlighting the nuanced interplay of language and meaning within the story. Pragmatic analysis sheds light on the ways how Tower employs linguistic strategies such as implicature, presupposition and contextual nuances to convey hidden emotional layers e.g Simon’s conversational techniques often involve indirect speech acts that simultaneously reveal and obscure his true intentions leaving Lisby and the readers to interpret his words beyond their surface meaning. Lisby’s hesitant responses reflect the tension between her inner turmoil and her desire for connection capturing the fragility of human bonds burdened by the weight of unspoken desires. This study delves into the role of speech acts in defining social identities and relationships in the story. By examining dialogues and interactions between the main characters the study contributes to a broader understanding of how literary texts use language to foster comprehension and engage readers in understanding hidden feelings and cultural limitations.
... Dawat is predicted on a ritual ideology that presupposes the transformative force of sacred words both on others and on the self. The efficacy of dawat depends on three "felicity conditions" (Austin 1975). First, dawat must be conducted in a face-to-face or as Tablighis understand it "heart-to-heart, " manner and therefore requires embodied presence in the mosque. ...
Pakistani Tablighis, practitioners of the transnational Islamic piety movement the Tablighi Jamaat, say that Muslims have abandoned religion (din) and been led astray by the world (dunya) and this has thrust the world into a state of moral chaos (fitna). They insist that only their form of face-to-face preaching (dawat) can remedy this situation. Drawing on Bakhtin’s (1981) notion of chronotope, or distinct imaginaries of space and time, anthropologists have argued that chronotopes produce a “plot structure” for social interaction that instantiates different social persona and forms of agency. In this article, I argue that dawat is organized around a chronotope of piety that encourages deference to others as well as defers the realization of piety to the future, thereby creating a self-limiting and self-regulating form of pious authority that Tablighis see as the basis for the creation and moral reproduction of the Islamic community. Pious authority takes on political significance as an alternative form of sovereignty against the backdrop of religious and political fragmentation engendered by state- and market-driven Islamization in Pakistan.
... In addition to that, the action which is performed when an utterance is produced can be analysed on three levels (Austin, 1962). Cutting (2002) explains these levels in a simplified way, he introduces the first level by describing it as the words themselves, that is, the act of saying something, in other words it asserts 'what is said' and this is known as the locutionary act. ...
Paper Info Acknowledgments in academic writing serve as a platform for expressing gratitude, recognition, and social bonds. In line with this, the present study investigates the pragmatic aspects of acknowledgments in selected theses by Iraqi EFL learners to identify how politeness strategies influence the structuring of gratitude and the types of acknowledgment acts are most frequently employed. Five acknowledgments are selected from different Iraqi universities to be analysed according to Yule's (1996) strategies of politeness (solidarity and deference) along with Bach and Harnish's (1979) taxonomy of acknowledgments acts and by means of qualitative method of research analysis. The study reveals-in regard to strategies of politeness-that the deference strategy is frequently employed when addressing academic figures such as supervisors and professors, while the strategy of solidarity is identified when writers acknowledge family, friends, and colleagues. Regarding the acts of acknowledgments, the study shows that thanking is the most frequently used act, followed by the act of accepting, whereas acts like apologizing, condoling, congratulating, greeting, bidding, or rejecting are not existed in the provided acknowledgments. Notably, the study uncover that in some acknowledgments, the act of thanking can function or imply an act of accepting when it acknowledges received support or guidance. The study finds out that Iraqi EFL learners strategically balance hierarchical respect and personal closeness in their acknowledgments, reflecting both academic conventions and cultural values.
... In language policy research, the expanding concept of language (Shohamy 2006(Shohamy , 2015 and policy (Spolsky 2004(Spolsky , 2009(Spolsky , 2021 The discursive organisation emerges from a selection of the components 'courage, honour, valour and discipline and a different hierarchy of values such as the willingness to kill or die for a compatriot and a cause versus selfprotection and self-interest, and so on' (Buchanan 2021: 32). Inspired by Austinian speech acts and performative language (Austin 1962), the discursive organisation is conceived to evoke 'incorporeal transformation' Guattari 2013 [1980]: 103; see above) in the material orderthat is, transforming the material order by attributing a particular character, a particular capacity to act. Buchanan (2021: 32) notes that the phalanx organised under the discourse of 'imperial ambition' is transformed into a military unity for conquering and expanding the militaristic regime (as opposed to a unity for defence). ...
If language policy produces space – from nations to workplaces – is this simply a process ‘from pen to land’? Is language policy strictly an institutional practice? Additionally, is language policy solely a matter of ‘language(s)’?
Taking an ecological perspective, the thesis develops a spatial approach to language policy. It argues that language is regulated not primarily in institutional planning (policy texts and defined managers). Rather, regulation is formed in the entanglement of political, cultural, economic, social and natural processes circulating in the sociolinguistic ecology. The thesis proposes a spatial ontology of language policy through the notion of spatialisation (the formation and de-formation of territories) and the Deleuzo-Guattarian concepts of rhizome (the open flow of semiotic processes) and assemblage (the shifting territories created in the entangling semiotic processes).
Guided by ethnographic and discourse analytic approaches, the thesis examines the case of business incubation (the industry nurturing early-stage companies) in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in South China. The region is of interest for its timeliness (as one of the most recent initiatives of regionalisation in a leading economy) and sociolinguistic (especially intra-lingual) diversity. The focus on business incubation practices offers insight into a scarcely studied domain. It complements the primary focus on multi-national corporations in the established literature by presenting the sociolinguistic environment from which start-up and early-stage businesses are grown. The case taps into the potential future of business language policy and practices in the changing political and economic orders within the region and beyond.
The study brings two implications. First, language policy functions as spatial assemblage in producing territorial spaces that are enclosing but remain radically open with the ecological flows. This sheds light on indeterminacy functioning on the ontological level beneath practical uncertainties in the regulation of language. Second, language is regulated in interactions between material practices and discursive ideologies bound by affective relations. The thesis shows that institutional interventions are themselves regulative effects emerging from broader ecological processes, offering a more holistic approach to understanding the regulation of language.
... La línea de la criminología narrativa de Katz avanza en la idea de que la acción ayuda al individuo a realizar la historia. La noción de que haciendo se habla, es una inversión del axioma del análisis del discurso de que hablando se hace o actúa (Austin, 1962). Esta noción no es incompatible con un proyecto criminológico narrativo, siempre que el "hacer" no sea privilegiado sobre el "hablar". ...
“No entiendo qué hago aquí, yo no soy un maltratador.” Esa fue una de las frases que Bruno, un joven brasileño de 19 años, compartió con nosotros cuando lo entrevistamos en Buenos Aires. Bruno había golpeado y amenazado a su novia después de comenzar a sospechar que ella tenía relaciones sexuales con otro joven. En el momento de la entrevista, estaba asistiendo a un programa de violencia de género como medida judicial, no sólo por los hechos violentos cometidos, sino también por su adicción a la cocaína.
Desde la teoría de la tensión (Agnew, 1994), explicaríamos la violencia ejercida por Bruno como una acción compensatoria a una experiencia estresante de frustración (Di Marco et al., 2022). La teoría del aprendizaje social y la asociación diferencial (Akers, 2011) nos ayudaría a complementarla: podríamos hipotetizar que esta agresión encuentra sus raíces en un proceso de aprendizaje basado en contingencias y modelado, de manera que Bruno había adquirido la violencia como un mecanismo de confrontación a circunstancias de gran carga emocional. Haciendo una lectura desde la teoría del control social (Hirschi, 1969), podríamos sugerir que la ruptura del vínculo con su novia y las expectativas que él tenía sobre la relación explicarían la agresión. Interpretando el relato de Bruno desde el enfoque de la masculinidad hegemónica (Connell, 1995), podríamos decir que su agresión no sólo fue una reacción a la pérdida de control, sino también un intento de reafirmar su posición dentro de un orden de género que asocia la masculinidad con el dominio y la capacidad de imponer respeto. Finalmente, las teorías biopsicológicas (Loebel, 2011) nos ayudarían a describir a Bruno como un joven impulsivo, con baja capacidad de autocontrol y coaccionado tanto por su adicción como por un estado de enajenación emocional. Pero, ¿por qué hizo Bruno lo que hizo? ¿Qué significó para él este episodio? ¿A través de qué relatos interpreta lo sucedido? ¿Por qué, según él, no es un maltratador?
La socióloga Lois Presser —autora en este número especial— afirma que muchas de las teorías criminológicas clásicas comparten una barrera común: fracasan a la hora de entender los significados que subyacen al crimen y la violencia, así como los marcos interpretativos que emplazan tales significados (Presser, 2013). Es aquí donde la Criminología Narrativa encuentra su nicho como una rama orientada al estudio de los relatos sobre el fenómeno delictivo y la violencia, así como el impacto que estos tienen en los victimarios, las víctimas, el crimen y la sociedad en general.
El relato de Bruno continúa: “Yo no soy un maltratador... Solo fue una vez que... Es por ella, ella me... Me lo quitó todo... Por ella soy, eh... Más agresivo, me ha hecho ser así, eh... No sé, me quitó también mi autoestima, también. Me ha hecho perderlo todo, lo he perdido todo, todo, todo.”
Podemos establecer algunos razonamientos inductivos desde la Criminología Narrativa. En su historia, Bruno no se identifica a sí mismo con la imagen tradicional del maltratador recurrente que agrede a su pareja. Él percibe su conducta como un acto aislado y legítimo, en tanto que sirve para retribuir un daño mayor que su expareja le había ocasionado —puede que no físico, pero sí emocional. Esta narración ‘habilita’ la violencia y le permite racionalizarla, al presentarse ante nosotros como la auténtica víctima de la historia. A través de su relato, la violencia adquiere un nuevo sentido para Bruno, que podría no quedar del todo explícito en otras teorías criminológicas: para él, el daño ocasionado deviene un acto de defensa propia que sirve para enmendar un ataque mucho mayor: la violencia emocional que él percibe de su pareja.
Muchas personas no compartirán el relato construido por Bruno. Algunos negarán haber sido violentos o acusarán a las víctimas de inventar historias que nunca sucedieron. Otros interpretarán la situación como resultado de estructuras opresivas y se sentirán desesperanzados al no ver viable ningún tipo de cambio. Desde la Criminología Narrativa, los efectos de este relato son tangibles en Bruno: le ayudan a amortiguar sus sentimientos de culpa y a lidiar con la vergüenza que podría experimentar por los hechos que protagonizó, e incluso a presentarlos ante sus interlocutores como algo justo y merecido. Más aún, en caso de volver a confrontar una situación similar, esta manera de pensar los hechos podría habilitar nuevos episodios de violencia.
... Ujaran sehari-hari yang diucapkan oleh seseorang sering kali juga mengandung makna tindakan tertentu. Austin (1962) menyatakan ini sebagai bentuk tindak tutur performatif. ...
This research is a qualitative descriptive research that is aimed (a) to describe the students’ strategy of STKIP Hamzanwadi Selong in responding the compliment, and (b) to explain the use of politeness for students of STKIP Hamzanwadi in responding the compliment.The location of this research is conducted at STKIP Hamzanwadi Selong by its research sample are 55 students that is registered actively. Data collection is conducted by using questioner (Discourse Completing Text/ Tes Melengkapi Wacana). The analysis is conducted by using pragmatic match method and extralingual match.The research finding shows that the students use nine strategies to respond compliment. They are (1) token appreciation, (2) comment acceptance, (3) praise upgrade, (4) reassignment, and (5) return, to accept the compliment; and (6) scale down, (7) question, (8) disagreement, and (9) qualification to reject the compliment. In related to the applied of politeness, the students use four maxims Leech, these are tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim.Keywords: politeness, compliment responses, and pragmatic
... Tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam iklan tersebut tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi, tetapi juga sebagai bagian dari tanggung jawab hukum pemerintah dalam menjaga hubungan baik dengan masyarakat. Itu selaras dengan Searle (1969) dan Austin (1962) yang telah menguraikan peran penting tindak tutur dalam interaksi sosial, termasuk antara pemerintah dan warga negara. Oleh karena itu, kajian mengenai tindak tutur dalam iklan pemerintah ini sangat relevan untuk memahami bagaimana negara menjalankan fungsinya melalui komunikasi publik yang sah secara hukum. ...
This Element offers a primer for the study of meaning in a Construction Grammar approach. It reviews the main principles of meaning shared across constructionist frameworks, including its ubiquity in grammatical structure, its usage-based formation, and its nature as the output of cognitive representations. It also reviews the importance given to meaning in construction-based explanations of sentence composition, innovative language use, and language change. Paradoxically, the Element shows that there is no systematic framework delineating the rich structure of constructional meaning, which has led to theoretical disagreements and inconsistencies. It therefore proposes an operational model of meaning for practitioners of Construction Grammar. It details the characteristics of a complex interface of semantic, pragmatic, and social meaning, and shows how this framework sheds light on recent theoretical issues. The Element concludes by considering ways in which this framework can be used for future descriptive and theoretical research questions.
Over the past 25 years, performativity has emerged as a salient focus in social sciences, yet its meta-theoretical analysis remains limited. What is performativity? How is it located empirically and treated theoretically across disciplines? Analyzing 6,741 published articles and books deploying the term performativity, this paper proposes a framework to explore performativity and reviews the transdisciplinary literature that employs the term in academic practice. Drawing on an updated version of Actor-Network Theory and studying performativity in terms of its impact on the constituents of an agencement, i.e., devices (D), actors (A), representations (R), and networks (N), we outline the term’s theoretical landscape and summarize the general threads of performativity research. The paper defines performativity as a representational intervention involving a material act of describing devices, actors, representations, or networks that affects one or more of them. The literature demonstrates that such interventions can manifest as discourses, embodied engagements, speech acts, or scientific models, among other forms.
Translational science emerged in the 2000s, aiming to transform biomedicine by fostering strategies to move innovations more efficiently from basic research, through trials, to implementation. One aspect of translational science that has received limited critical attention is the development of evaluation practices that aim to measure its impact on biomedical innovation and society. In this article, we describe five periods in the evaluation of translational science funded by the US National Institutes of Health. Rather than simply measuring translational science’s effects, we show that evaluation strategies have structured the field’s emergence, produced representations of it for external actors, and helped legitimize it as a science worthy of public investment. We term this specific mode of co-production between science and metrics “the evaluative way,” and argue for the concept’s utility for studying sciences that emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, when evaluation became increasingly central to science policy.
In the present digital age, characterized by the ubiquity of various social media platforms with diverse advertisements targeting users, this study aims to investigate the persuasion in advertising discourse by Saudi influencers on Snapchat through the lens of speech acts. Using a qualitative approach, the data was collected from 20 Snapchat influencers (10 males and 10 females) by recording their advertisements on Snapchat. Content analysis was used to analyze the data using the frameworks of Searle’s (1969) speech acts. The findings indicated that Saudi Snapchat influencers used a variety of speech acts in their advertisements to persuade their audience effectively. Specifically, assertive speech acts were predominant (54.1%), followed by directive (22.9%), expressive (15.8%), declarative (6.0%), commissive (0.7%), and quotation (0.5%) acts. The study concluded by addressing some marketing implications and offering various recommendations for future research.
The official discourse of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) lacks clarity with regard to the topics of heritage and values. While common ethnic and religious values and heritage are emphasized, the dimension of political values is absent. This article finds that the intention of the OTS is to build a common Turkic identity and promote related cultural values and heritage, without a shared political identity and related political values. This leads to the formation of a Turkic archipelago of individual Turkic states with a strong actual emphasis on national sovereignty, not Turkic integration, which is a main stated goal of the OTS. Broader empirical evidence and historical cases have shown that common cultural heritage is important but not sufficient for effective integration. Shared political values are inevitably and utterly needed for an ambitious integration to materialize.
A major construct that underpins a successful business coaching session is communicating properly with the right kind of words. This study examines the significance of the words the business coaches use in their coaching sessions in a sample of 150 professional coaches and their effect on the outcomes of coaching sessions through a mixed-method approach. It uses both the quantitative analysis of surveys and performance metrics and the qualitative transcription of coaching sessions and interviews with the coaches and coachees. The research shows that coachees who are talked to by their coach using positive and uplifting language tend to be much more motivated and engaged. When coaches use solution-focused and growth-oriented vocabulary, coachees benefit from a more productive coaching experience and show tangible performance improvements. When coaches use more negative or vague language, coachees tend to report lower satisfaction with the coaching and less progress. This research highlights how important language precision can be in the coaching context and how coaches can maximize the helpfulness of their interventions by using particular types of words to achieve a positive and productive flow of their conversations. Such empirical evidence can enrich the coaching academic landscape by suggesting empirically valid guidelines that contribute to improving coaching communication strategies and practices coherently.
In this research, the aim was to develop a measurement tool to assess pragmatic awareness. An exploratory design from mixed research methods was employed. The sample consisted of a total of 700 pre-service teachers. The developed scale includes 20 items and five sub-dimensions. To establish the scale's validity, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated as .790. Based on the results, it was concluded that the scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring pragmatic awareness. Enhancing this awareness among pre-service teachers is expected to support the application of innovative and effective methods in language teaching. Furthermore, the scale fills a gap in the field by introducing a much-needed measurement tool into the literature on Turkish language education. In conclusion, this study aims to contribute to teacher education processes and to the development of pre-service teachers’ contextual language use skills by offering a new perspective on the significance of pragmatic awareness in Turkish language teaching.
The recent informational paradigm suggests that there are relationships of formal dependence between the major levels of reality: matter, life, mind and culture, as each of them is a new way of recording models of other phenomena in some modular memory. Such memories – respectively energy, genomes, cognition and language – instruct the production of many copies of informed systems – that is bodies, organisms, behaviour and cultural heritage. The macro-level of culture is often reduced to the label of “social” but covers several sub-levels that have their characteristics. The objects of information science, including intellectual works and knowledge organization systems, belong to the sub-level of scholarship. Therefore they should be studied not just as mental, technical or social phenomena, but especially for the distinctive properties of scholarship, including active research initiative, explicit theories, scientific communication channels, cumulative knowledge recording and openness to criticism.
The EE Organisational Operation Theory or PSI theory is a theory about the operation of organisations. PSI stands for Performing in Social Interaction. Based on the CIAO Paradigm (Communication, Information, Action and Organisation), a communication-centric view is taken on the cooperation of people in enterprises, as manifested in business processes. The fundamental notion in understanding the operation of organisations is the coordination act. It consists of a performer, an addressee, an intention and a product. The performer and the addressee are actors, i.e. subjects filling an actor role. Actor roles are the units of authority and responsibility. Coordination acts can be performed verbally, non-verbally and tacitly. They are the key elements in (business) conversations, which are the constituting parts of (business) transactions. A transaction is carried out by actors in two roles: the initiator and the executor. The executor brings about the product of the transaction. The process of a transaction is a path, possibly including iterations, through a universal transaction pattern, which consists of one main pattern and six revocation patterns. The latter serve to revert the state in the main pattern to a previous state. Because of the inherent connection between an actor role and the transaction kind of which fillers are the executor, the combination of the two is called transactor role. Transactor roles are the universal building blocks of business processes. Performing a coordination act results in creating the corresponding coordination fact. A fundamental principle in the PSI theory is that actors act autonomously, also if they are guided by business rules. Based on this principle, definitions are developed for the notions of authority, responsibility, accountability and competence.
The foundations of the discipline of Enterprise Engineering (EE), as envisioned by the CIAO! Network, consist of the CIAO! Paradigm and a number of theories. After the discussion of the paradigm, which has its origins in the communication-centric view on information systems engineering that emerged around 2000, the role of the EE theories and their relationships with the EE methods and the practice of EE is explained. After having been arranged in a suitable classification scheme, each of the theories is briefly discussed: the EE information theory, the EE model theory, the EE function-construction theory, the EE organisational operation theory, the EE system theory, the EE organisational construction theory, the EE organisational essence theory, the EE design theory, the EE implementation theory, the EE automation theory and the EE governance and management theory.
The EE organisational essence theory, or ALPHA theory, is a theory about the distinction of layers of transactor roles in an organisation, based on the sort of production that transactors bring about: original, informational, documental or material. Original production comprises all production acts that result in original new facts. Examples are devising things, deciding and judging as well as manufacturing, transporting and observing things. Informational production acts comprise remembering, computing and deriving facts and sharing (remembered or derived) facts. Documental production acts comprise saving, providing and transforming documents or data (containing facts). Material production comprises storing, retrieving, copying, transmitting and destroying files. Accordingly, the organisation of an enterprise can be partitioned into four partial organisations: the O-organisation (O from original), the I-organisation (I from informational), the D-organisation (D from documental) and the M-organisation (M from material). The I-organisation supports the O-organisation by means of informational services (remembering and sharing facts), the D-organisation supports the I-organisation by means of documental services (saving and providing data or documents) and the M-organisation supports the D-organisation by means of material service (storing and retrieving files). Because original acts are the only acts that change the state of the ‘business’ world of an enterprise (i.e. the production world of its O-organisation), they must be performed by human actors. For I-, D- and M-acts, it holds that they can be taken over by artefacts, notably ICT systems, including AI artefacts (like logistic control systems and robots). However, as pointed out in the PSI theory, human actors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the acts of these artefacts. The ontological model of an enterprise’s O-organisation is called its essential model. Like every ontological model, it is abstracted from implementation, but it is also abstracted from realisation, i.e. from the supporting I-, D- and M-organisation. Yet it contains everything that is needed to understand the essence of an enterprise’s operation. The ALPHA theory contributes to the generic enterprise engineering goal of intellectual manageability by an unprecedented reduction of complexity. It also clarifies that every enterprise information system (EIS) is nothing more or less than a part of the I-, the D- and the M-organisation that support the O-organisation, only implemented by using ICT.
भाषा केवल संप्रेषण का माध्यम नहीं है बल्कि कार्य संपादन का साधन भी है। इसी मान्यता के आधार पर जे०एल० आस्टिन (J.L. Austin) ने सर्वप्रथम वाक्-क्रिया सिद्धांत (Speech Act Theory) का प्रतिपादन किया। कालांतर में एक शिष्य जॉन रोजर्स सर्ल (John Rogers Searle) ने उनके वाक्-क्रिया सिद्धांत को अधिक विकसित एवं संशोधित किया, जिससे क्रियाओं को संपादित करने में भाषा कैसे कार्य करती है, इसका अधिक तार्किक एवं औपचारिक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत किया गया। सर्ल के संशोधनों ने लोगों द्वारा भाषा के साथ संपादित किए जाने वाली क्रियाओं के प्रकारों एवं सफल संप्रेषण को नियंत्रित करने वाले नियमों को सुस्पष्ट रूप से समझने हेतु अधिक व्यवस्थित रूपरेखा को प्रस्तुत किया।
Divine rebaptism occurs when a deity renames an entity with a proper name N*, which is pronounced differently or is orthographically distinct from the proper name N this entity previously had. Genesis 17:5 and 17:15 illustrate this phenomenon or alleged phenomenon while raising two questions not yet addressed. First, the identity question: Are those named “Abram” and “Sarai”, respectively, identical to those named “Abraham” and “Sarah” in Genesis? Second, the semantic question: What picture of the semantics of proper names best accounts for the divine rebaptisms portrayed in Genesis? This essay begins by motivating these questions; it indicates that they should—in an interdisciplinary fashion—appeal to Pentateuch specialists and philosophers interested in the semantics of proper names. Then, a case is made for the claim that though Genesis does not provide sufficient evidence to answer the identity question, it indicates a response to the semantic one: that especially in Genesis 17:5 and 17:15, this text points to gradation semantics. This is the view that proper names have the properties of being meaningful, indirect, flaccid, flexible, and lexically univocal in distinct degrees, depending on their context of use.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk dan fungsi tindak tutur ilokusi dalam tuturan tokoh film animasi “Dhot Design” episode “Liburan ke Pantai”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ditemukan empat bentuk tindak tutur ilokusi yang terjadi dalam tuturan tokoh film animasi, yakni 1) bentuk direktif, 2) bentuk asertif, 3) bentuk ekspresif, dan 4) bentuk komisif. Bentuk yang mendominasi ialah direktif, karena banyak tuturan tokoh yang menghasilkan tindakan. Bentuk yang sedikit ditemukan ialah komisif, karena hanya ada dua tuturan tokoh yang bertujuan memberikan penawaran atau janji. Selanjutnya, ditemukan empat fungsi tindak tutur ilokusi, yakni 1) fungsi direktif, 2) fungsi asertif, 3) fungsi ekspresif, dan 4) fungsi komisif. Fungsi yang mendominasi adalah fungsi direktif. Penyebab fungsi direktif mendominasi ialah frekuensi tuturan didominasi oleh tuturan yang menghasilkan tindakan. Fungsi yang sedikit ditemukan adalah fungsi komisif. Penyebab Fungsi komisif sedikit ditemukan ialah frekuensi tuturan hanya ditemukan dua tuturan yang bertujuan memberikan penawaran atau janji.
Pragmatics, especially speech act theory, is crucial for analyzing political discourse. It goes beyond simple information exchange to reveal the strategic use of language for influence, persuasion, and action. This paper investigates the speech acts employed by Netanyahu in his speech delivered on 7 October, 2023, considering both his intent and the contextual circumstances surrounding his utterance. Findings revealed that 38.46% of Netanyahu's speech is dedicated to assertives, 23.07% to directives, 15.38% to declaratives and 7.69% to commis-sives. Two statements were employed for two different purposes: assertive-directive (7.69%) and declarative-commissive (7.69%). Combining assertions with directives and declarations indicates that the speech emphasizes the delivery of information and action taken, with a degree of authority and commitment. This analysis also suggests that, through a strategic use of language, the speaker employs a calculated approach which aims to inform, guide, and persuade , emphasizing authority and purpose over emotional expression. However , this study, while offering insights into Netanyahu's communication, is limited by its dependence on a single speech, which might possibly misrepresent his overall style and neglect broader contextual factors. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding and validate the findings, future research should expand data sources by analyzing more speeches for the same speaker, incorporate a wider contextual analysis, and investigate audience reception.
Speech act is an utterance that contains action as a function of communication that considers aspects of the speech situation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of speech acts found in the film “A Monster Calls”. This research uses qualitative research. There are some data containing speech acts in the movie “A Monster Calls”. There are several types of speech acts found in this movie is namely locutionary speech acts, illocutionary speech acts, and perlocutionary speech acts. these speech acts have their own meaning in conveying sentences to give the response. but in this study it is more focused in illocutionary speech acts that contain the intent and function of speech power. These acts are identified as speech acts that are to inform something and do something, and contain the purpose and power of speech Each type of speech act conveys a different meaning. The results of this study are taken from the script of the main character named Conor and the actions with other characters through utterances that are in the dialogue.
This chapter explores pragmatics and its role in communication. Pragmatic competence is discussed as a key skill in L2 learning, involving the ability to interpret and convey meanings effectively in different social contexts. The chapter also covers L2 pragmatics, detailing its historical development, instructional challenges, and the importance of pragmatic instruction in developing L2 communicative competence. Empirical research is reviewed, emphasising the positive impact of explicit pragmatic instruction, while practical strategies for teaching and assessing L2 pragmatics are provided.
This chapter outlines the methodology adapted in the present study, aimed at comparing TBLT and the PPP framework in teaching L2 speech acts to Polish children aged 8–9. It covers participant demographics, target speech acts, and data collection methods. Ethical considerations, including participant well-being and data confidentiality, are discussed. The chapter concludes with an overview of the analysis procedures used to evaluate the effectiveness of TBLT and PPP in enhancing L2 pragmatic competence.
This study aims to describe the maxims violation that occurs in the movie titled "Bernafas dalam Lumpur" which was released in 1991. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a pragmatic approach that uses Grice's cooperative principle theory. The data source used is all the conversations that occur between the characters. The method used is the observation and note-taking method. The observation method is used to observe the maxim violations that occur in the utterances that appear in the film, and the note-taking method is used to record conversations that violate the maxims. The results of the study show that there are violations of maxims in the form of maxim of relevance, maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, and maxim of manner.
p> Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelanggaran maksim yang terjadi pada film berjudul Bernafas dalam Lumpur yang ditayangkan pada tahun 1991. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan pragmatik yang menggunakan teori prinsip kerja sama Grice. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah seluruh percakapan yang terjadi antar tokoh. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode simak dan catat. Metode simak digunakan untuk menyimak pelanggaran maksim yang terjadi pada tuturan yang muncul dalam film dan metode catat digunakan untuk mencatat percakapan yang melanggar maksim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran maksim berupa pelanggaran maksim relevansi, maksim kualitas, maksim kuantitas, dan maksim cara.
Kata kunci: maksim, pelanggaran, prinsip kerja sama</p
ABSTRAK: Bahasa merupakan sistem lambang bunyi yang dipergunakan oleh seluruh elemen masyarakat dalam bekerja sama, berinteraksi, serta mengidentifikasikan diri. Pragmatik adalah cabang ilmu bahasa yang mempelajari struktur bahasa secara eksternal, yakni bagaimana satuan kebahasaan itu digunakan di dalam komunikasi.Penelitian ini membahas mengenai jenis-jenis tindak tutur perlokusi yang terdapat dalam serial animasi Saenai Heroine no Sodatekata. Fokus utama pada skripsi ini ialah untuk mengidentifikasi dialog pada serial animasi yang masuk ke dalam tiga jenis tindak tutur perlokusi menurut Alston serta lima klasifikasi tindak ilokusi menurut Searle. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori pragmatik yang mengkaji mengenai apa yang dimaksudkan oleh seseorang dalam tuturannya ketika berkomunikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Simpulannya adalah dalam serial animasi Saenai Heroine no Sodatekata ditemukan ketiga jenis tindak perlokusi yang diklasifikasikan oleh Alston serta ditemukan empat jenis tindak ilokusi yang diklasifikasikan oleh Searle.Kata Kunci: Pragmatik, tindak tutur, PerlokusiABSTRACT: Language is a system of sound symbols used by all elements of society, in working together, interacting, and identifying themselves. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the external structure of language, namely how language units are used in communication.This research discusses about dialogues that contain perlocutionary speech acts in animated series tittled Saenai Heroine no Sodatekata. The main focus of this thesis is to identify dialogues in the animated series that fall into three perlocutionary speech acts classification by Alston and five illocutionary speech acts qualification by Searle. The theory used in this thesis is a pragmatic theory which examines what a person means in his speech when communicating. This research used a descriptive qualitative method. In conclusion, in the Saenai Heroine no Sodatekata animated series found all the three classification of perlocutionary speech acts by Alston and four types of illocutionary speech acts qualification by Searle.Keyword : Pragmatic, speech acts, perlocution
Fundamentado na teoria dos atos de fala e considerando as pronunciadas interpelações quanto ao racismo antinegro endereçadas ao campo teatral brasileiro na segunda década do século XXI, este artigo investiga efeitos antirracistas produzidos por enunciações performativas presentes nas obras Em Legítima Defesa (2016) e A missão em fragmentos: 12 cenas de descolonização em legítima defesa (2017) do coletivo paulistano Legítima Defesa. Escrito da perspectiva de um espectador e pesquisador teatral autoidentificado como branco, conclui que as referidas obras e o fortalecimento da crítica negra inauguram nova contemporaneidade para o campo das artes cênicas no Brasil.
This paper examines Netflix’s use of personalized thumbnails, framing the discussion within cybernetic and psychological contexts to explore the nature of intentionality in automated systems. While algorithms are designed to optimize user engagement, the ascription of “intentionality” to such systems requires careful delineation between human and machine agency. By analyzing the processes underlying automated personalization, this paper situates algorithmic behavior within a cybernetic framework, showing that while algorithmic ‘intentionality’ arises from emergent processes, it remains functionally distinct from moral agency. The discussion contributes to the broader debate on the ethical implications of algorithmic design and communication strategies.
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