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Antioxidant and Hemolysis Protective Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Mulberry Fruits
Abstract
Background
Mulberry fruits are a superior source of polyphenol, especially anthocyanins that contribute potentially to the beneficial effects which include reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancers with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties.
Objectives
In this study, purification of the polyphenol-rich extract from mulberry fruit (MPE) was purified and assessed the activities of antioxidant and hemolysis protective in vivo and in vitro.
Materials and Methods
Antioxidant activities in vitro was measured by quantifying its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power and Fe²⁺-chelating ability. MPE was purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed individual polyphenols using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS.
Results
The total polyphenol content was 147.69 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dried weight (DW) in the extract and 403.55 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g DW in the purified extract. Further identification by HPLC-ultraviolet-visible and LC-MS/MS analysis indicated in MPE, an anthocyanin compound, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. With regard to in vitro assays, MPE possessed antioxidant effect, especially in Fe²⁺ chelating ability with an IC50 value of 1.016 mg/mL. The protective effects on mouse red blood cell hemolysis and lipid peroxidation ex vivo were dose and time dependent.
Conclusion
It indicates that MPE could be a good candidate for future biomedical applications to promote human health with limited side effects.
SUMMARY
Mulberry fruit is an excellent source of polyphenols, in particular, anthocyanins, which has infinite health benefits. This study determined the predominant anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, could possibly be the rationale behind the antioxidant and antihemolytic effect of MPE. Results indicate that MPE could be a good candidate for future biomedical applications to promote human health with limited side effects.
Abbreviations used: MPE: Purification of the polyphenol-rich extract from mulberry fruit, LC-MS: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, HPLC: High-pressure liquid chromatography, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, RBC: Red blood cell, GAE: Gallic acid equivalent, FeCl2: Ferrous chloride, H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide, EDTA-2Na: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline, TCA: Trichloroacetic acid, TBA: 2-thiobarbituric acid, FeSO4: Ferrous sulphate, MDA: Malondialdehyde, VC: Vitamin C, DW: Dried weight.
... Mulberry anthocyanins were extracted using acidified ethanol (V(ethanol):V(1.0 M HCl) 85:15, pH=1), assisted by ultrasound (22). The partially purified extracts by active macroporous resin D-101 were evaporated to dryness at 50 °C using a rotating evaporator (EYELA N1001; Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd.), and were re-dissolved in acidified ethanol. ...
... Three virtual variables were used to estimate standard error. Based on the results obtained using the Plackett-Burman design, the three most influential factors that cover a wide range were selected to estimate the variation in anthocyanin acylation (22). ...
Research background. Anthocyanins possess valuable health-promoting activities with significant health benefits for humans. However, their instability is a limiting factor for their usage in functional foods and beverages.
Experimental approach. In this work, a new method to enhance the stability of anthocyanins from mulberry fruit through acylation by using succinic acid as a selected acyl donor was explored. The Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimized conditions for the acylation process.
Results and conclusions. The highest acylation conversion rate was 79.04% at anthocyanins to succinic acid mass ratio 1:8.96, acylation duration 3 h and temperature 50 °C. Structural analysis of acylated anthocyanins revealed that succinic acid introduces a C-O-C bond and a hydroxyl group. The thermostability and light stability of mulberry anthocyanins were significantly improved after acylation, and the antioxidant activity expressed as total reducing power and Fe2+-chelating capacity of the acylated anthocyanins was also enhanced.
Novelty and scientific contribution. Succinic acid acylation provides a novel method for stabilizing mulberry anthocyanins, as evidenced by the increased stability and antioxidant ability of anthocyanins, and thus facilitates its use in the food and nutraceutical industries.
... Detergents possess a similar structure to the lipids in the plasma membrane, allowing them to penetrate the membrane and cause a reorganization of lipids and membrane proteins, ultimately leading to changes in erythrocyte morphology and lysis [41]. Interestingly, the F. cernua extract showed lower hemolysis compared to the vehicle, possibly due to the presence of polyphenols, known for their cytoprotective efect on erythrocytes against oxidizing agents and hypotonic conditions [42,43]. Te potential mechanism involves the polyphenols of the extract of F. cernua and their interaction with the polar heads of the membrane lipids, forming a barrier that prevents the detergent from interacting with the plasmatic membrane [44]. ...
Flourensia cernua DC, commonly known as hojasen or tarbush, is a medicinal plant used in arid regions due to its therapeutic properties, especially in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of a polyphenolic extract obtained from F. cernua. This research involved both in vitro (hemolytic and brine shrimp assay) and in vivo tests (acute oral toxicity) to determine the safety profile of this extract. The extract was obtained through a novel ultrasound-microwave extraction and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the polyphenolic extract revealed a rich composition of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly apigenin glycosides. In toxicity tests, the polyphenols did not exhibit toxicity towards Artemia salina at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Furthermore, incubation at 500 μg/ml for 4 hours showed a slight toxic effect on erythrocytes. In the acute oral toxicity test in mice, doses of 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg did not result in animal mortality, indicating that the LD50 exceeds 2000 mg/kg. However, the higher dose induced signs of toxicity, including lethargy, drowsiness, piloerection, and a significant decrease in weight during the initial two days postadministration of the polyphenolic extract. In addition, histological analysis suggested potential kidney damage at the 2000 mg/kg dose. According to OECD guidelines, while the extract can be classified as category 5 (low acute toxicity) due to the absence of mortality at 2000 mg/kg, the observed signs of toxicity should be considered in the overall risk assessment. These findings highlight the potential of F. cernua in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications due to its high polyphenolic content. However, further investigations are necessary to explore the specific effects of the compounds present in the extract. In addition, continuous evaluation of its long-term toxicity is essential to fully understand the extract’s safety profile and efficacy.
... The content of anthocyanins will vary depending on plant species, varieties, cultivation methods, seasons, growth environments, maturity, and storage conditions. The types and contents of anthocyanins in common plants are shown in Table 2 [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Anthocyanins are a kind of glycoside derivatives with C6-C3-C6 as the skeleton widely existing in various fruits and vegetables. In addition to giving food its bright color, anthocyanins have a variety of biological health effects on the human body. In this paper, the structure, distribution, and content of anthocyanins and the research progress of anthocyanins and their metabolites on intestinal microbiological regulation in recent years were reviewed in order to provide a theoretical basis for further development of nutritive and healthy food rich in anthocyanins.
... Anthocyanin is an important component of Morus nigra fruit which give it a characteristic purple color. The anthocyanin contained in the berries and red fruits are reported to have various health benefits in coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and aging (Krishna et al. 2018). The present study was aimed to explore the curative capacities of MFE against freeze-thaw stresses on the bovine spermatozoa in routine cryopreservation and reactivation protocols. ...
This study explored the effect of Morus nigra fruit extract (MFE) on microanatomical and physiological parameters of cryopreserved bovine sperms. Three ejaculates were collected on weekly basis, from five fertile bulls. Each semen sample was mixed with dilution medium (DM) (1:2 v/v), centrifuged (32 g) for 10 minutes to pore away the upper-half of the mixture. The remaining material was then extended (1:4 ratios) with standard cryopreservation extender (SCE). Three aliquots (0.3 mL) from this extended sample were further extended with 0.7 mL pure SCE (control group), 0.7 mL SCE containing 3% MFE (MFE-3 group) and 0.7 mL SCE containing 6% MFE (MFE-6 group) respectively to attain final dilutions (25 times dilution of fresh semen ejaculate, containing approximately 1836.5 ± 85.23 million sperms per mL). From each final dilution (0.1 mL) sample was directly analyzed for semen quality parameters (SQPs) and rest of the material was placed in liquid nitrogen for 24 hrs for post thaw study of the SQPs and in-vitro fertilizability. Results revealed substantial improvement in sperm membrane integrity, motility, and fertilizability in MFE-3 and MFE-6 against SCE group. Likewise, significantly high mean percent number of progressively motile sperms and sperms showing 20 µ/sec or above velocity both before and after cryopreservation, were observed in MFE-6 and MFE-3 groups as compared to SCE. These findings show protective effects of
MFE for bovine spermatozoa against cryoinjuries and the post thawed oxidative stress.
... Anthocyanins have a high oxygen radical absorption capability and a significant antioxidant activity, making them useful in neurodegenerative disorders (Krishna et al., 2018). They bind to free radicals and inhibit ROS production in cells. ...
... Anthocyanins have a high oxygen radical absorption capability and a significant antioxidant activity, making them useful in neurodegenerative disorders (Krishna et al., 2018). They bind to free radicals and inhibit ROS production in cells. ...
... Shortperiod intake of green tea in β-thalassemia major reduced serum levels of iron, ferritin, and malondialdehyde and increased total antioxidant capacity (Soeizi et al., 2017). Similarly, polyphenols exert iron-induced hemolysis protective effects due to the ferrous ion chelating capacity and antioxidant ability, which includes extract from mulberry fruits, extract of lotus and Psidium guajava leaves (Ajay et al., 2018;Chonthida et al., 2013;Pangjit et al., 2016). A low dose of resveratrol (5 μM) treatment reduced ineffective erythropoiesis and upregulated scavenging enzymes. ...
Food‐borne polyphenols have long contributed to human health via multifaceted mechanisms, while emerged studies especially those published in recent 10 years have witnessed the close relevance between the bioactivity of polyphenols with iron homeostasis. Polyphenols are involved in various physiological processes of iron and manifest with multidirectional regulative effects. The diversiform polyphenols–iron interactions have extended the cognition of various disorders and diseases. This review aims to present a comprehensive scope of polyphenols–iron interactions, and the structural property, biological effects, and molecular mechanism of polyphenols on iron homeostasis were systematically illustrated, categorized, exemplified, and discussed. Multiple related disorders and diseases were focused on, and the specific polyphenols–iron interactions were elucidated during the processes of pathogenesis, development, intervention, and treatment. Present shortages such as bidirectional effects, unclear mechanism, clinical challenges, and extraction efficiency of polyphenols were also analyzed, and some innovative techniques adopted for polyphenols–iron‐based systems or therapies explorations were discussed, inspiring future perspectives for the understandings, exploitations, and correlations of both iron homeostasis and polyphenols. This review brings the polyphenols–iron interactions on the stage, telling the full story of how polyphenols anchor iron to achieve beneficial bioactivities, enlightening ideas for polyphenols–iron interactions‐based understanding of diseases, and illumining strategies for polyphenols as dietary adjuvant or future therapeutic agents for iron‐related physiological abnormality.
... alba L.) [2]. It is high in antioxidant phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanones, minerals, phenolic compounds, and vitamins, which have been linked to health benefits such as lowering the risk of diabetes [3], cardiovascular diseases [4], anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer [5], antimetastasis, anit-aging, and chemoprotective properties [6], neuroprotection [7], hemolysis protection [8], immune enhancement [9], prevention of age-related macular degeneration [10], liver detoxification [11], alleviation of liver and kidney injury [12], anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties [13], etc. Mulberry fruit has thus been used as a medicinal herb in the improvement and enhancement of human health through the use of its bioactive compounds in beverage, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and health care products [14]. Their physical and chemical characteristics, on the other hand, are easily traumatized and degraded, resulting in a short shelf life and direct economic loss to farmers. ...
... They reported that 30%-50% ethanolic extraction showed a higher concentration of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids) and radical scavenging activity. In vivo and in vitro antioxidant and hemolysis protective activities of M. alba fruit were reported (Krishna et al., 2018). Polyphenol-rich mulberry extract exhibited significant Fe 2+ chelating ability and anti-hemolysis activity on mouse red blood cells. ...
Medicinal plants from the family Moraceae have diverse applications in agriculture, cosmetics, food, and the pharmaceutical industry. Their extensive spectrum of pharmacological activity for treating numerous inflammatory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal problems reflects their biological and therapeutic value. This article summarizes the molecular mechanisms related to the biological implications of mulberry extracts, fractions, and isolated bioactive compounds from different parts in various health‐related ailments. Additionally, the food industry and animal nutrition applications are summarized. Phytochemicals such as steroids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds including terpenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins are found in this medicinal plant. The aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts, as well as bioactive compounds, have anti‐oxidative, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti‐mutagenic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, immune‐modulatory, cardioprotective, and skin protecting activities. Mulberry supplementation in food products improves the stability of phenolics, sensory properties, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties. Mulberry leaves in animal feed increase the nutrient digestibility, growth parameters, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
Practical applications
This review summarized the in vivo and in vitro biological activities of the mulberry and isolated constituents in various health conditions. In addition, the food uses such as antioxidant potential, antimicrobial, and physicochemical properties were discussed. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed mulberry as a significant protein source and its flavonoids as potential animal foliage.
... In this study, the highest percentage of inhibitory activities of the peel of P. campechiana fruit extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL was 64.27%, which is comparatively higher than the inhibitory activity of S. macranthum fruit methanol extract (42.73%) [32]. The hemolytic anti-inflammatory activities results shown in Table 4 and Fig. 3 (c and d), reveal that the ethanolic extracts of the peel parts of the P. campechiana fruits at 100 μg/mL concentration can inhibit higher (80.21%) hemolysis prevention activity (p < 0.001) as compared to other concentrations used in this [33]. Thus the anti-inflammatory activities results strongly suggested that both the peel and pulp of fruit extract exhibited the highest percentage of inhibitory activity (Fig. 3). ...
Pouteria campechiana fruit is newly cultivated in Bangladesh. Nutritional and biological analysis of the peel and pulp of P. campechiana species was done according to standard protocols. The physicochemical parameters revealed that specific gravity, viscosity, total soluble solids (TSS), and pH contents were more evident in the pulp than the peel. According to the nutritional analysis, 7.46% fat, 4.15% dietary fiber, 41.54% carbohydrate and 247.28% energy were found in the peel. These values were higher and significant (p < 0.01) when compared to pulp; in contrast, larger amounts of moisture (54.44%), ash (2.92%) and protein (8.75%) were observed in the pulp of P. campechiana compared to peel, and these values were highly significant (p < 0.001). Large amounts of Cu, Zn, Fe and K were present in the peel of P. campechiana (p < 0.001; p < 0.01), while Ca, Mg and Na were significantly higher in the pulp of P. campechiana. Vitamin A was enrich in pulp (51.15 mg/100g) but vitamin C was enrich in peel (106.42 mg/100g) (p < 0.01). The total phenolics and flavonoids content per 100g ranged from 84 to 205 mg GAE and 256.34–930.33 mg QE, respectively. P. campechiana peel contains a significantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) high amount of phenolics, flavonoids, and showed potential antioxidant, anti-inflammation activities as compared to the pulp. Furthermore, a brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) lethality assay revealed the peel was significantly less toxic than the pulp (LC50 = 701.66 μg/mL). The findings suggest that P. campechiana can be a rich source of nutrition as well as potential biological activity.
... These results can be compared to a study, conducted by Krishna et al. [44], where a Mulberry fruit polyphenolic extract exhibited a hemolysis percentage of 53.98 ± 0.06 when 100 µg/mL were used. Another study, conducted by Halla et al. [45], showed that the essential oils of some medicinal plants from Algeria, such as Pituranthos scoparius, Myrtus nivelllei, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Mentha piperita, show 93.00, 72.88, 72.75, and 43.26% of hemolytic activity, respectively, when using a concentration of 3.12 mg/mL. ...
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a tropical fruit from Asia which has become the main target of many studies involving polyphenolic analysis. Mexico produces over 8 million tons per year of rambutan, generating a huge amount of agro-industrial waste since only the pulp is used and the peel, which comprises around 45% of the fruit’s weight, is left behind. This waste can later be used in the recovery of polyphenolic fractions. In this work, emerging technologies such as microwave, ultrasound, and the hybridization of both were tested in the extraction of phenolic compounds from Mexican rambutan peel. The results show that the hybrid technology extraction yielded the highest polyphenolic content (176.38 mg GAE/g of dry rambutan peel). The HPLC/MS/ESI analysis revealed three majoritarian compounds: geraniin, corilagin, and ellagic acid. These compounds explain the excellent results for the biological assays, namely antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and LOI (Lipid oxidation inhibition) assays that exhibited great antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 0.098, 0.335, and 0.034 mg/mL respectively, as well as prebiotic activity demonstrated by a µMax (maximum growth) of 0.203 for Lactobacillus paracasei. Lastly, these compounds have shown no hemolytic activity, opening the door for the elaboration of different products in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
... [30] Studies have also found that anthocyanins have physiological functions such as free radical scavenging, anticancer, and fat reduction. [31][32][33][34] At present, solvent extraction is widely used to extract mulberry anthocyanins in China and overseas, and the content of anthocyanins extracted with 70% ethanol as the extractant is 170.5 mg/100 g. [35] Studies have shown that ripe mulberries are abundant in anthocyanins, and predominantly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. [36,37] Mulberry is currently developed and utilized predominantly by food industries for the production of products such as fruit juice, vinegar, wine, and jam, as well as in other industries such as for natural dye production and cosmetics. ...
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are widespread in the plant kingdom and are involved in important bioactivities, such as antioxidation. These flavonoids can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; consequently, they are widely studied for disease prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the chemical structures, food sources, and bioactivities of these compounds. We also discuss recent developments and trends related to anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-derived products. This review provides insights to inform related research and inspire future studies to help realize the potential of these plant pigments. © 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
... 21 Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant and has been used to manage hemolysis associated with oxidative damage in patients with G6PD deficiency. 22 However, it is postulated that it may lead to oxidative stress and hemolysis when used in higher doses. Ascorbic acid is converted in the tissues into its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid, which may diminish the intraerythrocyte glutathione stores, especially when present in high concentrations as may be the case when high doses of vitamin C are prescribed. ...
Vitamin C is increasingly being used, and even high doses are considered safe. However, complications including hemolysis have been reported. We performed a systematic search from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from January 1975 till July 31, 2021. Search terms used were "Vitamin C" OR "ascorbic acid" AND "haemolysis" OR "haemolytic anaemia." Data regarding patient's demographics, outcomes and dose, duration, and form of vitamin C were extracted. Fourteen case reports matched the selected criteria, with age ranging from 3 weeks to 75 years with 78.6% being males. About 71.4% were diagnosed to have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency but previous hemolysis was reported in only two patients, and 57.1% were prescribed vitamin C for nutritional supplementation. The dose ranged from 1 to 200 g/day with 57.1% receiving intravenous formulations. Half of these patients developed other complications including acute kidney injury (AKI), disseminated intravascular coagulation, oxalosis, and methemoglobinemia. About 78.6% developed complications within 3 days of starting vitamin C and only one death was reported. Vitamin C is generally a safe drug but it should be prescribed with caution and only when benefits outweigh the risks. Physicians should be aware of potential complications like severe hemolysis and AKI, especially when using high doses and in G6PD deficiency.
How to cite this article:
Juneja D, Jain R, Nasa P. Vitamin C-induced Hemolysis: Meta-summary and Review of Literature. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(2):224-227.
... Subsequently, damaged cell membrane of erythrocytes will further increase its susceptibility to secondary injuries through lipid peroxidation and alteration in antioxidant system 42 . The capability of natural compounds to prevent the bursting of erythrocytes makes them suitable candidate to be included in the preparation of antihemolytic drugs. ...
The cruciferous vegetables are richest sources of isothiocyanates and among them, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is one of the major constituents. It has been known to possess various activities of therapeutic interest. Keeping this in view, the present study was planned to investigate antioxidant capacity of AITC using Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) Assay, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay, β-Carotene bleaching (BCB) assay and superoxide anion scavenging assay. The antimutagenic potency of AITC was determined by modifying Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence assay against direct acting mutagen 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) and indirect acting mutagens 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in presence and absence of S9. Furthermore, the antihemolytic activity was evaluated using hemolysis assay. Among the different activities carried out, it was observed that AITC exhibited efficient antimutagenic potential against direct acting mutagen NPD and indirect acting mutagens 2-AAF and DMBA in the presence as well as absence of S9 fraction in Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence assay. Overall, our results established the efficiency of AITC to act as strong antimutagenic agent, efficient anti-hemolytic agent and mild antioxidant agent thus, making AITC an interesting candidate to be further explored for drug discovery.
... Although some studies are exploring the action of white mulberry leaves and black mulberry fruits over triggering conditions of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes [117,118], there is very little preclinical information given over the last 20 years on the therapeutic effects of black mulberry leaves on cardiovascular disease, with the fruits being mainly studied for their content of anthocyanins, proven to be effective in managing cardiovascular disease and triggering factors such as hyperlipidemia [119,120]. ...
The current pharmacological agents advised for the management of diabetes as well as cardiovascular and hepatic diseases are subject to numerous studies for safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is worth looking into alternative therapeutic aids such as natural products of medicinal plants. By a broad review of in vitro and in vivo studies on the various dandelion, chicory, and mulberry extracts, this work highlights their bioactive compounds and therapeutic action when used as a prevention and management aid in public health such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hepatic disorders like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Natural products of dandelion leaves and root extracts can suppress the development of liver cancer, decrease insulin resistance, and suppress total triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Recent studies on mulberry leaves extracts indicated that they could decrease palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity, increase total cholesterol and bile acid excretion, improve superoxide dismutase expression, and improve insulin resistance. Chicory root extracts boost satiety, reverse insulin resistance, and augment lipid metabolism thanks to their contents in chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, and polysaccharides. Taraxacum officinale L., Morus nigra L., and Cichorium intybus L. present hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities and are shown to be advantageous in the management of obesity, dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. These plants are commonly available in the European spontaneous flora and more attention could be paid to their natural products.
... The erythrocytes model has been widely used in hemolysis studies as it presents a direct indication of toxicity of injectable formulations as well as general indication of membrane toxicity. Hemolysis activity is directly related to the concentration and potency of extracts 30 . RBC's contain a high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids; they are vulnerable to oxidative stress. ...
Increasing severity of the disease osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with long term exposure to pharmacotherapy has spurred interest in the development of using food as medicine and phyto-pharmacotherapy. We examined the effect of n-hexane crude leaves extract and its nanoparticle formulation of Sesbania grandiflora in cell proliferation and bone mineralization at different concentrations in Saos-2 cell line. Osteogenic differentiation and cell viability of Saos-2 cells were quantified by monitoring alkaline phosphatase activity and MTT assay. HPLC analysis confirms the presence of bioactive compound α tocopherol. It was found that the concentrations 10 µg & 20 µg/100 µL significantly induced cell proliferation (p<0.05), and the expression of ALP (p<0.01) was not inhibited by the presence of the bioactive compound. Our data suggest that S. grandiflora nanoparticles affect the Saos-2 cell health in higher dose concentration and will be a good natural herbal medicine candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis at lower dose concentration. Further research is required to gain insight into the plant bioactive compounds and the molecular mechanism involved in their mode of action for safe and effective exploitation.
... Phenolic compounds are the subject of increasing scientific interest; they are natural antioxidants in plant-derived foods and food products and their intake is frequently related to human health. Many of the bioactivities ascribed to mulberries, such as antioxidant action, hypolipidemic effect and macrophage activating effect, have also been linked to their phenolic compound composition (Kim et al., 2013 andKrishna et al., 2018). Black mulberry (Morusnigra L.) is a fruit known not only for its nutritional qualities and its flavor, but also for its traditional use in natural medicine as it has a high content of active therapeutic compounds (Fazaeli et al., 2013). ...
... Phenolic compounds are the subject of increasing scientific interest; they are natural antioxidants in plant-derived foods and food products and their intake is frequently related to human health. Many of the bioactivities ascribed to mulberries, such as antioxidant action, hypolipidemic effect and macrophage activating effect, have also been linked to their phenolic compound composition [11][12][13][14]. ...
Mulberries are consumed either freshly or as processed fruits and are traditionally used to tackle several diseases, especially type II diabetes. Here, we investigated the metabolite compositions of ripe fruits of both white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberries, using reversed-phase HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and related these to their in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Based on accurate masses, fragmentation data, UV/Vis light absorbance spectra and retention times, 35 metabolites, mainly comprising phenolic compounds and amino sugar acids, were identified. While the antioxidant activity was highest in M. nigra, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were similar between species. Both bioactivities were mostly resistant to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. To identify the bioactive compounds, we combined LC-MS with 96-well-format fractionation followed by testing the individual fractions for α-glucosidase inhibition, while compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified using HPLC with an online antioxidant detection system. We thus determined iminosugars and phenolic compounds in both M. alba and M. nigra, and anthocyanins in M. nigra as being the key α-glucosidase inhibitors, while anthocyanins in M. nigra and both phenylpropanoids and flavonols in M. alba were identified as key antioxidants in their ripe berries.
... According to this profile, three anthocyanins were identified as main components, being cyanidin-3-galactoside (C-3-G, 40%) the most abundant constituent, followed by cyanidin-3-arabinoside (C-3-A, 38%) and delphinidin-3-pentoside (D-3-P, 16%). In addition, the recognition of the three anthocyanins was achieved using commercial standards and by comparing the absorption spectrum of each anthocyanin in the sample with those spectra reported in science literature for each anthocyanin Fig. 4 [32][33][34][35]. Regarding the determination of the total anthocyanins by external standardization method (calibration curve) using delphinidin chloride, the value was of 48 ± 2 μg TAEDC (total anthocyanin equivalent to delphinidin chloride) per mL of the hydroalcohol extract from V. meridionale berries. ...
An anthocyanin-rich extract from Andean species Vaccinium meridionale Swartz (Ericaceae, common names: Andean blueberry, wild agraz) was chemically characterized and evaluated as natural dye for potential application as sensitizer for TiO2 thin films. The anthocyanin-rich extract (dye) was obtained from V. meridionale berries through percolation method using an ethanol:water mixture (1:3), in a 2:1 ratio of solvent:sample. Furthermore, the pH effect on stability of V. meridionale extract was studied. Chemical characterizations were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), UV–vis spectrophotometry and electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After the anthocyanin identification, sensitization process was performed on TiO2 thin films. Finally, the electronic structure of each anthocyanin found in the extract (cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-arabinoside) and their interaction with a slab model of TiO2 and the UV–vis absorption spectra simulations were investigated by means of the density functional theory (DFT). Results showed that (i) cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-arabinoside were the main anthocyanins that constituted the hydro-ethanol extract (40% and 38%, respectively) and the total anthocyanin content equivalent to delphinidin chloride (TAEDC) per mL of extract was 48 ± 5 μg TAEDC/mL; (ii) the measurements by EIS indicated that sensitization process reduced the resistance for charge transfer from 933 Ω for TiO2 until 308 Ω for TiO2/sensitizer and (iii) the computational studies showed that delphinidin-3-pentoside had largest value of Eads (-53.62 kcal mol⁻¹) for the bidentate mononuclear anchorage mode, besides the anchorage to TiO2 induced a red shift of the low-lying absorption band and an increase in their intensities respect to the free dyes, but the compositions of the transitions in terms of its nature and the involved molecular orbitals remained identical without involving of the glycoside motifs. All results suggested that the natural dye (anthocyanin-rich extract) from V. meridionale berries has a high potential to be used as sensitizer for TiO2.
花色苷是一种广泛存在于各种果蔬，以C6-C3-C6为骨架的一类糖苷衍生物。除了赋予果蔬鲜艳的色泽外，花色苷已知对生物体具有抗氧化、改善心血管健康、保护视力、预防肥胖、保护神经以及抗肿瘤的健康效应。本文主要对花色苷的结构、分布、含量以及近年来有关花色苷及其代谢产物对肠道微生物调节的研究进展进行了综述，以期为深入开发富含花色苷的营养健康食品提供理论依据。
Metabolic syndrome characterized by inadequate insulin secretion. The world's 2.8% of the population is affected by diabetes, and it is projected to reach 4.4% by 2030. Recently plant-based products have given significant results for curing diabetics. In this review article, we have summarized the taxonomical classification, phytochemical investigation, toxicological study, and anti-diabetic activity of nine edible plants traditionally used by Garo communities of Meghalaya to cure diabetic mellitus. The book “Antidiabetic Plants in India and Herbal Based Antidiabetic Research” by K Chandrasekhar Naidu and T Pullaiah helps to choose the anti-diabetic plant species of Meghalaya and Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar databases have been used for collecting the complete information of plants. Literature reveals that all the selected plants contain bio-active constituents (alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, etc.), do not give a toxic effect at the highest level of dose, and give significant anti-diabetic activity. This review article helps natural researchers discover of new anti-diabetic drug.
Mulberry plants are widely recognized for centuries as a food plant for mori silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in order to produce the mori silk (Datta 2000; Vijayan 2010; Vijayan et al. 2011). Monophagous silkworm larvae utilize high moisture and biochemical contents of mulberry leaf and produce quality cocoons which have been and are utilized in making high-quality commercial silk products (Absar et al. 2005). There is high correlation between content of protein in mulberry leaves and quality of cocoon produced (Machii et al. 2002). Mulberry leaf proteins are mainly composed of amino acids like valine, histidine, glycine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, lysine, and arginine (Coto 1996; Chan et al. 2016; Rohela et al. 2020). These amino acids are required for the growth of silkworm larvae and for production of silk proteins (seresin and fibroin) of cocoon and overall for quality cocoon production (Chan et al. 2016).
Being rich in anthocyanin is one of the most important physiological traits of mulberry fruits. Efficient and non-destructive detection of anthocyanin content and distribution in fruits is important for the breeding, cultivation, harvesting and selling of them. This study aims at building a fast, non-destructive, and high-precision method for detecting and visualizing anthocyanin content of mulberry fruit by using hyperspectral imaging. Visible near-infrared hyperspectral images of the fruits of two varieties at three maturity stages are collected. Successive projections algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and stacked auto-encoder (SAE) are used to reduce the dimension of high-dimensional hyperspectral data. The least squares-support vector machine and extreme learning machine (ELM) are used to build models for predicting the anthocyanin content of mulberry fruit. And genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the major parameters of models. The results show that the higher the anthocyanin content is, the lower the spectral reflectance is. 15, 7 and 13 characteristic variables are extracted by applying CARS, SPA and SAE respectively. The model based on SAE-GA-ELM achieved the best performance with R² of 0.97 and the RMSE of 0.22 mg/g in both the training set and testing set, and it is applied to retrieve the distribution of anthocyanin content in mulberry fruits. By applying SAE-GA-ELM model to each pixel of the mulberry fruit images, distribution maps are created to visualize the changes in anthocyanin content of mulberry fruits at three maturity stages. The overall results indicate that hyperspectral imaging, in combination with SAE-GA-ELM, can help achieve rapid, non-destructive and high-precision detection and visualization of anthocyanin content in mulberry fruits.
Background
Peganum harmala L. is a medicinal herbal plant widely used in traditional medicine in various countries especially in Algeria. The aim of this study was to carry out the extraction of P. harmala seeds and to evaluate the antioxidant and antihemolytic potentials of 100 mg/kg methanol extract in plasma, blood and liver of Swiss albino mice.
Methods
The antioxidant capacity of the plasma samples was performed using free radical scavenging (DPPH assay) and reducing power activities. However the antihemolytic effect of methanol extract was measured in blood inducing by tBH. The biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated in liver tissues by measuring the activity of catalase enzyme (CAT), the level of GSH and MDA products.
Results
The results showed that 100 mg/kg of MOHE did not show any significant changes in plasma antioxidant capacity by DPPH assay when we compared with control group (32.70 ± 4,45 %), however the reducing power capacity of plasma is remarkable in methanolic extract and VitC groups. The fifty percent of red blood cell lysis was calculated (HT50) for measuring the antihemolytic effect, the results showed that MOHE had a protective effect against RBC hemolysis with HT50 = 78,51 ± 11,32 min. In addition, MOHE increase the activity of CAT, GSH levels whereas it decrease the MDA levels in homogenate liver, which demonstrates that MOHE inhibit the lipid peroxidation in liver.
Conclusion
This plant has a strong pharmacological power due its secondary metabolite. However its uses for therapeutic purposes is not without danger and exposes the risk of intoxication.
Dietary fibers (DFs) and associated phytochemicals in ginseng species are known to provide various functional and health benefits. The incorporation of ginseng insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in food products often result in undesirable physicochemical properties. Thus, to overcome such demerits, micronization of IDF has been considered. This study investigated the effect of particle size on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, structure and thermal analysis of ginseng IDF. Micronized IDF powder with median particle diameter of 15.83 μm was produced through fine grinding. Reduction of ginseng IDF resulted in increased brightness, water holding capacity and solubil-ity. Decreasing particle sizes also lowered bulk, tapped density, Carr index and Hausner ratio. Reduction of particle size caused greater extractability of mineral and phenolic content and thereby increasing the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Increased polyphenol extraction with smaller particle size also lowered the mice erythrocytes hemolysis percentage while the hemolysis inhibition rate was increased. Particle size also influenced the thermal stability of ginseng IDF powders. FTIR spectra revealed lack of impact on the major phenolic structures due to superfine grinding. Hence,micronized ginseng IDF powders with improved physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities possess the potential to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Background:
To gain a better understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis in mulberry fruit, we analyzed the transcriptome of the mulberry varieties Da 10 (Morus atropurpurea Roxb., black fruit) and Baisang (Morus alba L., white fruit).
Results:
We found that whereas Da 10 had high levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg), Baisang contained only Cy, at low levels. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis, we annotated more than 27,085 genes (including 1735 new genes). Genes that were differentially expressed between Da 10 and Baisang were detected at three stages of fruit development: S1 [4256 genes, 10 days post-anthesis (DPA)], S2 (5612 genes, 19 DPA), and S3 (5226 genes, 28 DPA). Anthocyanin biosynthesis was found to be associated with the expression of 15 core genes and 5 transcription factors. Relative to Baisang, Da 10 showed a significant upregulation of genes involved in the early stages (production of the intermediate compounds chalcone and dihydroflavonol) and late stages (production of Cy and Pg) of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Baisang showed a significant downregulation of the genes involved in the early stages of anthocyanin biosynthesis and overexpression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FLS), resulting in the generation of quercetin and/or myricetin but not anthocyanins.
Conclusions:
The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in mulberry fruit is initiated from the precursor, phenylalanine, and mediated by the upregulation of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 2-O-glucuronosyltransferase, and downregulation of FLS to produce Cy and Pg.
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathological basis of various vascular diseases, which currently is seriously affecting human health. Numerous studies have paid more attention on natural medicines with anti-AS properties. As...
Anthocyanins exert neuroprotection in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. However, no details regarding their brain-related pharmacokinetics are so far available to support claims about their direct neuronal bioactivity as well as to design proper formulations of anthocyanin-based products. To gather this missing piece of knowledge, we intravenously administered a bolus of 668 nmol cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in anaesthetized Wistar rats and shortly after (15 s to 20 min) we collected blood, brain, liver, kidneys and urine samples. Extracts thereof were analysed for C3G and its expected metabolites using UPLC/MS-MS. The data enabled to calculate a set of pharmacokinetics parameters. The main finding was the distinctive, rapid distribution of C3G in the brain, with an apparently constant plasma/brain ratio in the physiologically relevant plasma concentration range (19–355 nM). This is the first report that accurately determines the distribution pattern of C3G in the brain, paving the way to the rational design of future tests of neuroprotection by C3G in animal models and humans.
ABSTRACT: With about 700 species, silene L. is one of the largest and perhaps the best known of
the family Caryophyllaceae, almost half of which grow in the Mediterranean region. This genus is
important for having ecdysteroids, phyto-ecdysteroids, saponins and triterpens. Methanolic extracts
from three silene species from Iran, were screened for their possible in vitro antioxidant activities by
three complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical-scavenging, metal chelating activity
and �-carotene/linoleic acid. The total phenol and flavonoid contents in the methanolic extracts of the
aerial parts were measured by Folin Ciocalteu and Alcl 3 assays. In addition, antibacterial activities of
the methanolic extracts were studied by disc diffusion method in order to against 3 gram positive and
negative bacteria, respectively. Results showed that the methanolic extract of S. swertiifolia, which
contain highest amount of phenol and flavonoid compounds, exhibited the greatest antioxidant
activity. Two silene species extracts (S. swertiifolia and S. spergulifolia) showed a higher potency
than ascorbic acid in scavenging of DPPH free radical, but S. ginodioca showed a weaker potency.
In other hands, results showed that extracts studied are in metal-chelating assay lower active than
ascorbic acid as a synthetic antioxidant. In the �-carotene/linoleic acid system, oxidation of linoleic
acid was effectively inhibited by S. swertiifolia extract (100%). In addition, results showed that the
extracts are great sources of phenolic compounds and represent the highest antibacterial activities
against gram-positive bacteria.
Gallic acid was isolated from ethylacetate soluble portion of the methanol extract of fruit pulp of Terminalia chebula and characterized by comparing the melting point, R f values, UV and IR spectra with authentic gallic acid. Quantitative determination of phenolics from different extracts of medicinal herbs such as Adhatoda vasica Nees , Bergenia ciliata (Haw) Sternb , Phyllanthus emblica Linnaeus , Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth) Roxb , Terminalia chebula Retzius and Vitex negundo Linnaeus which are commonly used as home herbal remedies for the primary health care was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Gallic acid was used as the standard for the estimation of phenolics. All the investigated plant extracts contained high amount of phenolics but the highest amount was detected in 70% acetone extract of B. ciliata (357.08 mg GAE/g sample) and the lowest amount was detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract of T. bellirica (108.69 mg GAE/g sample). The antioxidant activity of selected extracts was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extract having the highest phenolic content showed the lowest IC 50 demonstrating the positive correlation between radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 95-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8928
Two wheat varieties grown in Upper and Delta Egypt were compared for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Three solvent systems have been used to prepare the antioxidant extracts from whole wheat and its bran fraction. The three solvent systems included 50% acetone (v/v), 70% methanol (v/v) and 70% ethanol (v/v). Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total flavonoid content. The results showed that the extraction solvents and wheat varieties significantly altered the total phenolics and antioxidant activity of whole wheat and bran, and 50% acetone is a recommended solvent for extracting phenolic compounds from the tested wheat and bran. Also data indicated that the bran fraction was rich in total phenolic content and high power for radical scavenging activity than whole wheat. These results showed that wheat bran could be considered as a potential source of antioxidant agent. Therefore, durum wheat variety (Beni-suef-3) showed high level of total phenol contact and antioxidant properties in bran fraction than common wheat variety (Gemiza-9). So, whole meal wheat products maximize health benefits and strongly recommended for use in food processing.
In this study green tea water infusion was tested on Drosophila melanogaster wild-type larvae in vivo, also an in vitro antihemolytic and hemolytic tests were performed. Three different concentrations were used 7.5 mg/ml, 37.5 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml, the lowest dose representing the recommended dose followed by five times and ten times higher doses. Effect of these three concentrations was monitored and tested in vivo on Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) wt (wild type) larval development and surviving. All three concentrations showed toxic effect for larvae, with toxicity being increased in dose depended manner. The time needed for larvae to fully develop was delayed. This decrease of developmental time was in dose – dependent manner, too. Amount of hemolysis caused by the lowest concentration was very small when compared with the percent of spontaneous hemolysis. Other two higher concentrations, 37.5 mg/ml and 75
mg/ml, showed higher hemolytic effect. During the four hour incubation period percent of hemolysis grew in time – dependent manner. The highest hemolytic effect was recorded for the concentration of 37.5 mg/ml. Antihemolytic test showed that the lowest concentration had the highest inhibitory effect to H2O2 induced hemolysis. The 37.5 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml concentrations had lower inhibitory effect when compared with the dose of 7.5 mg/ml. According to our study it can be concluded that the high concentrations of green tea water infusion exhibit larvicidal activity against D. melanogaster larvae, don't have protective effect to RBC membrane and cause greater hemolysis.
Key words: green tea; Drosophila melanogaster wt; larvicidal activity; RBC; hemolytic test; antihemolytic test.
Achyranthes aspera is an omnipresent herb of medicinal herbal group, used traditionally as medicine to cure different types of diseases. The components of hydro-methanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera (HMEA), are screened and tentatively identified using UPLC-PDA and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques. The phenolic compounds tentatively identified are quinic acid (m/z 192.040), chlorogenic acid (m/z 354.0894), kaempferol (m/z 286.0917), quercetin (m/z 302.0895) and chrysin (m/z 254.0654) present in the various ratios in which concentration level of chlorogenic acid and kaempferol are determined considering their peak intensity. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the characterization of HMEA using UPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques to demonstrate the presence of various phenolic compounds and their antioxidant enzymes activity in vivo. The enzymes which showed increased activity are GST, GR, CAT, and SOD while activity of LDH decreased. These phenolic compounds have potential to be used as anti-cancerous molecules.
To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Schotia latifolia (S. latifolia) bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Africa.
The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and the ferric reducing agent. Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins were also determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant.
The activities of plant extract against DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals were concentration dependent with IC50 value of 0.06, 0.05 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of the extract was greater than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid which were used as standard drugs in a concentration dependent manner. The total phenolics content of the aqueous bark extract was (193.33±0.03 TE/g), followed by flavonoids (72.70±0.01 QE/g), proanthocyanidins (48.76±0.00 CE/g) and flavonols (47.76±0.21 QE/g). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of percentage tannin (11.40±0.02), alkaloid (9.80±0.01), steroids (18.20±0.01), glycosides (29.80±0.01) and saponins (6.80±0.00). The results exhibited a positive linear correlation between these polyphenols and the free radical scavenging activities.
Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of S. latifolia is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its uses in folkloric medicines.
In this study, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich mulberry species of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) and Morus rubra L. (red mulberry) fruits harvested from across Turkey were investigated. Fruit color, total phenolics (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), titratable acidity (TA), and individual sugar and organic acid compositions were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fruits was assessed by both the trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Black mulberry exhibited higher TP, TMA, TAC and TA when compared to red mulberry. The average TP contents of M. nigra and M. rubra were 2737 and 1603 μg gallic acid equivalent in g fresh weight basis (GAE/g fw), respectively. M. nigra had the richest amount of anthocyanin with an average of 571 μg cy-3-glu/g fw. Overall, TAC averaged 10.5 and 12.0 mmol TE/L by the TEAC and FRAP methods, respectively. We found that FRAP, TEAC, TP and TMA were significantly correlated (r = 0.64–0.99) with each other. Fructose (5.27 g/100 mL) and glucose (5.81 g/100 mL) were determined to be the major sugars in both mulberries. M. nigra displayed a higher TA (2.05 g/100 mL) than M. rubra (0.78 g/100 mL), with citric acid as the major acid.
In order to investigate the anthocyanin content and ascertain whether anthocyanins account for antioxidant activity in grape berry extracts, six prevalent anthocyanins were determined in 13 Hellenic native and four of the so-called ''international'' varieties widely cultivated in Greece. Anthocyanin content varied from 85.7 to 1914.0 mg kg À1 fresh berry weight, the mean being 731.7 mg kg À1 . Assessment of the antiradical activity of extracts using the stable 2,2-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl radical revealed a low and statistically insignificant correlation (r 2 ¼ 0:0724; P > 0:05) with total anthocyanin content, suggesting that other constituents are likely to exert strong antioxidant effects in grapes.
Currently, importance of natural products is being revitalized to alleviate various health discrepancies. The link between health and diet is well documented and the consumers' trend reflects conscience towards their dietary habits. Probing these links has led to the emergence of functional, nutraceuticals and pharma foods, now taking hold over global nutrition market. Phytochemicals in diet could provide protection against several threats like free radical formation, degenerative disorders and lifestyle related diseases but still role of array of active ingredients should be unveiled. The review is intended to focus on rich phytochemistry of Morus alba L., its antioxidant potential, inhibition of LDL oxidation, neurodegenerative disorders and mode of action in boosting skin tone. It has a unique nutritional profile containing proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins that enhances its significance as promising nature's functional tonic. Chemistry of mulberry leaves enumerate that it contains some antimicrobial agents like kuwanon G and leachianone etc. Mulberry extracts or components especially flavonoids i.e. quercetin, rutin and isoquercitrin scavenge free radicals showing potential against oxidative stress. Presence of prenylated flavonoids further strengthened its antioxidant claims. Additionally, these antioxidants provide cardiovascular protection as these inhibit LDL oxidation and thus atherosclerosis. Likewise, some other components such as 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and Moran 20K have been reported to be effective against hyperglycemia and lipid peroxidation in diabetics. Mulberry leaves as protein source in food formulations and neuroprotective functions can be used against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinsonism. Furthermore, it also demands special consideration to improve skin tone. Chemopreventive potential has been highlighted in some studies but still researchers should pay attention to validate the findings to enhance meticulousness.
Phenolic compounds were extracted from the fruits of Morus nigra and Morus alba using methanol and acetone. The sugar-free extracts (SFEs) were prepared using Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography. All of the SFEs exhibited antioxidant potential as determined by ABTS (0.75–1.25 mmol Trolox/g), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (EC50 from 48 μg/mL to 79 μg/mL), and reducing power assays. However, a stronger activity was noted for the SFEs obtained from Morus nigra fruits. These extracts also possessed the highest contents of total phenolics: 164 mg/g (methanolic SFE) and 173 mg/g (acetonic SFE). The presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the extracts was confirmed using HPLC method and chlorogenic acid and rutin were found as the dominant phenolic constituents in the SFEs.
In the present work, the fruits of four Morus species, namely Morus alba (white mulberry), Morus nigra (black mulberry), Morus laevigata (large white fruit), and Morus laevigata (large black fruit), were analyzed for proximate composition, essential minerals, and antioxidant potentials. For this purpose, the ripe fruits were collected from the northern regions of Pakistan. The major nutritional components (moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, fibres, carbohydrates, and total sugar) were found to be in the suitable range along with good computed energy. Total dry weight, pH, and titratable acidity (percent citric acid) were (17.60±1.94)-(21.97±2.34) mg/100 g, (3.20±0.07)-(4.78±0.15), and (0.84±0.40)%-(2.00±0.08)%, respectively. Low riboflavin (vitamin B(2)) and niacin (vitamin B(3)) contents were recorded in all the fruits, while ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was in the range from (15.20±1.25) to (17.03±1.71) mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The mulberry fruits were rich with regard to the total phenol and alkaloid contents, having values of (880±7.20)-(1650±12.25) mg/100 g FW and (390±3.22)-(660±5.25) mg/100 g FW, respectively. Sufficient quantities of essential macro-(K, Ca, Mg, and Na) and micro-(Fe, Zn, and Ni) elements were found in all the fruits. K was the predominant element with concentration ranging from (1270±9.36) to (1731±11.50) mg/100 g, while Ca, Na, and Mg contents were (440±3.21)-(576±7.37), (260±3.86)-(280±3.50), and (240±3.51)-(360±4.20) mg/100 g, respectivly. The decreasing order of micro-minerals was Fe>Zn>Ni. The radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of fruits was concentration-dependent and showed a correlation with total phenolic constituents of the respective fruits. Based on the results obtained, mulberry fruits were found to serve as a potential source of food diet and natural antioxidants.
This study evaluates the radical-scavenging activity of five plants used as food and medicines in the northeastern region of Brazil.
Spectrophotometric analysis of the plants' ethanol extracts was carried out. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl) test. The antioxidant capacity was measured using ascorbic acid as a positive control.
All tested plant extracts showed an antioxidant activity, but the highest activity was observed with the extracts of Momordica charantia and Eugenia jambolana.
Therefore, these species must be studied as a putative source of products for use in the prevention and treatment of diseases in which oxidants or free radicals are implicated.
The phenolic profile of Amazon grape fruit (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). For this purpose, suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic methods were developed. Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids were found mainly in the peel. Besides the main anthocyanins, i.e. delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6"-malonyl)glucoside, several minor anthocyanins were identified in the peel. Among these, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(3"-malonyl)glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments. The total anthocyanin content in the peel was 420.26±3.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight. The pulp contained mainly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (210.39±3.43 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Rutin was the predominant flavonol found in Amazon grape (peel 155.45 ± 2.06 mg kg(-1) fresh weight and pulp 2.64±1.21 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Total polyphenols content was higher in the peel than in the pulp.
Background:
Many plants possess antioxidants that exhibit additive or synergistic activities.
Objective:
In this study, an ethanol-extracted flavonoid extracted from mulberry fruit (FEM) was evaluated for the antioxidant activity in vitro and the hemolysis in red blood cell (RBC) and lipid peroxidation in liver in vivo.
Materials and methods:
Antioxidant activities in vitro were measured by quantifying its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power, and Fe(2+)-chelating ability. FEM inhibits hemolysis in RBCs and effects of lipid peroxidation in the liver were estimated.
Results:
The total content of flavonoid compounds was 187.23 mg of quercetin equivalents per grams dried material. In the in vitro assays, FEM demonstrated a strong antioxidant effect, especially in DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power. Mouse RBC hemolysis induced by H2O2 was significantly inhibited by FEM in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effects of FEM on lipid peroxidation in liver, mitochondria, and microsome were investigated. The percentage of inhibition at high concentration (100 μg/mL) of FEM was 45.51%, 39.36%, and 42.78% for liver, mitochondria, and microsomes, respectively. These results suggest that the FEM possesses a strong antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro.
Summary:
The total content of flavonoid compounds in mulberry fruit was 187.23 mg/g dried materialFEM showed a strong antioxidant effect, especially in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and reducing powerMouse red blood cell hemolysis induced by H2O2 was significantly inhibited by FEM in a dose- and time-dependent mannerThe inhibition percentage at high concentration of FEM was 45.51%, 39.36%, and 42.78% for mouse's liver, mitochondrial, and microsomes, respectively. Abbreviations used: FEM: Flavonoid Extracted from Mulberry fruit, H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, MDA: malondialdehyde, TBA: 2-thiobarbituric acid, RBC: Red blood cells, DNJ: 1-deoxynojirimycin, LDL: low density lipoprotein, ROS: reactive oxygen species, EDTA2Na: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt.
A study was undertaken to explore the extracts of the selected plants from Pakistan for various self-claimed pharmacological and biological activities to provide a scientific basis for them and also to investigate some new activities of the plants. The investigation provided a base for the possibility of further detailed pharmacological and phytochemical studies on these plants along with their biological standardization. The antifungal activity of the extracts was evaluated by employing the agar tube dilution method while the antibacterial activity was performed against various human pathogens by the agar well diffusion protocol. The total phenol contents in crude extracts were analyzed by the method of Folin and Denis reading samples at 770 nm. The total phenol contents of each extracts were estimated by comparison with a standard curve generated from the analysis of tannic acid. The study indicated that S. guttatum could be a source of valuable antitumor constituents.
The effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) treatment on fruit quality, anthocyanin and phenolic contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of mulberries var. Dashi (Morus alba L.) were evaluated. Freshly harvested mulberry fruit were placed in plastic sealed containers and treated with AITC at 5 and 15 μL L−1 for 15 d, respectively. Samples were randomly selected initially and at 3 d intervals during storage. The fruit treated with AITC were resistant to decay, and had high levels of total soluble solids as well as titratable acidity. The application of AITC in mulberry fruit was effective in decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, inhibiting respiration, maintaining surface color and firmness, and suppressing total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. However, AITC treatment had no discernible effect on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results from this study indicated that AITC treatment improved the metabolism and postharvest quality of mulberry fruit and provided an effective method for prolonging the storage life of the fruit.
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R) are 2 major anthocyanins found in Korean Rubus fruits (blackberries, raspberries, and black raspberries). The antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of C3G and C3R in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells were determined. Anthocyanins (5, 10, and 20 μg/mL) significantly (p2O2-induced cytotoxicity in H2O2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, compared with control cells. Incubation with C3G or C3R significantly (p2 production was significantly (piNOS and COX-2 decreased in cells treated with anthocyanins. Anthocyanins down-regulated NF-κB expression and up-regulated I-κB expression in LPS-treated macrophages.
Abstract Phenolic compounds play an important role in health benefits because of their highly antioxidant capacity. In this review, total phenolic contents, phenolic acid profile and antioxidant capacity of the extracted from wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, rye, oat and millet, which has been recently reported, are summarized. The review shows clearly that cereals contain a number of phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc. The phytochemicals of cereals significantly exhibit antioxidant activity as measured by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and DNA, Rancimat, inhibition of photochemilumenescence, and iron(II) chelation activity. Thus, the consumption of whole grains is considered to have significantly health benefits in prevention from chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer because of the contribution of phenolic compounds existed. In addition, the extracts from cereal brans are considered to be used as a source of natural antioxidants.
Here we investigated the effect of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on postharvest quality of mulberry fruit and possible underlying mechanisms. Endogenous H2S content first increased after harvest and then decreased sharply with the process of ripening and senescence. A fumigation with H2S released from 0.8 mm NaHS solution could significantly enhance the endogenous H2S content by increasing the activities of D-cysteine desulfhydrase and L-cysteine desulfhydrase. NaHS could significantly slow down the ripening rate of mulberry fruit and reduce the respiratory intensity and anthocyanin content. Moreover, H2S fumigation was able to obviously delay or slow down the decreases in soluble protein, titratable acidity and ascorbate contents. Further results showed that activities of representative antioxidant enzymes in H2S-treated sample were higher than those of control samples during storage, resulting in a decrease in superoxide anion production. Together, these results clearly indicate that H2S fumigation has a potential role in the preservation of mulberries.
In this study, the effects of ultra-high pressure homogenisation (UHPH) processing at 200 MPa for 1–3 successive passes (inlet temperatures at 4 °C) were compared with pasteurisation (95 °C, 1 min) processing on phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity (ORAC value) and anti-glucosidase of mulberry juice. Compared with thermal pasteurisation processing, the more reductions in the anthocyanins, phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids, and a unknown hydroxycinnamic acid) and quercetin aglycone contents, as well as ORAC value were observed during UHPH processing of mulberry juice, whereas all reductions above during UHPH processing could be inhibited by adding ascorbic acid to mulberry juice. Besides, no significant change (p > 0.05) in the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed during UHPH processing of mulberry juice, but showed a 14% reduction in mulberry juice processed by thermal pasteurisation.
Limnophila aromatica is commonly used as a spice and a medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. In this study, water and various concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water were used as solvent in the extraction of L. aromatica. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of the freeze-dried L. aromatica extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays. The extract obtained by 100% ethanol showed the highest total antioxidant activity, reducing power and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. The same extract also exhibited the highest phenolic content (40.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica) and the highest flavonoid content (31.11 mg quercetin equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica). The highest extraction yield was obtained by using 50% aqueous acetone. These results indicate that L. aromatica can be used in dietary applications with a potential to reduce oxidative stress.
A water-soluble polysaccharide (JS-MP-1) was isolated and purified from the Korean mulberry fruits Oddi (Morus alba L.) by crushing the fresh fruits then performing ethanol precipitation and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The neutral monosaccharide composition of the purified JS-MP-1 was determined to be composed mainly of galactose (37.6%, in mole percent), arabinose (36.3%), and rhamnose (18.4%), while other major sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose, and fucose were present as minor components. HPLC analysis revealed that JS-MP-1 contains both galacturonic acid (GalA) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) at approximately 4:1 in mole \percent. Monosaccharide composition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, biochemical analysis, and elemental analysis suggested that JS-MP-1 is an acidic heteropolysaccharide, most likely a rhamnoarabinogalacturonan type plant pectic polysaccharide, with an apparent molecular mass of 1600kDa containing no, or if any, negligible level of sulfate esters and proteins. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that JS-MP-1 significantly stimulates murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells to release chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1α) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and to induce the expression of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and prostaglandin PGE2, respectively. These results suggest that the mulberry fruit-derived polysaccharide JS-MP-1 can act as a potent immunomodulator, and these observations may support the applicability of this polysaccharide as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant or the water extracts of the mulberry fruit as a beneficial health food.
Anthocyanins in the fruits of mulberry (Morus alba L.) were extracted and separated by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether–n-butanol–acetonitrile–water–trifluoroacetic acid (1:3:1:5:0.001) to yield five anthocyanins: cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside) (C3RG), cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranoside) (C3RGa), cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (C3G), cyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (C3Ga) and cyanidin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (C7G), respectively. The five compounds were identified by ESI–MS and one/two-dimensional NMR spectra. The antioxidant activity of crude mulberry anthocyanins (CMA), C3G, C3Ga, C7G, C3RG and C3RGa was investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The results showed that CMA, C3G, C3Ga, C3G and C7G have higher scavenging ability on DPPH. At the concentration of 0.10mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rates of C3G, C3Ga and C7G were about 88% of vitamin C, while C3RG and C3RGa were about 60% of it. CMA had the same DPPH radical scavenging rate as vitamin C or the five anthocyanin monomers when the concentration reached 0.40mg/mL, which shows that CMA is an excellent antioxidant agent.
Black mulberry and pomegranate juices were concentrated by conventional and microwave heating at different operational pressures (7.3, 12, 38.5, and 100kPa). The effects of each heating method on the phytochemical changes (total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity) of juices were investigated. The effect of various heating methods on the profile of the pomegranate anthocyanins were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). The main anthocyanins of pomegranate quantified by HPLC–MS were cyanidin, delphidin, pelargonidin, 3-glucoside, and 3, 5-diglucoside. In black mulberry juice, the final juice concentration of 42° Brix was achieved in 140, 120, and 95min at 100, 38.5, and 7.3kPa respectively and the final pomegranate juice concentration of 40° Brix was achieved in 140, 127, and 109min at 100, 38.5, and 12kPa respectively by using a rotary evaporator. Applying microwave energy decreased the required times to 115, 95, and 60min for black mulberry juice and to 118, 95, and 75min for pomegranate juice. Results showed that anthocyanin degradation and consequently decrease in antioxidant activity were more pronounced in rotary evaporation compared to microwave heating method.
Two acidic polysaccharide fractions, CM-jd-CPS2 and CM-jd(Y)-CPS2, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris grown on solid rice medium and silkworm pupa, respectively, by hot-water extraction, ethanol precipitation and fractionation using ion-exchange column (DEAE-cellulose-52) and gel-filtration column (Sephadex G-100) chromatography. Their structural characterizations were performed by gas chromatography and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Some differences existed between their structures, which indicated that culture media could influence the structure of polysaccharides of C. militaris. The antioxidant activities of CM-jd-CPS2 and CM-jd(Y)-CPS2 were evaluated by various methods in vitro. They had strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity and ferrous ion-chelating capacity, but moderate reducing power. The antioxidant activities of CM-jd(Y)-CPS2 were slightly higher than those of CM-jd-CPS2. These two acidic fractions were evaluated for proliferation of mouse splenocyte activity in vitro. They both possessed does-dependent mitogenic effects on mouse splenocytes, and could synergistically promote murine T- and B-lymphocytes induced by Con A and LPS. CM-jd(Y)-CPS2 exhibited stronger stimulatory activities upon immunomodulation than CM-jd-CPS2. These results are beneficial for the interpretation of the connection between polysaccharide structures and their biological activities.
The protective effect of the aqueous extracted turmeric antioxidant protein on H2O2-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and hemolysis was investigated. Turmeric antioxidant protein inhibited lipid peroxidation and hemolysis by 70% and 80%, respectively, and was found to be more effective as an antioxidant than were α-tocopherol and curcumin.
In the present study, antioxidant activities of the phenolic extracts from H. isora fruits and C. pentandra seeds were investigated by employing established in vitro systems, which included reducing power, OH●, DPPH●, ABTS●+, linoleic acid emulsion, metal chelation and antihemolytic activity. The extracts of C. pentandra contained relatively higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids than those of H. isora. All the extracts showed dose dependent reducing power activity and moreover, they were well correlated with the total phenolic
substances. A similar dose dependant trend has also been observed for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and DPPH● radical scavenging activity. Further, addition of 250μg of extracts to the reaction mixture produced 41.3–54.6% peroxidation
inhibiting activity during 60h of incubation. The potential of multiple antioxidant activity of samples can be further evidenced
by inhibition of reactive oxygen mediated erythrocyte cell lysis and metal ion chelating activity.
Keywords
C. pentandra seeds–
H. isora fruits–Antioxidant activity–ABTS•+
–Phenolics and flavonoids
The major anthocyanins were isolated by Amberlite XAD-7 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography from the acidified, methanolic
extracts of red raspberry, their purity was over 85%. Moreover, the major anthocyanins were identified as the cyanidin-3-glucoside
(Cy-3-glu) and cyanidin-3-sophoroside (Cy-3-soph) using HPLC-PDA and HPLC/ESI-MS. Their UV–vis absorption spectra and color
index were also investigated. Cy-3-glu and Cy-3-soph had the similar UV–vis absorption spectra in all investigated pH values,
the bathochromic shift occurred progressively in the spectra with pH increase. However, the molar absorptivity of Cy-3-soph
was lower than that of Cy-3-glu as pH increased except at pH 4.6 and 5.7. The color index of Cy-3-glu and Cy-3-soph in buffer
solution were described by CIEL*a*b* coordinates L* (lightness), C* (chroma) and H° (hue angle). The L* and C* values had the similar change behavior. With increasing pH, the L* and C* values of Cy-3-glu and Cy-3-soph increased and reached a maximum at pH 5.7. Afterwards, the L* and C* values presented a decrease with increasing pH from 6.5 to 7.6. However, H° decreased for Cy-3-glu and Cy-3-soph with pH increasing from 1.0 to 5.7, respectively. Afterwards, H° kept constant and nearly identical for Cy-3-glu and Cy-3-soph although pH value continued increasing from 5.7 to 7.6. It
could be concluded that the glucosyl and sophorosyl substitution at 3-position of cyanidin had no significant effect on spectra
characteristics and color indices of anthocyanins except the molar absorptivity and the C* value.
In this study, the chemical composition of white (Morus alba L.), red (Morus rubra L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits grown in the East Anatolia Region of Turkey was investigated. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in black mulberry (1422 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh matter and 276 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g fresh matter). M. alba had the highest total fat content (1.10%), followed by M. nigra (0.95%) and M. rubra (0.85%), respectively. The major fatty acids in mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (54.2%), palmitic acid (19.8%) and oleic acid (8.41%), respectively. The total soluble solids content of mulberry species varied between 15.9% (M. rubra L.) and 20.4% (M. alba L.), acidity between 0.25% (M. alba L.) and 1.40% (M. nigra L.), pH between 3.52 (M. nigra L.) and 5.60 (M. alba L.), ascorbic acid 19.4 mg/100 g (M. rubra L.) and 22.4 mg/100 g (M. alba L.), respectively. Mineral compositions of the mulberry species were 0.83% N, 235 mg/100 g P, 1141 mg/100 g K, 139 mg/100 g Ca, 109 mg/100 g Mg, 60 mg/100 g Na, 4.3 mg/100 g Fe, 0.4 mg/100 g Cu, 4.0 mg/100 g Mn and 3.1 mg/100 g Zn, respectively.
The aims of the present work were to identify and quantify the polyphenolic profile of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a vegetable almost worldwide consumed. Since the knowledge about the okra polyphenolic compounds is limited, the seeds and the skins of okra were separately analyzed. The seeds, which represent the 17% of the vegetable and are richer in phenolic compounds, were mainly composed by oligomeric catechins (2.5mg/g of seeds) and flavonol derivatives (3.4mg/g of seeds). The skins polyphenolic profile was composed principally by hydroxycinnamic and quercetin derivatives (0.2 and 0.3mg/g of skins). These findings in associations with the high content of okra in carbohydrates and proteins enhance the importance of this foodstuff in the human diet.
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This study selected 13 fruits and vegetables to determine their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and their stimulatory effects on splenocyte proliferation from female BALB/c mice. The highest total phenolic content was observed in mulberry (1515.9 ± 5.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh matter (FM)) among four selected fruit species. The highest total phenolic content was observed in a variety of red onions (310.8 ± 4.9 mg GAE/100 g FM) among nine selected vegetable species. The highest total flavonoid content was observed in mulberry (250.1 ± 6.3 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g FM) among the selected fruits. The highest total flavonoid content was observed in ceylon spinach (133.1 ± 26.2 mg QE/100 g FM) among the selected vegetables. The mulberry, strawberry and red onion demonstrated an immuno-modulatory potential via stimulating splenocyte proliferation. Bitter melon showed a significantly (P < 0.05) negative correlation with splenocyte proliferation. Their immuno-modulatory components are highly correlated with phenolics, including flavonoids. The total phenolic contents in all selected fruits and vegetables significantly correlated with splenocyte proliferation in vitro.
Five major mulberry [Pachungsipyung (M-1), Whazosipmunja (M-2), Suwonnosang (M-3), Jasan (M-4) and Mocksang (M-5)] cultivated in Korea were assessed for their polyphenolic composition using spectrophotometric methodology, and tested for antioxidant potential by some different assays. The total polyphenol (TP) was found from 2235 to 2570 μg/g gallic acid equivalents, total anthocyanin (TA) content to vary from 1229 to 2057 μg/g, coloured anthocyanins (CA) from 126 to 190 μg/g, and total flavanol (TF) from 16.4 to 65.4 μg/g catechin equivalents except Mocksang (M-5). The ethanolic extract from mulberry fruit shows a rapid and concentration-dependent increase of antioxidant activity. Especially, the antioxidant activities of M-2 and M-4 are higher than those of the others in a hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system. The reducing power compared with BHT was observed to high value in M-2, M-3 and M-4 extracts. Effectiveness in reducing powers was in a descending order of M-4>M-2>M-3>M-1>M-1. The DPPH-scavenging ability of the ethanolic extract from mulberry fruit was 60.0% at 200 and 212 μg of M-2 and M-4, respectively. M-2 and M-4 also showed sharply increase of hydroxyl scavenging ability with concentration of the extracts. IC50 values in scavenging abilities on hydroxyl radicals were 30 mg and in a descending order of M-5>M-3>M-1>M-4>M-2. Superoxide anion-sacavenging activities of M-2, M-3 and M-4 showed 17.1, 14.5 and 14.8 SOD unit/mg, respectively.
In this work, the separation of nine phenolic acids (benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acid) was approached by a 3(2) factorial design in electrolytes consisting of sodium tetraborate buffer (STB) in the concentration range of 10-50 mmol L(-1) and methanol in the volume percentage of 5-20%. Derringer's desirability functions combined globally were tested as response functions. An optimal electrolyte composed by 50 mmol L(-1) tetraborate buffer at pH 9.2, and 7.5% (v/v) methanol allowed baseline resolution of all phenolic acids under investigation in less than 15 min. In order to promote sample clean up, to preconcentrate the phenolic fraction and to release esterified phenolic acids from the fruit matrix, elaborate liquid-liquid extraction procedures followed by alkaline hydrolysis were performed. The proposed methodology was fully validated (linearity from 10.0 to 100 microg mL(-1), R(2)>0.999; LOD and LOQ from 1.32 to 3.80 microg mL(-1) and from 4.01 to 11.5 microg mL(-1), respectively; intra-day precision better than 2.8% CV for migration time and 5.4% CV for peak area; inter-day precision better than 4.8% CV for migration time and 4.8-11% CV for peak area; recoveries from 81% to 115%) and applied successfully to the evaluation of phenolic contents of abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), wild mulberry growing in Brazil (Morus nigra L.) and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). Values in the range of 1.50-47.3 microg g(-1) were found, with smaller amounts occurring as free phenolic acids.
Qualitative determination of anthocyanins in extracts of red fruits by narrow-bore HPLC/ESI-MS was carried out. This method was used to investigate anthocyanin contents of black bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), blackberry (Rubus sp.), and mulberry (Morus nigra). An ultraviolet diode array and a mass spectrometer with ESI source were used for detection. Anthocyanin identifications were made by using retention time data and UV-vis and mass spectra and comparing them with those of commercially available standard compounds. The method allowed the identification of fourteen anthocyanins in black bilberry extract, six anthocyanins in blackberry extract, and five anthocyanins in mulberry extract.
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with a diode array and/or fluorescent detector in seven cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) and Ribes rubrum (red currant, Red Lake), six cultivars of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa(chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry). Thirty-one different anthocyanins were detected in these berries, but not every anthocyanin was observed in each berry. A number of minor anthocyanins were identified from these berries for the first time. The concentrations of individual anthocyanins in all of the berries were quantified using relevant anthocyanidin 3-glucoside standards. Among the berries studied in this paper and in berries in general, chokeberry has the highest total anthocyanin concentrations [1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)], whereas the lowest total anthocyanin concentration in the berries studied was found in the gooseberry cv. Careless, which contained only 0.07 mg/100 g of FW. Two cultivars of gooseberries (Marigold and Leveller) did not contain any anthocyanins. Total proanthocyanidin concentrations in the berries studied ranged from 23 to 664 mg/100 g of FW in elderberry and chokeberry, respectively. Procyanidin or prodelphinidin polymers were the predominant components (>65% w/w) in most of the berries. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. The total antioxidant capacity varied from 21 micromol of TE/g of FW in Careless gooseberry to 161 micromol of TE/g of FW in chokeberry. Total phenolics in the berries in general paralleled hydrophilic antioxidant capacity.
Anthocyanins, present in various fruits and vegetables as natural colorant, have been well characterized to be involved in various bioactive properties and are wildly used for their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed pleiotropic anticancer and antiproliferative capabilities of anthocyanin. Berry extract contains high amounts of anthocyanins and is commonly used in diet or in some therapeutic applications. In this study, we first observed that cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside (extracted from Morus alba L.) exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion, of highly metastatic A549 human lung carcinoma cells in absence of cytotoxicity. The results showed that cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside treatments could decrease the expressions of matrix matalloprotinase-2 (MMP-2) and urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA) in a dose-dependent manner and enhance the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix matalloprotinase-2 (TIMP-2) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). Further analysis with semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that these alterations were all on the transcriptional level. Further, a treatment of cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside also resulted in an inhibition on the activation of c-Jun and NF-kappaB. Together, these result suggested that anthocyanins could decrease the in vitro invasiveness of cancer cells and therefore, may be of great value in developing a potential cancer therapy.
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of cyanidin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (C3G) from the mulberry fruits on neuronal cell damage. A 1% HCl-MeOH mulberry fruit extract was shown to have a cytoprotective effect on PC12 cells that had been exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The extract inhibited the cerebral ischemic damage caused by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. The neuroprotective effect of the mulberry fruit extract was further demonstrated in vivo using a mouse-brain-injury model with a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). C3G was isolated as a neuroprotective constituent from the mulberry fruit extract. Compared with the control group, C3G had neuroprotective effects on the PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide in vitro and on cerebral ischemic damage in vivo.
Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of fruit juices
- I Keskin-Šašić
- I Tahirović
- A Topčagić
- L Klepo
- M Salihović
- S Ibragić
Keskin-Šašić I, Tahirović I, Topčagić A, Klepo L, Salihović M, Ibragić S, et al. Total polyphenol
content and antioxidant capacity of fruit juices. Glas Hem Tehnol Bosne Herceg
2012;39:25-8.