Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.) for Skin Moisturizer

Abstract

Objective: Grape seed oil (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. has a high linoleic acid content, which plays a role in the skin moisturizing. However, linoleic acid is a liquid form and easily oxidized. The aims of this research were to prepare the microcapsules of GSE using ethylcellulose as coating polymer, and to formulate the gel containing the GSE microcapsules. Method: GSE microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation method with ethylcellulose in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 based on the amount of oil and polymer ratio. The produced GSE microcapsules were characterized such as the morphology, entrapment efficiency, particle size, and swelling index. The best microcapsules were formulated into a gel dosage form, and then evaluated. Results: The results showed that the microcapsules had a spherical shape and exhibited no pores, with the entrapment efficiency was in the range of 45.81 to 93.87%. The mean volume diameters of F1, F2, F3, and F4 microcapsules were 83.58 nm, 129.40 nm, 151.15 nm and 202.74 nm, respectively. The microcapsules showed the swelling index in the range of 49-73%. Furthermore, the gel containing 2% GSE microcapsules showed a good appearance and viscosity of 10,800 cps with plastic flow property. Conclusion: The F4 microcapsules of GSE, which the ratio of GSE and ethylcellulose was 1:4, was the best microcapsules with the entrapment efficiency of 93.87%. The GSE microcapsules that was incorporated into a gel formulation would be an interesting cosmetic product for skin moisturizer.

Full text

J Young Pharm, 2018; 10(1): 41-47
A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the eld of Pharmacy
www.jyoungpharm.org | www.phcog.net
Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018 41
Original Article
INTRODUCTION
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil (GSE) contains various chemical
substances that can be used in various elds from food to cosmetics
product.1 GSE contains double bond unsaturated fatty acid (Polyunsatu-
rated fatty acids) as high as 85-90%, which the major content is linoleic
acid (omega 6), between 60-76% 2 GSE also contains other active
compounds with a high antioxidant activity 3 which can maintain the
skin health, such as phytosterols, avonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids,
tocopherols and tocotrienols which are the group of vitamin E isomers
in the range of 1-53 mg/100 g oil.4
Although GSE has many benets but, it has a weakness in terms of
stability. e GSE stored at room temperature (22°C) and exposed to
light showed the damage that was characterized by an increase in the
value of peroxide that reaches 484 meq O2/kg oil.5 e air and light
exposure also accelerates the oxidation process of linoleic acid that aects
and damages the stability of linoleic acid.6 e previous research data
showed that it is important to formulate a dosage form that can protects
and improves the stability of linoleic acid and grape seed oils such as
microcapsules.7
Microcapsules is a modern dosage form which has been widely used to
improve the stability of active substances or for any other medical
purposes.8 Microcapsules is a single particle ranging from micrometers
to millimeters sizes made of the solid or liquid material (core) and coated
by a lm of a polymeric material (shell).9 Some studies showed that
microcapsules has been widely used for coating the active substances
such as tocopherols,2 ascorbic acid and gallic acid,10 and folic acid.11 It
can also be used for coating the core material in the form of essential oils
such as rosemary oil,12 sh oil, and lavender oil.13 Based on those data,
the microcapsules can be the right choice for protecting and maintaining
the stability of GSE.
In this study, microencapsulation process was expected to increase the
stability of GSE. e results will be dispersed into a gel dosage form to
improve the eectiveness and comfort in the application of a moisturizer
to the skin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Grape seed oil (Jian Hairui Natural Plant, China), linoleic acid (Sigma
Aldrich, Singapore), ethylcellulose (Aqualon, USA), methyl chloride
(Merck, German), ethanol (Merck, German), methanol (Merck, Jerman),
hexane (Merck, German), toluene (Merck, German), acetyl chloride
(Sigma Aldrich, Singapore), Tween 80, Carbopol 940 (Lubrizol, Hongkong),
Propylene glycol (Brataco, Indonesia), and triethanolamine (Brataco,
Indonesia). Other solvents used were analytical grade.
METHODS
Preparation of microencapsulated GSE by solvent
evaporation method
GSE microcapsules was prepared by the conventional solvent evaporation
method at the room temperature (25°C). GSE was dissolved in methyl
chloride that strongly dissolves the oil derivatives. Ethanol was added
gradually to the solution until well-homogenized. Ethylcellulose was
added to the solution and mixed until homogeneous (referred as
Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil
(Vitis vinifera L.) for Skin Moisturizer
Silvia Surini*, Khansa Nursatyani, Delly Ramadon
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, 16424, INDONESIA.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Grape seed oil (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. has a high linoleic
acid content, which plays a role in the skin moisturizing. However, linoleic
acid is a liquid form and easily oxidized. The aims of this research were to
prepare the microcapsules of GSE using ethylcellulose as coating polymer,
and to formulate the gel containing the GSE microcapsules. Method: GSE
microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation method with ethyl-
cellulose in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 based on the amount of oil
and polymer ratio. The produced GSE microcapsules were characterized
such as the morphology, entrapment efciency, particle size, and swelling
index. The best microcapsules were formulated into a gel dosage form, and
then evaluated. Results: The results showed that the microcapsules had
a spherical shape and exhibited no pores, with the entrapment efciency
was in the range of 45.81 to 93.87%. The mean volume diameters of F1,
F2, F3, and F4 microcapsules were 83.58 nm, 129.40 nm, 151.15 nm and
202.74 nm, respectively. The microcapsules showed the swelling index in the
range of 49-73%. Furthermore, the gel containing 2% GSE microcapsules
showed a good appearance and viscosity of 10,800 cps with plastic ow
property. Conclusion: The F4 microcapsules of GSE, which the ratio of
GSE and ethylcellulose was 1:4, was the best microcapsules with the
entrapment efciency of 93.87%. The GSE microcapsules that was incor-
porated into a gel formulation would be an interesting cosmetic product
for skin moisturizer.
Key words: Ethylcellulose, Grape seed oil, Linoleic acid, Microencapsules,
Solvent evaporation.
Correspondence
Silvia Surini, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat,
16424, INDONESIA.
Phone: (021) 7270031
Email: silvia.surini@ui.ac.id
DOI: 10.5530/jyp.2018.10.11
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others
to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
42 Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018
potassium carbonate (6%) was slowly added into the tube while stirred
using vortex. en, the tube was sealed and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
10 min.
Preparation of linoleic acid standard solution
Linoleic acid standard was carefully weighed at 500 mg then put in a 20.0
mL volumetric ask. Linoleic acid standard was dissolved in hexane, and
readjusted the volume until the lines on the ask to obtain the concen-
tration at 25.0 mg/mL (25,000 ppm). en, the standard solution was
diluted to obtain some certain concentrations. Each concentration was
undergone esterication process using Lepage method, described previ-
ously. One microlitre of toluene layer (upper layer) containing methyl
linoleic was separated, then injected into the gas chromatography.
Preparation of the sample solution of the GSE
microcapsules
Each sample of the GSE microcapsules carefully weighed equivalent to
9.50 mg of linoleic acid and then inserted into a volumetric ask. Samples
were dissolved in hexane using sonicator. en, the sample solution was
esteried by Lepage method. e resulting supernatant (1.0 μL) containing
methyl linoleic was utilized for gas chromatography analysis. e drug
entrapment eciency was determined using the following formula:
Experimental linoleic acid content
% Drug entrapment efficiency = × 100%
Theoritical linoleic acid content
Preparation of gel dosage form containing the grape
seed oil microcapsules
e gel was prepared by dispersing carbomer in the water while stirred
until completely dispersed. Triethanolamine was added into the carbomer
gel base using homogenizer at stirring speed 1500 rpm. Propylene glycol
was mixed into the gel base by stirring in the homogenizer at the speed
of 1500 rpm until the entire gel base well-homogenized. Furthermore,
GSE microcapsules which has been dispersed in the 10 mL of distilled
water were added into the gel base. e mixture was homogenized using a
homogenizer at stirring speed of 1500 rpm until the microcapsules were
fully dispersed in the gel base. e gel formulation of the GSE microcap-
sules is showed in Table 4.
Evaluation of the gel containing GSE microcapsules
Physical appearance of the GSE microcapsules gel
Gel appearance was evaluated through the existence of discoloration,
odor changes, and gel phase separation.
Determination of spreadability
e spreadability of the gel formulation was determined by applying gel
on the glass object and then observed under the microscope. e gel
formulation must show a homogeneous composition.
Determination of pH
pH of the gel was determined by a digital pH meter (Eutech Instrument,
Singapore). Firstly, the electrode was calibrated with standard buer pH
4 and pH 7. Gel sample (1 g) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water and
the electrode was then dipped into the solution until constant reading
obtained. e constant reading of pH value was recorded. e measure-
ments of pH were replicated three times.
Viscosity and ow properties measurement
Viscosity measurement was determined by Brookeld viscometer
(Brookeld, USA). e gel was put into a container of beaker glass and
mounted using spindle 5. Measurement was carried out with varying
Solution A). In a separate container, water was used to dissolve Tween
80 (0.1%) (referred as Solution B). Solution A was poured into the bottle
and owed through the pipe slowly (in droplets form) to the Solution
B as the continuous phase. e drops speed was 9 drops/min. e
mixture was stirred using a propeller tool at the speed of 2000 rpm until
the ethanol-methyl chloride were fully evaporated and the droplets
formed. Microcapsules were ltered and then washed with water. Mi-
crocapsules immediately dried with a vacuum desiccator at room tempera-
ture. e scheme of microencapsulation process was shown at Figure 1.
e process was repeated with the dierent amounts of grape seed oil-
ethylcellulose ratio as shown at Table 1.
GSE microcapsules characterization
Microcapsules recovery test
Microcapsules recovery test was determined by comparing the weight
of microcapsules obtained with the total mass of active ingredient and
coating materials used in the following formulation.
Microcapsule weight
% Microcapsules recovery test = × 100%
Microcapsule material
forming weight
Particle-size distribution
e particle size distribution was measured using a particle size analyzer
(Malvern Instruments, United Kingdom). e sample was dispersed in
distilled water containing Tween 80 (0.1%) as the continuous phase
solution. Following the dispersion, its particle size distribution was
measured.
Microcapsules swelling index
Microcapsules swelling index was determined by weighing 100 mg of
microcapsules, and the microcapsules were immersed into 10 mL of
water as a medium in a conical tube, then it was le over for 120 min.
Aer that, centrifugation was performed for 10 min at 4000 rpm. e
supernatant was removed and the nal weight of the microcapsules was
measured.
Moisture content
e moisture content of microcapsules was analyzed using a moisture
analyzer (Mettler Toledo, Jerman). e samples (1000 mg) were placed
on the aluminum disk and the moisture content was determined by heating
the disk at 105°C. e value listed on a moisture analyzer was recorded as
the moisture content of the microcapsules.
Microcapsules morphology and physical appearance
e morphology and size of the microcapsules were evaluated by a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI FE-SEM Inspect F50, USA).
Samples were placed on the sample holder and coated with gold particles
using ne coater. e samples were viewed and observed with 500x
magnication.
Entrapment eciency of linoleic acid in the GSE microcapsules using gas
chromatography
e entrapment eciency of microcapsules was determined by gas chro-
matography method with conditions as shown at Table 2 and Table 3.
Lepage esterication method 14
Test solution (2.0 ml) was pipetted, and then put into a test tube with a
teon lid and dried using owing nitrogen gas. Aer completely dried,
400 μL toluene and 1600 μL of methanol were added while stirred using a
vortex. en, 200 μL acetyl chloride was added slowly while stirred using
magnetic stirrer. e tube was sealed and heated in an oven (100 °C) for
60 min. Furthermore, the tube was cooled in the water, and then 5.0 mL

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018 43
speeds, from 0.5; 2; 5; 10; and 20 rpm, then back to the opposite of 20; 10;
5; 2 and 0.5 rpm. e viscosity was indicated by the red needle note, then
multiplied by a correction factor according to the instrument manual.
e ow property can be obtained by plotting the curve between shearing
stress (F/A) against the rate of shear (dv/dr).
RESULTS
Preparation of the microencapsulated GSE by the
solvent evaporation method
In this research, GSE microencapsulation by solvent evaporation method
was chosen because it was considered as the easiest method than others.15
Additionally, this method produces microcapsules with a high entrap-
ment eciency, a good coating and a low residual of organic solvents.16
Characterization grape seed oil microcapsules
Microcapsules recovery test
Microcapsules recovery test value illustrates the eciency of the micro-
capsules preparation process. e higher of the value, the more ecient
the process of microcapsules preparation process and the use of the
material with the result no wasted material of microencapsulation process.
e microcapsules recovery test value was shown in Table 5 with the
ranged from 40% to 78%, the highest value was F4 in 78% and the lowest
was F1 in 40%.
Microcapsules morphology and physical appearance
e morphology and physical appearance of microcapsules were inves-
tigated by scanning electron microscope Figure 2. e fourth formula
microcapsule has exhibited no pores.
The entrapment eciency of microcapsules
e entrapment eciency was determined the number of drugs which
was entrapped in the microcapsules, ethylcellulose. e value of entrap-
ment eciency can describe the eciency of the methods. Table 5 shows
the entrapment eciency of microcapsules from various formulations.
e value of entrapment eciency was in the range of 45.81 to 93.87%.
e lowest entrapment eciency was F1 microcapsules with 45.81%,
while the highest was F4 microcapsules with 93.87%.
Particle size distribution
Determination of particle size distribution used was dv value or particle
size distribution based on the sample volume because there was hetero-
geneity of particle size in the fourth formulation as shown at Figure 3.
e particle size distribution by volume was more representative because
it was directly related to the volume of the particle measured. Table 6
shows the values of dv10, dv50, dv90, and dvmean for each microcap-
sules.
Moisture content
Moisture content represents the capability of the matrix in protecting the
drugs inside from humidity. Based on the test results, the value of mois-
ture content of all formulations was between 2.46 to 3.18% (Table 5).
Microcapsules swelling index
Figure 4 shows the swelling index of microcapsules in the distilled water
as medium samples with the habitation in min 60 and 120. e value of
swelling index ranged between 49-73%. ere was not any dierences in
the index values of all microcapsule formulations between min 60 and 120.
e selected microcapsules for gel formulation was the formula with a
spherical shape, the highest entrapment eciency, and the largest particle
size distribution. Formulation with the largest particle size distribution
was chosen because microcapsules can be seen properly and dispersed
well in the gel base. Based on the entrapment eciency data, the micro-
capsules formula selected was F4 because it had a spherical particle
shape, the highest entrapment eciency (75.10%) and particle size
distribution Dmean volume 202.74 µm.
Gel evaluation
Physical appearance of the GSE microcapsules gel
GSE microcapsules gel was seen white transparent powder as microcapsules
spread well over the gel formulation. Figure 5 shows the results of the
GSE microcapsules gel.
Determination of spreadability test
GSE microcapsules gel showed a homogenous gel when viewed using a
glass object under the microscope.
Determination of pH
e pH of the gel was between 5.55-5.58. e results of pH measurement
were reected the pH balance of the skin, which was between 4.5-6.5. So
that, the gel will not irritate the skin and improve comfort in use.
Viscosity and ow properties test
e determination of viscosity and ow properties of the gel was used
spindle 5 at a speed of 5 rpm. e value of viscosity was showed 10,800 cps
and rheogram of ow property is shown at Figure 6.
DISCUSSION
In this study, ethylcellulose was chosen as a coating agent because it is a
water-insoluble hydrophobic polymer.17 Ethylcellulose has been used as
Table 1: Microcapsules formulation of grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
Materials Formulation
1 2 34
Grape seed oil (gr) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Ethylcellulose (gr) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ethanol (mL) 10 20 30 40
Dichlorometane (mL) 10 20 30 40
Tween 80 (ml) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Water (ml) 100 200 300 400
Drug-polymer ratio 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4
Table 2: Chromatography gas analysis condition
Parameter Condition
Column Cyanopropil methyl sil (capilary column)
Column dimension p = 60 m, Ø inside = 0.25 mm, 0.25 m lm
thickness
N2 ow rate 30 mL/min
He ow rate 30 mL/min
H2 ow rate 40 mL/min
Air ow rate 400 mL/min
Split ratio 1:80
Injection volume 1 μL
Linier velocity 23.6 cm/sec
Injector temperature 220°C
Detector temperature 240°C
Column temperature Temperature program

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
44 Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018
Figure 1: Microencapsulation process of grape seed oil by solvent evaporation method.
Figure 2: Scanning electron microphotographs of the grape seed oil microcapsules of F1, F2, F3, and F4
with 500x magnication.
the polymer forming of the microparticles to cover the unpleasant taste
and smell as well as for increasing the stability of easily oxidized active
components. Solvent evaporation method was used to prepare the GSE
microcapsules because it can mix two types of solvents, such as methyl
chloride for dissolving the GSE (as an active ingredient) and ethanol
for dissolving the ethylcellulose (as a coating agent). ese two types of
solvents, methyl chloride-ethanol, is called as an azeotrope mixture. It
helps the evaporation process of the solvent from the coating solution
and forms the microcapsules that was not aggregate each other.18
Furthermore, Tween 80, a non-ionic and water soluble surfactant, decreased
the interfacial tension and formed a continuous lm between the micro-
capsules particles, so tat the aggregation of the particles can be avoided.
Among the other formulas, F1 showed the smallest value of entrapment
eciency because F1 was produced in a a few amount microcapsules
than the other. It was caused by a small concentration of the polymer
used, so that the active ingredient can not be fully entrapped. Inequality

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018 45
between the polymer and the drug concentration caused the unsuccessful
coating of GSE in the ethylcellulose before the solvent evaporated.
Consequently, the uncoated oil was le in a bottle and the pipe drops.
Aer the GSE was coated in the polymer, the drugs inside the microcap-
sules were well protected by the factors that can disrupt its stability, such
as humidity, water, light, and others.
e results showed that the microcapsules had a spherical shape and
various sizes. Mixing speed is one of the factors that aect the shape and
size of the microcapsules. e size and spherical shape of microcapsules
were depended on the speed of stirring in the medium or continue phase
solution.8 By reducing the speed, the size of the microcapsules would
increase. Furthermore, the drying conditions of the microcapsules also
Figure 3: Particle size distribution of the grape seed oil microcapsules.
Figure 4: Swelling index of the grape seed oil microcapsules in distilled
water as medium.
Figure 5: Physical appearance of the grape seed oil microcap-
sules gel.
Figure 6: Rheogram of ow property of the grape seed oil microcapsules gel.
Table 3: Temperature program for chromatography gas analysis condi-
tion
Rate (°C/min) Temperature (°C) Hold Time (min)
- 125 5
10 185 5
5 205 10
3 225 7
Table 4: Gel formulation of grape seed oil microcapsules
Materials Concentration (%b/b)
Carbopol 940 0.50
Triethanolamine 1.00
Propylene glycol 15.00
Grape seed oil microcapsules 2.00
Wat e r ad 100
Table 5: Results of recovery test, entrapment eciency and moisture
content of the grape seed oil microcapsules
Formulation Recovery test
(%)
Entrapment
eciency (%)
Moisture
content (%)
1 40.0 45.81 3.18 ± 0.03
2 53.3 58.63 3.10 ± 0.05
3 67.5 58.61 3.10 ± 0.10
4 78.0 93.87 2.46 ± 0.09
Table 6: Particle measurements of the grape seed oil microcapsules
Formulation dv10
(μm)
dv50
(μm)
dv90
(μm)
Dmean volume
(μm)
1 11.7 68.1 193 83.58
2 26.3 124 268 129.40
3 14.9 129 356 151.15
4 22.8 172 478 202.74

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
46 Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018
microcapsules were not hygroscopic because ethylcellulose wasnot aected
by the water, so the use of ethylcellulose as a polymer coating would be
more stable if it is put in a gel formulation. It showed that the ethylcel-
lulose has a hydrophobic and nonporous property which was not able to
absorb the water in large quantities.
e swelling index curve of all formulas showed that the particle size
and the amount of polymer concentration aect the swelling properties
of the microcapsules. Microcapsules F4 with the higher polymer con-
centration was seen more swell than the F1, F2, and F3 with the smaller
polymer concentration. In addition to these factors, the particle size also
aects the value of the swelling index of the microcapsules, as in F1 and
F2 which had the smaller size than the other formulas. e smaller of
the particle size, the less of medium permeated which was inversely
proportional to the increase the polymer concentration, cause the bigger
the value of swelling index.
Aer the microcapsules was obtained, it was formulated into a gel dosage
form. GSE microcapsules gel was made using carbomer as a gel base. e
use of carbomer as a gel base produced a pH that is acidic so it needs
the addition of triethanolamine (TEA), which is alkaline to neutralize
the pH of the gel formulation and get the pH balance of the skin to
increase the coziness of using gel formulation.22 e concentration of
GSE microcapsules that was formulated into the gel dosage form is as
much as 2%. is concentration was equivalent to the concentration
range of GSE used in the topical preparations for moisturizing the skin
is between 2-5%.
Based on the rheogram in Figure 6, it was seen that the ow properties of
the gel were plastic thixotropy. e rheogram shows plastic ow because
the curve was not pass through the 0,0 ordinate, but cut the axis of the
shearing stress at a certain point, known as the yield value. e materials
that exhibit the plastic ow known as Bingham bodies. Bingham bodies
would not ow until the shearing stress-related to the yield value was
exceeded. ixotropic can be seen from the location of the descending
curve of the gel was on the le of the ascending curve and both curves
almost coincide. Plastic thixotropic ow properties have a meaning that
with the addition of shear stress, the viscosity of dosage decreases or
becomes more dilute.23
CONCLUSION
e grape seed oil microcapsules prepared by solvent evaporation using
ethylcellulose as a coating polymer in the ratio of 1:4 (the F4 formula) is
the best microcapsules with the entrapment eciency of 93.87%. e gel
containing the grape seed oil microcapsules has been successfully
produced and it could be an interesting cosmetic product for skin
moisturizer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
e authors gratefully acknowledge to Directorate of Research and
Community Engagements of Universitas Indonesia for nancial support.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
e authors have no conict of interest to declare.
ABBREVIATION USED
GSE: Grape seed oil; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; TEA: Trietha-
nolamine.
REFERENCES
1. Korac RR, Khambholja KM. Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet
radiation. Phcog Rev. 2011;5:164-73.
2. Otadi M, Zabihi F. Vitamin E microcapsulation by ethylcellulose through emulsion
can be resulted from the less spherical form of microcapsules and variable
sizes. e drying process of the microcapsules can be done in various
ways including the drying at room temperature conditions (27°C), and
using a vacuum to reduce the pressure or with the heat energy.16 e
variety of drying conditions would be resulting from the dierent of
morphology and porosity of the microcapsules.
e microphotograph F1 with a ratio 1:1 between GSE and ethylcellu-
lose shows that the amount of ethylcellulose which is equivalent to the
amount of GSE was not able to cover the entirely GSE. F1 has a non-
spherical form with the small part that was separated each other. is
results were dierent from F2, F3 and F4 which had a higher ethylcel-
lulose concentration. ey showed the spherical without small parts that
were split each other. It was caused by the increase of ethylcellulose
concentration in F2, F3, and F4, so that ethylcellulose could coat the
overall amount of oil concentration.
Microcapsules formula with a higher polymer concentration had a high
value of entrapment eciency compared to formula with a smaller
polymer concentration. e results revealed that F1 with smallest polymer
concentration had the lowest value of entrapment eciency compared
to other formulas. F1 has the lowest concentration of ethylcellulose than
the F3 and F4, so that ethylcellulose coud not cover the entire amount of
oil contained in microcapsules formulation. On the other hand, F4, a
formula which the polymer concentration four times more than the
amount of oil, showed the highest value of entrapment eciency.
e entrapment eciency will increase by the rise of the polymer
concentration used.19 Increasing the viscosity of the polymer-drug solution
and solidication time can be applied to reduce the porosity of the
microparticles. us, it can prevent the drug to diuse out of the continuous
phase. e inuence of the polymer concentration on the eciency of
the encapsulation process can be explained in two ways. First, at a very
high concentration, the polymer will settle more quickly on the surface
of the dispersed phase and prevent the diusion of the drug crosses the
line between the dispersed phase with the continuous phase. Sec, the
high concentration of polymer will increase the viscosity of the solution
and prevent the diusion of the drug in a droplet of polymer solution.20
Another important characteristicis particle size distribution. Figure 3
displays the particle size distribution curves of the microcapsules
formulas. e results of the measurement of particle size distribution of
all formulas shows the sequence from the smallest particle size was F1 <
F2 < F3 < F4. It can be seen in Table 6 that the higher of polymer con-
centration, the wider particle size distribution curve, and the particle size
will increase. e increasing of ethyl cellulose concentration would
signicantly inuences the increasing of average microcapsules diameter.11
is may be caused by an increase of the medium viscosity from high
polymer concentrations that aected the increase of interfacial tension.
Furthermore, the solvent evaporation method was produced the varia-
tion of the particle size distribution which is not only inuenced by the
dierences in the concentration of the polymer but also inuenced by
the speed of stirring. e particle size of microcapsules can be controlled
by increasing the stirring speed at medium solution.21 e stirring speed
was the main parameter in controlling the size of droplets of a mixture
of the drug and polymer solution.21 By increasing the stirring speed in
the continuous phase would generally result in decreasing the size of the
microcapsules because it would produce the smaller droplets through a
strong shear force and the increased turbulence.
Based on the water content measurement result, water that was entrapped
in the microcapsules can be derived from the use of distilled water in the
preparation of the microcapsules. Ethylcellulose has characteristics that
are stable and not aected by the water. Ethylcellulose has been perme-
ated by the water from the air or during immersion in the water with a
very small amount which can be evaporated. is suggested that the

Surini S et al.: Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera L.)
Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2018 47
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Article History: Submission Date : 27-07-2017 ; Revised Date : 31-08-2017; Acceptance Date : 04-11-2017.
Cite this article: Surini S, Nursatyani K, Ramadon D. Gel Formulation Containing Microcapsules of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis Vinifera L.) for Skin Moisturizer. J
Young Pharm. 2018;10(1):41-7.