Impact of industrial effluents on Alaro river in Oluyole industrial estate, Ibadan and its suitability for aquatic life

Abstract

Human activities involving urbanization, agricultural development, overuse of
fertilizers, inadequate management of land use and waste disposal can affect the
quality of water and making it unfit for both aquaculture and domestic purposes. Thus,
overexploitation and its attendant pollution is dangerous and threatening to spoil
freshwater and aquatic ecosystems. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate quality
of water around an industrial area in order to assess its suitability for aquatic life and
to evolve policies for use and protection of water resources. A total number of thirty
(30) water samples were collected from six (6) different sites and were subjected to
hydrochemical analysis using various standard methods to determine their conformity
to World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowance concentration. As against
the WHO recommendation of absence of colouration for drinking water, the water
samples were not all colourless but had varying colours ranging from light green to
greenish brown. The mean values of Conductivity (387.27uS), pH (7.38), Total
Suspended Solids [TSS] (423.87mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids[TDS] (212.97mg/L) fall
within the WHO standard, those of Salinity (0.18%), Turbidity (149.00 NTU),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand[BOD] (106.80mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand[COD]
(187.10mg/L) and NH4 (4.44mg/L) were higher than the WHO standard while Dissolved
Oxygen[DO] (3.49mg/L) and Cl- (39.48mg/L) fall below the standard. These parameters
make Alaro river unsuitable for aquatic life (fish) and therefore recommended that
government and other stakeholders should take overdue steps in the development
and implementation of waste water and industrial effluent receiving facilities in order
to prevent discharge of untreated effluents into water bodies.

Full text

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
38
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences
(P-ISSN 1595-093X: E-ISSN 2315-6201)
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v16i1.6
Kupoluyi et al./Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 16(1): 38 - 44.
Impact of industrial effluents on Alaro river in Oluyole industrial
estate, Ibadan and its suitability for aquatic life
AY Kupoluyi, SA Alarape* & OK Adeyemo
Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Ibadan
*Correspondence: Tel.: +2347067415086; E-mail: link2sas@yahoo.co.uk
Copyright: © 2018
Kupoluyi et al. This is an
open-access article
published under the
terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution
License which permits
unrestricted use,
distribution, and
reproduction in any
medium, provided the
original author and
source are credited.
Publication History:
Received: 13-01- 2017
Accepted: 28-07-2017
Abstract
Human activities involving urbanization, agricultural development, overuse of
fertilizers, inadequate management of land use and waste disposal can affect the
quality of water and making it unfit for both aquaculture and domestic purposes. Thus,
overexploitation and its attendant pollution is dangerous and threatening to spoil
freshwater and aquatic ecosystems. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate quality
of water around an industrial area in order to assess its suitability for aquatic life and
to evolve policies for use and protection of water resources. A total number of thirty
(30) water samples were collected from six (6) different sites and were subjected to
hydrochemical analysis using various standard methods to determine their conformity
to World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowance concentration. As against
the WHO recommendation of absence of colouration for drinking water, the water
samples were not all colourless but had varying colours ranging from light green to
greenish brown. The mean values of Conductivity (387.27uS), pH (7.38), Total
Suspended Solids [TSS] (423.87mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids[TDS] (212.97mg/L) fall
within the WHO standard, those of Salinity (0.18%), Turbidity (149.00 NTU),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand[BOD] (106.80mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand[COD]
(187.10mg/L) and NH4 (4.44mg/L) were higher than the WHO standard while Dissolved
Oxygen[DO] (3.49mg/L) and Cl- (39.48mg/L) fall below the standard. These parameters
make Alaro river unsuitable for aquatic life (fish) and therefore recommended that
government and other stakeholders should take overdue steps in the development
and implementation of waste water and industrial effluent receiving facilities in order
to prevent discharge of untreated effluents into water bodies.
Keywords: Fresh water, Hydrochemical, Pollution, Standard, Urbanization
Introduction
The importance of water to human beings and other
natural systems cannot be overemphasized and
there are numerous economic and scientific facts
that shortage of water as well as pollution can cause
rigorous decline in productivity and die-off of entire
ecosystems (Garba et al., 2008; Garba et al., 2010).
Pollution of the aquatic environment has been
defined by UNESCO/WHO/UNEP as the introduction
by man directly or indirectly of substances or energy
into the marine environment which results in such
deleterious effects as harm to the living resources
(Schwarzenbach et al., 2010; Novotny, 2003;
Harrington et al., 1985). Effluents generated from
domestic and industrial activities constitute major

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
39
sources of natural environmental pollution. This is a
great burden in terms of wastewater management
and can therefore lead to a point-source pollution
problem, which considerably increases treatment
cost as well as introduction of a wide range of both
chemical pollutants and microbial contaminants to
water sources (EPA, 1993, 1996; Eikelboom &
Draaijer, 1999; Amir et al., 2004). Presently,
industrial waste is the most common source of water
pollution due to the fact that industries are
increasing as a result of global industrialization
(Osibanio et al., 2011), while most industrial areas
are located near water sources due to large
quantities of water usage for its overall processing
(Osibanjo et al., 2011). According to Olaniyi et al.
,2012, there has been increasing consciousness on
effective treatment of industrial effluents before
their eventual discharge into water bodies but in
most developing countries, Nigeria inclusive,
enforcement of effluent quality standards backed by
legislation are occasionally easily flouted (Okereke,
2007).
Industrial waste discarded into natural water bodies
constitutes a serious source of environmental
pollution in Nigerian rivers, which has been shown to
strongly affect the water quality, as well as the
microbial and aquatic flora (Kanu & Achi, 2001).
Eutrophication of water bodies may also generate
environmental circumstances that enhance toxin-
producing cyanobacteria growth causing
gastroenteritis, liver damage, nervous system
impairment, skin irritation and liver cancer in
animals (EPA, 2000; Eynard et al., 2000) as well as
dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, etc in humans
(Galadima et al., 2011).Due to large quantity of
effluents discharged into the receiving water bodies,
the decreased processes of pathogen reduction
might contribute to the spread of diseases.
Consequences of low dissolved oxygen levels include
reduced survival of fish by increasing their
susceptibility to diseases, retardation in growth,
hampered swimming ability, alteration in feeding
and migration, and, when extreme, lead to rapid
death. Long-term reductions in dissolved oxygen
concentrations can result in changes in species
composition (Welch, 1992; Chambers & Mills, 1996;
Environmental Canada, 1997). Temperature is
another factor affecting aquatic ecosystems. An
increase in the average temperature of a water body
can have ecological impacts. Because municipal
wastewater effluents are warmer than receiving
water bodies, they are sources of thermal
enhancement (Welch, 1992; Horner et al., 1994).
Also, industrial wastes altering water pH and
providing excessive bacterial nutrients frequently
compromise the ability of natural processes to
inactivate and destroy pathogenic organisms
(Gerardi & Zimmarman, 2005). In addition,
suspended solids affect aquatic ecosystems in terms
of reduced photosynthesis, physical harm to fish,
and toxic effects of contaminants attached to
suspended particles (Horner et al., 1994).
Aquatic organisms, including fish, amass pollutants
directly from contaminated water and indirectly
through the food chain (Hammer, 2004;
Mohammed, 2009). According to Galadima et al.,
2011, water pollutants are commonly pathogens, silt
and suspended solid particles such as waste foods,
soils, sewage waste materials, cosmetics, automobile
emissions, construction rubble and eroded rivers
and waterways banks. The degree of discharge of
industrial and domestic effluents is such that rivers
receiving untreated effluents cannot provide the
dilution required for fish survival as good quality
water sources. This study was therefore aimed at
revealing the adverse effects of untreated industrial
effluents on several parameters of water quality in
Oluyole Industrial Estate, Ibadan, Oyo state.
Materials and Methods
Study site
The location of the five (5) selected sites (Paper Mill,
Industrial Light Packaging Cartons [Interpak], Steel
Mill, Block Molding Industry and Poultry Farm) was
Alaro River along Oluyole Industrial Estate, Ring
Road, Ibadan, Oyo state (North-east of Ibadan in the
South-western part of Nigeria)
Description
The sample sites were considered to reflect different
activities in the catchment area (upstream and
downstream) which may affect the water quality
situation of the river. Six points of sample selection
were considered for each of the five (5) sites along
Alaro river. The description of the sample collection
points is shown in Table 1-5 as follows; P
(PaperMills), I (Interpak (Industrial Light Packaging
Cartons)), SM (SteelMill), B (Block Molding Industry),
Z (Poultry Farm), T (Top Layer), B (Bottom Layer)
while confluence is the point at which the effluent
enters Alaro river.
The physico-chemical parameters considered include
pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended
Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Salinity, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate,

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
40
Chloride, Phosphate, Ammonium,
Conductivity and colour. The
parameters were determined using
Hach® water quality test kits, water
quality meters and
spectrophotometer.
Water samples were collected and
analyzed within 24 hours using
Hach® water quality test kits and
spectrophotometer. Dissolved
oxygen and total dissolved solids
were measured on site.
Data obtained from the water
sample was computed and
presented as Means ± Standard
Deviation using GraphPad Prism
6.0.
Results
The physico-chemical parameters of
Alaro river vary depending on the
nature of activities and quality of
effluent discharged into it from the
industrial estate. Due to inadequate
public water supply to the people
living in the area traversed by Alaro
river, people within this area use
the water for drinking, bathing and
other domestic affairs. The colour
of the water sample as shown in
Table 6 where both Interpak and
Steel mill empty their effluents
were colourless, which is in
conformity with WHO standard.
Paper mill and Block Molding
(289.34mg/L), DO (2.45mg/L) and
Cl- (54.98mg/L) are lower than the
WHO maximum recommended
industries were light green and
poultry farm appeared greenish-
brown indicating their non-
conformity with WHO standard.
The pH at different point of
sampling ranged between 6.78-7.72
(Table 7) and was thus within the
recommended range (6.50-8.00) for
both drinking purpose and aquatic
animals. Conductivity around the
Poultry Farm effluent point was the
highest (610.50uS), however all the
sampling points were within the
Table 1: Description of Paper mill water sample collection points
Sample
Code Description
P1T
Top layer of confluence between paper mill and Alaro river
P2B
Bottom layer of confluence
P2T
About 20m downstream of P1T
P2B
Bottom layer of P2T
P3T
About 25m downstream of P2T
P3B
About 25m downstream of P2T
Table 2: Code description of Interpak (Industrial Light Packaging Cartons)
water sample collection points
Sample
Code Description
I1T
Top layer of confluence between Interpak and Alaro river
I1B
Bottom layer of confluence of I1T
I2T
About 30m downstream of I1T
I2B
Bottom layer of confluence of I2T
I3T
About 20m downstream of I2T
I3B
Bottom layer of I2T
Table 3: Code description of Steelmill water sample collection points
Sample
Code Description
SM1T
Top layer of confluence between steel mill and Alaro river
SM1B
Bottom layer of confluence of SM1
SM2T
About 20m downstream of SM1
SM2B
Bottom layer of confluence of SM2
SM3T
About 35m downstream of SM2
SM3B
Bottom layer of confluence of SM3
Table 4: Code description of block making industry water sample collection
points
Sample
Code Description
B1T
Top layer of confluence between Block Molding industries and
Alaro river
B1B
Bottom layer of confluence of B1T
B2T
About 35m away from B1T
B2B
Bottom layer of confluence of B2T
B3T
About 20m away from B2T
B3B
Bottom layer of confluence of B3T
Table 5: Code description of poultry farm water sample collection points
Sample
Code Description
Z1T
Top layer of confluence between Poultry Farmand Alaro river
Z1B
Bottom layer of Z1T
Z2T
About 20m away from Z1T
Z2B
Bottom layer of confluence of Z2T
Z3T
About 25m away from Z2T
Z3B
Bottom layer of Z3T
Table 6: Different water colouration of sample sites observed at Alaro river
Sample Sites
Colour Observation
Paper Mill
Light green
Interpak
Colourless
Steel Mill
Colourless
Block Molding Industries
Light green
Poultry Farm
Greenish

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
41
Table 7: Mean physico-chemical parameters of sample sites (Alaro river) and standards
Industries
Discharging
Effluents at
Sample Site
pH
Conduc-
tivity (uS)
TSS
(mg/L)
Sali-
nity
(%)
Turbi-
dity
(NTU)
TDS
(mg/L)
DO
(mg/L)
BOD
(mg/L)
COD
(mg/L)
NH4
(mg/L)
Cl-
(mg/L)
Paper Mill
7.20
±
0.16
319.00 ±
67.88
220.33
± 71.66
0.14
± 0.05
50.83
± 27.11
164.17 ±
9.67
3.35
± 0.68
61.50
± 57.28
112.34
± 94.28
3.57
± 1.64
37.50
± 17.69
Interpak
7.55
±
0.00
315.50 ± 4.00
447.00
± 56.57
0.15
± 0.03
192.17
± 5.89
161.00 ±
2.83
3.94
± 0.19
25.67
± 0.47
53.50
± 0.71
4.10
± 0.37
37.45
± 20.03
Steel Mill
7.63
±
0.14
348.34 ±
20.74
503.84
± 56.34
0.15
± 0.03
200.17
± 55.39
289.34 ±
12.25
4.13
± 0.28
68.83
± 65.76
127.00
±
103.70
4.98
± 1.09
42.47
± 27.08
Block Molding
industries
7.72
±
0.14
343.00 ± 4.71
280.00
± 9.43
0.17
± 0.00
84.67
± 1.41
161.00 ±
2.83
3.57
± 0.47
20.67
± 16.97
45.17
± 27.58
3.25
± 1.31
25.00
± 4.70
Poultry Farm
6.78
±
0.09
610.50 ±
28.99
668.17
±
286.85
0.30
± 0.00
217.17
± 155.33
289.34 ±
12.25
2.45
± 0.21
357.33
± 79.20
597.50
±
129.87
6.28 ±
1.65
54.98
± 2.35
Overall Mean
7.38
3387.27
423.87
0.18
149.00
212.97
3.49
106.80
187.10
4.44
39.48
WHO Standard for
Drinking Water
6.50-
8.50
500
5
500
6
10
0.03
200
Standard for
Aquatic Animals
(Bhatnagar & Devi,
2013)
6.50-
8
300-1500
150
0.05-0.1
5
10-500
>5
3-6
< 0.03
60
WHO standard (300-1500uS). It should be noted that
Poultry Farm effluent’s Conductivity (610uS), TDS
values while TSS (668.17mg/L), Salinity (0.3%),
Turbidity (217.17 NTU),BOD (357.33mg/L), COD
(597.50mg/L) and NH4 (6.28mg/L) were higher than
the recommended values. The Overall mean
physico-chemical properties of the Alaro river (Table
1) revealed that pH (7.38), Conductivity (387.27uS),
TSS (423.87mg/L), T (mg/L)DS (212.97mg/L) and Cl-
(39.48mg/L) were within the recommended range
(Figure 1). Salinity (0.18%), BOD (106.80mg/L),
Turbidity (149 NTU) andNH4 (4.44mg/L) were higher
than the recommended range values while DO
(3.49mg/L) was lower (Figure 2).
Discussion
All aquatic organisms have endurable limits of
physico-chemical properties of water within which
they perform optimally. Exceeding these limits can
have unfavorable effects on their body
performances (Davenport, 1993; Kiran, 2010). In this
study, mean values of conductivity (387.27uS), pH
(7.38), TSS (423.87mg/L) and TDS (212.97mg/L) were
within the WHO standard, those of Salinity (0.18%),
Turbidity (149.00 NTU), BOD (106.80mg/L), COD
(187.10mg/L) and NH4 (4.44mg/L) were higher than
the WHO standard, while DO (3.49mg/L) and Cl-
(39.48mg/L) were below the standard.
The high mean turbidity (149.00 NTU) make Alaro
river inappropriate for aquatic life, because of
interference with sunlight penetration which hinder
photosynthesis and eventual reduction of oxygen
production for fish and aquatic life. High turbidity
also creates large amounts of suspended matter
which clog the gills of fish and shellfish, eventually
causing death.
High mean BOD (106.80mg/L) and COD
(187.10mg/L) denote high degree pollution of the
river with organic matter due to untreated discharge
of municipal and domestic waste. This makes the
water body unsuitable for aquaculture. According to
Bhatnagar et al. (2004), the BOD level between 3.0-
6.0mg/L is optimum for normal activities of fish, 6.0-
12.0mg/L is sublethal to fish and above 12.0mg/L
can usually cause death to fish due to suffocation.
The mean value of Ammonia found in this study was
markedly high (4.44mg/L) as compared to the
recommended range (0.0-0.03mg/L). Ammonia is
toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, even in very low
concentrations. According to Santhosh & Singh
(2007), Ammonia concentrations greater than
0.1mg/L cause gill damage, destroy mucous
producing membranes, produce “sub- lethal” effects

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
42
like poor feed conversion, reduced
growth and disease resistance, and
at concentrations lower than lethal
concentrations can cause osmo-
regulatory imbalance and kidney
failure. When ammonia levels
reach 0.06 mg/L, fish can suffer gill
damage. At 0.2 mg/L, sensitive fish
like trout and salmon may die,
while ammonia-tolerant fish like
carp may tolerate concentrations
below 2.0 mg/L. Ammonia levels
above approximately 0.1mg/L
usually indicate polluted water
and/or water source. Maximum
tolerance of ammonia
concentration for aquatic
organisms is 0.1 mg L -1 (Meade,
1985).
The mean DO value of Alaro river
(3.49mg/L) is less than
recommended value (>5mg/L),
though, Santhosh & Singh (2007)
opined that catfish and other air
breathing fishes can survive in low
oxygen concentration of 4.0mg/L.
This however does not apply to
non-air-breathing fish species.
Minimum concentration of 1.0mg/L
DO is important to sustain fish for
long period and 5.0mg/L is
adequate in fishponds (Ekubo &
Abowei, 2011).
In conclusion, the biological,
chemical and physical aspects of
water quality are interwoven and
must be considered together. For
instance, higher water temperature
reduces the solubility of Dissolved
Oxygen (DO), and may cause
shortage of DO that kills more
sensitive fish species. The rotting
fish carcasses may subsequently
Figure 1: Distribution of overall mean physico-chemical parameters of
water samples that fall within WHO and aquatic standard parameters
Figure 2: Distribution of overall mean physico-chemical parameters of
water samples that fall outside WHO and aquatic standard parameters
contribute to bacterial growth which might promote
the spread of disease e.g. in human swimmers or
boaters (Barnes et al., 1998). This study shows
significant deviation of Alaro river from WHO
recommended standard values for aquatic life, thus
there is high need for government and other
stakeholders like Environmental Health Officers,
Veterinary Public Officers and regulatory agencies to
take a bold step in the development and
implementation of waste water and industrial
effluent receiving facilities before they are channel
to the water bodies.
We demonstrate the pressing need of strict
regulations in disposal of solid wastes, waste oil and
biological waste including fish offal. There should be
proper monitoring programmes to identify water
pollution sources which discharge pollution into the
water bodies directly or indirectly. Furthermore,
education efforts should be made to sensitize the

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 16 (Number 1). March, 2018
43
local population regarding the adverse effect of river
pollution on both human and animal life.
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Second edition. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Pp 45.