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Effect of perlite in reducing water stress for three genotypes of tomato

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Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi at University of Diyala
Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi
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Abstract

The Experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Horticulture and Landscape Department, Agriculture college of Diyala University, Iraq, during spring season 2016. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the interaction of three factors, first factor: three tomato Genotypes namely {Bobcat (V 1), Finenss (V 2) and Hadeer (V 3)}, second factor: Irrigation levels, control treatment (100 %) depletion of 50 % of field capacity and 50 % of the amount water of the control. Three levels of perlite (P 0 , 5 % and 10 %) as a volumetric percentage of soil. The experiments were arranged in a Strip Split Plot Design factor with three replications Randomized Completely Block design (RCBD) used. Results statistically analyzed by applying (SAS) program. The results comparison done by applying multi-Duncan Test under 0.05 probability. Results showed: 1-Bobcat genotype had significant differences in root length (least length), fruit weight average, height fruit weight, yield per plant, total yield and total soluble solid (T.S.S) in fruit juice. Results were 52.06 cm, 179.8 g, 340.06 g, 5.079 kg per plant 135.43 ton hc-1 and 6.26 %, respectively. Finenss Genotype had superior in plant high, leaves number per plant, flower number per cluster, earliness of maturation, fruits number per plant and percentage of total acidity in fruits juice, results were 103.86 cm, 78.39 leaf plant-1 , 5.99 flower per cluster, 65.78 day, 40.45 fruits per plant and 0.769 % vegetative mas. Hadeer genotype had superiority in dry matter weight and flower set percentage, results were 21.38 % and 54.24 % respectively. b 2. Irrigated plants with full irrigation had superiority in low proline concentration, less of root length, greatest of root dry weight and flower number per cluster, results were 2.341 mg g-1 , 52.55 cm, 42.55 g and 5.64 Flower per cluster respectively. Plants irrigated with 50 % (partially) of irrigation (I 2) had superiority in the leaves number, earliness of flowering in 50 % of total flowers per experimental unit, earliness of maturity and pH of fruit juice, results were 63.15 leaf, 21.56 days, 67.41 days and 4.574. No significant differences found between irrigation levels for all parameters, that's means the reduction of irrigation amount to half had no negative affect aforementioned parameters. 3. Plants grown in the soil with 10 % perlite had superiority in leaves number, total leaf area plant, less of proline concentration and heights fruit weight, results were 65.89 leaf plant-1 , 185.13 dcm 2 , 2.078 mg g-1 and 273.78 g fruit-1. Plants grown in soil with 5 % perlite had superiority in fruit firmness and fruit total acidity percent, were 9.01 kg cm-2 and 0.778 % respectively. Addition of perlite with both levels P 1 and P 2 (no significant differences found between both) result in significant differences in comparison to control treatment in plant height, stem diameter, total branches number, dry Weight percent of vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, less of root length, root dry Weight, flowers number per cluster, flowers set percentage, fruits number per plants, fruit weight average, yield per plant and total yield, that's led to conclude, 5 % of perlite result increasing studied parameters. c 4. Interactions of three factors (genotypes, perlite and irrigation levels) had significant differences in all studied parameters. V 2 I 2 P 2 treatment had superiority in plant length, branches number, leaves number, fruit number per plant and vitamin C content, results were 114.20 cm, 35.33 branch plant-1 , 95.67 leaf plant-1 , 48.33 fruit plant-1 and 20.17 mg 100 ml-1. V 2 I 1 P 2 treatments had superiority in stem diameter, leaves area and less content of proline, results were 1.80 cm, 209.86 dcm 2 plant-1 and
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Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research
Diyala University
EFFECT OF PERLITE IN REDUCING WATER
STRESS FOR THREE GENOTYPES OF
TOMATO
This Thesis was Submitted to the Council of College of
Agriculture at the University of Diyala in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Master's Degree in
Agriculture Sciences - Horticulture & Landscape Gardening
By
Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Aziz Mahdi Abd Al-Shammari
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Ali Abood
2017
a
Abstract
The Experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of
Horticulture and Landscape Department, Agriculture college of Diyala
University, Iraq, during spring season 2016. The objective of the
experiment was to investigate the interaction of three factors, first factor:
three tomato Genotypes namely {Bobcat (V1), Finenss (V2) and Hadeer
(V3)}, second factor: Irrigation levels, control treatment (100 %) depletion
of 50 % of field capacity and 50 % of the amount water of the control.
Three levels of perlite (P0, 5 % and 10 %) as a volumetric percentage of
soil. The experiments were arranged in a Strip Split Plot Design factor
with three replications Randomized Completely Block design (RCBD)
used. Results statistically analyzed by applying (SAS) program. The
results comparison done by applying multi - Duncan Test under 0.05
probability.
Results showed:
1- Bobcat genotype had significant differences in root length (least
length), fruit weight average, height fruit weight, yield per plant, total
yield and total soluble solid (T.S.S) in fruit juice. Results were 52.06
cm, 179.8 g, 340.06 g, 5.079 kg per plant 135.43 ton hc-1 and 6.26 %,
respectively. Finenss Genotype had superior in plant high, leaves
number per plant, flower number per cluster, earliness of maturation,
fruits number per plant and percentage of total acidity in fruits juice,
results were 103.86 cm, 78.39 leaf plant-1, 5.99 flower per cluster,
65.78 day, 40.45 fruits per plant and 0.769 % vegetative mas. Hadeer
genotype had superiority in dry matter weight and flower set
percentage, results were 21.38 % and 54.24 % respectively.
b
2. Irrigated plants with full irrigation had superiority in low proline
concentration, less of root length, greatest of root dry weight and flower
number per cluster, results were 2.341 mg g-1, 52.55 cm, 42.55 g and
5.64 Flower per cluster respectively. Plants irrigated with 50 %
(partially) of irrigation (I2) had superiority in the leaves number,
earliness of flowering in 50 % of total flowers per experimental unit,
earliness of maturity and pH of fruit juice, results were 63.15 leaf,
21.56 days, 67.41 days and 4.574. No significant differences found
between irrigation levels for all parameters, that’s means the reduction
of irrigation amount to half had no negative affect aforementioned
parameters.
3. Plants grown in the soil with 10 % perlite had superiority in leaves
number, total leaf area plant, less of proline concentration and heights
fruit weight, results were 65.89 leaf plant-1, 185.13 dcm2, 2.078 mg g-1
and 273.78 g fruit-1. Plants grown in soil with 5 % perlite had
superiority in fruit firmness and fruit total acidity percent, were
9.01 kg cm-2 and 0.778 % respectively. Addition of perlite with both
levels P1 and P2 (no significant differences found between both) result
in significant differences in comparison to control treatment in plant
height, stem diameter, total branches number, dry Weight percent of
vegetative growth, chlorophyll content, less of root length, root dry
Weight, flowers number per cluster, flowers set percentage, fruits
number per plants, fruit weight average, yield per plant and total yield,
that's led to conclude, 5 % of perlite result increasing studied
parameters.
c
4. Interactions of three factors (genotypes, perlite and irrigation levels)
had significant differences in all studied parameters.
V2I2P2 treatment had superiority in plant length, branches number,
leaves number, fruit number per plant and vitamin C content, results
were 114.20 cm, 35.33 branch plant-1, 95.67 leaf plant-1, 48.33 fruit
plant-1 and 20.17 mg 100 ml-1.
V2I1P2 treatments had superiority in stem diameter, leaves area and less
content of proline, results were 1.80 cm, 209.86 dcm2 plant-1 and
1.508 mg g-1.
V2I1P1 treatment had superiority in dry weight of vegetative growth and
flowers number per cluster, 25.87 % and 6.85 flower cluster-1
respectively.
V1I2P1 treatment had superiority in content of chlorophyll in leaves and
water use efficiency results were 62.55 SPAD and 93.84 kg m-3
respectively.
V1I1P2 had showed less of root length and greatest of root dry weight,
fruit weight average, yield per plant and total yield, results were 45.33
cm, 45.66 g, 209.6 g, 6.079 kg per plant and 162.10 tons ha-1
respectively.
V1I2P2 treatment was significantly superior in height fruit weight and
total titrable acidity percent results were 418.67 g and 0.888 %
respectively.
V1I1P1 treatment had superiority in fruit firmness and total soluble
solids (TSS) in fruit juice, results were 9.67 kg cm-2 and 6.93 %.
V3I2P1 and V3I1P1 treatments was superior in flowers set, results were
58.91 % and 57.96 % respectively.
... Productivity and fruit quality traits of tomatoes varied dramatically according to genotypes. This might be attributed to the genotypic variation between the five tomato cultivars to genetic factors intrinsic among genotypes (Hamdi, 2017) being little affected by environmental factors (Alwan & Mohammed, 2023) and abilities to absorb nutrients through leaves (Abood et al., 2019). A feature that is desirable in tomato breeding programs. ...
... Total soluble solids content and treatable acidity are two of the most important characteristics in the processing industry (Hamdi, 2017); quality is associated with soluble sugars (flavor and sweetness), which are correlated with the degree of maturity and vitamin C (Hamdi, 2022;Sarinana-Aldaco et al., 2020). Total soluble solids are affected by the type of growth habit, where tomatoes with determinate growth tend to have a lower number of soluble solids in the fruits compared to those with indeterminate growth, as shown in the data found in this research, because the latter have a greater number of leaves in relation to the number of fruits, which generates a greater capacity of the fruits to extract photoassimilates (Özden & Kulak, 2023). ...
Jasmonate and salicylic sprays improve cherry tomato fruit productivity and quality in unheated greenhouses * Pulverizaciones con jasmonato y salicílico mejoran la productividad y calidad de los frutos de tomate cherry en invernadero sin calefacción
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... Productivity and fruit quality traits of tomatoes varied dramatically according to genotypes. This might be attributed to the genotypic variation between the five tomato cultivars to genetic factors intrinsic among genotypes (Hamdi, 2017) being little affected by environmental factors (Alwan & Mohammed, 2023) and abilities to absorb nutrients through leaves (Abood et al., 2019). A feature that is desirable in tomato breeding programs. ...
... Total soluble solids content and treatable acidity are two of the most important characteristics in the processing industry (Hamdi, 2017); quality is associated with soluble sugars (flavor and sweetness), which are correlated with the degree of maturity and vitamin C (Hamdi, 2022;Sarinana-Aldaco et al., 2020). Total soluble solids are affected by the type of growth habit, where tomatoes with determinate growth tend to have a lower number of soluble solids in the fruits compared to those with indeterminate growth, as shown in the data found in this research, because the latter have a greater number of leaves in relation to the number of fruits, which generates a greater capacity of the fruits to extract photoassimilates (Özden & Kulak, 2023). ...
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Full-text available
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Introduction. Arable regions often have insufficient soil nutrients, which means that fertilizers must be used. However, using fertilizers excessively can harm the environment, human health, and food safety. Natural growth regulators derived from plants are environmentally friendly and reasonably priced. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) phytohormones are crucial for enhancing plant biomass, quality, productivity, and resistance to environmental stresses. Objective. To evaluate the foliar effect of MeJA and SA on fruit quality and production of cvs. colorful tomato under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out in the University of Diyala, Iraq, from 1 December, 2022 to 5 June 2023. Foliar of 0, 200 mg/L SA and or 200 mg/L MeJA was evaluated to determine effects on fruit quality and production of colorful cherry tomato cultivars indeterminate: LA4013, LA353, LA2921, LA3899 and IQ2, with a randomized complete block design with each treatment having three replicates. Results. The cv. IQ2 had the heaviest fruit (82.13 g), highest yield (4.56 kg/plant), total yield (4.56 t/house) and highest treatable acidity (0.62 %). The cv. LA4013 had a higher fruit number (612.88 fruit/plant) and the highest total soluble solids (2.933 %). Foliar of SA at 200 mg/L had the highest chlorophyll index (36.68 SPAD) highest fruits per plant (373.73), highest yield (3.15 kg/plant) and total yield (3.93 t/house). Conclusion. When considering all variables together, the best genotypes were IQ2 and LA4013, which were found to be superior to the other genotypes in quality and yield trials. The 200 mg/L foliar SA improved the yield and quality of cherry tomatoes under greenhouse conditions.
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... Consequently, these factors have enhanced nutrient MJAS availability, particularly in relation to nitrogen, resulting in increased concentrations of this nutrient within the soil. The plant exhibited enhanced growth and height due to its involvement in cellular division and elongation, as supported by the findings of [6]. ...
... Consequently, these factors have contributed to an enhanced availability and concentration of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, in the soil. According to [6], the plant's contribution to cell division and elongation is believed to enhance plant development and height. The findings of the study were consistent with this assertion. ...
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... The nutrition importance of the tomato indicates there is need to formulate breeding programme and to develop cultivars rich in lycopene, processing traits with high quality of fruit as well as yield. Recent studies indicate that lycopene that give the ripe tomato its bright red colour, is a very effective natural antioxidant and quencher of free radicals (Hamdi, 2017). ...
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... These results demonstrate perlite's ability to improve the water-holding capacity of the soil, as confirmed by the Van Genuchten model. The findings corroborate earlier research by [18,19] who noted that perlite modifies soil pore size distribution, leading to improved water retention and aeration. ...
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This study investigates the effects of perlite amendments (0%, 2.5%, and 5%) on soil hydraulic properties and maize (Zea mays L.) productivity under drip irrigation. A field experiment was conducted in Mosul, Iraq. Using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on silty loam soil texture during the summer of 2023. Soil hydraulic properties were analyzed using the Van Genuchten model, which revealed that the 5% perlite treatment (P2) significantly improved moisture retention, reducing the value of parameter n to 1.32 and increasing water holding capacity. Results showed that P2 enhanced soil moisture content (36.58% compared with control 31.99%), reduced bulk density (1.11 Mg m⁻³ compared with the control. 1.40 Mg m⁻³), and increased total porosity (58.0% vs. 47.0%). Additionally, P2 revealed the highest saturated hydraulic conductivity (2.55 cm hr⁻¹) and infiltration rate (2.76 cm hr⁻¹), leading to a 14.4% increase in maize yield 10.3 ton ha⁻¹ compared to 9.0 ton ha⁻¹ in the control. These results determined perlite's potential to enhance water use efficiency and crop productivity. The study concludes that perlite is improving agricultural practices in water-scarce environments, offering practical solutions for enhancing food security in drought areas. Future research should explore the long-term effects of perlite on soil health and economic feasibility.
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... The nutrition importance of the tomato indicates there is need to formulate breeding programme and to develop cultivars rich in lycopene, processing traits with high quality of fruit as well as yield. Recent studies indicate that lycopene that give the ripe tomato its bright red colour, is a very effective natural antioxidant and quencher of free radicals (Hamdi, 2017). ...
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... The first scientists who noticed the strength of the hybrid in tomatoes were Hedrick, and Booth 9 was represented by an increase in yield and the number of fruits and then expanded to include yield components and qualitative characteristics 10 , and between Al-Shammari and Hamdi 11 Showed that the genetic divergence between the parents is a helpful indicator of the performance of the crosses. Heterozygosity is more influential than homozygosity, and many studies have confir-med a positive association between the genetic divergence of parents and the high performance of the crosses [11][12][13][14] . ...
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... Over-irrigation has been reported to result in lower water productivity, while a lack of irrigation caused very low water productivity on tomato plant. (Hamdi, 2017). ...
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Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
Vermicomposting is a decomposition process involving the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. Although microorganisms are responsible for the biochemical degradation of organic matter, earthworms are crucial drivers of the process, by fragmenting and conditioning the substrate and significantly altering its biological activity. The purpose of the work was to assess the influence of vermicompost based growth substrates on tomato transplant growth. Treatments were followed (supplier K. Compos): A) 30% vermicompost, peat, sand and dolomite stone; B) 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, perlite; C) 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, concrete block; D) commercially produced growth substrate bought from retail centre, as a control. Substrates containing vermicom-post had increased stem diameter compared to control treatment. The tomato plant height was increased in substrates containing 25% vermicom-post compared to other treatments. The number of leaves was highest in treatment C compared to other treatments. The number of flowers was increased in treatment A and lowest in treatment D. It can be summarized that for tomato the best growth substrate, regarding growth parameters is 25% vermicompost, peat, gravel, concrete block (treatment C).
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Response of yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2017
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of applying different amounts of water and nitrogen on yield, fruit quality, water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomatoes in northwestern China. The plants were irrigated every seven days at various proportions of 20-cm pan evaporation (Ep). The experiment consisted of three irrigation levels (I1, 50% Ep; I2, 75% Ep; and I3, 100% Ep) and three N application levels (N1, 150 kg N ha⁻¹; N2, 250 kg N ha⁻¹; and N3, 350 kg N ha⁻¹). Tomato yield increased with the amount of applied irrigation water in I2 and then decreased in I3. WUE and IWUE were the highest in I1. WUE was 16.5% lower in I2 than that in I1, but yield was 26.6% higher in I2 than that in I1. Tomato yield, WUE, and IWUE were significantly higher in N2 than that in N1 and N3. NUE decreased with increasing N levels but NUE increased with increase the amount of water applied. Increasing both water and N levels increased the foliar net photosynthetic rate. I1 and I2 treatments significantly increased the contents of total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C (VC), lycopene, soluble sugars (SS), and organic acids (OA) and the sugar:acid ratio in the fruit and decreased the nitrate content. TSS, VC, lycopene, and SS contents were the highest in N2. The harvest index (HI) was the highest in I2N2. I2N2 provided the optimal combination of tomato yield, fruit quality, and WUE. The irrigation and fertilisation regime of 75% Ep and 250 kg N ha⁻¹ was the best strategy of water and N management for the production of drip-irrigated greenhouse tomato.
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Yield and quality performance of open pollinated and hybrid tomato cultivars grown under organic management in Puerto Rico
Article
  • Dec 1969
Variety trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the yield and quality performance of 11 open pollinated and three hybrid tomato (Solarium lycopersicum L.) cultivars grown organically in Lajas, Puerto Rico. In both years, significant differences in marketable fruit yield were observed. Yields in 2010 ranged from 72.1 Mg/ha for 'Roma' to 8.6 Mg/ha for 'Marion'. 'Roma' and 'Neptune' (65.6 Mg/ha) were among the highest yielding cultivars. In 2011, significant yield differences were also observed. Marketable fruit yield ranged from 54.7 Mg/ha for 'Early Girl' to 23.5 Mg/ha for 'Super Sioux'. 'Early Girl', 'Flora Dade' (53.8 Mg/ha), 'BHN 444' (50.8 Mg/ha), 'Roma' (48.6 Mg/ha), 'Eva Purple Ball' (48.4 Mg/ha), 'Traveler 76' (46.4 Mg/ha) and 'Celebrity' (45.9 Mg/ha) were among the highest yielders. 'Early Girl' was consistently among the top cultivars in both seasons for taste, yield, and fruit appearance. Open pollinated cultivars performed with more variability between the two seasons than the hybrids. The open pollinated cultivars which ranked highest during the two-year study for taste, yield, and overall appearance were 'Roma', 'Homestead 24', 'Ozark Pink', and 'Traveler 76'. This study indicates that tomato can be grown successfully under an organic management system in Puerto Rico using either open pollinated cultivars or hybrids.
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Precision Agriculture: Irrigation
Chapter
  • Jan 2014
New irrigation strategies for limited water resources, such as site-specific variable rate irrigation, are required to maintain modern irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Recently, moving sprinkler systems have been modified for spatially variable water and chemical applications. Onboard sensor packages, such as infrared thermometers and spectral reflectance sensors, have been installed to provide near real-time field maps of water status, vegetation, and nutrient indices. Linking information on spatial and temporal development of abiotic and biotic stresses with instructions for site-specific sprinkler irrigation systems allows producers to maximize irrigation water use efficiency, improve sustainability, and diminish negative effects on the environment.
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Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and the growth, yield and quality of tomato in mymensingh, Bangladesh
Article
  • Mar 2017
Field trials were conducted on tomato for yield and quality of fruits using different types of organic and inorganic fertilizers at the horticulture farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Fertilizer treatments were tested on two varieties of tomato ca. Roma VF and BARI 15. The fertilization treatments were T1, vermicompost (12 t/ha); T2, compost (10 t/ha); T3, integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) or mixed fertilizers (organic 2/3 part and inorganic 1/3 part); T4, inorganic fertilizers; and a control (T5). Results showed growth and yield (20.8 t/ha) in tomato were higher in the IPNS treatment. A higher number of fruits per plant (73.7) and plant height (73.5 cm) were obtained from mixed fertilizers (organic 2/3 + inorganic 1/3) or IPNS (integrated plant nutrient system) in Roma VF than other treatments. Fruit yield and diameter were found statistically significant. No significant difference was observed in the quality (total soluble solids) of tomato fruits in both varieties’ response to the treatments. The electrical conductivity and pH of the soil were improved by the application of organic manure.
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