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Fabbrica della
Conoscenza
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Collana fondata e diretta da Carmine Gambardella
Fabbrica della Conoscenza
Collana fondata e diretta da Carmine Gambardella
Scientific Committee:
Carmine Gambardella,
UNESCO Chair on Landscape, Cultural Heritage and Territorial Governance
President and CEO of Benecon,
Past-Director of the Department of Architecture and Industrial Design University
of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Federico Casalegno,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston
Massimo Giovannini,
Professor, Università “Mediterranea”, Reggio Calabria
Bernard Haumont,
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture, Paris-Val de Seine
Alaattin Kanoglu,
Head of the Department of Architecture, İstanbul Technical University
David Listokin,
Professor, co-director of the Center for Urban Policy Research
of Rutgers University / Edward J. Bloustein School
of Planning and Public Policy, USA
Paola Sartorio,
Executive Director, The U.S.- Italy Fulbright Commission
Elena Shlienkova,
Professor, Professor of Architecture and Construction Institute of Samara
State Technical University
Isabel Tort Ausina,
Director UNESCO Chair Forum University and Heritage,
Universitat Politècnica De València UPV, Spain
Nicola Pisacane,
Professor of Drawing – Department of Architecture and Industrial
Design_University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” - Head of the Master
School of Architecture – Interior Design and for Autonomy Courses Department
of Architecture and Industrial Design - University of Studies of Campania
“Luigi Vanvitelli”
Pasquale Argenziano,
Professor of Drawing – Department of Architecture and Industrial
Design_University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Alessandra Avella,
Professor of Drawing – Department of Architecture and Industrial
Design_University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Alessandro Ciambrone,
Ph.D. in Territorial Governance (Milieux, Cultures et Sociétés du passé et du
présent – ED 395) Université Paris X UNESCO Vocations Patrimoine 2007-09
Fellow / FULBRIGHT Thomas Foglietta 2003-04
Rosaria Parente,
Ph.D. in "Architecture, Industrial Design and Cultural Heritage" at University of
Studies of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
Editorial Committee:
Pasquale Argenziano
Alessandra Avella
Alessandro Ciambrone
Nicola Pisacane
Ciro Ferrandes
Rosaria Parente
Carmine
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d
e
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WORLD
H
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T
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GE
and DISASTER
La scuola di Pitagora edi
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Knowledge, Culture and Rapresentation
Le Vie dei Mercanti _ XV International Forum
Carmine Gambardella
WORLD HERITAGE and DEGRADATION
Smart Design, Planning and Technologies
Le Vie dei Mercanti
XV Forum Internazionale di Studi
editing: Ciro Ferrandes
© copyright 2017 La scuola di Pitagora s.r.l.
Via Monte di Dio, 54
80132 Napoli
Telefono e fax +39 081 7646814
www.scuoladipitagora.it
info@scuoladipitagora.it
ISBN 978-88-6542-582-4
È assolutamente vietata la riproduzione totale o parziale di questa
pubblicazione, così come la sua trasmissione sotto qualsiasi
forma e con qualunque mezzo, anche attraverso fotocopie, senza
l’autorizzazione scritta dell’editore.
Il volume è stato inserito nella collana Fabbrica della
Conoscenza, fondata e diretta da Carmine Gambardella,
in seguito a peer review anonimo da parte di due membri
del Comitato Scientifico.
The volume has been included in the series Fabbrica della
Conoscenza, founded and directed by Carmine
Gambardella, after an anonymous peer-review by two
members of the Scientific Committee.
Conference topics:
Heritage
Tangible and intangible dimensions
History
Culture
Collective Identity
Memory
Documentation
Management
Communication for Cultural Heritage
Architecture
Surveying
Representation
Modelling
Data Integration
Technology Platforms
Analysis
Diagnosis and Monitoring Techniques
Conservation
Restoration
Protection
Safety
Resilience Transformation Projects
Technologies
Materials
Cultural landscapes
Territorial Surveying
Landscape Projects
Environmental Monitoring
Government of the Territory
Sustainable Development
Disasters:
Earthquakes
Tidal waves (or tsunami)
Volcanic eruptions
Floods
Hydrological risks
Fires
Landslides
Avalanches
Meteorite impacts
Hurricanes and tornadoes
Terrorist acts
Armed conflicts
Effects caused by mass migration
Predation
Unplanned urbanization
Uncontrolled development of tourism
WORLD HERITAGE and DISASTER
Knowledge, Culture and Rapresentation
Le Vie dei Mercanti
XV Forum Internazionale di Studi
Napoli | Capri
15 - 16 - 17 June 2017
President of the Forum
Carmine Gambardella
President and CEO Benecon,
UNESCO Chair on Cultural Heritage,
Landscape and Territorial Governance
International Scientific Committee
Components:
Aygul Agir
Professor, Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University
Ahmed Abu Al Haija
Professor and Head, Environmental Design, Urban and Architectural -
Heritage, Faculty of Engineering, Philadelphia University, Jordan
Ali Abu Ghanimeh
Vice president Al al-Bayt University Almafraq – Jordan
Pilar Garcia Almirall
Professor, UPC Ecole Tecnica Superior d’Arquitectura Barcelona
Pasquale Argenziano
Professor Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Alessandra Avella
Professor Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Harun Batirbaygil
Head, Department of Architecture, Okan University, Istanbul
Cevza Candan
Professor, İstanbul Technical University
Federico Casalegno
Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joaquín Díaz
Professor and Dean, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen-University
of Applied Sciences , Department of Architecture and
Civil Engineering
Yurdanur Dulgeroglu
Professor and Head of the Department of Architecture, İstanbul
Technical University
Yonca Erkan
Chairholder UNESCO Chair, Kadir Has University
Kutgun Eyupgiller
Professor, Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University
Yankel Fijalkow
Professor, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture Paris Val
de Seine, France
Carmine Gambardella
Professor, CEO and President of BENECON, UNESCO Chair
on Landscape, Cultural Heritage and Territorial Governance
Paolo Giordano
Professor, Coordinator of the Ph.D. School in Architecture, Industrial
Design and Cultural Heritage, Università della Campania
‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Xavier Greffe
Professor and Director, Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne
Paris
Manuel Roberto Guido
Director Enhancement of Cultural Heritage, Planning and Budget
Department, Italian Ministry of Heritage and Culture
Bernard Haumont
Professor, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture Paris Val
de Seine
Tatiana Kirova
Professor, Polytechnic of Turin
Alaattin Kanoglu
Professor, İstanbul Technical University
Ilknur Kolay
Professor, Department of Architecture, Istanbul Technical
University
Mathias Kondolf
Professor, and Chair, Landscape Architecture and Environmental
Planning, University California Berkeley
David Listokin
Professor, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public
Policy, Rutgers University
Andrea Maliqari
Professor and Rector of the Polytechnic University of Tirana
Sabina Martusciello
President of the Degree Course in Design and Comunication,
Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Massimo Menenti
Professor, Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Rusudan Mirzikashvili
Head of the UNESCO and International Relations Unit, National
Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia
Louise Mozingo
Professor, and Chair, Landscape Architecture and Environmental
Planning, University California Berkeley, USA
Maria Dolores Munoz
Professor, UNESCO Chair, EULA Environmental Centre,
University of Conception, Chile
Florian Nepravishta
Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism,
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Raymond O’ Connor
TOPCON Positioning Systems CEO
Jorge Peña Díaz, Professor
Facultad de Arquitectura, Instituto Superior Politécnico José
Antonio Echeverría, Cuba
Rosaria Parente
Ph.D. in “Architecture, Industrial Design and Cultural Heritage” at
University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Nicola Pisacane
Professor Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Adriana Rossi
Professor, Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Michelangelo Russo
Professor, Università di Napoli Federico II
Paola Sartorio
Executive Director, The U.S.- Italy Fulbright Commission
Lucio Alberto Savoia
Ambassador, Secretary General Emeritus, Italian National Commission
for UNESCO
Maria Anita Stefanelli
Professor, Department of foreign lenguagers, literature and Culture,
Università degli studi RomaTRE, Roma
Elena Shlienkova
Professor, Professor of Architecture and Construction Institute of
Samara State Technical University
Eusebio Leal Spengler
Professor, Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana Presidente de
Honor del Comité Cubano del ICOMOS
Isabel Tort
Professor, Director of the Forum UNESCO – Univ. and Heritage
(FUUH) Programme Univ. Politècnica de València UPV, Spain
Andrey Vasilyev
Professor, Head of Department of Chemical Technology and Industrial
Ecology, Samara State Technical University
Ornella Zerlenga
Professor, Università della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’
Scientific and Organization Committee:
Alessandro Ciambrone, Coordinator of the scientific program
and relationships with the International Scientific Committee
Rosaria Parente, Scientific Assistant of the International Committee
President
Ciro Ferrandes, Luciana Abate, Giovanni Bello, Giuliana
Chierchiello, Enrico De Cenzo, Carmine Maffei, Graphics and layout
Peer review
Scholars has been invited to submit researches on
theoretical and methodological aspects related to Smart
Design, Planning and Te- chnologies, and show real
applications and experiences carried out on this themes.
Based on blind peer review, abstracts has been accepted,
condi- tionally accepted, or rejected.
Authors of accepted and conditionally accepted papers has
been invited to submit full papers. These has been again
peer-reviewed and selected for the oral session and
publication, or only for the publication in the conference
proceedings.
300 abstracts and 550 authors from 30 countries: Albania,
Australia, Benin, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina,California, Chile, China, Cipro, Cuba, Egypt,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kosovo, Malta,
Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, New
Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain,
Tunisia, Turkey.
200 papers published after double blind review by
the International Scientific Committee
Conference report
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A theme, that in addition to highlighting the word DISASTER,
wants,as in all the editions of the Forum, place the emphasis on
the wordCulture, the systemic product of knowledge and
applications, whichhas a plastic strength as Nietzsche pointed
out, capable of healingbroken parts, to recover lost parts, and as
such belongs to humanity,the Man Artifex and Faber in its
historical self-reproduction.
A faith in humanity’s ability to achieve ever higher levels of
knowledgeto offer as patrimonial value, beyond disastrous
contingencies, whichcontains reparative stem cells and also
fortifies evolutionary processesinvolving the Skills and Work of
Man, the fate of Landscapes, Territories,Cities, Architecture and
Archaeology as Traces of Geography ofthe past that emerges in
the Geography of the Present........................
For these reasons, in Naples on 15 and Capri, on 16 – 17 June,
the15th “International Forum Le Vie dei Mercanti” will be held.
An establishedevent that in three decades has seen the
participation of ascientific community from around the world
grow, discussing multidisciplinarytopics relating to the
Landscape, Cultural Heritage, Governmentof the Territory,
Design and Economics................................
.Therefore, I expect, along with the International Scientific
Committee,contributions of studies and research relating to
theories, concepts,applications, best practices to protect and
preserve, in order to notonly transmit to future generations the
tangible and intangible patrimonyof the World Heritage but also
to orient the design processesand innovative planning for the
modification that derive from thehumus of identities and roots of
the places, the regenerating sap ofthe places and of a “new”,
which, citing Argan, possesses a contemporaryof what it does
not have the same date..................................
The location is exceptional. Campania, with six sites included in
theWorld Heritage List, two UNESCO Man and Biospheres, two
assetson the List of Intangible Heritage, is one of the richest
regions in theworld for cultural and landscape heritage. It is
therefore no coincidencethat the Forum will be held in
Aversa/Naples and Capri, with visitsto the sites and
presentations of operational projects by thescientific community
of Benecon*, a University consortium that hosts250 researchers
and distinguished professors of five Italian Universities,UNESCO
Chair on Landscape, Cultural Heritage and
.
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President and Founder of the Forum
New generations of Digital Databases for the development of
Architectural and Urban Risk Management
Sandro PARRINELLO1, Francesca PICCHIO2, Raffaella DE MARCO3
(1) DICAr – Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, DAda Lab – Drawing Architecture
Document Action Laboratory, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
sandro.parrinello@unipv.it
(2) francesca.picchio@unipv.it
(3) raffaella.demarco@unipv.it
Abstract
Italian architectural scene is center of research and intervention campaigns for its preservation, due to
its location in a territory of natural hazards which since ancient times have denoted the issue of
transmission. Investigations performed a great variety of studies, through multidisciplinary approaches
within centuries in analysis and monitoring, from environmental safety to damage and structural
mechanisms. In time an archive of knowledge was structured, with a fragmentation and difficulty of
consultation due to the lack of a union instrument of architectural morphology to scientific content.
The paper shows how Pavia, historical and university city, is starting a research that combines urban
morphology to heritage preservation through the development of a 3D database, as a valid system of
representation and container of heterogeneous data for archiving. The historical center of the city,
between conservation and contemporary evolution, can experiment an N-dimensional database of
information, where the drawing is basic tool to represent complexity of systems and the model, result
of laser and photogrammetric survey, becomes a graphic interface to transform buildings in
informative containers for seismic, architectural and environmental monitoring actions. 3D modeling
can generate new frontiers of interaction between city and users, and creates in Pavia the bases to
design a smart city, building the groundwork for new protocols of conservation and planning.
Keywords: Digital survey, 3D modeling, structural seismic risk, historical centers, Pavia
1. Introduction
The topic of documentation of historic centers has always been, and today even more, a research field
of primary importance for our country. Its strength is the common will to develop a research project
about analysis systems and phenomena interpretation of all the elements that occur in the definition of
the urban identity, from the architectural till the general scale. This is not for the only understanding of
the image of city limits, but also to highlight the necessity of safeguarding policies for the protection of
cultural heritage. Earthquakes and natural disasters in Italy are rising awareness among public opinion
and governments (in particular after the earthquake in L'Aquila, in Abruzzo in 2009, and in Amatrice,
Lazio, last 2016), about the value of historic centers and about the absence of appropriate
documentation systems for restoration or reconstruction, in particular after the breakdown of entire
cities areas.
The city of Pavia, historic Longobard capital, is located on a flat land of North Italy, where there is an
architectural richness related to constructive and typological traditional systems, due to the many
cultural and historical events that have affected over time. The buildings of the historic city center
present a range of morphological characteristics that are common to most of the Italian historic towns,
related to the original Roman planimetry (that in many cases has been maintained even in the Middle
Ages), whose current form is affected by urban renewal operations conducted in the last two
centuries, that have led deep changes in the image of the city, including the demolition of the
perimeter wall system.
Fig. 1: From left: B. Lanzani fresco (1527), in S. Teodoro Church, representing the historic center of Pavia with
the high towers system, of which still today some examples survive (in the central image). On the right laser
scanner survey operations.
The area analyzed in this research, located between San Michele Maggiore Church and the area of
University colleges, is one of the busiest areas of the city. It is characterized by the presence of many
commercial establishments along the main street of Corso Garibaldi and buildings of architectural
value and historical interest, such as Basilica of St. Michele and the old Church of St. Filippo e
Giacomo, whose façade is in Baroque style, overlooking the front of one of two slender towers that are
along the way. This heritage is part of a closely context of natural risk events: the presence of Ticino
river is an historical cause of flooding phenomena (among many, the recent one in 1994) who
cyclically involved the edge of the historic perimeter, the end of the old ramparts, the basilicas and the
area beyond the shore of the old center. In addition, the recent increase of earthquakes in Italy has
also affected Po Valley, in the past considered a "non-seismic" area, by increasing magnitude events
over time, that has had an impact on the historical heritage. In recent years, several specific research
initiatives have affected structural analysis and interventions for the safety of some monuments of the
historic center such as Duomo cathedral [1] [2] and the historic towers [3]: these studies have
confirmed a static scene of critical aspect, where the poor mechanical quality of masonry structures
shows conditions of imminent collapse under minimum stresses, but without extending these
investigations to the complexity of the entire buildings.
The issue of smart cities is transposed in terms of safety and reliability, in which urban analytics,
understood as the ability to translate in numbers and schemes the full aspects of the city, develop a
request of spatial enablement [4], information in a spatial reference, which in big data Era is
experimentally answered in the field of interactive 3D models and representation of complex space.
These three-dimensional databases are developed as reliable descriptive equipment, that recreate the
image and the three-dimensional aspect of the scene, and evolve allowing interactions between virtual
and real levels, with several tools and auxiliary descriptive equipment. In this way, through descriptors
and query research [5], information anchored to billions of points, oriented in space, are extracted,
useful for the preparation of projects for the development of monitoring protocols and intervention on
building complexes. Within national safeguard guidelines, the project on the documentation on Pavia
city center provides metric documentation, diagnostic investigation and virtual reconstruction of the
historic center through the use of digital technologies and innovative instruments. The project, started
in 2013 and still developing, has been promoted by the joint Laboratory LS3D Landscape, Survey and
Design and Dada Lab, afferent to DICAr, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University
of Pavia, scientific director Prof. S. Parrinello, with the participation of students, graduate students and
research fellows of the DICAr. The research aims to acquire, manage and represent, through reliable
responsive systems of representation, the multidimensional system of the center. Specifically, has
been planned to develop a database able to generate informative three-dimensional models to
safeguard the image of the historical center, developed and adopted as a basis of excellence to
support more informed observation and less invasive intervention methodologies.
The historic center of Pavia, virtually represented, configure new scenarios and a different approach to
the urban structure: using an innovative methodology of diagnostic survey, it will be planned an
instrument able to monitoring the state of conservation of the buildings and to evaluate deformations,
to draw up action plans, both at large scale than punctual, for the protection of its heritage in
prevention of seismic and flooding events.
(SP)
2. Integrated Survey systems for comparison between different databases
The study and the representation of architectural fronts has established, for the purpose of
documentation of an historical city center area, a key to understand and structure the investigation
project to seismic risk phenomena. Graphic transposition operation is not just necessary referred to
the definition of the image and to urban development systems, but also in relation to structural
phenomena that characterize the historical structure, influencing the static behavior for both building
units that for urban clusters. Analyze the object of investigation and arrange for a valid system of
representation was the preliminary operation of the research project described in this paper. The
documents concerned the interpretation of morphological complexity of the space and their graphical
transposition by the drawing. The survey instrument had, as main objective, to explain the spatial
components and divide the area into sub-systems, such as to facilitate the subsequent acquisition and
data management. The subdivision was carried out for different levels on the basis of signs and
structures present in space: open spaces, paths and volumes, are configured as macro categories on
which is possible to relate the points of each element that determine the peculiar image inside urban
structure. In this scenario, towers, domes, projecting or recesses elements, with respect to the general
conformation of the path, become autonomous and privileged entities in the space, taking over the
general urban image of street fronts. The drawing, much more complex as much are the categories to
describe, has required a combined action of perceptual capacity, to identify it, and representative
capacity, to express it. Synthesizing data from drawing and, then, decompose the space to set up a
campaign for macro-investigation areas, has been a necessary operation for the knowledge of space,
condensing into one cultural brokerage system a communication system that could be easily
understood.
Fig. 2: Drawing of object volumes of the survey campaign project, with highlighted elements that characterize the
urban image of the old town.
For the first step of data acquisition (2013) it has been planned an integrated digital campaign of
survey, carried on a set of urban blocks of the historic center, including the area of Corso Garibaldi
(the original Roman decumanus) and San Michele Maggiore, for a total area of about 40,000 square
meters. The area has been selected within a perimeter made up of a particularly complex urban fabric,
able to collect many of the key identified characteristics of the old town. The choice, in fact, has a
greater presence of historical and expressive languages than other portions of the historic center, for
which is necessary to develop specific levels of investigation.
To reply to a different scale of representability requirements and on different urban categories, it has
been planned an integrated survey, that would produce a digital database capable of guaranteeing a
high level of reliability, both regarding the position of each point in space (expressed by coordinates x,
y, z), and its colorimetric value with regards to the evaluation of conservative aspect of each urban
front. For obtaining a point database responsive to the state of preservation of buildings, two of the
main data acquisition methodologies have been used, obtained by the integration of Laser Range
Scanners and photogrammetric-based Image-based instrumentation.
The matrix of digital survey has been the laser scanner instrumentation, a privileged methodological
metric tool acquisition for the reliability and the management of the corresponding criticality, related to
the morphological conformation of complexes and blocks of the historical center. This procedure was
then elevated to a "gold standard" level for the comparison with the reliability of documentation
protocols by photographic processing, such as SFM Structure from Motion processes of virtual
modeling of built environments.
Laser scanner measurements, carried out on the analyzed area, have been planned in 116 scanning
stations, which have produced a digital system of three-dimensional metric data collected to generate
point clouds, single and combined, in a virtual space. The implementable process has led to specific
critical due to the complex morphology of the context: the distribution of urban fronts on paths from the
road sections of less than one quarter of their height (approximately 4 meters wide for fronts up to 18
meters in elevation development) has often compromised the clear reading of the data with the
gradual increase in the vertical dimension. The scan management and their union in a global model,
thanks to the overlapping of shared portions of data through the use of target and remarkable
architectural points, has allowed the completion of missing data, and it has guaranteed a total
coverage of street fronts. The obtained three-dimensional model is a virtual documentation system of
the urban complexity contained in, both at large-scale and in the architectural particularity, with
approximately 512.000.000 million points of spatial coordinate.
During the second survey campaign (between May and June 2014) it has been carried out, in parallel
to the product obtained by laser scanner, a second digital database, consisting of data obtained from
the photogrammetric SFM acquisition campaign.
Fig. 3: Image of the overall point cloud scans recorded by laser scanners. Starting from the individual
workstations, the merge process has followed the acquisition path according to closed polygonal, and then it has
connected the blocks obtained too define the urban structure. The display color scale is given by the reflectance
values of each surface material in response to the laser beam.
Fig. 4: View of the point cloud of Via Luigi Porta. The building units and the monuments of the medieval towers
are distinguishable (San Dalmazio and Belcredi towers). The point cloud is configured as highly reliable
instrument for the measurement of urban architectural morphological aspects.
The application of photogrammetry on such a large scale allows to obtain models capable of
reproducing metrically the interrelationships between the elements of an urban scene, and propose
them virtually in the form of a system in which each complexity can be approximated to a manageable
level of schematization, queryable and easily transmitted. The streets of the examined area present an
irregular development, with an irregular pattern, often paved with river pebbles and stone slabs,
arranged along the longitudinal direction of the road. The limited width of streets and the elevated
height of urban fronts along the development of the path, have forced to perform the photographic
campaign on the basis of the semantic decomposition planned in preliminary investigation drawing:
each set was divided by horizontal and vertical elements, and each of them into further subsets,
identified by individual urban fronts. The elevated height of the buildings that overlook the road profile
and the presence of balconies or ledges projecting more or less with respect to the floor of the
building, has often caused extensive occlusion portions. At the same time, the proximity of the street
fronts and the volumetric and spatial articulation of buildings allowed more careful in identifying
homologous points between the various photographic sequences. The photogrammetric model
obtained from SFM survey has been compared with that one obtained by laser scanner in order to be
able to make a qualitative assessment of the level of metric reliability [6].
Fig. 5: Photogrammetric acquisition and three-dimensional model obtained from SFM detection. The database is
composed by Colorized point cloud and a 3D model to which is applied the corresponding texture, describing the
state of conservation of the architectural heritage for each point of system coordinates x, y, z.
Fig. 6: Comparison for the reliability of the model obtained from the SfM system (orange) with that obtained by
laser scanner (in blue) on the case study of San Filippo e Giacomo church.
The survey digitization has enhanced the interactivity of models generated on both data typologies
obtained: in this context the three-dimensional visualization goes beyond the representative aims to
move between content and cognitive interface, between documentation source and archiving tools,
presenting itself as scientific instrument for diagnostics, and diversifying the data according to possible
query variables.
This integrated approach of acquisition of urban morphology, metric and colorimetric, has allowed a
complete assessment of the most visible aspects linked to the conservative states of building units,
from the degradation of the structural and materials pathologies till deformational evaluations and
kinematic phenomena.
The adopted survey methodology has as its objective to produce a monitoring instrument capable to
be updating, available on multiple levels of understanding and constantly queryable to monitoring the
progress of deformation or instabilities in case of earthquakes.
(FP)
3. Digital databases for monitoring and diagnostic investigation
NTC08, Italian Technical Guidelines in civil engineering (2008) have highlighted the problem of
architectural documentation for the structural evaluation, developing Confidence Factors and Levels of
Knowledge systems that from the level of reliability of detection surveys would allow thorough the
evaluation of engineering parameters to structural calculations and dynamic simulations. This correct
legislative request, however, collides with a documentation lack in the ability to provide representative
systems of structural reality, often limited to sample evaluations then extended in a homogeneous way
to entire elements. Such procedures represent a critical link in the analysis process that risks to
compromise the precautionary assessments made in NTC, for the excessive generalization of
structural morphologies.
In the case of a historical center, in fact, it is possible to find a collection of structural types, historical
interventions and load mechanisms widely extended: the same case of Pavia shows a presence of
buildings (churches, historic palaces, commercial buildings, noble medieval towers, etc. ...) often
adapted to destinations of use different from the originals, which are affected by different
characteristics and behaviors strongly interacting between themselves in complex building
aggregates.
Facing these realities of particularity and extension, the action of a technical operator, despite
scientific competences, can easily lose sight of the particularities of each building and could not be
able to control the whole architectural reality of the area, threatening to not confer the appropriate level
of detail that instead it requires. The availability of a unique documentative tool, collecting punctually
the structural deformation data, make it possible to integrate the capabilities of technical figures in the
management of these realities.
The diagnostic evaluation, developed from visual and photographic inspection phases on the site,
culminates in the identification of systematic collapse phenomena taking place into buildings.
Structural failures, attributable to the consequences of a seismic event or constructional weaknesses
and successive intervention phases, generate kinematic mechanisms in constructive elements that
only rarely are able to equilibrate themselves, and that constitute self-increasing phenomena.
Monitoring, diagnostics and management of the data acquired by suited representations, in these
cases, turn out to be the fundamental step for the identification of these events and the development
of appropriate interventions.
One of the applications offered by point clouds is the possibility to analyze orthogonal deflections
present on the surfaces of urban fronts. By setting the coordinates of a reference plane, parallel to the
front, and a tolerance range, it is possible to assign a chromatic scale (from red to blue) where each
colour is associated with a displacement interval outside the analysed plan. In this way, each strain
framework can be identified, mapped and linked to the corresponding kinematic phenomena, with the
reconstruction of its genesis and causes and the evaluation of possibility of intervention and
rehabilitation.
The developed database provides a system of information already pre-established where the query for
research set of values allows stakeholders to directly interface with the data; in this way it is possible
for professional operators to develop targeted investigations with different tolerance and displacement
range, evaluating the value scales in any particular situation.
Fig. 7: Elevation map of the front of an urban aggregate, c.so Garibaldi. The analysis shows an intermediate
failure: the phenomenon is probably due to a shear stress, with a translation in the plane that pushes a portion of
the wall outwards of plane. The phenomenon is highlighted by deviation range relatively high, about 15 cm from
the reference plane. The photographic documentation reflects the instability phenomenon with the presence of
cracks on the external facade visible from the street, despite the presence of layers of plaster that can hide other
possible phenomena of damage.
Fig. 8: Elevation map of the front of an urban aggregate, c.so Garibaldi. The analysis shows a localized failure:
the phenomenon is probable due to a horizontal force perpendicular to the plane of the external front, which
generates a reversal of the facing outwards (about 70 mm) common of press-bending behaviours. The thrust
epicentre height suggests the possible presence inside of an unbalanced system. Inspections focused on
buildings, including interiors, are essential in the control of hypotheses suggested by survey elaborates.
The implementability of the system, that can expand unlimited to contain blocks of information
obtained from temporally successive campaigns, also provides the opportunity to develop a map of
kinematic mechanisms evolution, including new data from successive survey campaigns. The system
acquires a relevant importance if, after seismic events and natural hazards, the surveys are compared
with two different clouds performed at a distance of time, capable of defining displacements, faults and
levels of risk of structural failures. The same comparison can be carried out on products obtained from
different survey methods, and can allow to deepen the experimentation of procedures for
photogrammetric fast survey through the metric reliability evaluation of different products and the
possibility of implementation in SfM acquisition.
Fig. 9: Elevation map of the face of a medieval tower inserted in an urban aggregate, c.so Garibaldi. The analysis
shows a higher angular failure of the masonry inwards. Refining the analysis to smaller tolerance range (0.01 to
0.001 m), it is possible to highlight how the instability of the wall is extended to more than half of the entire face.
(The color scale is repeated outside the range of values, from red to blue).
Fig. 10: Elevation map of an urban front of Via Luigi Porta, analyzed on point cloud from laser scanner (left) and
SfM survey (right). The analysis shows a failure at the base of the masonry outwards, with a tolerance of 5 mm in
color scale. The phenomenon can be evaluated in the products of both methodologies, with greater accuracy in
laser survey, while the photogrammetric product tends to overestimate the magnitude of the phenomenon. SfM
methodology evolves exponentially today, in terms of accuracy and reliability of 3D reconstruction, and represents
a potential tool for fast survey for structural diagnostic in urban aggregates. (The colour scale is repeated outside
the range of values, from red to blue).
This investigation, applied downstream of survey operations, represents a fundamental evaluation tool
that develops its full potential in post-production data phases, and that allows a scientific evidence of
diagnostics performed on site with numeric data of deviation in millimetric terms. The mapping,
already in the database, can be made explicit in drawings extended to all surveyed buildings,
generating a detailed survey system for each front and extended around the entire perimeter of
investigation, controlled and structured according to the virtual model obtained through the points
cloud.
The database represents a well-structured information system where a similarly structured query
process can lead to monitoring plans for the assets of old town for the development of policies of
safeguard on territory.
(RDM)
4. Conclusions
The process that leads complex urban systems to transform from heterogeneous spaces, loads of
chaotic and unorganized informations to comprehensive digital archives, structured data containers
semantically based on specific goals and objectives, is anything but conventional, and uses the
activity of drawing and organization of "cascading" information as a base to carry out the entire survey
process. [10] The digital archives, whether they are points clouds or mesh models generated by
reverse engineering processes, constitute the starting point for a thorough investigation on virtual
Fig. 11: The evaluations conducted on data extracted by the database can represent a monitoring tool of
structural instability risk in the old town complex. The schematization of possible mechanisms in place in three-
dimensional models allows a mapping of risk epicentres both planimetric at urban level and specific of urban
fronts, defining evaluation tools for the implementation of preventive guidelines and of safety interventions.
space, performed at various levels and with multiple communication purposes. To metric reliability of
laser survey, it should also be considered the difficult management of so complex point clouds: on the
contrary, three-dimensional photogrammetric products are more flexible and compatible with software
management for urban planning. One of the purposes in which three-dimensional model obtained from
structure from motion methodology may be employed, appropriately optimized in the number of
polygons and semantically decomposed according to a hierarchical structure, is that it can be viewed
and managed within a GIS system, through which it is able to provide information that range from the
state of conservation of material surfaces to contents relating, for example, to the history of restoration
interventions that have affected the building.
The research experience modes in which three-dimensional databases are associated, through the
separation of components and the construction of models-containers, to heterogeneous information,
managed and questioned at different levels of detail. The virtual space configured speaks, it is able to
relate with technical experts, structural engineers and common users, showing itself queryable on the
basis of its investigation levels, explaining itself according to the most realistic representation in which
it may appear, using the communication possibilities of digital data to communicate the real world.
(SP)
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