No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Buckling‐Induced Assembly of Three‐Dimensional Tunable Metamaterials
Abstract
Conventional metamaterials are usually confined to planar settings due to the fabrication challenges at the nanoscale. Here, we explore the shape transformation of metasurfaces into three-dimensional metamaterials to generate some on-demand plasmon modes which would be otherwise unachievable in two dimensions. This method is inspired by the buckling-induced folding of a layer of metal sheet bonded to a stretchable compliant substrate in some specified regions. Two prototypes of three-dimensional metamaterials are obtained, demonstrating the enhancement of quality factors as well as the tunability. We find the occurrence of sharp Fano resonance and the resonance mode with toroidal dipole attributed to the structural asymmetry in depth. This work provides an effective approach to practical fabrication of nanoscale metamaterials in an extra dimension that would enable a wide range of applications in the optical spectrum.
... As an emerging micro/nano-fabrication method, nanokirigami, including both cutting and deforming processes, has enabled exceptional three-dimensional (3D) nanogeometries through the buckling, bending, rotation and twisting of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures [1][2][3]. With the unprecedented 3D nano-geometries and deformable characteristics, the potential applications of nano-kirigami have recently displayed quite profitable in the field of miniaturized devices, such as micro-/nanofabrication field [4,5], biomedicine [6,7], microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [8][9][10], micro-/nanoscale optical devices [11,12], etc. Nevertheless, due to the elusive shape change prior to the implementation of 3D transformation, there is always a balance among fabrication resolution, accessibility, adaptability, and compatibility when various optical functionalities are targeted. ...
Nano-kirigami method enables rich diversity of structural geometries that significantly broaden the functionalities of optical micro/nano-devices. However, the methodologies of various nano-kirigami are still limited and as a result, the chiral nano-kirigami structure has yet been pushed to the limit for operation at visible wavelength region. Here, the merits of the various nano-kirigami strategies are comprehensively explored and bio-inspired nano-cilia metasurface with enhanced circular dichroism at visible wavelengths is demonstrated. The stereo chiral nano-cilia metasurface is designed with three-fold rotational symmetry, which exhibits tuneable chiroptical responses when the nano-cilia are deformed to form strong chiral light–matter interactions. By employing electron-beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) lithography, on-chip nano-cilia metasurfaces are experimentally realized in near-infrared wavelengths region and at visible wavelengths, respectively, successfully validating the giant circular dichroism revealed in simulations. Our work is useful to broaden the existing platform of micro/nano-scale manufacturing and could provide an effective method for the realization of versatile bioinspired nanostructures with profound chiroptical responses.
... Researchers have employed gradient-based topological optimization algorithms to design various electromagnetic structures [13]. Dyck proposed the optimized material distribution (OMD) algorithm and innovatively applied topological optimization to an electromagnetic field [14]. ...
A connectivity-constrained optimization methodology based on a discretized particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for the continuum structural design of a magnetic pulse welding coil. To address the classical continuum topological challenges of conductors, such as simple connectivity and checkerboard phenomena in the optimal topology, the PSO algorithm is combined with connectivity constraints and filtration. The evolutionary history and parametric tests in an electromagnetic structure study are employed to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the novel algorithm. Physical tests show that the optimized coil can form a larger effective welding area between aluminum alloy (AA5052) and steel (HC420LA) sheets compared with the joint formed by the original coil. The maximum tensile load is also significantly improved by 19.88% with a discharge energy of 22 kJ.
Metamaterials have opened up the possibility of unprecedented and fascinating concepts and applications in optics and photonics. Examples include negative refraction, perfect lenses, cloaking, perfect absorbers, and so on. Since these metamaterials are man-made materials composed of sub-wavelength structures, their development strongly depends on the advancement of micro- and nano-fabrication technologies. In particular, the realization of three-dimensional metamaterials is one of the big challenges in this research field. In this review, we describe recent progress in the fabrication technologies for three-dimensional metamaterials, as well as proposed applications.
A rapidly expanding area of research in materials science involves the development of routes to complex 3D structures with feature sizes in the mesoscopic range (that is, between tens of nanometres and hundreds of micrometres). A goal is to establish methods for controlling the properties of materials systems and the function of devices constructed with them, not only through chemistry and morphology, but also through 3D architectures. The resulting systems, sometimes referred to as metamaterials, offer engineered behaviours with optical, thermal, acoustic, mechanical and electronic properties that do not occur in the natural world. Impressive advances in 3D printing techniques represent some of the most broadly recognized developments in this field, but recent successes with strategies based on concepts in origami, kirigami and deterministic assembly provide additional, unique options in 3D design and high-performance materials. In this Review, we highlight the latest progress and trends in methods for fabricating 3D mesostructures, beginning with the development of advanced material inks for nozzle-based approaches to 3D printing and new schemes for 3D optical patterning. In subsequent sections, we summarize more recent methods based on folding, rolling and mechanical assembly, including their application with materials such as designer hydrogels, monocrystalline inorganic semiconductors and graphene.
Self-shaping of curved structures, especially those involving flexible thin
layers, has attracted increasing attention because of their broad potential
applications in e.g. nanoelectromechanical/micro-electromechanical systems
(NEMS/MEMS), sensors, artificial skins, stretchable electronics, robotics, and
drug delivery. Here, we provide an overview of recent experimental,
theoretical, and computational studies on the mechanical self-assembly of
strain-engineered thin layers, with an emphasis on systems in which the
competition between bending and stretchingenergy gives rise to a variety
ofdeformations,such as wrinkling, rolling, and twisting. We address the
principle of mechanical instabilities, which is often manifested in wrinkling
or multistability of strain-engineered thin layers. The principles of shape
selection and transition in helical ribbons are also systematically examined.
We hope that a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanical principles
underlying these rich phenomena can foster the development of new techniques
for manufacturing functional three- dimensional structures on demand for a
broad spectrum of engineering applications.
The most common approaches to generating power from sunlight are either photovoltaic, in which sunlight directly excites electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor, or solar-thermal, in which sunlight drives a mechanical heat engine. Photovoltaic power generation is intermittent and typically only exploits a portion of the solar spectrum efficiently, whereas the intrinsic irreversibilities of small heat engines make the solar-thermal approach best suited for utility-scale power plants. There is, therefore, an increasing need for hybrid technologies for solar power generation. By converting sunlight into thermal emission tuned to energies directly above the photovoltaic bandgap using a hot absorber-emitter, solar thermophotovoltaics promise to leverage the benefits of both approaches: high efficiency, by harnessing the entire solar spectrum; scalability and compactness, because of their solid-state nature; and dispatchablility, owing to the ability to store energy using thermal or chemical means. However, efficient collection of sunlight in the absorber and spectral control in the emitter are particularly challenging at high operating temperatures. This drawback has limited previous experimental demonstrations of this approach to conversion efficiencies around or below 1% (refs 9, 10, 11). Here, we report on a full solar thermophotovoltaic device, which, thanks to the nanophotonic properties of the absorber-emitter surface, reaches experimental efficiencies of 3.2%. The device integrates a multiwalled carbon nanotube absorber and a one-dimensional Si/SiO2 photonic-crystal emitter on the same substrate, with the absorber-emitter areas optimized to tune the energy balance of the device. Our device is planar and compact and could become a viable option for high-performance solar thermophotovoltaic energy conversion.
We demonstrate a composite medium, based on a periodic array of interspaced conducting nonmagnetic split ring resonators and continuous wires, that exhibits a frequency region in the microwave regime with simultaneously negative values of effective permeability μeff(ω) and permittivity ɛeff(ω). This structure forms a “left-handed” medium, for which it has been predicted that such phenomena as the Doppler effect, Cherenkov radiation, and even Snell's law are inverted. It is now possible through microwave experiments to test for these effects using this new metamaterial
We demonstrate that the toroidal dipolar response can be realized in the
optical regime by designing a feasible nanostructured metamaterial, comprising
asymmetric double-bar magnetic resonators assembled into a toroid-like
configuration. It is confirmed numerically that an optical toroidal dipolar
moment dominates over other moments. This response is characterized by a strong
confinement of an E-field component at the toroid center, oriented
perpendicular to the H-vortex plane. The resonance-enhanced optical toroidal
response can provide an experimental avenue for various interesting optical
phenomena associated with the elusive toroidal moment.
This paper aims to develop a level-set-based topology optimization approach for the design of negative permeability electromagnetic metamaterials, where the topological configuration of the base cell is represented by the zero-level contour of a higher-dimensional level-set function. Such an implicit expression enables us to create a distinct interface between the free space and conducting phase (metal). By seeking for an optimality of a Lagrangian functional in terms of the objective function and the governing wave equation, we derived an adjoint system. The normal velocity (sensitivity) of the level-set model is determined by making the Eulerian derivative of the Lagrangian functional non-positive. Both the governing and adjoint systems are solved by a powerful finite-difference time-domain algorithm. The solution to the adjoint system is separated into two parts, namely the self-adjoint part, which is linearly proportional to the solution of the governing equation; and the non-self-adjoint part, which is obtained by swapping the locations of the incident wave and the receiving planes in the simulation model. From the demonstrative examples, we found that the well-known U-shaped metamaterials might not be the best in terms of the minimal value of the imaginary part of the effective permeability. Following the present topology optimization procedure, some novel structures with desired negative permeability at the specified frequency are obtained.
This article presents a numerical procedure to design two-phase periodic microstructural composites with tailored thermal conductivities, which is generalized as a topology opti-mization problem. The objective function is formulated in a least-square of the difference between the target and effective conductivities. The effective values are derived from homogenization method with periodic boundaries; whereas, the target points locate in the Milton-Kohn bounds. The bound-based interpolation scheme and nonlinear diffusion technique are explored to regularize the original problem for attaining mesh-independent, edge-preserving, and checkerboard-free results. Various microstructures both in 2-and 3-dimensions are presented to demonstrate such a systematic procedure of conductive material design.
Toroidal multipoles are the subject of growing interest because of their unusual electromagnetic properties different from the electric and magnetic multipoles. In this paper, we present two new related classes of plasmonic metamaterial composed of purposely arranged of four U-shaped split ring resonators (SRRs) that show profound resonant toroidal responses at optical frequencies. The toroidal and magnetic responses were investigated by the finite-element simulations. A phenomenon of reversed toroidal responses at higher and lower resonant frequencies has also been reported between this two related metamaterials which results from the electric and magnetic dipoles interaction. Finally, we propose a physical model based on coupled LC circuits to quantitatively analyze the coupled system of the plasmonic toroidal metamaterials.
We report classes of electronic systems that achieve thicknesses, effective elastic moduli, bending stiffnesses, and areal
mass densities matched to the epidermis. Unlike traditional wafer-based technologies, laminating such devices onto the skin
leads to conformal contact and adequate adhesion based on van der Waals interactions alone, in a manner that is mechanically
invisible to the user. We describe systems incorporating electrophysiological, temperature, and strain sensors, as well as
transistors, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radio frequency inductors, capacitors, oscillators, and rectifying diodes.
Solar cells and wireless coils provide options for power supply. We used this type of technology to measure electrical activity
produced by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and show that the resulting data contain sufficient information for an
unusual type of computer game controller.
Making a Point with Metamaterials
A long-predicted electromagnetic excitation, the toroidal moment (or anapole), is associated with toroidal shape and current flow within a structure and has been implicated in nuclear and particle physics. This distinct family of electromagnetic excitations has not been observed directly because they are masked by much stronger electric and magnetic multipoles. Kaelberer et al. (p. 1510 , published online 4 November) have developed a metamaterial structure based on stacked loops of inverted split-ring resonators (“metamolecules”) whose response under excitation is consistent with the existence of a toroidal moment. The metamaterial is designed so that both the electric and magnetic dipole moments induced by an incident electromagnetic wave are suppressed, while the toroidal response is isolated and resonantly enhanced to a detectable level.
Isotropic negative index metamaterials (NIMs) are highly desired, particularly for the realization of ultra-high resolution lenses. However, existing isotropic NIMs function only two-dimensionally and cannot be miniaturized beyond microwaves. Direct laser writing processes can be a paradigm shift toward the fabrication of three-dimensionally (3D) isotropic bulk optical metamaterials, but only at the expense of an additional design constraint, namely connectivity. Here, we demonstrate with a proof-of-principle design that the requirement connectivity does not preclude fully isotropic left-handed behavior. This is an important step towards the realization of bulk 3D isotropic NIMs at optical wavelengths.
Achieving negative permittivity and negative permeability signifies a key topic of research in the design of metamaterials. This paper introduces a level-set based topology optimization method, in which the interface between the vacuum and metal phases is implicitly expressed by the zero-level contour of a higher dimensional level-set function. Following a sensitivity analysis, the optimization maximizes the objective based on the normal direction of the level-set function and induced current flow, thereby generating the desirable patterns of current flow on metal surface. As a benchmark example, the U-shaped structure and its variations are obtained from the level-set topology optimization. Numerical examples demonstrate that both negative permittivity and negative permeability can be attained.
We experimentally demonstrate a chiral metamaterial exhibiting negative refractive index at terahertz frequencies. The presence of strong chirality in the terahertz metamaterial lifts the degeneracy for the two circularly polarized waves and allows for the achievement of negative refractive index without requiring simultaneously negative permittivity and negative permeability. The realization of terahertz chiral negative index metamaterials offers opportunities for investigation of their novel electromagnetic properties, such as negative refraction and negative reflection, as well as important terahertz device applications.
A double-periodic array of pairs of parallel gold nanorods is shown to have a negative refractive index in the optical range. Such behavior results from the plasmon resonance in the pairs of nanorods for both the electric and the magnetic components of light. The refractive index is retrieved from direct phase and amplitude measurements for transmission and reflection, which are all in excellent agreement with simulations. Both experiments and simulations demonstrate that a negative refractive index n ′ ≈ − 0.3 is achieved at the optical communication wavelength of 1.5 μ m using the array of nanorods. The retrieved refractive index critically depends on the phase of the transmitted wave, which emphasizes the importance of phase measurements in finding n ′ .
Metamaterials are artificially structured media with unit cells much smaller than the wavelength of light. They have proved to possess novel electromagnetic properties, such as negative magnetic permeability and negative refractive index. This enables applications such as negative refraction, superlensing and invisibility cloaking. Although the physical properties can already be demonstrated in two-dimensional (2D) metamaterials, the practical applications require 3D bulk-like structures. This prerequisite has been achieved in the gigahertz range for microwave applications owing to the ease of fabrication by simply stacking printed circuit boards. In the optical domain, such an elegant method has been the missing building block towards the realization of 3D metamaterials. Here, we present a general method to manufacture 3D optical (infrared) metamaterials using a layer-by-layer technique. Specifically, we introduce a fabrication process involving planarization, lateral alignment and stacking. We demonstrate stacked metamaterials, investigate the interaction between adjacent stacked layers and analyse the optical properties of stacked metamaterials with respect to an increasing number of layers.
We show that microstructures built from nonmagnetic conducting
sheets exhibit an effective magnetic permeability μeff,
which can be tuned to values not accessible in naturally occurring
materials, including large imaginary components of μeff.
The microstructure is on a scale much less than the wavelength of
radiation, is not resolved by incident microwaves, and uses a very low
density of metal so that structures can be extremely lightweight. Most
of the structures are resonant due to internal capacitance and
inductance, and resonant enhancement combined with compression of
electrical energy into a very small volume greatly enhances the energy
density at critical locations in the structure, easily by factors of a
million and possibly by much more. Weakly nonlinear materials placed at
these critical locations will show greatly enhanced effects raising the
possibility of manufacturing active structures whose properties can be
switched at will between many states
Significance
Existing options in three-dimensional (3D) assembly of micro/nanomaterials are constrained by a narrow accessible range of materials and/or 3D geometries. Here we introduce concepts for a form of Kirigami for the precise, mechanically driven assembly of 3D mesostructures from 2D micro/nanomembranes with strategically designed geometries and patterns of cuts. Theoretical and experimental studies in a broad set of examples demonstrate the applicability across length scales from macro to micro and nano, in materials ranging from monocrystalline silicon to metal and plastic, with levels of topographical complexity that significantly exceed those possible with other schemes. The resulting engineering options in functional 3D mesostructures have important implications for construction of advanced micro/nanosystems technologies.
Especially designed thermal emitters can passively cool down below the ambient temperature via radiative cooling, signifying their ability to operate without external energy. These emitters require the unique ability to selectively radiate within the atmos-pheric transparency window from wavelengths 8 to 13 μm and suppress the incoming atmospheric radiation outside the window. [ 1–4 ] However, the realization of such ideal emitters for effective radiative cooling has always been a challenge. [ 2–8 ] In this paper, we propose the use of a strictly selective yet broad-band metamaterial emitter toward highly effi cient radiative cooling. We demonstrate an anisotropic and conical-shaped metamaterial structure, to facilitate the polarization insensi-tive, highly enhanced, and broadband infrared (IR) emission, selectively spanning over the entire atmospheric transparency window. Utilizing its unique emissive properties, the emitter can possess a remarkably high cooling power of 116.6 W m −2 at the ambient temperature. Even in the presence of the practical nonradiative heat exchange, the metamaterial structure has the ability to cool down 12.2 °C below the ambient temperature. Our results demonstrate that such metamaterial emitters have the potential to emerge as a key element for the realization of energy-effi cient radiative cooling devices.
Complex three-dimensional (3D) structures in biology (e.g., cytoskeletal webs, neural circuits, and vasculature networks) form naturally to provide essential functions in even the most basic forms of life. Compelling opportunities exist for analogous 3D architectures in human-made devices, but design options are constrained by existing capabilities in materials growth and assembly. We report routes to previously inaccessible classes of 3D constructs in advanced materials, including device-grade silicon. The schemes involve geometric transformation of 2D micro/nanostructures into extended 3D layouts by compressive buckling. Demonstrations include experimental and theoretical studies of more than 40 representative geometries, from single and multiple helices, toroids, and conical spirals to structures that resemble spherical baskets, cuboid cages, starbursts, flowers, scaffolds, fences, and frameworks, each with single- and/or multiple-level configurations.
Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Fabricating thin film solar cells (TFSCs) on flexible substrates will not only broaden the applications of solar cells, but also potentially reduce the installation cost. However, a critical challenge for fabricating flexible TFSCs on flexible substrates is the incompatibility issues between the thermal, mechanical and chemical properties of these substrates and the fabrication conditions. Transfer printing methods, which use conventional substrates for the fabrication and then deliver the TFSCs onto flexible substrates, play a key role to overcome these challenges. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and working principles of four major transfer printing methods associated with (1) transfer by sacrificial layers, (2) transfer by porous Si layer, (3) transfer by controlled crack and (4) transfer by water-assisted thin film delamination. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for implementing these methods for practical solar cell manufacture.
Origami can turn a sheet of paper into complex three-dimensional shapes, and similar folding techniques can produce structures
and mechanisms. To demonstrate the application of these techniques to the fabrication of machines, we developed a crawling
robot that folds itself. The robot starts as a flat sheet with embedded electronics, and transforms autonomously into a functional
machine. To accomplish this, we developed shape-memory composites that fold themselves along embedded hinges. We used these
composites to recreate fundamental folded patterns, derived from computational origami, that can be extrapolated to a wide
range of geometries and mechanisms. This origami-inspired robot can fold itself in 4 minutes and walk away without human intervention,
demonstrating the potential both for complex self-folding machines and autonomous, self-controlled assembly.
A broadband metamaterial presenting negative indices across hundreds of nanometers in the visible and near-infrared spectral regimes is demonstrated theoretically, using transformation optics to design the metamaterial constituents. The approach begins with an infinite plasmonic waveguide that supports a broadband but dark (i.e, not easily optically accessed) negative index mode. Conformal mapping of this waveguide to a finite split-ring-resonator-type structure transforms this mode into a bright (i.e, efficiently excited) resonance composed of degenerate electric and magnetic dipoles. A periodic array of such resonators exhibits negative refractive indices at optical frequencies in multiple regions exceeding 200 nm in bandwidth. The metamaterial response is confirmed through simulations of plane-wave refraction through a metamaterial prism. These results illustrate the power of transformation optics for new metamaterial designs and provide a foundation for future broadband metamaterial devices.
Morphological instabilities and surface wrinkling of soft materials such as gels and biological tissues are of growing interest to a number of academic disciplines including soft lithography, metrology, flexible electronics, and biomedical engineering. In this paper, we review some of the recent progresses in experimental and theoretical investigations of instabilities that lead to the emergence and evolution of surface wrinkling, folding and creasing under various geometrical constraints (e.g., thin films, sheets, fibers, particles, tubes, cavities, vesicles and capsules) and loading stimuli (e.g., mechanical forces, growth, atrophy, swelling, shrinkage, van der Waals interactions). Some representative theoretical and numerical approaches aimed at modelling the onset of instabilities as well as the postbuckling evolution involving multiple bifurcations and symmetry-breakings are discussed along with the main characteristics and some possible applications of this rich phenomenon.
Since the publication of the first edition [see the review in Zbl 0823.65124] of this book about eight years ago, much progress has been made in the development of the finite element method for the analysis of electromagnetics problems, especially in five areas. The first is the development of higher-order vector finite elements, which make it possible to obtain highly accurate and efficient solutions of vector wave equations. The second is the development of perfectly matched layers as an absorbing boundary condition. Although the perfectly matched layers were intended primarily for the time-domain finite-difference method, they have also found applications in the finite element simulations. The third is perhaps the development of hybrid techniques that combine the finite element and asymptotic methods for the analysis of large, complex problems that were unsolvable in the past. The fourth is further development of the finite element-boundary integral methods that incorporate fast integral solvers, such as the fast multipole method, to reduce the computational complexity associated with the boundary integral part. The last, but not least, is the development of the finite element method in the time domain for transient analysis. As a result of all these efforts, the finite element method has gained more popularity in the computational electromagnetics community and has become one of the preeminent simulation techniques for electromagnetics problems. In this second edition, we have updated the subject matter and introduced new advances in finite element technology. Three new chapters have been added: Absorbing boundary conditions; Finite element analysis in the time domain: The method of moments and fast solvers.
The smoothness of topological interfaces often largely affects the fluid optimization and sometimes makes the density-based approaches, though well established in structural designs, inadequate. This paper presents a level-set method for topology optimization of steady-state Navier–Stokes flow subject to a specific fluid volume constraint. The solid-fluid interface is implicitly characterized by a zero-level contour of a higher-order scalar level set function and can be naturally transformed to other configurations as its host moves. A variational form of the cost function is constructed based upon the adjoint variable and Lagrangian multiplier techniques. To satisfy the volume constraint effectively, the Lagrangian multiplier derived from the first-order approximation of the cost function is amended by the bisection algorithm. The procedure allows evolving initial design to an optimal shape and/or topology by solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Two classes of benchmarking examples are presented in this paper: (1) periodic microstructural material design for the maximum permeability; and (2) topology optimization of flow channels for minimizing energy dissipation. A number of 2D and 3D examples well demonstrated the feasibility and advantage of the level-set method in solving fluid–solid shape and topology optimization problems.
We introduce mechanically reconfigurable photonic metamaterials (RPMs) as a flexible platform for realizing metamaterial devices with reversible and large-range tunable characteristics in the optical part of the spectrum. Here we illustrate this concept for a temperature-driven RPM exhibiting reversible relative transmission changes of up to 50%.
Metamaterial designs are typically limited to operation over a narrow bandwidth dictated by the resonant line width.
Here we report a compliant metamaterial with tunability of Δλ ~ 400 nm, greater than the resonant line width at optical frequencies, using high-strain mechanical deformation of an elastomeric substrate to controllably modify the distance between the resonant elements. Using this compliant platform, we demonstrate dynamic surface-enhanced infrared absorption by tuning the metamaterial resonant frequency through a CH stretch vibrational mode, enhancing the reflection signal by a factor of 180. Manipulation of resonator components is also used to tune and modulate the Fano resonance of a coupled system.
A new fabrication approach, self-aligned membrane projection lithography, is used to create composite split ring resonators with a resonance near 10 mu m. The composite resonators are oriented on the interior face of approximately-spheroidal cavities, and hence represent the first instance of fabrication of micrometer-scale SRRs with out-of-plane current flow.
With a conventional lens sharpness of the image is always limited by the wavelength of light. An unconventional alternative to a lens, a slab of negative refractive index material, has the power to focus all Fourier components of a 2D image, even those that do not propagate in a radiative manner. Such "superlenses" can be realized in the microwave band with current technology. Our simulations show that a version of the lens operating at the frequency of visible light can be realized in the form of a thin slab of silver. This optical version resolves objects only a few nanometers across.
Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will and propose
a design strategy. The conserved fields—electric displacement field D, magnetic induction field B, and Poynting vector B—are all displaced in a consistent manner. A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a proscribed volume of space
to exclude completely all electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic lens design and to the cloaking of objects
from electromagnetic fields.
- P Wang
- F Casadei
- S Shan
- J Weaver
- K Bertoldi
P. Wang, F. Casadei, S. Shan, J. Weaver, K. Bertoldi, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2014, 113.
- J Pendry
- A Holden
- D Robbins
- W Stewart
J. Pendry, A. Holden, D. Robbins, W. Stewart, IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech. 1999, 47.
- D Smith
- W Padilla
- D Vier
- S Nemat-Nasser
- S Schultz
D. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nasser, S. Schultz, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 2000, 84, 4184; b) A. Atre, A. García-Etxarri, H. Alaeian,
J. Dionne, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2013, 1, 327.
- J B Pendry
- D Schurig
- D R Smith
J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, D. R. Smith, Science 2006, 312, 1780.
- J Pendry
J. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 3966.
- A Lenert
- D Bierman
- Y Nam
- W Chan
- I Celanovic
- M Solja Ci C
- E Wang
A. Lenert, D. Bierman, Y. Nam, W. Chan, I. Celanovic, M. Solja ci c,
E. Wang, Nature Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 126.
- N Landy
- S Sajuyigbe
- J Mock
- D Smith
- W Padilla
N. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. Mock, D. Smith, W. Padilla, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2008, 100.
- Z Liu
- S Du
- A Cui
- Z Li
- Y Fan
- S Chen
- W Li
- J Li
- C Gu
Z. Liu, S. Du, A. Cui, Z. Li, Y. Fan, S. Chen, W. Li, J. Li, C. Gu, Adv.
Mater. 2017, 29; b) T. Kaelberer, V. A. Fedotov, N. Papasimakis,
D. P. Tsai, N. I. Zheludev, Science 2010, 330, 1510.
- B Burckel
- J Wendt
- T Eyck
- A Ellis
- I Brener
- M Sinclair
B. Burckel, J. Wendt, T. Eyck, A. Ellis, I. Brener, M. Sinclair, Adv. Mater.
2010, 22, 3171.
- D Burckel
D. Burckel, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22.
- J Gansel
J. Gansel, Science 2009, 325.
- D Guney
- T Koschny
- C Soukoulis
D. Guney, T. Koschny, C. Soukoulis, Opt. Express 2010, 18, 12348.
- I Pryce
- K Aydin
- Y Yousif
- A Kelaita
- R Briggs
- H Atwater
I. Pryce, K. Aydin, Y. Yousif, A. Kelaita, R. Briggs, H. Atwater, Nano
Lett. 2010, 10, 4222.
- J Ou
- E Plum
- L Jiang
- N I Zheludev
J. Ou, E. Plum, L. Jiang, N. I. Zheludev, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2142.
- Z Wang
- L Jing
- K Yao
- Y Yang
- B Zheng
- C Soukoulis
- H Chen
- Y Liu
Z. Wang, L. Jing, K. Yao, Y. Yang, B. Zheng, C. Soukoulis, H. Chen,
Y. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29.
- S Xu
- Z Yan
- J Ki
- W Huang
- H Fu
- J Kim
- Z Wei
- M Flavin
- J Mccracken
- R Wang
- A Badea
- Y Liu
- D Xiao
- G Zhou
- J Lee
- H Chung
- H Cheng
- W Ren
- A Banks
- X Li
- U Paik
- R Nuzzo
- Y Huang
- Y Zhang
- J Rogers
S. Xu, Z. Yan, J. Ki, W. Huang, H. Fu, J. Kim, Z. Wei, M. Flavin,
J. McCracken, R. Wang, A. Badea, Y. Liu, D. Xiao, G. Zhou, J. Lee,
H. Chung, H. Cheng, W. Ren, A. Banks, X. Li, U. Paik, R. Nuzzo,
Y. Huang, Y. Zhang, J. Rogers, Science 2015, 154.
- Y Zhang
- F Zhang
- Z Yan
- Q Ma
- X Li
- Y Huang
- J Rogers
Y. Zhang, F. Zhang, Z. Yan, Q. Ma, X. Li, Y. Huang, J. Rogers, Nature
Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17019.
- E Arruda
- M Boyce
E. Arruda, M. Boyce, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1993, 41.
- D Kim
- N Lu
- R Ma
- Y Kim
- R Kim
- S Wang
- J Wu
- S Won
- H Tao
- A Islam
- K Yu
- T Kim
- R Chowdhury
- M Ying
- L Xu
- M Li
- H Chung
- H Keum
- M Mccormick
- P Liu
- Y Zhang
- F Omenetto
- Y Huang
- T Coleman
- J Rogers
D. Kim, N. Lu, R. Ma, Y. Kim, R. Kim, S. Wang, J. Wu, S. Won, H. Tao,
A. Islam, K. Yu, T. Kim, R. Chowdhury, M. Ying, L. Xu, M. Li,
H. Chung, H. Keum, M. McCormick, P. Liu, Y. Zhang, F. Omenetto,
Y. Huang, T. Coleman, J. Rogers, Science 2011, 333, 838.