How to Do Things with Words
... McGowan (2009) calls the kind of speech act Steve performs a 'covert exercitive'. Following Austin (1975), an exercitive is a speech act that changes permissibility conditions. Steve's utterance changes permissibility conditions by making it more acceptable to denigrate women. ...
... How can he change what is, and is not, permissible behaviour? 2 Authority is a felicity condition for many speech acts. One of Austin's (1975) examples is that only the designated namer can name a ship. Someone cannot leap in front of the namer, smash a champagne bottle over the bow, cry 'I name this ship the Generalissimo Stalin', and in doing so name the ship. ...
... This raises questions about the precise mechanics of speech act theory. If illocutionary force is determined by speaker intention, then we could simply ask the speaker which speech act they were trying to perform, and the audience if they recognised it (something like this view is often attributed to Austin 1975, see McDonald 2022. But even if the speakers are intending to perform the same speech act, their utterances might have different illocutionary forces. ...
Public arguments can be good or bad not only as a matter of logic, but also in the sense that speakers can do good or bad things with arguments. For example, hate speakers use public arguments to contribute to the subordination of their targets. But how can ordinary speakers acquire the authority to perform subordinating speech acts? This is the ‘Authority Problem’. This paper defends a solution inspired by McGowan’s (Australas J Philos 87:389–407, 2009) analysis of oppressive speech, including against concerns raised by McGowan (Just words: On speech and hidden harm, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019) herself. A deflated kind of authority can be gained from the hate speaker’s standing in a norm-governed ‘activity of oppression’. We should be wary about engaging with such speakers in public argument. Even if we counter their arguments, we may still elevate their standing within that activity and so enable them to perform more pernicious speech acts than was previously possible.
... To analyze the semantics of natural languages, Austin (1962) and Searle (1969) developed the speech acts theory, which set the importance of illocutionary force. Even though the propositional content of the speech has been evolving since Ancient Greece, until Austin (1962), little was said about the force that modulates and determines the intentionality of utterances. ...
... To analyze the semantics of natural languages, Austin (1962) and Searle (1969) developed the speech acts theory, which set the importance of illocutionary force. Even though the propositional content of the speech has been evolving since Ancient Greece, until Austin (1962), little was said about the force that modulates and determines the intentionality of utterances. In parallel, since Grice (1957), the pragmatics of natural languages has been built up as a nonliterality theory, in which a speaker's meaning could differ from a sentence's meaning due to the actual context of utterance. ...
... According to the semantics of ordinary language Philosophy developed since Austin (1962), the smallest unit of a speech act [18] is the illocutionary act, which is composed of a propositional content (P) and an illocutionary force (F) (Searle & Vanderveken, 1985, p. 1). The propositional content has developed since Ancient Greece but until Austin, almost anything has been said about the force that modulates and gives a sense to enunciations, i.e. the illocutionary force (Searle & Vanderveken, 1985, p. 7). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to argue that Economics is not a neutral science.
Design/methodology/approach
Post-structuralist perspective of Lyotard (1984), alongside the Pragmatics of Searle (1979) and Travis (1981) are useful for analyzing enunciations in mainstream Economics.
Findings
Economists use illocutionary acts expressed in formal language to achieve perlocutionary effects. Because of the importance attached to objectivity in mainstream Economics, the use of artificial languages is preferred to natural language. However, formal language is preferred regarding its perlocutionary effects on economists' community.
Originality/value
This paper puts together the Continental and the Analytical Philosophy and show, in an original manner, how their intersections and how they can be useful to better understand the epistemology of Economics.
... Langton (1993) and Hornsby (1995) laid the foundation for a large literature on questions involving what we might think of as a form of linguistic justice by pointing out that the illocutionary possibilities that are available to speakers are not evenly distributed. Of course, to some extent, an uneven distribution was a basic feature of the cases Austin (1962) used to introduce speech acts into the philosophical lexicon. But unlike cases in which, say, a police officer ends up with illocutionary possibilities a civilian lacks, the cases Langton and Hornsby focused on were cases in which membership (or assumed membership) in certain social groups that we would not think ought to be differently empowered in fact turn out to be so. ...
... Langton and Hornsby's early contributions developed and explored the phenomenon of 'illocutionary silencing,' which occurs when the words a person utters fail to count as the realization of a speech act, in virtue of their failing to meet the 'uptake condition' proposed by Austin (1962). While there is considerable disagreement about which acts exactly the condition ought to apply to, if it ought to apply to any at all, and how best to formulate it, on a simple framing that is good enough for present purposes, the idea is that someone's uttering a certain set of words only counts as the realization of a speech act if the audience recognizes the words as so counting. ...
... Intuitively, the injustice they suffer is due not to their failing to realize an action others would have been able to realize, but to their counting as having realized an action where others would not have. 8 For discussion of this example, see Austin (1962), Davidson (1979), and Langton (1993) among others. ...
When J.R. Cash (Johnny Cash) sings that he shot a man in Reno just to watch him die, audiences impressed by the singer's skillful creation and depiction of a nihilistic lyrical subject clap and cheer. When Terrell Doyley (Skengdo) and Joshua Malinga (A.M.) sang broadly similar lyrics at a concert in 2018, London's Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service took them to be describing violent acts they had participated in and violent intentions they harbored, and the lyrics were used as the basis for legal proceedings against the singers that resulted in convictions. In this paper, I will argue that Doyley and Malinga's case illustrates a distinctive and important form that epistemic injustice can take. By failing to see their lyrics as speech that involves the exercise of their capacity for imagination, the police and prosecutors treat them as an impoverished sort of epistemic agent. I will call the wrong involved in cases like this one poetic injustice .
... Each speech event is limited to activities or aspects of activities that are directly governed by rules or norms for speakers [1] . To convey meaning or intent, people must express it in the form of speech acts [13] . Speech acts have seven functions, namely, instrumental functions, regulatory functions, representational functions, interactional functions, personal functions, heuristic functions, and imaginative functions [14] . ...
... Speech acts have seven functions, namely, instrumental functions, regulatory functions, representational functions, interactional functions, personal functions, heuristic functions, and imaginative functions [14] . Speech acts introduced by Austin [13] include locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts [15] . Locutionary speech acts are the ones that state something in the form of sentences that are meaningful and understandable, contain a fact or actual situation, and do not contain a hidden meaning behind the speech and do not require any action or certain effect from the speech partner [16] . ...
... Speech acts are individual phenomena, psychological in nature and their sustainability is determined by the language ability of the speaker in dealing with certain situations and speech acts look more at the meaning or meaning of the action in the utterance, then the action in the utterance will be seen from the meaning of the utterance [16] . The theory of speech acts was introduced by Austin [13] . Speech is accompanied by action, and by Austin, this is called performative speech which includes locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts and this research only focuses on illocutionary speech acts. ...
Speech acts are related to the intent and meaning of utterances according to the purpose of the speaker. Illocutionary speech act is the ability to convey something by the speaker to the hearer who is expected to perform the action. This is library research with note-taking method; the utterance is taken from a Japanese Black Cinderella drama. The conclusion is that the speech act of gratitude in Japanese appears in several variations, such as, arigatou gozaimasu, arigatou, hontou ni arigatou gozaimashita, kanshashiteru, sankyu, yokatta, go kyouryoku yoroshiku onegaishimasu, otsukaresama deshita, gochisousama deshita and shoujiki arigatai where their functions differ. The higher the social status of the speech partner is, the more polite the language would be. Keywords: Speech acts, Illocutionary acts, Gratitude, Black Cinderella, Kamiya
... As one of the pioneer figures in speech acts research, Austin (1962) introduced a trichotomy to denote the levels of speech acts: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act refers to the literal meaning of an utterance. ...
... Finally, a perlocutionary act centers upon the impact of an illocutionary act on the listener. Austin (1962) describes perlocutionary act as "what we bring about or achieve by saying something such as convincing, persuading, deterring, and even, say, surprising or misleading" (p. 109). ...
... Through Speech Acts Theory, Austin (1962) placed emphasis on the illocutionary acts of which he proposed a taxonomy which later paved the path for a vast amount of research. Austin's (1962) taxonomy is a classification system which divides speech acts into five categories depending on their illocutionary force: Verdictives, Exercitives, Commissives, Behabitives, and Expositives. ...
Despite the extensive research on online instruction to teach different aspects of language, research on the use of online facilities to enhance pragmatic competence remains scarce. Thus, the present study fills the research gap by comparing the efficacy of two online instruction delivery procedures for the development of pragmatic performance and awareness: teacher-led online pragmatics learning and self-paced pragmatics learning. The participants were 40 college-level students who were going to participate in the Work and Travel program. The participants were divided into two groups: the teacher-led group and the self-paced group. While the teacher-led group received pragmatics instruction on requests through synchronous computer-mediated communication guided by the teacher, the self-paced group completed the same activities through digitally-mediated self-access materials. Discourse Completion Tasks (DCT) were utilized as the pre-test and the post-test to find out the impact of two types of fully online pragmatics instruction procedures on pragmatic performance. The requests in the DCTs were scored based on pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics separately. Furthermore, Think Aloud (TA) protocols were used before and after the treatment to shed light on the effect of different online instruction procedures on pragmatic awareness. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted to reveal the learners’ perceptions of learning pragmatics through self-access materials. The findings reported that both instruction procedures significantly helped learners improve the production of requests. While no statistically significant difference was found regarding the improvement of sociopragmatic test scores, the self-paced group outperformed the teacher-led group in terms of the development in pragmalinguistic test scores. Furthermore, the analysis of TA protocols demonstrated that both instruction procedures contributed to the learners’ pragmatic awareness. Moreover, the analysis of semi-structured interviews revealed mostly positive perceptions about self-paced learning of pragmatics through digitally-mediated self-access materials. One major implication of the study is that teaching pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics is beneficial to the learners, regardless of the instruction procedures through which they are taught.
... The spoken utterances were transcribed and translated into Indonesian in order to determine their equivalent meaning. The data is then categorized according to the type and function of the speech act, which is matched with the theoretical foundation [12]. The following subtopics discuss the types and roles of speech actions found in the oral tradition of Kette Katonga Weri Kawedo in southwest Sumba. ...
... Based on the speech data elaborated above, it can be concluded that the types of speech act in theory (Austin, 1962) are realized in the speeches of the spokespersons during the Kette Katonga Weri Kawedo event. Therefore, the types of speech acts contained in this data include locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts. ...
... Along with statements and commands, questions are a basic speech act (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969) representing a fundamental kind of human interaction. Questions qualify as interactive grounding because the interlocutors are actively negotiating the epistemic status of propositions. ...
... In relation to translation, the notion of speech acts stand out as a key theoretical concept that refers to the fact that speakers do things by using language (Austin, 1962). As stated by Porozinskay (1993,p.187), ...
The paper attempts to develop a descriptive tool of translation products to reveal the aspects of approximation between source utterance acts and translated ones through the analysis of the illocutionary force components of speech acts in both source and target languages. The selected illocutionary act is the requestive prayers of prophets in the Qur'an (Source Text) and two translations (Target Texts). The proposed pragmatic-based tool, referred to as Illocutionary Force Components Analysis (IFCA), works on the assumption that if the components that constitute the illocutionary force of the prayer illocutionary act in the target language approximate those in the source language, the illocutionary acts are similar in both languages. After analyzing the Qur'anic prayers of Zechariah, Moses, Jonah, Adam and Eve, Lot, Job, and Joseph using the IFCA, it is found that the translated prayer illocutionary acts are successful and approximate to the source acts as far as the illocutionary point and propositional content are concerned; however, non-approximation tends to occur in preparatory condition, sincerity condition and mode of achievement which produce defective acts.
... When children's speech has developed in a more perfect direction, both in terms of its grammatical structure and the vocabulary used, many researchers then use Austin and Searle's theory of speech acts. Austin (1975) mentions that there are three types of speech acts, namely locutionary acts, illocutions, and perlocutions. Locutionary acts are speech acts in their formal form, in the form of lingual forms that are spoken orally. ...
Preschool-aged children start to use various types of speech acts, one of which is directive acts. This article discusses the use of directive acts by preschool-aged children, especially related to their types and fulfillment of the felicity conditions determining the success of the directive acts. The study was conducted by utilizing qualitative and quantitative data, involving 11 preschool-aged children in Bina Buah Hati Preschool, Yogyakarta. The results show that preschool-aged children mainly use the directive act of questioning, addressed to both their peers and teacher. The questions are intended to enrich their knowledge of the world around them. In addition to questioning, the directive acts are also used to request, command, invite, prohibit, and suggest. Meanwhile, related to the felicity conditions of their directive acts, it is observed that preschool-aged children have been able to meet the overall felicity conditions so that their directive acts can be perceived perfectly by their interlocutors. Aspects of power and control of the interlocutors have begun to be well-understood, so they already have the awareness to adjust the types of directive acts against the background of the interlocutors. In addition, seeds of politeness have begun to be seen through their use of directive acts. Abstrak Anak usia prasekolah telah dapat mulai bertutur melalui beragam jenis tindak tutur, salah satunya adalah melalui tindak tutur direktif. Artikel ini membahas tentang penggunaan tindak direktif oleh anak usia prasekolah, terutama terkait dengan jenis-jenisnya serta bagaimana pemenuhan kondisi felisitas untuk kesuksesan tindak direktif anak-anak tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif, dengan melibatkan 11 anak usia prasekolah di Kelompok Bermain Bina Buah Hati Yogyakarta. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa anak usia prasekolah terutama menggunakan jenis tindak direktif bertanya, baik kepada sebaya maupun gurunya. Pertanyaan yang diajukan sifatnya konfirmatif dan informatif, yang dimaksudkan untuk memperkaya pengetahuan mereka terhadap dunia di sekelilingnya. Selain bertanya, tindak direkfit juga digunakan untuk meminta, menyuruh, mengundang, melarang, dan Titik Sudartinah, Preschool-aged Children's Directive Acts UNP JOURNALS PRINTED ISSN 1410-8062 32 menyarankan. Sementara itu, terkait dengan kondisi felisitas tindak direktif yang mereka produksi, dapat disimpulkan bila anak usia prasekolah telah dapat memenuhi keseluruhan kondisi felisitas sehingga mereka tindak direktif mereka dapat dipersepsi dengan sempurna oleh mitra tuturnya. Aspek kuasa dan kontrol terhadap mitra tutur telah dapat mulai dikuasai dengan baik, sehingga mereka telah memiliki kesadaran untuk menyesuaikan jenis tindak direktif yang diproduksi dengan latar belakang mitra tuturnya. Pun demikian pula yang terkait dengan aspek kesantunan, yang telah mulai dapat terlihat melalui hal ini. Kata kunci: anak usia prasekolah, tuturan, tindak tutur, tindak direktif, kelompok bermain
... En este sentido, los sombreros de Gold significan sólo cuando éstos se practican o performan; de la misma forma en la que el concepto 'usuario' , manejado con el sombrero del diseñador, sólo tiene sentido cuando se trata de una persona interactuando con un objeto. La performatividad de los conceptos o, mejor dicho, de los sombreros, se profundiza con la filosofía del lenguaje de Austin (1975) porque generan cambios en la realidad social que describen. Por ejemplo, los compromisos y acciones vinculados al describir y clasificar algo como objeto artístico y distinguirlo de un objeto de diseño. ...
Resumen: El esquema de Rich Gold (2007) expone los conceptos de arte, ciencia, diseño e ingeniería como sombreros creativos y plantea sus interrelaciones desde un enfoque práctico: problema-solución para la innovación. Si bien se entienden los conceptos como sombreros que se usan de forma separada, es conveniente mencionar que en la actuali-dad la práctica disciplinar tiende hacia la multidisciplina y la complejidad; lo cual plantea cuestionamientos epistemológicos sobre las formas de adquisición de conocimiento, su fundamentación y métodos; así como los límites de cada campo. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo ubicar al cuerpo como articulador de dichos sombreros a través de sus prácticas que se encarnan socialmente para preguntarse ¿quién diseña? y ¿a través de qué sombreros se investigan dichas prácticas? esto teniendo en cuenta la práctica del drag performance como un ejemplo que contextualiza dichos cuestionamientos. Para ello se brinda como primer paso un andamiaje conceptual centrados en analizar a los sombreros desde la per-formatividad, teorizada por autores como Bourdieu, Carlson, Butler y Austin. Un segundo paso es profundizar sobre sus características procesuales para representar y proyectar-ar-tefactos, dispositivos, mundos o realidades-desde visiones como las de Alexander, Simon, Hacking y Goodman. Un tercer paso es identificar las múltiples interacciones entre los sombreros y los cuerpos en los que se colocan-o inciden-, que son considerados como espacios teóricos diferenciados por sus componentes identitarios y subjetividades. Un úl-timo paso es analizar los puntos de contacto entre los cuerpos, sombreros y realidades desde teorizaciones como la 'somaestética' y conceptos como affordance e incorporación, que tienen connotaciones diversas según los campos disciplinares, pero posibilitan el diá-logo multidisciplinar sobre la corporalidad y los actos de diseñar.
... Performativity, in language studies and social theory, has a trajectory that runs from Austin's (1962) interest in speech acts, through Foucault's (1977Foucault's ( , 1998 analyses of how systems of power discursively produce the people who are the subjects of their focus, who perform their subjection to power as subjectivity. Derrida's (1998Derrida's ( , 2000 concepts of iterability and citation are also about performativity, where singularities (apparently unique instances) are shaped into generalities through the effect of language in activity where the repeatability of the sign diffuses the singularity. ...
... Austin distinguishes three types of speech-related actions by linking language attitudes and speech acts [10]. The three acts are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts or, in short, locutions, illocutions, and perlocutions. ...
... 456-457). APS also overlaps in some respects with performative speech acts, first established by Austin (1962). Haseman describes Austin's performative speech acts as utterances that accomplish an action that generates effects by its very enunciation, for example, "'I do (take this woman to be my lawful wedded wife)' exacts what it names" (Haseman, 2006, p. 102). ...
This mixed-methods study looks in detail at the artistic performance of identity via the sociophonetics of coda /s/ realizations and the Spanish-English codemixing of the two top Latin music artists in the global market between 2018-2020, Bad Bunny and J Balvin, and the comparative lyrical codemixing practices of other top artists who engage in codemixing of Spanish, English, and/or French. As reflected in the analysis of the performance sociophonetics and the lyrical codemixing of the top two performers, salient candidates for the emblematic representation of the complexity of overlapping, but not co-terminous, pan-Latinx and global identities can be singled out as convergent coda /s/ pronunciation and a certain degree of
Spanish-English codemixing. The questions driving this study were: Do Bad Bunny and J Balvin sing the way they speak regarding their pronunciation of coda /s/? Do they sing the way they speak regarding their Spanish-English codemixing practices? How does their lyrical codemixing compare to that of other top Spanish, English, and French-speaking artists? Quantitative analysis of Bad Bunny and J Balvin’s coda /s/ pronunciation and their Spanish-English codemixing demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences between their spontaneous speech during interviews and their “artistic performance speech” when singing their top songs.
There was also a statistically significant relationship between their lyrical codemixing and that of the majority of the artists in the supplementary Spanish-English-French codemixed corpus. This investigation is the first academic study combining the sociophonetics and lyrical codemixing of the two top Latin music artists in the global market.
... The performative approach has roots in Austinian speech act theory, which critiques the representational view of language (i.e., the description of the world through verifiable statements) by highlighting the distinction between illocutionary speech acts that include conventional acts that inform, warn, describe, etc., and perlocutionary speech acts, which are non-conventional acts that produce certain effects by saying something (Austin 1962). Based on the latter type, the performative approach sees discourse 'not [as] something that subjects use in order to describe objects; it is that which constitutes both subjects and objects' (Bialasiewicz et al. 2007, 407). ...
Throughout its history, Hagia Sophia has been used as an Orthodox church, a Roman Catholic church, a mosque, and a museum. After a controversial decision in 2020, Hagia Sophia was converted back into a mosque. This article shows that Hagia Sophia’s conversion into a mosque is more than a juridical action. By adopting a performative approach, it is argued that, through the conversion, the ruling Justice and Development Party seeks to achieve its two-fold agenda. Firstly, while reflecting the party’s Islamic political vision that situates religion as an integral part of everyday life, this move reaffirms the JDP’s position as the ultimate political authority that shapes Turkey’s sovereign space. Secondly, the conversion fits into and perpetuates the JDP’s instrumentalization of religion as a political tool to increase its power in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in line with its neo-Ottomanist agenda.
... Searle's (1995; account focuses on institutional facts, which he understands as particular types of social facts carrying deontic powers. He argues that institutional facts ontologically depend on constitutive rules, which have the form "X counts as Y in C", as contrasted with regulative rules, which have the form "Do X in C" (see also Austin 1962;Rawls 1971;cf. Hindriks 2009). ...
Social ontological inquiry has been pursued in analytic philosophy as well as in the social scientific tradition of critical realism. These traditions have remained largely separate despite partly overlapping concerns and similar underlying strategies of argumentation. They have also both been the subject of similar criticisms based on naturalistic approaches to the philosophy of science, which have addressed their apparent reliance on a transcendental mode of reasoning, their seeming distance from social scientific practice, and their (erroneous?) tendency to advocate global solutions to local and pragmatic problems. Two approaches aiming to naturalize these two traditions of social ontology have been proposed in recent years: one drawing on a Gierean, model-based approach to scientific practice, the other drawing on inference to the best explanation. In our paper, we compare and contrast these naturalistic approaches to social ontology in terms of their capacity to respond to the aforementioned challenges. We also defend a form of methodological pluralism, according to which there are multiple different naturalistically acceptable approaches to social ontology, which emphasize contrasting procedural continuities between social scientific research and philosophical practice.
... Sarif membahas mengenai jenis tindak tutur yang terdapat di Instagram berserta implikatur. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori tindak tutur dariAustin (1962),Searle (1979), dan Yule (2006) serta teori tentang konteks olehKoizumi (2001). Hasil penelitian Sarif menunjukkan bahwa tindak tutur yang digunakan pada media sosial Instagram selama masa pandemi Covid-19 adalah; (1) tindak tutur direktif,(2) tindak tutur representatif, dan (3) tindak tutur ekspresif. ...
In understanding an advertisement, it is necessary to comprehend a pragmatic context. This study discusses directive speech acts and implicatures in advertising on Instagram with a pragmatic study. The purpose of the study was to identify and describe the directive speech acts and their implicatures contained in the Instagram uploads of food products in Japanese and Indonesian and to compare the similarities and differences based on the theory of contrastive analysis. The method used is the descriptive qualitative method. The data source is obtained from the Instagram caption of food products. The results of this study are; (1) directive speech acts and implicatures of Japanese speakers are to; begging, ordering, and suggesting, (2) directive speech acts and implicatures of Indonesian speakers are to; inviting, ordering, and suggesting, (3) the similarity of advertising is that Japanese speakers and Indonesian speakers tend to use command directive speech acts to convey the meaning of the suggestion, and use request directive speech acts to convey the meaning of the command, the difference in advertising is that Japanese speakers tend to use fantasy promotion strategies about the product, while Indonesian speakers tend to use group life promotion strategies.
... These distances include the distance between a deposited statement and its original intended meaning and context, between the context in which a statement is received and its original context, between the speaker's intended meaning and the speaker's intention for the statement's effect, between the speaker's intended effect and the actual effect, between the intended effect and the audience's decipherment of the speaker's motives and intended effect, between the real and interpreted identity of the speaker, and between the original meaning and various interpreted meanings (J. L. Austin [51] is helpful in discerning some of these distinctions). In order to make sense of hermeneutic spaces, I believe that we need some sort of hermeneutic tool(s). ...
This article aims to examine Foucault’s conceptual toolbox (methodology, conceptual tools, and conceptual meta-tools) in relation to the socio-historical analysis of CSR and of the corporation. The article has a bidirectional purpose: it aims to use Foucault’s toolbox to analyze CSR, and to use the occasion of applying Foucault to CSR to reflect on the interpretation, critical potential, and adequacy of Foucault’s conceptual toolbox. It starts with some preliminary work: a review and rework of an interpretation of Foucault’s conceptual toolbox by Koopman and Matza. With this interpretationally revised toolbox in mind, it then initiates a Foucauldian approach to the research field of ‘the corporation’ and the sub-field of CSR. Most of the first half of this article demonstrates that Foucault’s toolbox offers a fruitful start to tackling these fields. The second half of the article takes up a counterpoint in the reverse direction, namely that Foucault’s toolbox is not equipped for adequately apprehending the interpretative play and flexibility operating within CSR discourse. This leads to a suggestion of three ways to incorporate hermeneutic tools into Foucault’s toolbox, and to an exemplification of how such toolbox renovation sheds new light on the tactics and power dynamics of CSR discourse.
... The notion of a perlocutionary aim is developed from J.L. Austin's discussion of perlocutionary acts (Austin 1962). Austin understands a perlocutionary act in terms of what effect the speech brings about in the listener. ...
Moral grandstanding is the use of moral talk for self-promotion. Recent philosophical work assumes that people can often accurately identify instances of grandstanding. In contrast, we argue that people are generally unable to reliably recognize instances of grandstanding, and that we are typically unjustified in judging that others are grandstanding as a result. From there we argue that, under most circumstances, to judge others as grandstanders is to fail to act with proper intellectual humility. We then examine the significance of these conclusions for moral discourse. More specifically, we propose that moral discourse should focus on others' stated reasons and whether their actions manifest respect. Introduction:
... When we promise, we voluntarily commit ourselves to doing the promised action in the future (Austin, 1975;Rawls, 1999). Some theorists have argued that, in the absence of sanctions or reputational costs, promises are not binding or just cheap talk (Hobbes, 1651(Hobbes, /1960Farrell, 1987). ...
Promises are voluntary commitments to perform a future action and are often thought to be powerful levers for behavioral change. Here we studied the effectiveness of promises in two preregistered, incentivized field experiments with German students (N = 406) on the premises of a cafeteria. In Experiment 1, the majority of participants (63%) kept their promise to pay back at least half of a € 4-endowment, even though there was no foreseeable cost of breaking the promise, reputational or otherwise. Significantly fewer participants (22%) paid back money in a control group that faced a simple decision to return money or not. In Experiment 2, the majority of participants (54%) kept their promise to add a provided stamp to a postcard and mail it back (anonymously) within a week. We found similar return rates (52%) for a second group for which the word “promise” was omitted from the commitment. Our findings show that participants kept their word outside the laboratory while pursuing everyday activities even when there were no foreseeable negative consequences for breaking them, demonstrating that promises are effective levers for behavioral change.
... Hay también en nuestra traducción alternativa, y en el original en hebreo, un sentido de lo que se llama en filosofía del lenguaje efecto perlocutorio (Austin, 1975), que no es otra cosa que el efecto que un enunciado genera en el público al que va dirigido. Es por ello que hemos puesto el foco en la fórmula que "produzca belleza", porque el camino de rectitud es el que tiene un doble resultado: primero interno en el desarrollo de cualidades de mesura moral que son agradables para sí mismo; y segundo, externo, por la proyección de dichas cualidades hacia los otros, quienes expuestos a ese ejemplo también podrían desarrollar esa mesura moral. ...
We discuss the relevance of a brief prescription of the Ethics of the Fathers, a short Talmud treatise, which asks what should be the correct path that the person must take. This path is - depending on the translation of the original text in Hebrew-, related to the person’s self-image and the image projected towards others. From the perspective of a hermeneutic of a “spiritual aesthetics,” we analyze the implications of a utilitarian hedonism to support an ethic of communication in today's digital media ecosystem dominated by the projection of people’s personal image.
... The knowledge of pragmatics comes not only from the social context in which communication events occur, but also from the language choices made that would trigger some force or effect on the interlocutors (Crystal, 1997:301). The focus is on intended meanings and assumptions on patterns and routines of language use especially when performing certain speech acts such as requesting, apologizing, refusing, complaining, or complimenting (Austin, 1962;Searle, 1969). These acts can be performed with varying degrees of directness or indirectness, also referred to as politeness. ...
Robot-assisted language learning (RALL) explores the role of educational humanoid robots in the learning of first and second language(s). Today, there is no definitive answer as to its effectiveness in the long run. Some studies report that adult L2 learners benefit from RALL in learning words while children enjoy only small gains from vocabulary instruction. The kind of feedback humanoid robots can provide in an ongoing conversation merely goes beyond facial expressions or words of encouragement. The need to upgrade the skills of educational robots and concerns with data privacy and abusive behavior towards robots are some challenges faced in RALL today. Plus, not a single study examined the role of RALL in assessing the reading abilities and pragmatic knowledge of L2 learners. This chapter focuses on the effectiveness of RALL in assessing word learning, pragmatics, grammar, listening, speaking, and reading skills in an L2 and discusses its reflection for future classroom applications.
... Butler uses the Austinian concept of "performative" (cf. Austin 1962), through the prism of Jacques Derrida's interpretation, to analyze this construction, and what she calls the "performativity of gender": gender is not an essence that would be revealed in our acts, but our acts themselves. We "do" more than we "are" our gender. ...
The role of language in doing gender is a very important theme in feminist movements and in the post-structuralist approach of gender by queer theorists: Butler, for example, has mobilized a concept from the ordinary language philosophy (“performativity”) to analyze gender and what she calls the “discursive construction of sex”. Her conception has been criticized by various feminist theorists for “derealizing” social relations: forgetting the materiality of the body and neglecting the concrete conditions of women’s work and life. This paper explores how ordinary language philosophy, and especially Wittgenstein’s approach of language, may support butlerian perspective in developing a realistic understanding of the power of language.
... Dialogue Acts: There is a long history of analyzing the "actions" of utterances, known as dialog acts [44,9,39,3,30]. Dialog act annotation schemes developed include DAMSL (Dialogue Act Markup in Several Layers) [2,21], SWBD-DAMSL [29,25], DIT (Dynamic Interpretation Theory) [11], and DIT++ schema [12,13]. The ISO 24617-2 standard proposed a semantically-based standard for dialogue annotation, and includes both dialogue acts and the relations between discourse units [14,15,16]. ...
In this paper, we introduce Dependency Dialogue Acts (DDA), a novel framework for capturing the structure of speaker-intentions in multi-party dialogues. DDA combines and adapts features from existing dialogue annotation frameworks, and emphasizes the multi-relational response structure of dialogues in addition to the dialogue acts and rhetorical relations. It represents the functional, discourse, and response structure in multi-party multi-threaded conversations. A few key features distinguish DDA from existing dialogue annotation frameworks such as SWBD-DAMSL and the ISO 24617-2 standard. First, DDA prioritizes the relational structure of the dialogue units and the dialog context, annotating both dialog acts and rhetorical relations as response relations to particular utterances. Second, DDA embraces overloading in dialogues, encouraging annotators to specify multiple response relations and dialog acts for each dialog unit. Lastly, DDA places an emphasis on adequately capturing how a speaker is using the full dialog context to plan and organize their speech. With these features, DDA is highly expressive and recall-oriented with regard to conversation dynamics between multiple speakers. In what follows, we present the DDA annotation framework and case studies annotating DDA structures in multi-party, multi-threaded conversations.
The artist and analytic Kant scholar Adrian Piper has been aptly described as “one of the most important and influential cultural figures of our time. The award-winning work of installation and participatory performance art, Probable Trust Registry: Rules of the Game #1-3, implicitly poses philosophical questions of interest to contractarian philosophy and its critique, including whether through an art installation one can execute a genuine, morally binding commitment to be honest, authentic, and respectful of oneself. Especially for audiences who closely identify with her experiences, Piper’s artwork, like that of other important artists, has powerfully catalytic ethical potential. Motivated by admiration for the artist and a perceived conflictual relationship between women of color and conventional discourses of moral solidarity, I offer three different ways to understand Piper’s Probable Trust Registry. I suggest that Piper’s thought-provoking artwork, which implicitly nods at John Rawls and Charles Mills, can be interpreted as asking its audiences to agree to selections from a menu of rules that, in the alternative, embrace universal moral imperatives, predict future moral integrity, or vow moral integrity.
Emblematic of late capitalist modes of value creation, place branding draws on semiotic processes as well as on affective mobilization both to structure the representation and fruition of specific locales and to produce publics. Such governmental projects of people and places, however, are always open to possible acts of recontextualization. This article discusses the complex forms of social and semiotic regimentation (and subversion) underlying place-branding projects by exploring two social media campaigns that involved the city of Milan during two key moments of the Covid-19 outbreak. Revolving around different moral discourses of speed, both campaigns resulted in a partial or failed uptake. The initial (February 2020) celebration of fast-paced metropolitan work ethics evoked by #MilanoNonSiFerma (‘Milan doesn’t stop’) – a marketing and political faux pas – was followed (in May 2020) by a reparatory campaign #UnPassoAllaVolta (‘One step at a time’), aimed at endorsing the meditative quality of slow temporality. These morally inflected shifts in kinetic intensity materialized alternative forms of ethical sociality and disciplinary practices, showing how the semiotic regimentation of affects through moral registers and chronotopic formulations plays a key role within the fusion of media and capital characteristic of our post-Fordist present.
The inherent paradox of Egyptology is that the objective of its study – people living in Egypt in Pharaonic times – are never the direct object of its studies. Egyptology, as well as archaeology in general, approach ancient lives through material (and sometimes immaterial) remains. This Element explores how, through the interplay of things and people – of non-human actants and human actors – Pharaonic material culture is shaped. In turn, it asks how, through this interplay, Pharaonic culture as an epistemic entity is created: an epistemic entity which conserves and transmits even the lives and deaths of ancient people. Drawing upon aspects of Actor Network Theory, this Element introduces an approach to see technique as the interaction of people and things, and technology as the reflection of these networks of entanglement.
In cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics, constructive feedback (CF), defined as “the identification of a problematic action and advice on how to change or correct the problem” (Nguyen & Basturkmen, 2010, p. 125), has received little attention. To fill this gap, similarities and differences between native Chinese speakers, native American speakers, and high-proficiency Chinese EFL learners’ CF are explored in this study. In particular, how these learners’ strategy applications in CF differ from those of American and Chinese speakers is examined. Data were collected through discourse completion tests (DCTs) owing to their advantages in controlling social variables and their efficiency in eliciting rich data within a limited time (Leech, 2014). In total, 42 participants were randomly selected from three groups: 14 native Chinese speakers, 14 native American speakers, and 14 high-proficiency Chinese EFL learners. The results revealed significant differences in strategy employment in CF among the three groups, with the highest disparity elicited in hedge strategies. Here, EFL learners resembled American speakers in six of the eight hedge strategies. However, they had the same percentage in terms of compliments as the Chinese speakers. With regard to supportive moves, there were no significant differences among the three groups. As a pioneering investigation, the aim of this study is to call for further research on CF.
The advancement of studies in pragmatics underscores the undeniable role of cultural awareness in expressing various communication functions like speech acts. Hence, the purpose of the present study revolved around investigating the possible interrelationships between (1) intercultural sensitivity and refusal speech act, and (2) intercultural sensitivity and attitudinal appropriateness of semantic formulae among Iranian EFL learners. To meet the purposes, 30 Iranian sophomore students who were majoring in English Literature had undergone an intercultural sensitivity scale (ISS) and a discourse completion test (DCT) respectively. The ISS was devised by Chen and Starosta (2000) to identify the learners’ intercultural sensitivity. It encompassed questions addressing intercultural communication competence. The DCT was a modified version of Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) open-ended refusal scenarios to determine the frequency of semantic formulae. It involved tasks addressing refusals to requests, invitations, offers, and suggestions in response to interlocutors of lower, equal, and higher social status. Besides, a five-scale confidence test was designed after each scenario to specify the learners’ confidence in the appropriacy of the responses. The correlation coefficient method demonstrated that there existed a positive interrelationship between the ISS and the DCT scores. The results also indicated a positive association between the ISS scores and the confidence test percentages. The findings have important implications for developing intercultural sensitivity as a way that corroborates speech acts awareness.
Keywords: Pragmatics; Refusal speech act; Culture; Intercultural competence; EFL learners
Promises of incorporation, threats of punishment, and fragile, revocable entitlements mark the signature of a modality of governance dedicated to the production of subjects who are neither included nor excluded from political or economic orders, but who are provisionally appended to them as though hanging by a thread. A wide array of political regimes renders these subjects simultaneously indispensable and expendable. The authors examine promise, threat and revocability as modalities of governance appearing across liberal and illiberal registers as a means to displace the costs, risks and responsibilities of political and economic projects onto the indeterminate subjects they simultaneously produce. The authors ask what subjects do as they are held in suspense, by studying the collectivities, social orders, and forms of political organisation that emerge amongst subjects as they anticipate the authorisations and the censures, the arrival and the forfeiture of governance.
Encore largement méconnue en France, la militante féministe lesbienne chicana Gloria Anzaldúa (1942-2004), originaire de la Vallée du Río Grande au Texas, a contribué à travers ses essais, ses fictions et ses poèmes à l’émergence de la théorie queer aux États-Unis. En effet, si la première introduction du terme queer theory au sein de la sphère académique états-unienne est souvent attribuée à Teresa de Lauretis, qui forge l’expression en 1990, il est possible d’en retracer d’autres généalogies. Anzaldúa s’est nettement définie comme queer dès 1981 dans « La Prieta », autohistoria-teoría publiée dans l’anthologie This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, coéditée avec Cherríe Moraga, puis dans Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987). Lorsque de Lauretis formule sa théorie queer, cependant, elle ne mentionne que brièvement les ouvrages d’Anzaldúa sans souligner son utilisation du terme queer ni discuter ses travaux qui constituent pourtant un précédent à sa propre formulation. Prenant appui sur d’importantes recherches en archives et des entretiens d’histoire orale, cette thèse et l’effort généalogique qui l’anime visent donc à questionner certains des « silences construits » (de Lauretis) de la théorie queer, aux États-Unis comme en France, en mettant en évidence la manière dont celle-ci s’est fondée sur l’effacement ou la marginalisation d’un important corpus de textes poétiques et critiques produits par des auteur·rice·s et des théoricien·ne·s queers racisé·e·s.
This short essay takes an exploratory approach to redefining Jewish theology. I will offer a brief reflection on both possible philosophical—through the concepts of participation, truth, and textuality—and theological—around the categories of philosophy of religion, propositional Jewish theologies, and Jewish theology—frameworks for it. Ultimately, I attempt to highlight that religious practice is essential for a significant exercise of Jewish theology in a Jewish context and, simultaneously, that theological meditation is fundamental for a meaningful Jewish journey.
Like Hannah Gadsby, Dave Chappelle understands the art of quitting. At the end of his 2021 Netflix special The Closer, a show full of jokes about LGBTQ people, Chappelle announces that he is “done” making such jokes “until we are both sure that we are laughing together.” Chappelle’s performance of quitting inverts the politics and structure of Gadsby’s Nanette (2017), in which she infamously quit comedy because it reinforced her marginalization as a gender-nonconforming lesbian.
Demostrar el efecto o los resultados de un proyecto o acción comunicativa resulta una necesidad cada vez más apremiante para las personas profesionales en comunicación, en aras de lograr un reconocimiento de su función directiva y estratégica, por un lado, y ser coherentes con los objetivos y valores organizacionales de transparencia, rendición de cuentas y efectividad en el uso de los recursos, por otro. Para esto, las ciencias sociales han ofrecido desde el siglo pasado metodologías y técnicas que facilitan esta labor, sumado al desarrollo de instrumentos que sobrevinieron gracias al crecimiento de las tecnologías y la Internet. La determinación de los objetivos que se plantean los proyectos o acciones de comunicación resulta clave en el proceso evaluativo, realidad que no ha logrado calar lo suficiente para ser la guía que acompaña a la persona profesional comunicadora en el diseño, proceso y cierre de la ejecución. El propósito de este artículo es precisamente mostrar cómo las metodologías de la evaluación y la medición pueden ayudar a este grupo profesional a reportar resultados y no intuiciones, a dar el nivel de reporte que se ha prometido en la propuesta inicial y a informar, con resultados fiables y coherentes, lo que verdaderamente logró el proceso de comunicación. Una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos (Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc y ProQuest) acerca del tema de la evaluación y la medición en comunicación, así como los procesos de investigación realizados por la autora para indagar acerca de las prácticas de evaluación de la comunicación en agencias de relaciones públicas (Acosta, 2018) e instituciones públicas costarricenses (Acosta, 2019, 2020), son el andamiaje de este capítulo.
In Indonesia, the appearance of women in TikTok videos is not far from a gender-biased
social construction that represents a lifestyle in social life. This study aims to reveal the
representation of the meaning of the female icon on video shows on TikTok social media,
besides that it will also analyze and reconstruct the female icon on video shows on TikTok
social media. The method used in this study is a qualitative method using Roland Barthes
semiotic analysis. This method was used because the researcher wanted to know and
analyze in depth about the phenomenon of the meaning of the Women's Icon on video
shows on TikTok social media, using documentation techniques, data literacy and
interviews with several semiotic experts. The results of the study show that video shows
on TikTok social media tend to represent women with gender-biased themes and ways.
Women's bodies are exploited for commercial purposes in the social media industry. The
presence of women in TikTok video shows is a communication strategy as a point of view.
Keywords: Representation, Social Media, Women, Video, TikTo
The challenges and strategies for sustainability in Theatre for Development in most African communities.
Even more so in the digital, multimodal age, and in a constantly changing environment, words, and particularly specialized words, still seem to have the power to play a normative and constitutive role in the processing of organizational communication flows. In this light, this paper presents what we call lexicographic meaning construction processes (hereafter LMCPs) in connection with the implementation of digital lexicographic information platforms (hereafter DLIPs) in companies and organizations (hereafter C&Os). DLIPs aim at helping C&Os pursue their mission and develop their branding efforts. In times of digital change and change communication, the strategic role of such platforms appears to be quite noticeable. The digital revolution in terminology and lexicography in general has now made it not only possible but also highly relevant for C&Os to develop their own, tailor-made, DLIPs to realize mission and branding actions in accordance with their communication and knowledge needs. DLIPs can be seen as the new fully digitalized generation of in-house terminology databases, often multilingual, in which the technical, specialized vocabulary of a C&O, in one or several languages, is stored and can be accessed by staff and/or can be integrated into language technology systems (machine translation, AI text generation). For the purpose of this discussion, the digitality of DLIPs is taken as a starting point. Analogue—or paper/printed as it were—collections of dictionaries and glossaries are not used extensively in organizational contexts any longer, which puts digitalization at the centre of lexicographic information platforms. Although similar LMCPs must be involved in the development of paper/printed works, the major difference lies in the organizational embedment since DLIPs involve staff and management in all phases: design, implementation, use and updating, and eventually replacement or shutting down. DLIPs are not simply data repositories recording the vocabulary of a C&O in multiple fields (technical, marketing, organization), they also feature interactive functionalities, including the possibility for editors and users of the platform to communicate on the design and content of the platform, suggest new words and articles, comment on meaning explanations etc. Consequently, previously well-established boundaries between terminology, lexicography and corporate communication have been blurred, as central elements of the three disciplines have merged into a new, emergent discipline, which we here will refer to as corporate lexicography. Our discussion is based on the case study of three DLIPs that bring evidence to how LMCPs trigger and frame change communication in C&Os: TDC A/S, Copenhagen Zoo, and BIVB, t0068e French Vins de Bourgogne wine board.
In social situations, people must be able to recognize the faces of others to respond to emotions and maintain relationships. People are supposed to utilize politeness strategies to save their faces. The purpose of this research is to explain the different functions and kinds of politeness strategies utilized by Kit Connor in the television show The Heart Stopper. This study falls under discourse analysis and employs Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness strategies. In the form of utterances and words, this data is the script for the television series The Heart Stopper. According to our findings, Kit Connor's politeness strategy is used in 37 utterances. She used the baldness strategy 18.9% or 7 times of the time, positive politeness 54% or 20 times of the time, negative politeness 24.4% or 9 times of the time, and informally used 24.4% or 1 time of the time.2.7% used. Kit Connor's favourite politeness strategy is the "offer and promise" part of the positive politeness strategy. The strategy is employed 18.9%, or 7 times of the time. Generally, he employs politeness strategies in his daily life to maintain and build positive relationships with others
The current study focused on cross-cultural comparison of requestive speech act realization patterns in Mongolian and English. This study aimed to compare patterns in the requests provided by native Mongolian speakers (n=86) and native speakers of American English (n=87) under the same social constraints involving nine different situations. Data were gathered through the discourse completion test (DCT) in which the participants were asked to complete the discourse with appropriate request patterns consistent with the given situation. Students were undergraduate students (sophomores and juniors) in their native countries. The data were processed in accordance with request strategies developed by Blum-Kulka et al. (1984). According to the degree of directness, all request strategies were classified into three major categories, particularly (1) direct strategies, (2) conventionally indirect strategies, and (3) unconventionally indirect strategies.
A picture theory of language, as elaborated by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus, is presented as a philosophical attempt to justify the general use of the picture metaphor. It is pointed out that a performative interpretation of language allows for a much deeper understanding of the possible social impact of language, captured by notions like discourse, symbolic power, and symbolic violence. A basic idea associated with a performative interpretation of mathematics is that mathematics forms not only our world views, but our worlds as well. This is illustrated through a discussion of Body Mass Index. Finally, it is observed that students might bring mathematics into action as part of a critical endeavour.
This study is an attempt to pragmatically reveal how sarcasm is used by D. Trump to express and represent racism as an ideology in discourse. Trump’s Announcement Speech is purposefully chosen as the data of the current study because it is believed that issues related to racism are revealed through this speech. In other words, the study analyzes the pragmatic strategies used by President D. Trump in some excerpts taken from his speech where the expression of racism by the use of sarcasm is expected
The Ithiel de Sola Pool Award is for work throughout my career—work that I have done with many and with the help of so many more. I thank the committee for this honor and, with it, the opportunity to honor another: Merrill Shanks.
Discussions of the international position of Shakespeare typically and understandably focus on the uptake of his works, on Shakespeare’s reception by world literature to the exclusion of his reception of world literature. Both the plays and the sonnets, however, are heirs to long literary traditions that extend beyond Europe to the south and the east. In turn, these works have inspired a global response—first to the plays, more recently to the poems. In this, the sonnets are something of an exception to the rule that lyric is translated less often than narrative. The sonnets have been put to two main purposes: the formal and the social. Every reception is an “intervention” in native artistic practice—especially when, as is often the case, that appropriation is undertaken by a distinguished poet, composer, or filmmaker. Unsurprisingly, the sonnets have been used both to reinforce and to challenge the aesthetic status quo. Although earlier eras often ignored or decried the poems’ heterodox sexuality, since World War Two the sonnets have often been mobilized in support of democratization and against gender, sexual, and racial stereotyping.
Chapter 3 adopts a “postclassical” approach to narratology and presents various stylistic theories and concepts employed in the literary analysis in this book. It highlights the importance of stylistics cooperating with narratology and pragmatics for more reliable, empirical research results in the study of literary fiction. The chapter explains some key notions from the field of narratology, e.g. “implied author” and “implied reader” as well as stylistic concepts, e.g. “speech and thought presentation”, “schemas” or “linguistic indicators of viewpoint”. Importantly, it offers an alternative to the well-established literary concept of “a secret communion between the author and reader” (Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1961), which describes a good rapport on the narrator-reader axis. The chapter proposes a pragma-stylistic definition of “the impoliteness of the literary fiction”, which suggests that the literary text may also pose a face threat to the reader by infringing on the reader’s moral and ethical norms. The chapter concludes with a critical overview of stylistic investigations of McEwan’s novels, noting that so far neither politeness nor impoliteness has been used to characterise his fiction.
This paper calls into question one fundamental claim at the basis of an alleged puzzle for veritistic accounts of the value of idealized models: the claim that idealized models cannot be veridical representations of the world. Catherine Elgin has argued that the value of idealized models can only be explained if we construe them as exemplars, which do not represent the world. I argue that Elgin’s proposal is problematic and cannot accommodate central cases of idealization. Nevertheless, there is value in Elgin’s proposal. I rescue her notion of selectiveness in exemplification and incorporate it within a revised account of representation. I provide independent motivation in favour of a form of veritism, which motivates a revision of Elgin’s case against it. I argue that an account based on selective representation has the resources to rescue veritism from the problems raised by Elgin. In the proposal I advance, idealized models are literally veridical representations of the world.
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