Investigation of Environmental-friendly Technology for a Paint Industry Wastewater Plant in Turkey

Abstract

Paint manufacturing process has several unfavorable aspects to the environment in Turkey. One of these impacts is wastewater treatment. Paint wastewater contains huge amounts of toxic chemical substances, bio refractory compounds, pigments and microorganisms. So, advanced treatment requirement is available to dispose of colour, microorganisms and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The high organic content of wastewater causes serious environmental challenges and contamination for the living organisms and the ecosystem in the receiver media unless it is treated adequately. In this context, the treatment process to be implemented should be preferred in such a way as to give the least damage to the environment. In this study, three treatment scenarios that contain electrocoagulation (Scenario-1), Fenton process (Scenario-2) and membrane distillation (Scenario-3) have been created for wastewater treatment facility of a paint industry in Turkey. For three scenarios, environmental impact assessment has been carried out with Fine-Kinney method. It is aimed to choose best environmental technology before investment. The evaluation results revealed that Scenario-2 has the less environmental impacts that total impact value is 556. Scenario-1 has the highest total impact value as 756, relatively. Total impact value related to Scenario-3 is 637. According to the evaluation results, Fenton process is the best environmental-friendly treatment technology for wastewater treatment of a paint industry in Turkey.

Full text

1
Süleyman Demirel University
Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences
Volume **, Issue *, **-**, 20**
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
Cilt **, Sayı *, **-**, 20**
DOI: 10.19113/sdufbed.22148
Investigation of Environmental-friendly Technology for a Paint Industry Wastewater
Plant in Turkey
Pelin YAPICIOĞLU*1
1Harran University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 63000, Şanlıurfa
(Alınış / Received: 13.10.2017, Kabul / Accepted: 03.01.2018, Online Yayınlanma / Published Online: 21.02.2018)
Keywords
Environmental impact,
Paint wastewater,
Electrocoagulation,
Fenton process,
Membrane distillation
Abstract: Paint manufacturing process has several unfavorable aspects to the
environment in Turkey. One of these impacts is wastewater treatment. Paint
wastewater contains huge amounts of toxic chemical substances, bio refractory
compounds, pigments and microorganisms. So, advanced treatment
requirement is available to dispose of colour, microorganisms and chemical
oxygen demand (COD). The high organic content of wastewater causes serious
environmental challenges and contamination for the living organisms and the
ecosystem in the receiver media unless it is treated adequately. In this context,
the treatment process to be implemented should be preferred in such a way as
to give the least damage to the environment. In this study, three treatment
scenarios that contain electrocoagulation (Scenario-1), Fenton process
(Scenario-2) and membrane distillation (Scenario-3) have been created for
wastewater treatment facility of a paint industry in Turkey. For three scenarios,
environmental impact assessment has been carried out with Fine-Kinney
method. It is aimed to choose best environmental technology before
investment. The evaluation results revealed that Scenario-2 has the less
environmental impacts that total impact value is 556. Scenario-1 has the
highest total impact value as 756, relatively. Total impact value related to
Scenario-3 is 637. According to the evaluation results, Fenton process is the
best environmental-friendly treatment technology for wastewater treatment of
a paint industry in Turkey.
Türkiye’de Bir Boya Endüstrisi Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi için Çevre Dostu Teknolojinin
Araştırılması
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çevresel etki,
Boya endüstrisi atıksuyu,
Elektrokoagülasyon,
Fenton prosesi,
Membran distilasyonu
Özet: Boya üretim prosesi; Türkiye’de birçok olumsuz çevresel etkiye sahiptir.
Bu etkilerden birisi atıksu arıtımıdır. Boya endüstrisi atıksuyu, yüksek miktarda
zehirli kimyasal maddeleri, biyolojik olarak parçalanmayan bileşikleri, pigment
ve mikroorganizmaları içerir. Sonuç olarak atıksudan; renk, mikroorganizma ve
organik madde (KOI) giderimi için ileri bir arıtma prosesine ihtiyaç
duyulmaktadır. Atıksuyun yüksek organik madde içeriği, yeterli arıtılmaması
durumunda; alıcı ortamda yaşayan organizmalar ve ekosistem için ciddi çevre
sorunlarına ve kirliliğe neden olur. Bu kapsamda, uygulanacak arıtma prosesi,
çevreye en az zarar verecek şekilde seçilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki bir
boya endüstrisi atıksu arıtma tesisi için; elektrokoagülasyon (Senaryo-1),
Fenton prosesi (Senaryo- 2) ve membran distilasyonu (Senaryo-3) içeren üç
adet arıtım senaryosu oluşturulmuştur. Üç senaryo için, Fine-Kinney
yöntemiyle çevresel etki değerlendirme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yatırım
yapılmadan önce, en çevre dostu teknolojinin seçilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Değerlendirme sonuçları, Senaryo- 2’nin, 556 toplam etki puanıyla en düşük
çevresel etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Senaryo- 1 en yüksek toplam
etki puanına sahiptir (756). Senaryo 3’e ait toplam etki puanı 637’dir.
Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre, Fenton Prosesi, Türkiye’deki bir boya
endüstrisi atıksu arıtma tesisi için en çevre dostu arıtma teknolojisidir.
*Corresponding author: pyapicioglu@harran.edu.tr

P. Yapıcıoğlu/ Investigation of Environmental-friendly Technology for a Paint Industry W astewater Plant in Turkey
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1. Introduction
The paint factory is a type of industry that has
negative environmental impacts. Turkey is one of the
regions that have significant numbers of these type
facilities. Paint processing has many unfavourable
environmental impacts. Wastewater is the major
environmental impact of paint industries.
The paint industry is defined as huge water consumer
and owner of huge discharge volumes of colourful
wastewater with supernal chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and nonorganic loading, establishing it one of
the major supplies of serious contamination around
the world [1]. The conventional methods for treating
paint wastewater, biochemical processes have been
implemented [1,2]. Even though more than 90% of
contaminants could be removed from the wastewater
by these traditional methods, considerable quantities
in COD and total dissolved solids (TDS) remain at
effluents after the biochemical treatment methods
[3,4]. There are many treatment methods such as
biochemical and chemical and advanced treatment
processes for paint industry.
More importantly, before deciding the treatment
process to be conducted is to determine the damage
and impacts to be given to the environment and to
decide accordingly. Environmental impact
assessment is a methodology that assists to detect the
levels of impacts and to categorize the hazard levels.
With this methodology, the damage to environment
can be identified and be decreased the impact with
prevention methods.
In this study, it is aimed to determine the best
available treatment process for a paint wastewater
treatment plant in Turkey by means of environmental
impact assessment methodology. The assessment
revealed with fulfilling Fine-Kinney method.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Wastewater treatment methods for painting
processing
There are some various methods to dispose of
organic substances and colour from painting
wastewater such adsorption, membrane processes,
advanced oxidation processes and chemical
treatment [5,6,7].
2.2. Description of the paint industry
The paint industry is located in an organized
industrial zone in Turkey. Main products are
furniture paint, decorative paint, industrial paint and
ink. All products are water-based paints. The main
painting process scheme is shown in Figure 1.
Generally, paint wastewater is characterized by a
deep colour, dominant pH, advanced chemical oxygen
demand, and low biodegradability [8,9]. Main
wastewater contaminants of the industrial plants are
suspended solids that could be decreased by the
impressive implementation of conventional
treatment techniques in the facility. Heavy metals
form at least traces amounts in pigments, occur in the
industrial wastewater. Oil and grease (O&G) are the
other major contaminant indicator for paint industry.
The wastewater characteristics of this paint industry
are given in Table 1. The wastewater analysis results
have been achieved conducting Standard Methods
[10].
Figure 1. Paint industry process flow scheme
Table 1. Wastewater characterization of the paint industry
Parameter
Value
COD (mg/l)
5970
Colour ( Pt/Co)
28
TSS (mg/l)
1463
Oil and Grease (mg/l)
421
pH
7.69
Figure 2 indicates the available wastewater
treatment process flow scheme in the plant. Chemical
treatment method is implemented as coagulation and
flocculation process and activated carbon adsorption
to remove, colour, organic and suspended materials
from wastewater. In DAF (dissolved air flotation)
tank, oil and grease and other organic material
removal have been obtained. Disinfection is fulfilled
for pathogens and microorganisms removal from
effluent. Activated carbon adsorption is implemented
for colour removal from wastewater. The wastewater
is discharged to the Organised Industrial Zone
Central Wastewater Treatment Plant. Because of high
environmental impacts such as toxicity of
wastewater, inefficient and inadequate wastewater
treatment and sludge production of available
treatment system, it is decided to elect new
innovative and environmental friendly wastewater
treatment process in the paint industry.

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Figure 2. Available wastewater treatment process flow
diagram
Also Figure 2 described the sludge treatment unit
flow diagram in the wastewater treatment plant.
Firstly, chemical treatment sludge is sent to
centrifuge decanter for dewatering and thickening.
And then, lime addition is implemented for sludge
stabilization and finally it is sent to the final disposal
firm by way of municipality. The other sludge type is
chemical sludge that generated from DAF tank
because of chemical addition to increase oil removal
efficiency. DAF sludge is treated together with
treatment sludge.
2.3. Environmental impact assessment methods
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a method
that enables the evaluation for the aspects in the
ecosystems. The protection of the fauna and flora
means to ensure a sustainable environment and this
methodology is an easy way to realize this process
[11-12-13-14-15]. The paradigms of EIA have been
improved to describe and estimate value variances
related to a factor. Evaluation should facilitate
description of impacts on water supplies, land, air,
ecosystem and natural resources. Lately, there are
many different methods used for assessing
environmental dimensions. The most frequently used
method, which has the simplest calculation method of
mathematical methods and question list based
methods is L type 5x5 matrix method. Main
environmental impact assessment methods are 5x5
matrix, uncertainty analysis, multi-criteria
assessment, Delphi method, 3x3 matrixes and Fine-
Kinney method [15]. However, it is frequently used in
commercial software especially in environmental
dimension evaluation studies. The Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) is one of them. Gabi and Simapro
are the main software. In this study, environmental
dimension evaluation activities were carried out by
Fine-Kinney method. The reason why the Fine-
Kinney is preferred is to utilize multiple variables and
real values.
2.3.1. Fine-Kinney method
Fine-Kinney method improved by G.F. Kinney and A.D
Wiruth is a simple and prevalent methodology to
evaluate impacts values [16]. This method is
frequently implemented in building and cement
facilities and it is defined as one of the most ordinary
methodologies for minor measured facilities. This
method often utilizes statistical assays of previous
input. [17].
In this evaluation tool, possibility, frequency and
severity variables and range schedules of each
indicators are comprised. Impact value is calculated
with severity, probability and frequency
multiplication. It is shown in Eq. (1).
Impact (I) = Probability (P) x Frequency (F) x
Severity (S)
(1)
In improving the range schedules, reference points
have been detected in calculating and with regard to
the reference points, alternate marks have been
detected based on experimentation. Possibility,
frequency and severity indicator interspaces
proposed for usage in Fine-Kinney method have been
demonstrated in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 in turn
[16].
Table 2. Possibility scale of Fine-Kinney method [16]
Possibility
Mark
Certainly probable
10
Well probable
6
Rare probable
May be
Eventual
Physically impossible
All but impossible
3
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
Table 3. Rate scale of Fine-Kinney method [16]
Frequency
Mark
Nonstop
10
Everyday
6
Hebdomadal
Once a month
Several times
Annually
3
2
1
0.5
Table 4 . Severity scale of Fine-Kinney method [16]
Severity
Value
Environmental disaster, or damage
100
Disaster
40
Environmental block
Significant environmental damage
Environmental damage
Small or no environmental damage
15
7
3
1
Kinney and Wiruth investigated ‘Certainly probable’
with a scale frequently and described it like an
environmental accident which has formed before, has

P. Yapıcıoğlu/ Investigation of Environmental-friendly Technology for a Paint Industry W astewater Plant in Turkey
4
a probability of forming recurrently and would form
in the fortune [16]. To decide which possibility scale
to elect, for example, if chemical substance leakage
occurred in the past, you should select “10”. If an
accident did not occur in the near past, considering
the available precautions, you can choose “0.2” etc.
Kinney and Wiruth created a scale schedule for
frequency merits as well. Reference merits are the
range of 0.5 and 10. To determine frequency value,
routine activities implemented in the plant or facility
should be considered and how many times repeated
in a day or a year. For example, if sewage sludge is
sent to disposal plant for a week, you should select
“3” as frequency value. For UASB reactor, anaerobic
sludge is picked up once a year, you can choose “0.5”.
In the assessment schedule, the values are detected
by thinking cost and amount. First of all, these values
should be detected by considering industrial and
operational conditions. Then if they are multiplied
with each other, you can ensure the risk score where
defined as in Table 5.
Table 5. Assessment results of Fine-Kinney method [16]
Range
Mark
I<20
May be acceptable
20<I<70
Probable impact
70<I<200
200<I<400
I>400
Considerable impact
High impact
Severe impact
Based on the detected impact, possibility, frequency
and severity marks are ensured from the table and
three elements have been multiplied, and the impact
value is detected. The ensured impact values are
categorized according to Table 5.
2.4. Description of the case study
Water-based paint wastewater that is occurred along
the coating stage with different belching processes
contains resins, pigments and agents [18]. There are
three treatment scenarios that have been formed to
evaluate the environmental dimensions and impacts
conducting Fine-Kinney method. In the case study,
the main aim is to determine which wastewater
treatment method has the less damage and impact to
the environment. Before investment, under favour of
environmental impact assessment, best
environmental-friendly wastewater treatment
method has been chosen. The Scenario-1 is
electrocoagulation. The Scenario-2 is to implement
Fenton process and the Scenario-3 is wastewater
treatment with membrane distillation.
2.4.1. Scenario-1
Electrocoagulation process has been attracted a great
importance for the wastewater treatment related to
the industries that olive mill, chemical mechanical
polishing, meat industry, pulp and paper mill, metal
cutting and textile wastewaters because of the
versatility and the environmental compatibility [5].
Electrocoagulation technology is environmentally
friendly so that it does not form corrosion or any
pollutants. This technology has some advantages if
benchmarked to traditional methods as bare
installation, simple to manage, fewer retention time,
decrease or disappearance of inserting chemical
substances, quick sedimentation of the electro-
generated flocs and fewer sludge generation
[5,19,20]. This technology utilizes sacrificial metal
electrodes dipped in contaminated water
implementing electric flow [21].
There are several studies about this technology to
remove colour from wastewater. Akyol conducted a
study by applying this method [5]. According the
study, the most disposal yields for COD and TOC in
wastewater were ensured with 93% and 88% for Fe
and 94% and 89% for Al electrodes at the optimum
terms [5]. The specific dyes such as Acid Black 1, Acid
Blue 19, Acid Red 2, Acid Yellow 23, Basic Violet 3,
Basic Blue 9, Direct Brown 2, Disperse Blue 3,
Reactive Black 5 removal from painting wastewater
has been conducted by Daneshvar et al., Vidal et al.,
Kobya et al. and Aoudj by implementing
electrocoagulation in different times [21, 22, 23, 24].
Also, Fajordo et al. fulfilled this technology. They
achieved 76% and 97% of colour removal process
after 45 and 120 minutes of operation, with an
energy consumption of 5 and 14 kWh/ m3,
respectively [25].
The Scenario-1 is electrocoagulation process
implementation for paint processing wastewater
treatment. For the investment of wastewater
treatment plant and to detect environmental-friendly
technology, for this technology, environmental
impact assessment has been revealed. The Scenario-
1 is based on the wastewater treatment flow diagram
demonstrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Scenario-1
2.4.2. Scenario-2
Advanced wastewater treatment technologies have
been gained attendance and popularity recently. One
of them is advanced oxidation process (AOP). There
are many advanced oxidation processes such as

P. Yapıcıoğlu/ Investigation of Environmental-friendly Technology for a Paint Industry W astewater Plant in Turkey
5
ozonation, UV+H2O2 process, UV+O3 process, vacuum-
ultraviolet (VUV) process, Fenton process, photo-
Fenton process and their combinations [26]. Fenton
is the most favorable among them. Hydroxyl radicals
(*OH) are the most impressive oxidants among the
available oxidants [27]. These radicals are generated
by homolytic cleavage of hydrogen peroxide
catalyzed by Fe 2+ ions and the reaction is named as
Fenton’s process [28].
Kurt et al. conducted a study about this process [27].
They achieved with pH adjustment were about 20%
COD removal with this method. With the subscription
of Fenton process in both columns and combined
reactor surveys, the COD removal was developed by
nearly 80% [27]. Degradation of the dye Disperse Red
354 was conducted under four different oxidation
conditions (UV+ H2O2, O3, Fenton and Photo-Fenton)
by Neamtu et al. (2004) [29]. In another survey, the
cumulative yield of removing COD and colour from
painting wastewater through the advanced oxidation
processes by Kang et al. (1999) [30].
Scenario-2 is based on paint wastewater treatment
with advanced oxidation process that contains
Fenton process. The schematic diagram of Scenario-2
is given in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Scenario-2
2.4.3. Scenario-3
Membrane technology is an alternative method for
paint wastewater treatment. Reverse osmosis (RO),
nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and
microfiltration (MF) processes enable to eliminate
particles, colloids and macromolecules based on the
pore size. Membrane is the separation process that is
implemented for water and wastewater treatment
worldwide. Membrane processes have gained
importance due to their natural feasibility,
measurable modular design, simple maintenance and
excellent rejection rate [31, 32, 33].
Some researchers investigated that colour and
toxicity removal from paint wastewater with
membrane based processes [34, 35, 36, 37].
Membrane distillation (MD), a new developed
membrane-based technology, has produced interest
because it can supply a high rejection rate under soft
temperatures and nominal atmospheric pressure
[31]. The application of membrane distillation for
paint wastewater treatment has two particularly
main advantages. First, it can use the industrial waste
heat already available in paint wastewater without
requiring extra heating, as the wastewater
discharged from the paint industry is generally above
80 °C. Second, the paint can potentially be recovered
from the concentrate [31].
Scenario-3 is composed on paint processing
wastewater treatment with membrane distillation
process. The schematic diagram of Scenario-3 is given
in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Scenario-3
3. Results
Considering legal requirements for a dye industry
operating in Turkey, implementing the Fine Kinney
Method, environmental dimensions were determined
and environmental impacts were assessed for
Scenario-1, Scenario-2 and Scenario-3 that have
formed for new plant investment. In this evaluation,
the environmental dimensions of each process in the
factory were defined; risk assessments were carried
out together with the existing measures applied by
giving possible environmental aspects. The results of
these evaluations have been given in Table 6 related
to Scenario-1, Table 7 related to Scenario-2 and Table
8 related to Scenario-3. While assessment, process
requirements, by products and end products,
operational frequency, preventions to be taken,
sludge occurrence, chemical substances use, air
emissions, water consumption and energy
consumption have been considered for each
treatment processes.
3.1. Environmental impact assessment of
Scenario-1
Electrocoagulation has some challenges for
wastewater treatment besides its advantages.
Environmental impact assessment related to
electrocoagulation system has been given in Table 6.
According to the results of Table 6, water pollution,
soil pollution and natural sources consumption are

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6
the main environmental impacts for
electrocoagulation. Total impact value is 756.
3.2. Environmental impact assessment of
Scenario-2
Advanced oxidation process has some advantages
such as high colour removal efficiency.
Environmental impacts assessment results have been
described in Table 7.
According to Table 7, natural sources consumption,
soil and water pollution are the major environmental
impacts of advanced oxidation for dye wastewater
treatment. Total impact value is 556.
3.3. Environmental impact assessment of
Scenario-3
Membrane distillation technology has some
advantages such as no requirement for disinfection
but for cleaning membrane module water is
consumed in huge amounts and electricity and heat
consumption is available for this process. The results
have been defined in Table 8.
In the result of environmental impact assessment for
Scenario-3, fundamental environmental impacts are
natural sources consumption, greenhouse effect and
soil pollution. Total value of environmental impact
assessment is 637.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
Environmental impact assessment has been fulfilled
by carrying out Fine Kinney method for 3 scenarios.
Environmental impact results comparison of
Scenario-1, Scenario-2 and Scenario-3 has been
demonstrated in Figure 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
Environmental impacts values comparison of all
scenarios is given in Figure 9.
Table 6. Environmental impact assessment of Scenario-1 (Electrocoagulation)
Environmental
Dimension
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Probability
Frequency
Severity
Impact
Value
Result
Chemical
Usage
Soil and Water
Pollution
Wastewater treatment is
ensured with chemical usage.
Chemical usage is followed
6
6
7
252
High Impact
Sludge
Treatment
Soil Pollution
The occurred sludge will be
chemical characterization.
Sludge treatment will be
applied.
6
3
7
126
Considerable
Impact
Energy
Consumption
Natural Sources
Consumption
There is high electricity
consumption because of
power requirement.
6
6
7
252
High Impact
Wastewater
Treatment
Water Pollution
Colour removal is ensured.
3
6
7
126
Considerable
Impact
Table 7. Environmental impact assessment of Scenario-2 (Fenton Process)
Environmental
Dimension
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Probability
Frequency
Severity
Impact
Value
Result
Wastewater
Treatment
Water
pollution
Colour removal has been
obtained. Fe+2 and H2O2 are not
toxic.
1
1
7
7
May be
Acceptable
Chemical
Usage
Soil and water
pollution
Fe 2+ and H2O2 are used. Chemical
consumption is followed and
leakage chemical collection
system will be formed.
6
6
7
252
High
Impact
Sludge
Treatment
Soil Pollution
Sludge occurrence is available.
Sludge treatment is implemented.
1
3
15
45
Probable
Impact
Energy
Consumption
Natural
Sources
Consumption
Electricity consumption has high
value for reactor operation.
6
6
7
252
High
Impact
Table 8. Environmental impact assessment of Scenario-3 (Membrane Distillation)
Environmental
Dimension
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Probability
Frequency
Severity
Impact
Value
Result
Wastewater
Treatment
Greenhouse
effect
In membrane distillation, CO2
emission is occurred. It causes
greenhouse effect.
3
6
7
126
Considerable
Impact
Water
Consumption
Natural
Sources
Consumption
Water consumption is followed.
Back washing is implemented
for prevention of fouling.
6
6
7
252
High Impact
Sludge
Treatment
Soil Pollution
This system is nearly zero
sludge system.
1
1
7
7
May be
acceptable
Energy
Consumption
Natural
Sources
Consumption
Electricity and heat
consumption has high value for
reactor operation. Cooling is
implemented.
6
6
7
252
High Impact

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Figure 6. EIA of Scenario-1
Figure 7. EIA of Scenario-2
Figure 8. EIA of Scenario-3
Figure 9. Comparison of 3 scenarios
Environmental impact assessment for a paint
processing industry located and operated in Turkey
has been implemented by carrying out Fine Kinney
Method for Scenario-1, Scenario-2 and Scenario-3
are electrocoagulation, Fenton process and
membrane distillation, respectively. Environmental
impact assessment is a tool for determining
environmental-friendly treatment technology before
investment. Fine Kinney method can be preferred as
EIA methodology. Use of Fine-Kinney method in
Environmental Impact Assessment studies can be
considered as a contribution to the literature, unlike
other studies.
For Scenario- 1, chemical usage, and energy
consumption has the same environmental impact
value as 252. Impact value of wastewater treatment
and sludge treatment has the same value is 126. Total
impact value is 756.
The environmental impact value of wastewater
treatment is 7 for Scenario-2. The highest value is
252 related to chemical usage and energy
consumption. The impact value of sludge treatment is
45. The main environmental impacts are natural
sources consumption and soil and water pollution.
In Scenario-3, water and energy consumption have
the highest environmental impact value as 252.
Water consumption and electricity consumption are
the main environmental dimensions Because of
nearly zero-sludge process; the impact value of
sludge treatment is only 7. Water consumption is in
huge amounts causes to natural sources consumption
because of backwashing and cleaning membrane
modules. The environmental impact value related to
wastewater treatment is 126 with greenhouse effect
impact.
For detecting which process will be implemented,
total environmental value of this wastewater
treatment scenarios have been considered. Total
value of electrocoagulation technology is 756 has the
highest value. Total environmental impact value
related to membrane distillation technology is 637
and the score of Fenton process is 556. According to
the environmental impacts assessment results,
Fenton process could be proposed for treating the
paint processing wastewater.
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