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Applications of algae in cosmetics: an overview

February 2018

DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2018.0702038

Project: Halophilic microalgae from soda lake and marine salterns.

Authors:

Surabhi Joshi

Institute of Science, Nirma University

Roshani K Mishra

Gujarat Biotechnology Research Center Gandhinagar

Vivek Narayan Upasani

Algae are oxygenic photosynthetic organisms that are mainly found in aquatic environments and wetlands. There is an increasing trend in the usageof photosynthetic microorganisms including macro- and micro-algae in the field of Cosmeceuticals by incorporating the bulk products extracted from its biomass into cosmetic formulations.There are many scientific corroboration that proves the competence of algae but of course, it depends on specific type of extract, how it is processed and its application. Due to the growing economic aspect of the cosmetic industry, the need for harmless and efficient natural raw ingredients has become an utmost necessity.According to certain research reports, algal products used in cosmeceuticals have been known to be suitable alternatives with constructive effect even after prolonged usage. Diverse algal species are now being used widely for the treatment of various skin related problems by acting as a moisturizer or texture enhancing, sunscreens, anti-wrinkling, etc. This review basically focuses on the commercial value of various algal products extracted from both macro- and microalgal species for its use as a substitute in the biotechnology and cosmetic industry.

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Vol. 7, Issue 2, February 2018

Applications of Algae in Cosmetics: An

Overview

Surabhi Joshi1, Roshani Kumari2, Vivek N. Upasani3*

B. Sc. student, Dept. of Microbiology, M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, India 1, 2

Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, India 3

ABSTRACT: Algae are oxygenic photosynthetic organisms that are mainly found in aquatic environments and

wetlands. There is an increasing trend in the usageof photosynthetic microorganisms including macro- and micro-algae

in the field of Cosmeceuticals by incorporating the bulk products extracted from its biomass into cosmetic

formulations.There are many scientific corroboration that proves the competence of algae but of course, it depends on

specific type of extract, how it is processed and its application. Due to the growing economic aspect of the cosmetic

industry, the need for harmless and efficient natural raw ingredients has become an utmost necessity.According to

certain research reports, algal products used in cosmeceuticals have been known to be suitable alternatives with

constructive effect even after prolonged usage. Diverse algal species are now being used widely for the treatment of

various skin related problems by acting as a moisturizer or texture enhancing, sunscreens, anti-wrinkling, etc. This

review basically focuses on the commercial value of various algal products extracted from both macro- and micro-

algal species for its use as a substitute in the biotechnology and cosmetic industry.

KEYWORDS: Cosmeceuticals, anti-tanning, anti-ageing, skin sensitizers, soothing agents, moisturizers, antioxidants,

texture enhancer, thickening agent.

I. INTRODUCTION

The term Cosmeceuticals is a consolidation of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, encompassing the biologically active

compounds retaining therapeutic value. These are assortments of various chemical compounds, some of which are

acquired from natural sources like plants, animals, algae, minerals, while others are synthetic like sodium lauryl

sulphate, PVP, ethyl paraben [1]. Algal products have been used in the cosmetic industry as antioxidants, sunscreens,

thickening agents, skin sensitizers, moisturizing agents to enhance the competence of skin against abrasions, tanning,

etc. [2]. Algae are primitive unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, which are photosynthetic, i.e., they are primary

producers harnessing energy from sunlight and converting it into chemical energy for the biosynthesis of organic

compounds such as sugars. Algal species contain a green coloured pigment recognized as chlorophyll, which is an

imperative component in the process of photosynthesis. These pigments assist in absorption of energy from the light

source and transferring it to the reaction centre of photosystem I and II. These pigments can be differentiated into two

types, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Thus, carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are utilized, to convert oxygen into

sugars like glucose/starch and biomass [3]. Algal species can withstand extreme environment conditions of pH,

temperature, osmotic pressure, salinity, exposure to ultraviolet rays, anaerobiosis and are able to thrive efficiently under

these diverse conditions. They are able to defend its cellular components by the counter production of primary

metabolites such as oleic acids, vitamin E, vitamin B12, lutein, and zeaxanthin [4]. Secondary metabolites are also

generated under harsh conditions in which they might be present. These metabolites possess antibiotic and

antimicrobial effect against pathogenic fungi and viruses [5]. Algae are further divided into two major categories,

micro-algae and macro-algae.

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A. Micro-algae

Microalgae also known as blue green algae or cyanobacteria are prokaryotic, microscopic unicellular algae having an

approximate diameter of 1-50 µm. They are phototrophic, but some can also grow heterotrophically. They carryout

oxygenic photosynthesis that is quite similar to that found in terrestrial plants, utilizing carbon and light (radiant)

energy for their metabolism [6]. They exist individually, in chains or cluster. Micro algae contain phosphorous, calcium,

iron, vitamin A, B, C, E, folic acid, biotin, beta-carotene, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 [7]. There are some micro-

algal species that can adapt to changes when phosphorus is exhausted in the environment; some species of microalgae

possess the ability to substitute non phosphorus membrane lipids in place of phospholipids [8].

B. Macro-algae

Macro-algae are eukaryotic, macroscopic multicellular algae, widely known as seaweeds. The habitat of macro-algal

species is marine water or sea water with the optimal availability of light [9]. They are benthic plants, therefore, their

viability depends on how closely attached they are with the seabed or a solid underlying layer of rock. Macro-algal

species have simple structure consisting of thallus, lamina, kelp, holdfast and frond sorus, thus morphologically

differentiating itfrom the typical terrestrial plant, consisting of complex tissue and organ organization [10].

Macro-algae can be divided into three major groups based on their pigmentation [9]:

• Chlorophyceae (green algae)

• Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

• Rhodophyceae (red algae)

II. RELATED WORK

According to “Malthusian Theory of Population”, Malthus predicted that exponential population burst would gradually

surpass the availability of food, and thus in 1890s experts suggested alternate food sources like algae, yeast, and fungi.

Therefore, to find an unconventional food source, researchers in 1948, were able to cultivate Chlorella under optimal

conditions in shallow ponds. It was observed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa was able to convert radiant energy in the

presence of CO2 into its biomass, which contained 50% protein [15]. Even today Chlorella spp. is being used as a

dietary supplement. Milledge, et al. (2014) in their paper “Macroalgae-derived biofuel: A review of methods of energy

extraction from seaweed biomass” stated that due to increased exploitation of algal products, the industry has gained a

multibillion-dollar status. Algal metabolites especially three major phycocolloids are being used proficiently in food

and cosmetic industry as value added ingredient [9]. Micro-algae have been used for various industrial applications,

mainly due to its ability to produce biologically active compounds. For obtaining such compounds, attention should be

given to the cultivation conditions of micro-algal species such as pH of the medium, incubation temperature, light

intensity, the type of bioreactor used and medium composition. These cultivation conditions influence the rate of

metabolism of the micro-algae used [4]. The different cultivation systems used in the Netherlands are horizontal tube

reactors, three-dimensional tube reactors, flat plate reactors and raceways [6]. For the extraction and purification of

phycoerythrin pigment from Mediterranean red algae (Corallina elongata), Rossano, et al. (2003) in their paper

“Extracting and purifying R-phycoerythrin from Mediterranean red algae Corallina elongata Ellis & Solander” stated a

one-step procedure, in which the purification was centred on the use of hydroxyapatite chromatography technique [19].

III. PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY ALGAE

A. RED ALGAE

The red algae produce a photosynthetic red protein pigment called phycoerythrin along with chlorophyll. This pigment

imparts color to red algae due to its light-harvesting property in which the red light is reflected, while blue light is

absorbed [19]. The protein is covalently bonded to phycobilins containing chromatophores. The presence of the stated

pigment enables these algal species to carry out the process of photosynthesis [20]. Some species of red algae used in

cosmetics are Irish moss, Gracillaria spp., Porphyra spp., etc.

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B. GREEN ALGAE

It produces photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is able to trap light energy. This pigment is similar to the red

pigment called Haemoglobin present in human red blood cells. It provides oxygen to the exposed surface of the algal

species and prevents it from drying by moisturizing it. It also possesses anti-inflammatory effect [21]. Some species of

Green algae used in cosmetics are Chlorella vulgaris, Ulva lactuca, etc. β-carotene obtained from Dunaliella salina is

used as colorants and food supplements as a nutraceuticals as it is a precursor of vitamin A [22].

C. BROWN ALGAE

Fucoxanthin is a supplementary pigment found in the chloroplast of brown algae. It has tyrosinase inhibitory effects

which helps to reduce or control skin pigmentation, possesses anti-inflammatory effect and also, assists in preventing

natural aging of the skin by supporting the formation of collagen (a structural protein which tends to disperse with age).

Furthermore, the pigment moisturizes the skin and keeps the skin cells working efficiently [23]. Some species of brown

algae used in cosmetics are Isochrysis spp., Postelsiapa maeformis, Laminaria digilata, etc.

IV. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MACRO- AND MICRO-ALGAE

Algal species are extensively sought after to aid in various biotechnological applications (Table 1). The use of algae has

been possible due to its features such as high growth rate, controlled pigmentation, simple harvesting methods,etc. that

makes it a suitable system for biotechnology. These algal species are used as biofertilizers to stimulate plant growth by

increasing the nutrient content. Organisms like Spirulina spp., Gigartina spp. and Chlorella spp. are used as dietary

supplements, providing high protein content that boosts immunity. Other unique species of algae are used specifically

for wastewater treatment and as stabilizing agents in food industry. Heterosigma spp. are being extensively and

selectively used as biofuel producers, these species are capable of producing biomass, which can be burned to produce

heat and electricity and reduce the concentration of harmful pollutants by converting them to organic residuals.

Table:1. Biotechnological applications of algae

Application

Organism

Type of algae

Significance

Fertilizers

Laurencia

obtuse

Rhodophyceae

Increase in plant length, potassium

content, leaves number, plant fresh

weight, and nitrogen content [11]

Nostoc, Anabaena

Cyanophyceae

Stimulates plant growth, fix

atmospheric nitrogen[12]

Dietary

Supplements

Spirulina s

pp.

Cyanophyceae

Contains 60% protein, source of

vitamin B, source of iron and

manganese [13]

Gigartina spp.

Rhodophyceae

Boosts immune system and fights

viruses [14]

Chlorella s

Chlorophyceae

High protein

content, controls weight,

prevention from cancer, boost

immunity [15]

Biofuels producers

Heterosigma akashiwo

Raphidophyceae

Neutralizes nitric oxide gas.

Produces huge amounts of

carbohydrates that can converted into

bioethanol [16]

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlorophyceae

Produce biomass, which can be

burned to produce heat and electricity

[17]

Stabilizing agent in

food products

Mastocarpus stellatus

Rhodophyceae

Excellent stabiliser in milk products,

reacts with the milk protein casein,

Also used for toothpaste, ice-creams

and lotions [17]

Wastewater

treatment

Scenedesmus

spp.

Chlorophyceae

Settling and bio flocculation,

simultaneous algae biofuel

production [18]

V. APPLICATIONS OF ALGAE IN COSMETICS

A. Skin whitening and anti-wrinkling

When direct exposure between skin and UV rays is established for a long period of time, the radiation is absorbed by

melanin, a complex polymer pigment which imparts colour to human skin and also acts as a protective barrier for

human skin cells [24].Thereby constant exposure to sunlight, increases melanin in the skin resulting in tanning.

Radiation from sunlight helps synthesize tyrosinase which helps to catalyse reactions for the formation of melanosomes,

which then mature into melanin and is further differentiated into keratinocytes to augment the dilapidation of skin.

Thus, the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to 3, 4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and L-DOPA takes place where the latter

undergoes oxidation resulting in the formation of dopaquinone. Melanin is then converted from the dopaquinone

formed. The large amount of melanin formed causes skin pigmentation and needs to be constrained. Thus, tyranose

inhibitors are used to catalyse rate-limiting step in the process of pigmentation [25]. Pigments from algae such as

fucoxanthin from brown algae Laminaria japonica, Alaria, chorda, and Macrocystis help to reduce the activity of

tyrosinase and melanogenesis [23].

B. Algae against skin aging

Skin aging is a complex biological activity which refers to the loss of elasticity of skin, appearance of fine lines, ridges,

creases and discoloration of the skin with growing age [26]. Our skin is subjected to extreme severities of harsh

environmental factors and thus, skin problems like dryness, thinning, skin laxity, fragility, enlarged pores, and sagging

of skin leads to premature wrinkles as the elastin fibres slowly undergo deterioration [27]. The natural process of

wrinkling of skin is amplified if there is a continuous exposure of heavy metals, nutrient deficiency, and lack of

moisture on the epidermis. The most common cause of skin aging is reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as peroxides,

superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. The protein kinase is stimulated by ROS which phosphorylates

transcription factor, activator protein 1,whose function is to usually control gene expression in response to cytokines.

This transcription factor triggers an increased regulation of matrix metalloproteinase leading to the dilapidation of

collagen from the skin [24]. Recent scientific studies have led to promising conclusions about how algal products, such

as vitamin E which is a fat soluble antioxidant and pigments such as carotene can rejuvenate and help the skin to be

immune towards skin aging, and also decrease the risk of skin cancer among the users [28]. The antioxidant properties

of β-carotene found in green and red algae help against skin aging [29]. Algal species such as Turbinaria ornate,

Ahnfeltiopsis, Colpomenia, Gracilaria, Halymenia, Hydroclathrus, Laurencia, Padina, Polysiphonia are used as anti-

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aging agents [30]. Mycosporine like amino acid (MAAs) protects against UV-A which can cause skin damage and

premature skin aging. MAAs are found in Porphyra umbilicalis [31].

C. Algae as moisturizing agent

A moisturizer is made up of a complex mixture of chemical compounds which make the epidermis of skin softer. If the

skin is not properly moisturized, it is prone to acne aggravation and can even cause eczema. Thereby, moisturizers help

in retaining the moisture of the skin preventing drying, bruising and wrinkling. Water along with certain acids such as

hyaluronic helps in moisturizing the human skin [32]. Polysaccharides such as alginate, agar, carrageenan, and

fucoidans (Table 4) from certain algal species help to regulate the distribution of water in the skin. These

polysaccharides are non-toxic, economical, abundant in the algal biomass which can be used as an alternative for

lightweight oils, such as acetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients [5]. Studies have shown how polysaccharides

from certain algal species like S. japonica, Chondrus crispus, and Codium tomentosum helps in the absorption of water

or moisture, providing soothing effect, that aids in proper water circulation. This keeps the skin moisturized in

extremely hot and dry environments [33].

D. Algae as thickening agent and skin sensitizer

Thickening agents are used in lotions or other cosmetic products if the water content is high in the formulation to

prevent inconsistency. Thickening agents used in cosmetics include polyethylene glycol and vegetable gum [34]. Agar

works as a binder which is found in the cell wall of red algal species Gracillaria and Gellidium. Carrageenan obtained

by Chondrus crispus, is another kind of thickening and stabilizing agent [35]. Some algal species can also be inculcated

in cosmetics as skin sensitizers as they contain pigments such as phycocyanin, proteins, vitamin A, sugars, carrageenan

which are useful and constructive for skin [36].

E. Algae as antioxidants

Antioxidants are chemicals that transfer electrons to an oxidizing agent providing glowing skin by preventing skin

damage. An antioxidant helps in skin tightening, reduction of wrinkles and reduces inflammation. Retinoic acid is a

type of vitamin A which reduces dark spots, dark circles and wrinkles, it also boosts skin elasticity [30]. It has been

found that cyanobacteria blooms produces retinoic acid [37]. Carotenoids are fat-soluble accessory pigments which

help algae to harvest light in conjunction with chlorophyll to carry on the process of photosynthesis [38]. Vitamin C

and Vitamin A serve as natural antioxidants. Algae like Spirulina maxima and Chlorella vulgaris contains vitamins

which also aids in skin toning, healing of dark circles, purifying skin, encouraging hair growth by treating dandruff [39].

VI. SOME OF THE ALGAL SPECIES USED IN COSMETICS

Algal species found in seabeds and pools, are collected and through different methods the biomolecules / pigments are

extracted and incorporated in certain cosmetic products with a wide range of functions. The metabolites serve as agents

for the treatment of skin, like anti-wrinkle or moisturizing agents. Polysaccharides such as alginates, carrageenan, and

agar derived from Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae act as gelling agents in various shampoos, lotions, etc. Apart from

this,the ingredients of macroalgae possess stabilizing, preserving and organoleptic (substances that can be perceived

through senses involving smell, touch and sight) properties (Table 2).

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Table:2. Macro algal species used in cosmetics

Algal

pecies

Type

Pigment

Fatty

acids/Metabolites

Applications

Products

Irish moss

Red

algae

Phycoerythrin

Omega

fatty

acids,

Omega-6 fatty acids

Emollient,

moisturizing,

heaths

damaged or dry hair, nutritive,

Skin soothing, anti-inflammatory [41]

Sea

Lettuce

(Ulvalactuca)

Green

algae

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-b,

β-Carotene

leic

acid,

Linoleic,

and Linolenic acid

Antioxidant,

anti

inflanrnmtoiy,

skin

elasticity, collagen synthesis, anti-

wrinkle,emollient, moisturizing [42]

Sea

Palm

(Postelsiapal

maeformis)

Brown

algae

Chlorophyll

Fucoxanthin

Skin

softening,

anti

wrinkle,

nourishing, moisturizing, anti-

inflammatory [43]

Fucus

vesiculosus

Brown

algae

Chlorophyll

Fucoxanthin

ghtening effect and stimulates

metabolism [44]

Porphyra

umbilicalis

algae

Phycoerythrin

inolenic

acid

Skin

conditioning agent [45]

Ascophyllum

nodosum

rown

algae

Chlorophyll

Fucoxanthin

Alginates

Anti

ing agent, anti

wrinkle agent,

smoothing agent [46]

Unicellular microalgal species like Spirulina, Chlorella, and others find an active role in the cosmetic industry as the

pigments/metabolites produced by these organisms, enriches the beauty products. The amino acids and proteins from

certain species of algae possess natural moisturizing ability which is exploited to the utmost for the purpose of keeping

the skin hydrated and prevents drying of the skin cells [31]. Other algal metabolites such as lipids (carotenoids, sterols),

phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin), terpenoids and pigments, contains anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities,

alongwith acting as stabilizing agents in emollients. More effective bioactive compounds can be developed by gaining

better understanding of algal cultivation method and its genetics [40] (Table 3).

Table: 3. Micro algae species used in cosmetics

Algal

species

Type

Pigment

Fatty

cids

Metabolites

Applications

Products

Spirulina

Blue

green

algae /

cyanobacteria

Phycocyanin

Gamma

Linolenic

acid,

Phycocyanobilin,

Phycoerythrobilin

Anti aging, anti

wrinkle, collagen

synthesis, anti-inflammatory, nourishing,

antioxidant [47]

Isochrysis

Brown al

gae

Cantaxanthin,

Fucoxanthin

Mistiric Acid, Oleic

Acid

Antioxidant, s

uncare,

oothing

agent,

anti-irritant [48]

Dunaliella

salina

Green algae

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-b,

β-Carotene

almitic acid

Linolenic acid,

β-Cryptoxanthin

Ant

ioxidants, smoothing agen

Anti-inflammatory [49]

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Chlorella

vulgaris

Green algae

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-b,

β-Carotene

Palmitic acid

Palmitoleic acid,

Polysaccharides,

nti

aging, de

pigmentatio

moisturizing and thickening agent [50]

Tetraselmiss

uecica

Green algae

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-b,

β-Carotene

Palmitic acid,

Stearic acid

andVitamin E

(α-Tocopherol)

Anti

oxidant, protective activity

[51]

Botryococcus

braunii

Green

algae

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-b,

β-Carotene

Palmitic acid,

Stearic acid

Anti

oxidant [52]

VII. COSMETIC PRODUCTS USING ALGAL METABOLITES

In the current scenario, a large number of small and large scale business entities have inclined profusely towards using

algal metabolites in their cosmetic products (Table 4). For example, the algal products of these companies range from

sea-wed powder and fertilizers from Red algae, algal proteins for hair therapy, astaxanthin in cosmetics, food and

beverages, etc. Swiss snow algae mixed with sea almond oil is used in anti-ageing cream. These companies often

guarantee the products to be completely organic and health centric. Organisms such as Spirulina, Dunaliella spp,

Chlamydomonas spp, etc. add value to these products by producing metabolites such as asthaxanthin, certain proteins,

MAA, etc. that facilitates in the nourishment of skin and hair. Red algal species possesses cleansing properties which

refine the skin assisting in the overall health of skin cells.

Table: 4. Companies using algal products

Compan

Product

name

Algae

Applications

/ Product

Reference

Aquarev

industries

-----

Red algae

Carrageenan and

Kappaphycus

alvarezii cultivation, sargassum

seaweed powder, seaweed,

liquid fertilizer

www.aquarev.in/

Algatech

-----

Green algae

Supplies astaxanthin, obtained

from Haematococcus pluvialis,

which is used as dietary

supplements, in cosmetics, food

and beverages.

https://www.algatech.com/

Nykaa

Iraya algae

body serum

Green algae and

Spirulina

It moisturizes and conditions

the skin, making it soft.

http://www.nykaa.com/

L’Oreal

Paris

Pure face

mask

Red algae

Made from clay and

red algae.

It exfoliates, refines the skin

and has cleansing properties of

Red algae.

https://www.lorealparis.co.in/

La Prairie

Cellular Swiss

ice crystal dry

oil

Snow algae

(Chlamydomonas

nivalis)

Anti

ing cream which

contains Swiss snow algae

mixed with sea almond oil.

http://www.laprairieswitzerlan

d.com/

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Aubrey

Organics

Blue Green

Algae Hair

Rescue

Conditioning

Mask

Blue

green algae

Algal protein

present

helps in

strengthening of hair and

prevents breakage and split

ends.

http://aubreyorganics.com

Algenist

REVEAL

Color

Correcting

Eye Serum

Brightener

Green algae

(Dunaliella

salina,

(Haematococcus

pluvialis)

A concealer that reduces

uneven skin around the eye and

covers dark circles.

https://algenist.borderfree.com

Dove

Regenerative

Repair

Shampoo

Red algae

It provides nourishment to

damaged hair and repairs it,

restoring hair strength.

https://www.purplle.com

Jenelt

Ultra UV

Defence

Brightening

Cream with

SPF 30

Sunscreen

Red algae

(Porphyra

umbicalis)

sunscreen with

antioxidants

which prevents the skin from

UV rays and premature skin

ageing.

http://www.jenelt.com/

Osea

Osea eyes and

lips

Red algae

(Chondrus

crispus)

It hydrates the delicate skin

around the eyes and lips.

https://oseamalibu.com/

VIII. CONCLUSION

Algal species are now actively being utilized proficiently in the diverse cosmetic products as a reliable organic

ingredient and also to add value to these products. The main constituent of the algal product are the pigments produced

by these photosynthetic organisms. The algal metabolites such as polysaccharides, MAAs, proteins, etc. have diverse

functions and applications. They enhance the health of the skin by acting as anti-aging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

anti-wrinkling and collagen boosting agent. Algal species are also used in various other biotechnological industries

such as biofuels, biofertilizers, dietary supplements, etc. This review mainly focuses on the growing applications of

algae in the cosmetic industry.

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Recent Progress in Microalgal Squalene Production and Its Cosmetic Application

Article

Jun 2022

Squalene, [oxidized form squalane] is a terpenoid with biological activity that produced by animals and plants. In the human body, a significant excretion named as sebum includes squalene in 12 percent. This bioactive compound shows anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, moisturizing and antioxidant effects on the human body. In addition to having these properties, it is known that squalene production decreases as less sebum is produced with age. Because of that, the need for supplementation of squalene through products has arisen. As a result, squalene production has been drawn attention due to its many application possibilities by cosmetic, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical fields. At this point, approximately 3,000 of sharks, the major and the most popular source of squalene must be killed to obtain 1 ton of squalene. These animals are on the verge of extinction. This situation has caused to focus on finding microalgae strains, which are sustainable producers of squalene as alternative to sharks. This review paper summarizes the recent progresses in the topic of squalene. For this purpose, it contains information on squalene producers, microalgal squalene production and cosmetic evaluation of squalene.

Melanin pigment derived from marine organisms and its industrial applications

Article

May 2022
DYES PIGMENTS

Melanin is a complex group of natural pigment substance, and it shows excellent biological and biomedical applications which is commonly present in algae, fungi, bacteria, cephalopoda, and sea cucumber. From the past few decades, great attention has been given to melanin and its derivative for the product development in the area of medical, industrial, food and cosmetic industries. In addition, melanin plays an important in pharmaceutical product development in antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, and gastrointestinal benefits. In this review, we focus on melanin production from various marine species, summarized Purification and extraction strategies of various marine melanin with their analyzes and also their application in medical and industries.

Pioneering Role of Marine Macroalgae in Cosmeceuticals

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022
J PHYCOL

Cosmetics are broadly used by people to protect the skin from external environmental stresses and for beauty purposes globally. A recent trend towards cosmetics with natural formulations has emerged. The cosmetic industry uses the term ‘cosmeceutical’ to refer to a cosmetic formula that has drug-like applicative advantages. Recently, macroalgae have received increased attention as natural ingredients for cosmeceutical applications. Many marine algae are rich in biologically active components that have been reported to exhibit strong benefits to the skin, mainly for photoprotection, skin whitening, moisturization, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, antioxidants, and antimicrobial uses. The present review provides a detailed study of the literature on the cosmetic potentials of marine algaederived polysaccharides, peptides and amino acids, pigments, phenolic components, and fatty acids. We provide an overview of different types of macroalgae with their biologically active constituents and potential cosmetic benefits. In addition, the bioactive molecules of cosmetic products containing marine macroalgae as well as their mechanisms of action are briefly discussed.

Technical insights into carbon dioxide sequestration by microalgae: A biorefinery approach towards sustainable environment

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

The escalating level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere poses a severe environmental issue. Vital steps have to be taken to ensure that this emission of gases is reduced to acceptable levels. One such way is CO2 sequestration using microalgae. Microalgae is a simple photosynthetic microorganism that could be a group of unicellular or simple multicellular forms that can fix this atmospheric CO2 or from many other sources such as exhaust gases to minimize the amount released to the air. This review deals with different designs of microalgae photobioreactors and the production of valuable biomass, which may help in the study of implementing a better, larger, and economically sustainable system to sequester a much amount of CO2 and the wide range of value-added products with harvested biomass. In addition, physicochemical factors’ influence on photobioreactor configurations for improvement of biomass productivity and CO2 sequestration are also discussed. Moreover, algal bio-refinery idea is introducing a variety of industrial applications and makes this more economic feasibility of CO2 sequestration.

Cyanobacteria in cosmetics: a natural alternative for anti-aging ingredients

Chapter

Jan 2022

Being exposed to endogenous and exogenous stressors, and being the body’s external defense line, skin protection is of pivotal importance, in order to maintain morphological and physiologic integrity and health. Fostering by individual psychological comfort, esthetic performance, and young appearance, along with motivation for natural products with less side effects and sustainable production, consumer’s demands drive the cosmetic industry into the relentless pursuit for innovation. In this context, cyanobacteria enforce as a promising source of ingredients with cosmetic potential. With the ability to withstand adverse conditions for survival, the adaptation to extreme environments is reflected in the production of compounds with moisturizing, photoprotective, antioxidant, and whitening potential, all attributes required in cosmetics, namely in anti-aging products. In this chapter, we will focus on the interconnection between cyanobacteria and skin, by presenting the main applications of these organisms in skincare products. Keywords: Cyanobacteria; skin; cosmetics; natural products; moisture; photoprotection; oxidative stress; anti-aging

Cosmetic Potential of Pigments Extracts from the Marine Cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp.

Article

Jul 2022
MAR DRUGS

The current mindset in the cosmetics market about sustainable ingredients had increased the search for new sources of natural active ingredients. Cyanobacteria are a great source of functional ingredients for cosmetics, as a producer of pigments with described bioactive potential (carotenoids and phycobiliproteins). This work aimed to evaluate the cosmetic potential of marine cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. pigment-targeted extracts (carotenoids and phycobiliproteins), evaluating their in vitro safety through cytotoxicity assays, cosmetic-related enzyme inhibition, ingredient stability, and putative product (serum formulation). Results showed no cytotoxicity from the extracts in skin-related cell lines. Carotenoid extract showed anti-hyaluronidase capacity (IC50 = 108.74 ± 5.74 mg mL−1) and phycobiliprotein extract showed anti-hyaluronidase and anti-collagenase capacity (IC50 = 67.25 ± 1.18 and 582.82 ± 56.99 mg mL−1, respectively). Regarding ingredient and serum stability, both ingredients showed higher stability at low-temperature conditions, and it was possible to maintain the pigment content and bioactive capacity stable during the tested period, although in higher temperatures the product was degraded in a week. As a major conclusion, both extracts can be potential natural and sustainable ingredients for cosmetic uses, with relatively simple formulation and storage, and can be promising natural anti-aging ingredients due to their bioactive capacity.

Technologies for Solubility, Dissolution and Permeation Enhancement of Natural Compounds

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

The current review is based on the advancements in the field of natural therapeutic agents which could be utilized for a variety of biomedical applications and against various diseases and ailments. In addition, several obstacles have to be circumvented to achieve the desired therapeutic effectiveness, among which limited dissolution and/or solubility and permeability are included. To counteract these issues, several advancements in the field of natural therapeutic substances needed to be addressed. Therefore, in this review, the possible techniques for the dissolution/solubility and permeability improvements have been addressed which could enhance the dissolution and permeability up to several times. In addition, the conventional and modern isolation and purification techniques have been emphasized to achieve the isolation and purification of single or multiple therapeutic constituents with convenience and smarter approaches. Moreover, a brief overview of advanced natural compounds with multiple therapeutic effectiveness have also been anticipated. In brief, enough advancements have been carried out to achieve safe, effective and economic use of natural medicinal agents with improved stability, handling and storage.

Algae harvesting: Application of natural coagulants

Chapter

Apr 2022

Valorisation of Macroalgal Biomass for Sustainable Biorefineries

Chapter

Mar 2022

The Pharmacological Potential of Cyanobacteria

Book

Feb 2022

Cyanobacteria are among the most successful and ancient forms of life ever known. These photosynthetic autotrophs have been studied for decades as model organisms in various aspects, from photosynthesis to biotechnological applications and, more recently, for their pharmacological potential in umpteen fields. In fact, cyanobacteria are now recognized as top metabolic producers of a huge number of bioactive compounds with medical interest and that can revolutionize drug discovery and development. Allied to their metabolic capabilities, cyanobacteria benefit from a cost-effective energy-capturing ability, and high cultivation yields with minimum nutritional requirements, being extremely attractive in terms of industrial-scale production processes. This book was designed to bring together fields in which cyanobacteria derived compounds most stood out, with a special focus on those related to therapeutics, cosmetics, and nutrition, emphasizing unique molecules not found in higher organisms. Of the most promising compounds isolated so far, those acting as anti-inflammatories, anti-carcinogens, antimicrobials, and UV protectors fill a prominent place within drug discovery programs. The metabolic richness of cyanobacteria has also been upholding their key role in the field of cosmetics and nutraceuticals, with the last occupying a prominent place in a rapidly expanding market. Apart from the pharmacological and biotechnological approach, this book does not set aside the well-known cyanobacterial toxins, warning to their substantial economic and social impacts, and drawing attention to the urgency of fully addressing algal blooms and their systematic monitoring. Additionally, and given its extreme importance, this book provides a distinctive approach to cyanobacteria systematics, by exploring general aspects and biodiversity of these organisms to discuss trends in cyanobacterial taxonomy. Overall, The Pharmacological Potential of Cyanobacteria is intended to be a useful resource for students, researchers, and professionals working in the field of cyanobacteria, serving as a guide in the discovery, research, and application of these unique microorganisms. Graciliana Lopes, Marisa Silva and Vitor Vasconcelos

Antioxidant activity of three microalgae Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana clone Tahiti

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2017

Natural alternatives antioxidant source has become a trending topic in the past decades to replace synthetic antioxidant. Microalgae have been mentioned to show interesting bioactive properties and one of them is its antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate the potential of three microalgae Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbanaas new source of natural antioxidant. Proximate analysis and total phenolic content of D. salina, T. chuii and I. galbanas were determined. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of these three species prepared in different concentration (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) was performed through DPPH assay. I. galbana clone Tahiti demonstrated a highest antioxidant potential with 61.64 of inhibition at 50 ppm followed by D. salina with 58.45 % of inhibition and T. chuii with 52.58 % of inhibition. I. galbana clone Tahiti was the best antioxidant with total phenol content of 17.798 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract at 50 ppm; followed by T. chuii 16.868 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract and the lowest was D. salina with 4.672 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract. Results suggest that these microalgae posses antioxidant potential which could be considered for future applications in medicine, dietary supplements, cosmetics or food industries.

The green microalga Tetraselmis suecica reduces oxidative stress and induces repairing mechanisms in human cells

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Green microalgae contain many active pigments such as carotenoids having antioxidant and protective activity on human cells. Here we investigate the biological activity of an ethanol/water extract of the marine green microalga Tetraselmis suecica containing high levels of carotenoids such as the xanthophylls lutein, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin and loroxanthin esters. This extract has a strong antioxidant and repairing activity in the human lung cancer cell line (A549) as shown by the increased expression of dehydrocholesterol reductase-24 (DHCR24) and prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1) genes and proteins. The extract also reduces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in cells damaged by H2O2 and has tissue repairing effects on reconstructed human epidermal tissue cells (EpiDermTM) indicating a potential cosmeceutical activity of this microalgal species.

Seaweed Application in Cosmetics

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2016

Although man has been using marine resources for food since time immemorial, today we know that marine ecosystems contain a largely unexplored biodiversity, which offers considerable potential for a variety of industrial sectors, in particular in the field of cosmetics. The sea and the oceans are capable of supplying new extracts and molecules for potential use as excipients or additives, but above all as active ingredients in cosmetics formulations that meet the expectations of consumers attracted by so-called natural products and the marketing concept conveyed by the marine world. The product categories most affected are without doubt moisturizing and antiaging products.

Review: nitrogen fixing microorganisms

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Shridhar S Bagali

Microorganisms employed to enhance the availability of nutrients, viz., nitrogen (by fixing atmosphere N ), to the crops are called biofertilizers. In recent years, biofertilizers 2 have emerged as an important component for biological nitrogen fixation. It offers an economically attractive and ecologically sound route for ugmenting nutrient supply. Plant growth promoting species are commonly used to improve crop yield. In addition to their agricultural usefulness, there are potential benefits in environmental applications. Thus various species of Rhizobium for legumes, blue - green algae (BGA) or cynaobacteria and Azolla (a fern containing symbiotic N2 - fixing BGA, i.e., Azolla Anabaena Azollae) for wet land rice and Azotobacter / Azospirillum for several crops can play significant role in agriculture.

Biologically Active Metabolites Synthesized by Microalgae

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2015
BMRI

Microalgae are microorganisms that have different morphological, physiological, and genetic traits that confer the ability to produce different biologically active metabolites. Microalgal biotechnology has become a subject of study for various fields, due to the varied bioproducts that can be obtained from these microorganisms. When microalgal cultivation processes are better understood, microalgae can become an environmentally friendly and economically viable source of compounds of interest, because production can be optimized in a controlled culture. The bioactive compounds derived from microalgae have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, among others. Furthermore, these microorganisms have the ability to promote health and reduce the risk of the development of degenerative diseases. In this context, the aim of this review is to discuss bioactive metabolites produced by microalgae for possible applications in the life sciences.

Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels is a highly topical theme, but as yet there is no successful economically viable commercial system producing biofuel. However, the majority of the research has focused on producing fuels from microalgae rather than from macroalgae. This article briefly reviews the methods by which useful energy may be extracted from macroalgae biomass including: direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, trans-esterification to biodiesel, hydrothermal liquefaction, fermentation to bioethanol, fermentation to biobutanol and anaerobic digestion, and explores technical and engineering difficulties that remain to be resolved

Age-Associated Skin Conditions and Diseases: Current Perspectives and Future Options

Article

Apr 2016

The International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS), a global, not-for-profit organization representing 157 dermatological societies worldwide, has identified the consequences of skin aging as one of the most important grand challenges in global skin health. Reduced functional capacity and increased susceptibility of the skin with development of dermatoses such as dry skin, itching, ulcers, dyspigmentation, wrinkles, fungal infections, as well as benign and malignant tumors are the most common skin conditions in aged populations worldwide. Environmental (e.g., pollution) and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, sunbed use) negatively affect skin health. In turn altered appearance, dry skin, chronic wounds, and other conditions decrease general health and reduce the likelihood for healthy and active aging. Preventive skin care includes primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. Continuous sun protection from early childhood onward is most important, to avoid extrinsic skin damage and skin cancer. Exposure to irritants, allergens, or other molecules damaging the skin must be avoided or reduced to a minimum. Public health approaches are needed to implement preventive and basic skin care worldwide to reach high numbers of dermatological patients and care receivers. Education of primary caregivers and implementation of community dermatology are successful strategies in resource-poor countries. Besides specialist physicians, nurses and other health care professionals play important roles in preventing and managing age-related skin conditions in developing as well as in developed countries. Healthy skin across the life course leads to better mental and emotional health, positive impact on social engagement, and healthier, more active, and productive lives.

UV-A sunscreen from red algae for protection against premature skin aging

Article