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Calcium ion cyclotron resonance in dissipative water structures
Abstract
Weak magnetic and electromagnetic fields affect physiological processes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) is discussed as one of the sensitive mechanisms, which enable perception of the geomagnetic field and its orientation. Numerous biological effects are observed involving several small ions, showing windows of predicted frequencies and intensities. The pioneering work of Guiliano Preparata and Emilio Del Giudice using quantum electrodynamics showed that spontaneously originating coherent regions in water facilitate ICR effects at incoherent water phase boundaries. Here we examine the ICR response of the calcium ion (Ca²⁺), crucial for many life processes. We use an aqueous solution containing the biologically ubiquitous membrane lipid L-α-phosphatidylcholine that serves as a biomimetic proxy for dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS) measurements. One notable result is that this system approaches a new equilibrium upon addition of calcium by means of the oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, oscillations are significantly reduced under Ca²⁺ ICR application. Secondly an “oscillator” of calcium ions appears to be able to itself couple coherently and predictably to large-scale coherent regions in water. This system appears able to regulate ion fluxes in response to very weak environmental electromagnetic fields.
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... Again, the hormetic principle was observed as higher BAC intensities resulted in the suppression of bio-photonic emissions. Regarding the cyclotron resonance of Ca 2+ ions, which is crucial for all life processes, it was demonstrated in an aqueous solution containing the membrane lipid L-α-phosphatidylcholine that the optimal strength of BAC was 150 nT as long as the static magnetic field BDC was set to 65 µT [66]. Again, the hormetic principle was evident as intensities below and above 150 nT resulted in weaker rotation rates of the ion. Figure A1. ...
... Again, the hormetic principle was observed as higher B AC intensities resulted in the suppression of bio-photonic emissions. Regarding the cyclotron resonance of Ca 2+ ions, which is crucial for all life processes, it was demonstrated in an aqueous solution containing the membrane lipid L-α-phosphatidylcholine that the optimal strength of B AC was 150 nT as long as the static magnetic field B DC was set to 65 µT [66]. Again, the hormetic principle was evident as intensities below and above 150 nT resulted in weaker rotation rates of the ion. ...
Malassezia spp. are dimorphic, lipophilic fungi that are part of the normal human cutaneous commensal microbiome. However, under adverse conditions, these fungi can be involved in various cutaneous diseases. In this study, we analysed the effect of ultra-weak fractal electromagnetic (uwf-EMF) field exposure (12.6 nT covering 0.5 to 20 kHz) on the growth dynamics and invasiveness of M. furfur. The ability to modulate inflammation and innate immunity in normal human keratinocytes was also investigated. Using a microbiological assay, it was possible to demonstrate that, under the influence of uwf-EMF, the invasiveness of M. furfur was drastically reduced (d = 2.456, p < 0.001), while at the same time, its growth dynamic after 72 h having been in contact with HaCaT cells both without (d = 0.211, p = 0.390) and with (d = 0.118, p = 0.438) uwf-EM exposure, were hardly affected. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that a uwf-EMF exposure is able to modulate human-β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) in treated keratinocytes and at the same time reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes. The findings suggest that the underlying principle of action is hormetic in nature and that this method might be an adjunctive therapeutic tool to modulate the inflammatory properties of Malassezia in related cutaneous diseases. The underlying principle of action becomes understandable by means of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Given that living systems consist mainly of water and within the framework of QED, this water, as a biphasic system, provides the basis for electromagnetic coupling. The oscillatory properties of water dipoles modulated by weak electromagnetic stimuli not only affect biochemical processes, but also pave the way for a more general understanding of the observed nonthermal effects in biota.
... Furthermore, magnetic field effects were dependent on field strength, duration of treatment and frequencies modulation [25,28]. Based on ion cyclotron resonance theory, some scientist reported that magnetic field influenced the transport of un-hydrated ions through membrane channels according to the combination of the magnetic field frequency and the static intensity [29]. Many studies have reported that magnetically treated sunflower seeds showed high performance in term of plant growth e.g., increased total fresh weight and root fresh weight [30]. ...
... According to the original ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model, addition of Ca 2+ ions reduce the oscillation and induces large scale coherent regions in water which regulate the ion fluxes [29]. Magnetically induced ICR can thus alter equilibrium of biochemical reactions. ...
Magnetic seed enhancement has been practicing as a promising tool to improve germination and seedling growth of low vigor seeds stored under suboptimal conditions, but there is still ambiguity regarding the prospects for magnetism in oilseeds. Present study elucidates the potential of magnetic seed stimulation to improve sunflower germination, growth and yield. Germination and emergence tests were performed to optimize the strength of the magnetic field to sunflower seed enhancement. The seeds were directly exposed to magnetic field strengths of 50, 100 and 150 millitesla (mT) for 5, 10 and 15 min (min) and then standard germination tests were performed. Secondly, the emergence potential of untreated seeds was compared with seed exposed to hydropriming, priming with 3% moringa leaf extract (MLE), priming with magnetically treated water (MTW) for 10 min and priming with 3% MLE solution prepared in magnetically treated water (MTW + MLE). Germination, emergence, seedling growth and seed biochemical properties were used to select the best treatment for field evaluation. The results of the study revealed that magnetic seed treatment with 100 mT for 10 min and seed priming with 3% MLE solution in magnetically treated water (MTW + MLE) significantly improved emergence, crop growth rate and sunflower yield.
... But molecular mechanism its action on cells is not fully explained. On the other hand, there are recent reports showing that cell response cells to a magnetic field can be related to the radical pair mechanism [41,42] and ion cyclotron resonance [43]. ...
Background
Melanoma is an aggressive type of cancer that can metastasize to numerous other organs. TGFβ is one of the key signaling pathways in melanoma progression. Previous studies on various types of cancer have shown that both: polyphenols and a static magnetic field (SMF) can be potential chemopreventive/therapeutic agents. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a SMF and selected polyphenols on the transcriptional activity of TGFβ genes in melanoma cells.
Methods and results
Experiments were performed on the C32 cell line treated with caffeic or chlorogenic acids, and with simultaneous exposure to a moderate-strength SMF. The RT-qPCR method was used to determine the mRNA level of genes encoding the TGFβ isoforms and their receptors. The concentration of the TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 proteins were also measured in the cell culture supernates. The first response of C32 melanoma cells to both factors is the reduction of TGFβ levels. Then, mRNA level of these molecules returned to values close to pre-treatment level by the end of experiment.
Conclusion
Our study results demonstrate the potential of polyphenols and a moderate-strength SMF to support cancer therapy by altering TGFβ expression, which is a very promising topic for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.
... Even though, as noted by USAEC, it was not marketed as the nuclear RPRI, which nowadays plays a foremost active role in scientifi c research, and recent developments in several arenas especially " molecular biology" [5,6]. The challenge that brakes the distribution of this important technique attributes to the imbalance between the expenditures and the gained products, where to produce a little quantity of radioactivity by the expensive charged particle accelerator (CPA), this entails high expenses. ...
Carrier-free radioisotopes and cyclotrons are largely manufactured and sold in market in high prices, even many challenges are facing isotopes production in industry. Thus, we came here to introduce valuable and easy working conditions using different thick target materials under well-defined irradiations to separate some important isotopes. As a result, in carrier-free form, the present work has successfully isolated seventeen most common cosmogenic and biological radioisotopes recommended by the IAEA-TECDOC-1211, Charged Particle Cross-section Database for Medical Radioisotope Production: Diagnostic Radioisotopes and Monitor Reactions, and the IAEA, in addition to US National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) databases.
Abstract—Some current trends in the development of research on the effects and mechanisms of the biolog-ical action of weak and ultra-weak static magnetic fields, low-frequency alternating magnetic fields, combined magnetic fields, and radio frequency fields in combination with a static magnetic field are presented.Experimental studies in which interesting and somewhat unexpected effects of magnetic fields with strengthsignificantly lower than the magnetic field of the Earth (including those with intensities close to zero) wereobserved, are considered. The data are given taking into account the materials of the joint annual meeting ofthe Society of Bioelectromagnetism and the European Association of Bioelectromagnetism “BioEM 2021”(September 26–30, 2021, Ghent, Belgium).
This paper attempts to propose a model, called the electrostatic model of homeopathy, to explain a mechanism for the physicochemical activities of highly diluted homeopathic medicines (HMs). According to this proposed model, the source of HMs' action is dipole orientations as electrostatic imprints of the original molecules carried by diluent molecules (such as sugar molecules) or potentization-induced aqueous nanostructures. The nanoscale domains' contact charging and dielectric hysteresis play critical roles in the aqueous nanostructures' or sugar molecules' acquisition of the original molecules' dipole orientations. The mechanical stress induced by dynamization (vigorous agitation or trituration) is a crucial factor that facilitates these phenomena. After dynamization is completed, the transferred charges revert to their previous positions but, due to dielectric hysteresis, they leave a remnant polarization on the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules' nanoscale domains. This causes some nanoscale domains of the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules to obtain the original substance molecules' dipole orientations. A highly diluted HM may have no molecule of the original substance, but the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules may contain the original substance's dipole orientations. Therefore, HMs can precisely aim at the biological targets of the original substance molecules and electrostatically interact with them as mild stimuli.
A significant decrease in the respiratory burst activity of a neutrophil suspension has been recorded in response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe peptide activation after a 40-min exposure to weak combined magnetic fields: a static magnetic field (60 μT) and a collinear low-frequency magnetic field with a frequency of 49.5 Hz within the 60-180 nT range. This lower response was shown by luminol-dependent chemilumines-cence. The frequency of 49.5 Hz of the alternating component of combined magnetic fields nominally corresponds to the Fe 3+ ion cyclotron resonance frequency. At closely spaced frequencies (46 Hz and 48.5 Hz), the biological effect of the combined magnetic fields was three times less pronounced. There was no biological effect at 33 Hz, the frequency of the alternating component of combined magnetic fields. The exposure to a magnetic signal that is the sum of all of the investigated frequencies (33.0, 46.0, 48.5 and 49.5 Hz) resulted in a effect that was two times less pronounced compared to that after the exposure to combined magnetic fields at 49.5 Hz.
It has been shown that various chemical agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, zinc sulphate, ethyl alcohol, and rotenone) have different effects on preactivation (priming) of neutrophils that develop under weak combined collinear static and alternating magnetic fields (combined magnetic fields: a static field of 42 μT and an alternating field of 0.86 μT with the sum of frequencies 1.0, 4.4 and 16.5 Hz). Low concentrations (0.05%) of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decrease the intensity of luminol dependent chemilumi-nescence of neutrophils in response to an activator of the respiratory burst the peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe under the action of combined magnetic fields to a lesser extent than in the control. In contrast, ethyl alcohol (0.45%) and zinc sulphate (0.1 mM) have a greater effect on this process under the action of combined magnetic fields. Rotenone (1 μM) has a weak effect on neutrophil chemiluminescence both under the action of combined magnetic fields and in the control.
Recent observations of low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations in water suggest an inductive structural component. Accordingly, we assume a helical basis enabling us to model water as an LC tuned oscillator. A proposed tetrahedral structure consisting of three water molecules and one hydronium ion is incorporated into the Boerdijk–Coxeter tetrahelix to form long water chains that are shown to have resonance frequencies consistent with observation. This model also serves to explain separately reported claims of ion cyclotron resonance of hydronium ions, in that the tetrahelix provides a built-in path for helical proton-hopping.
The use of liposomes in several fields of biotechnology, as well as in pharmaceutical and food sciences is continuously increasing. Liposomes can be used as carriers for drugs and other active molecules. Among other characteristics, one of the main features relevant to their target applications is the liposome size. The size of liposomes, which is determined during the production process, decreases due to the addition of energy. The energy is used to break the lipid bilayer into smaller pieces, then these pieces close themselves in spherical structures. In this work, the mechanisms of rupture of the lipid bilayer and the formation of spheres were modelled, accounting for how the energy, supplied by ultrasonic radiation, is stored within the layers, as the elastic energy due to the curvature and as the tension energy due to the edge, and to account for the kinetics of the bending phenomenon. An algorithm to solve the model equations was designed and the relative calculation code was written. A dedicated preparation protocol, which involves active periods during which the energy is supplied and passive periods during which the energy supply is set to zero, was defined and applied. The model predictions compare well with the experimental results, by using the energy supply rate and the time constant as fitting parameters. Working with liposomes of different sizes as the starting point of the experiments, the key parameter is the ratio between the energy supply rate and the initial surface area.
Nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy is used to study the dynamics of the
smectogenic compound 4-trans-4'-n-dodecylcyanobiphenyl in the isotropic
phase as a function of its concentration in benzene. The results
obtained reveal that the large, positive amplitude of the field-induced
dielectric increment &(#916;ɛ≈10-3) and its
frequency dependence observed in the nonlinear dielectric effect
spectra, even far from the possible isotropic-smectic A type phase
transition, are due to short range fluctuations of the electric moment.
The nature of molecular formations as a result of the strong
intermolecular orientational correlations is discussed.
Abstract. Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) predicts the occurrence of a number of coherent
dynamical phenomena in liquid water. In the present paper we focus our attention on the joint
coherent oscillation of the almost free electrons produced by the coherent oscillation of the
electron clouds of water molecules, which has been described in previous publications, and
of the negative electric charges lying on the solid surfaces wet by water. This joint coherent
oscillation gives rise to a number of phenomenological consequences which are found to exist in
the physical reality and coincide with the layers of Exclusion Zone (EZ) water experimentally
observed close to hydrophilic surfaces.
In this paper, we identify a yet unreported, quantum-electro-dynamic (QED) interactions induced, self-organization in aqueous solutions. We show that its characteristics conform to hitherto unexplained experimental findings, reported in the literature. Specifically, our analysis shows: (a) Solvated ions may organize into micrometer (μm) sized domains, wherein the plasma oscillations of identical ions are in-phase. (b) These liquid domains have a crystalline-like lattice structure. (c) For salt solutions, for concentrations C below a solute specific transition concentration Ctrans, the ions organize into the "in-phase" domains. For C larger than Ctrans, domains form wherein the plasma oscillations of the solvated ions are just coherent. Previous studies provided theoretical and experimental evidence for the "coherent" domains. However, they did not show that the "coherent" domains only exist for C > Ctrans. Typically, at room temperature and pressure, C trans is about 10⁻⁴ M or below. (d) At Ctrans, the molar electric conductivity sharply changes, i.e. for C < Ctrans, the slope of the molar electric conductivity dependence on concentration is several times larger than for C > Ctrans.
Suggested mechanisms for proton mobility are confronted with experimental findings and quantum mechanical calculations, indicating that no model is consistent with the existing data. It is suggested that the molecular mechanism behind prototropic mobility involves a periodic series of isomerizations between H9O4+ and H5O2+, the first trigerred by hyrdogen-bond cleavage of a second-shell water molecule and the second by the reverse, hydrogen-bond formation process.
The ability to respond to magnetic fields is ubiquitous among the five kingdoms of organisms. Apart from the mechanisms that
are at work in bacterial magnetotaxis, none of the innumerable magnetobiological effects are as yet completely understood
in terms of their underlying physical principles. Physical theories on magnetoreception, which draw on classical electrodynamics
as well as on quantum electrodynamics, have greatly advanced during the past twenty years, and provide a basis for biological
experimentation. This review places major emphasis on theories, and magnetobiological effects that occur in response to weak
and moderate magnetic fields, and that are not related to magnetotaxis and magnetosomes. While knowledge relating to bacterial
magnetotaxis has advanced considerably during the past 27 years, the biology of other magnetic effects has remained largely
on a phenomenological level, a fact that is partly due to a lack of model organisms and model responses; and in great part
also to the circumstance that the biological community at large takes little notice of the field, and in particular of the
available physical theories. We review the known magnetobiological effects for bacteria, protists and fungi, and try to show
how the variegated empirical material could be approached in the framework of the available physical models.
We have previously shown that 16-Hz, sinusoidal electromagnetic fields can cause enhanced efflux of calcium ions from chick brain tissue, in vitro, in two intensity regions centered on 6 and 40 Vp-p/m. Alternatively, 1-Hz and 30-Hz fields at 40 Vp-p/m did not cause enhanced efflux. We now demonstrate that although there is no enhanced efflux associated with a 42-Hz field at 30, 40, 50, or 60 Vp-p/m, a 45-Hz field causes enhanced efflux in an intensity range around 40 Vp-p/m that is essentially identical to the response observed for 16-Hz fields. Fields at 50 Hz induce enhanced efflux in a narrower intensity region between 45 and 50 Vp-p/m, while radiofrequency carrier waves, amplitude modulated at 50 Hz, also display enhanced efflux over a narrow power density range. Electromagnetic fields at 60 Hz cause enhanced efflux only at 35 and 40 Vp-p/m, intensities slightly lower than those that are effective at 50 Hz. Finally, exposures over a series of frequencies at 42.5 Vp-p/m reveal two frequency regions that elicit enhanced efflux--one centered on 15 Hz, the other extending from 45 to 105 Hz.
Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic field frequency from 1 Hz-10 Hz. Only one resonance peak in the current is observed in this frequency range. The frequency corresponding to the peak is directly proportional to the static magnetic field. The above effect only arises at very small alternating field amplitude in the range from 0.02 microT-0.08 microT.
The present work deals with the spatially extended oscillatory Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction-diffusion system carried out in an anisotropic environment of phosphatidylcholines/water binary system, which presents layered aqueous domains separated by lipid bilayers. We report the occurrence of stable Turing patterns, spiral waves, and other exotic structures in phospholipids bilayers that are generally used as a models for cell plasma membranes.
Background
Previous reports indicate altered metabolism and enzyme kinetics for various organisms, as well as changes of neuronal functions and behaviour of higher animals, when they were exposed to specific combinations of weak static and alternating low frequency electromagnetic fields. Field strengths and frequencies, as well as properties of involved ions were related by a linear equation, known as the formula of ion cyclotron resonance (ICR, abbreviation mentioned first by Liboff). Under certain conditions already a aqueous solution of the amino acid and neurotransmitter glutamate shows this effect.
Methods
An aqueous solution of glutamate was exposed to a combination of a static magnetic field of 40 μT and a sinusoidal electromagnetic magnetic field (EMF) with variable frequency (2–7 Hz) and an amplitude of 50 nT. The electric conductivity and dielectric properties of the solution were investigated by voltammetric techniques in combination with non linear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS), which allow the examination of the dielectric properties of macromolecules and molecular aggregates in water. The experiments target to elucidate the biological relevance of the observed EMF effect on molecular level.
Results
An ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) effect of glutamate previously reported by the Fesenko laboratory 1998 could be confirmed. Frequency resolution of the sample currents was possible by NLDS techniques. The spectrum peaks when the conditions for ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) of glutamate are matched. Furthermore, the NLDS spectra are different under ICR- and non-ICR conditions: NLDS measurements with rising control voltages from 100–1100 mV show different courses of the intensities of the low order harmonics, which could possibly indicate "intensity windows". Furthermore, the observed magnetic field effects are pH dependent with a narrow optimum around pH 2.85.
Conclusions
Data will be discussed in the context with recent published models for the interaction of weak EMF with biological matter including ICR. A medical and health relevant aspect of such sensitive effects might be given insofar, because electromagnetic conditions for it occur at many occasions in our electromagnetic all day environment, concerning ion involvement of different biochemical pathways.
This article reviews phenomena of magnetoreception in plants and provides a survey of the relevant literature over the past 80 years. Plants react in a multitude of ways to geomagnetic fields-strong continuous fields as well as alternating magnetic fields. In the past, physiological investigations were pursued in a somewhat unsystematic manner and no biological advantage of any magnetoresponse is immediately obvious. As a result, most studies remain largely on a phenomenological level and are in general characterised by a lack of mechanistic insight, despite the fact that physics provides several theories that serve as paradigms for magnetoreception. Beside ferrimagnetism, which is well proved for bacterial magnetotaxis and for some cases of animal navigation, two further mechanisms for magnetoreception are currently receiving major attention: (1) the "radical-pair mechanism" consisting of the modulation of singlet-triplet interconversion rates of a radical pair by weak magnetic fields, and (2) the "ion cyclotron resonance" mechanism. The latter mechanism centres around the fact that ions should circulate in a plane perpendicular to an external magnetic field with their Lamor frequencies, which can interfere with an alternating electromagnetic field. Both mechanisms provide a theoretical framework for future model-guided investigations in the realm of plant magnetoreception.
One of the main problems of bioelectromagnetics - the unbelievable narrow resonance peaks at the cyclotron frequency of the alternating magnetic field - was considered. Modern electrodynamics of condensed matter clearly brings out that the reason of this phenomenon is extremely low viscosity within coherence domains of aqueous electrolytic solutions. The electrochemical model of action of combined static and alternating magnetic fields on aqueous solutions of amino acids is proposed. The possibility of arising a succession of changes in ionic forms in these processes was revealed. The dipole ions (zwitterions) together with water molecules electrostatically forming joint groups in the solution, create favorable conditions for arising mixed coherence domains there. Simultaneously with evolution of the coherent processes in these domains, the amino acid zwitterions are transforming into the usual ionic form, fit for cyclotron resonance. The development of cyclotron resonance under action of combined magnetic fields increases the ion kinetic energy, and the ions leave the domains for the incoherent component of the solution according to Del Giudice pattern (Comisso et al., 2006; Del Giudice et al., 2002), creating the peak current through the solution. Then the ions are transforming little by little into zwitterionic form again; after that, the solution becomes ready to react on exposure of magnetic fields again. The possibilities for formation of coherence domains composed of water molecules together with peptide molecules or protein ones are discussed.
This study presents the highlights of ultrasonic effects on peptides incorporated on phospholipid aggregates (liposomes). These liposomes or vesicles are known as transport agents in skin drug delivery and for hair treatment. They might be a good model to deliver larger peptides into hair to restore fibre strength after hair coloration, modelling, permanent wave and/or straightening. The preparation of liposomes 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) with peptides (LLLLK LLLLK LLLLK LLLLK; LLLLL LCLCL LLKAK AK) was made by the thin film hydration method. The LUVs (uni-lamellar vesicles) were obtained by sonication, applying different experimental conditions, such as depth (mm) and power intensity (%). Photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and electronic microscopy (EM) results confirmed that the incorporation of these peptides, with different sequence of amino acids, presented differences on the diameter, zeta-potential of membrane surface and shape of liposomes. The liposomes that included peptide LLLLK LLLLK LLLLK LLLLK present an increased in zeta-potential values after using ultrasound and an "amorphous" aspect. Conversely, the liposomes that incorporated the peptide LLLLL LCLCL LLKAK AK presented a define shape (rod shape) and the potential surface of liposome did not change significantly by the use of ultrasound.
The identification of suitable stem cell cultures and differentiating conditions that are free of xenogenic growth supplements is an important step in finding the clinical applicability of cell therapy in two important fields of human medicine: heart failure and bone remodeling, growth and repair. We recently demonstrated the possibility of obtaining cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from human endomyocardial biopsy specimens. CSCs self-assemble into multi-cellular clusters known as cardiospheres (CSps) that engraft and partially regenerate infarcted myocardium. CSps and cardiosphere-derived-cells (CDCs) were exposed for five days in an incubator regulated for temperature, humidity, and CO(2) inside a solenoid system. This system was placed in a magnetically shielded room. The cells were exposed simultaneously to a static magnetic field (MF) and a parallel low-alternating frequency MF, close to the cyclotron frequency corresponding to the charge/mass ratio of the Ca(++) ion. In this exposure condition, CSps and CDCs modulate their differentiation turning on cardiogenesis and turning off vasculogenesis. Cardiac markers such as troponin I (TnI) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) were up-regulated. Conversely, angiogenic markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase domain receptor (KDR) were down-regulated as evidenced by immunocytochemistry. Exposure to the 7 Hz calcium ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) frequency can modulate the cardiogenic vs. angiogenic differentiation process of ex vivo expanded CSCs. This may pave the way for novel approaches in tissue engineering and cell therapy. With regard to bone remodeling, it has been suggested that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may be considered as a potential therapeutic tool. Using the Ca(++)-dependent specific differentiation potential of the ELF-MF 7 Hz ICR, we show here that exposure of human MSC to these same MF conditions enhanced the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin, as analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, without affecting cell proliferation. As expected, while the differentiation marker factors were up regulated, the ICR electromagnetic field down regulated osteoprotegerin gene expression, a critical regulator of postnatal skeletal development and homeostasis in humans as well as mice.
EZ water is unable to host solutes, what provides the root of the name Exclusion Zone, and its formation law points towards a diffusive process. These peculiarities have attracted the interest of scientists because it challenges all the theories which have tried to describe the structure of liquid water. The mixture of H-bond stable and H-bond distorted structures envisaged by very recent experimental findings, cannot account for the long-lived hexagonal configuration observed near the Nafion surface. A theoretical account for the phenomenology of H-bond is provided which looks able to explain many among the most striking feature of this water.
When a solute is dissolved in water, their mutual interactions determine the molecular properties of the solute on one hand, and the structure and dynamics of the surrounding water particles (the so-called hydration water) on the other. The very existence of soft matter and its peculiar properties are largely due to the wide variety of possible water-solute interactions. In this context, water is not an inert medium but rather an active component, and hydration water plays a crucial role in determining the structure, stability, dynamics, and function of matter. This review focuses on the collective dynamics of hydration water in terms of retardation with respect to the bulk, and of the number of molecules whose dynamics is perturbed. Since water environments are in a dynamic equilibrium, with molecules continuously exchanging from around the solute towards the bulk and vice versa, we examine the ability of different techniques to measure the water dynamics on the basis of the explored time scales and exchange rates. Special emphasis is given to the collective dynamics probed by extended depolarized light scattering and we discuss whether and to what extent the results obtained in aqueous solutions of small molecules can be extrapolated to the case of large biomacromolecules. In fact, recent experiments performed on solutions of increasing complexity clearly indicate that a reductionist approach is not adequate to describe their collective dynamics. We conclude this review by presenting current ideas that are being developed to describe the dynamics of water interacting with macromolecules.
The construction of a dual-cell, non-linear dielectric spectrometer is described. The system is applied to the study of resting cell suspensions of S. cerevisiae. Substantial harmonics are generated by these cells when stimulated by very modest exciting fields (ca. ± 2 V cm−1, 20 Hz). The generation of these harmonics occurs only in living cells, and in a cell concentration-dependent manner. We studied the 3rd harmonic in detail. The ability to generate this harmonic is observable only within rather narrow voltage and frequency windows. The generation of a third harmonic is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of sodium metavanadate, suggesting that it may be ascribed largely to the H+-ATPase present in the plasma membranes of these cells. When the enzyme is not at static head, the 3rd harmonic disappears and strong second and 4th harmonics may be observed. Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy constitutes a powerful and convenient means by which to monitor the ability of living cells to transduce exogenous electric field energy. This type of transduction may serve to account for the many reports of the ability of very weak electromagnetic fields to affect biological activity.
The dissipative harmonic oscillator is studied as a model for vibrational relaxation in a liquid environment. Continuum limit expressions are derived for the time-dependent average energy, average width of the population, and the vibrational population itself. The effect of the magnitude of the solute-solvent interaction, expressed in terms of a friction coefficient, solvent temperature, and initial energy of the oscillator on the relaxation has been studied. These results shed light on the recent femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering probe of the 1570 cm(-1) -C=C- stretching mode of trans-Stilbene in the first (S1) excited electronic state. When the oscillator is initially cold with respect to the bath temperature, its average energy and width increase in time. When it is initially hot, the average energy and width decrease with time in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
In the conceptual framework of Coherent Quantum Electrodynamics we show that the molecules of the liquid phase are described by individual quantum states that differ from those in which the molecules find themselves while in the gas phase. We suggest that tetrahedral coordination emerges from such individual configurations.
Attempts to establish extremely low-frequency (ELF) threshold sensitivity limits in biological systems are presently based on estimates of thermal noise in the cell membrane. The Weaver-Astumian (Science 247:459–462, 1990) threshold (8 × 10−3 V/m) should in principle also apply to electric fields produced by Faraday induction. However, the 60-Hz magnetic field required to induce an electric field of 8 × 10−3 V/m is improbably large and at variance with the experimental facts, implying either that Faraday induction is not the mode of weak ELF magnetic field biointeractions or that such interactions have nothing to do with the cell membrane, which constitutes only 1 % of the cell volume. We explore the possibility that magnetic field interactions are connected to the periodic changes in free calcium concentration associated with the cellular Ca2+ oscillator (CaO). Estimates of the free energy associated with the CaO reveal cyclic voltage changes of the order of 20 mV, suggesting that already existing electric fields within the cytoplasm may be capable of interacting with externally applied magnetic fields. We further hypothesize that CaO frequencies can be reinforced or driven into narrower passbands by weak external ELF signals acting on elements in the Ca2+ signaling pathway, e.g., via the calmodulin molecule.
It is shown that when the density becomes larger than a critical density an ensemble of water molecules evolves towards a coherent ground state, where molecules oscillate in phase with the e.m. field. At each temperature, liquid water is found to consist of a coherent phase of molecules in such a ground state and of a normal phase, whose population is determined by thermal excitations. The observed thermodynamical quantities as well as their wellknown anomalous behaviors are satisfactorily described by our theory.
Ecological modelling has not yet received from basic “hard” sciences, like conventional physics and chemistry, an adequate conceptual support. Mechanistic simulation techniques are very far from achieving a satisfactory understanding of ecosystem dynamics.In this paper we discuss how to build a bridge between basic sciences and ecodynamics, able to justify the emergence of novelties.It is shown that two important theoretical frameworks, thermodynamics of irreversible processes and quantum field theory, exhibit significant convergences on a number of points. They provide a rationale for the appearance of different phases of the same system, for the onset of non-linear self-consistent dynamics able to give rise to domains extended in space and evolving in time in an irreversible way, for the appearance of self-organization which is the main feature of life. A possible dynamical implementation of the thermodynamic concept of negentropy is suggested. The emergence of autocatalytic features is discussed.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a method used to size nanoscale and submicron particles by measuring their thermal motion (diffusion) in a liquid environment. The measured diffusion coefficients are related to the hydrodynamic particle size via the Stokes-Einstein equation. This paper addresses the application of DLS for the characterization of diluted suspensions of pyrogenic silica, which consist of polydisperse fractal-like aggregates composed of sintered spherical primary particles. Simulations are employed to establish a relationship between the structural properties of the aggregates and their diffusional behavior. Therefore, an algorithm is developed that enables the generation of aggregates with a tunable fractal dimension and an arbitrary number of primary particles. The results provide evidence that the hydrodynamic radii show a different scaling compared to the structural radius of gyration, which is of great relevance for the interpretation of DLS results. In addition, the influence of rotational diffusion has to be accounted for in the measurements.
This paper reviews recent developments in dynamic light scattering and their application to the study of particle sizes, structures and interactions in food materials. Results obtained in concentrated and highly turbid suspensions via the recently developed technique of diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) are described. Problems in the detailed analysis of the information contained in DWS are described, and the possible future uses of the techniques are discussed.
The formation of a biological molecular aggregate such as a membrane, is discussed as a collective process emerging from the dispersive dynamics arising from coherent quantum electrodynamics. The essential role of liquid water is stressed.
Interactions between reaction-diffusion systems and restricted host environments are a subject of widespread interest. In this work the behaviour of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction was investigated in lamellar phases formed by phospholipid bilayers with relevance for biological systems. The influence of the reactive medium on the structure of the lipid matrix and, in turn, the influence of the matrix on the dynamical evolution of chemical patterns, were studied by small angle scattering. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Interactions between reaction–diffusion systems and restricted host environments are a subject of widespread interest. In this work the behaviour of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction was investigated in lamellar phases formed by phospholipid bilayers with relevance for biological systems. The influence of the reactive medium on the structure of the lipid matrix and, in turn, the influence of the matrix on the dynamical evolution of chemical patterns, were studied by small angle scattering.
The application of EIS as a new tool for the investigation of methods of corrosion protection is illustrated for corrosion inhibitors, conversion coatings, polymer coatings, polymer coating and oxide layers as well as for cathodic protection of stainless steels in seawater. It is pointed out that it is essential for all these cases to develop the appropriate models for the impedance which can be used to fit the experimental data and extract the parameters which characterize the corrosion process.
Charge-stabilized suspensions of spherically shaped particles show a variety of interesting properties. As a consequence, there has been considerable interest in the investigation of the microstructure and the dynamic properties of well characterized model systems, such as polystyrene spheres dispersed in water and charged silica spheres dispersed in an organic solvent. Among various experimental techniques, static and dynamic light scattering have been the major tools for the characterization of colloidal suspensions. Whereas there is an essentially quantitative understanding of monodisperse suspensions, only very recently good progress was achieved, both theoretically and experimentally, in understanding certain properties of colloidal mixtures and intrinsically polydisperse one-component suspensions. Colloidal mixtures show additional phenomena, e.g., a variety of microstructures and phase behaviour, tracer-diffusion and interdiffusion, which do not exist in monodisperse systems. This article offers a survey on our current knowledge of the dynamics and statics of charge-stabilized suspensions in the fluid phase, with emphasis on the authors own work. It further contains a summary of basic concepts, and of analytical and numerical methods, which are relevant for the theoretical description of charge-stabilized suspensions. Special effort is made to point out the salient differences between colloidal mixtures and monodisperse suspensions. The calculated or computer-simulated quantities characterizing the suspensions are compared, whenever available, with the results of light scattering experiments. The article is divided into two major parts. The first part (chapters 2 and 3) is concerned with static properties. It includes a discussion of the origin of the repulsive and attractive forces between charged colloidal particles, the concepts of the effective charge and global correlation functions, the influence of the finite size of the counterions on the microstructure of concentrated ionic micellar solutions, and the extension of the rescaled mean spherical approximation to colloidal mixtures. The central issue of the first part is, however, the theoretical modeling of intrinsic polydispersity, and the calculation of static structure factors and radial distribution functions by various integral equation methods. The relative accuracy of these methods is assessed from the comparisons with computer simulations and light scattering results. The main body of this article is contained in the second part (chapter 4), which is concerned with the dynamics of charge-stabilized suspensions. A thorough discussion of the various levels of description of the suspension dynamics is given in terms of the time scales characterizing various relaxation processes associated with the colloidal particles and the molecules of the host fluid. The description of the dynamics of the colloidal particles, based on the generalized Smoluchowski equation, is justified for the time interval accessible in dynamic light scattering experiments. A summary of general properties of the generalized Smoluchowski equation is provided, and various ordering relations for diffusion coefficients are presented. The combined influence of the electrostatic and solvent mediated hydrodynamic interactions on the short-time dynamics of monodisperse and polydisperse charge-stabilized suspensions is investigated in great detail. It is shown that the effect of hydrodynamic interaction is strongly enhanced by the presence of long-ranged electrostatic repulsion, and its influence is more pronounced for collective diffusion than for short-time self-diffusion. The additional influence of polydispersity is found to be quite significant. Finally, a thorough study of tracer-diffusion in charge-stabilized suspensions is presented. Mean square displacements and long-time tracer-diffusion coefficients are calculated with two alternative approximations, i.e., a mode-coupling scheme and a single relaxation time ansatz. The range of validity of these approximations is assessed by numerous comparisons with Brownian dynamics simulation results, and with large-wavenumber dynamic light scattering and forced-Rayleigh data. It is observed that tracer-diffusion is quite sensitive to the amount of intrinsic polydispersity.
A formalism has been developed, using Feynman's space-time formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics whereby the behavior of a system of interest, which is coupled to other external quantum systems, may be calculated in terms of its own variables only. It is shown that the effect of the external systems in such a formalism can always be included in a general class of functionals (influence functionals) of the coordinates of the system only. The properties of influence functionals for general systems are examined. Then, specific forms of influence functionals representing the effect of definite and random classical forces, linear dissipative systems at finite temperatures, and combinations of these are analyzed in detail. The linear system analysis is first done for perfectly linear systems composed of combinations of harmonic oscillators, loss being introduced by continuous distributions of oscillators. Then approximately linear systems and restrictions necessary for the linear behavior are considered. Influence functionals for all linear systems are shown to have the same form in terms of their classical response functions. In addition, a fluctuation-dissipation theorem is derived relating temperature and dissipation of the linear system to a fluctuating classical potential acting on the system of interest which reduces to the Nyquist-Johnson relation for noise in the case of electric circuits. Sample calculations of transition probabilities for the spontaneous emission of an atom in free space and in a cavity are made. Finally, a theorem is proved showing that within the requirements of linearity all sources of noise or quantum fluctuation introduced by maser-type amplification devices are accounted for by a classical calculation of the characteristics of the maser.
The construction of a dual-cell, non-linear dielectric spectrometer is described. The system is applied to the study of resting cell suspensions of S. cerevisiae. Substantial harmonics are generated by these cells when stimulated by very modest exciting fields (ca.±2 V cm−1, 20 Hz). The generation of these harmonics occurs only in living cells, and in a cell concentration-dependent manner. We studied the 3rd harmonic in detail. The ability to generate this harmonic is observable only within rather narrow voltage and frequency windows. The generation of a third harmonic is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of sodium metavanadate, suggesting that it may be ascribed largely to the H+-ATPase present in the plasma membranes of these cells. When the enzyme is not at static head, the 3rd harmonic disappears and strong second and 4th harmonics may be observed. Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy constitutes a powerful and convenient means by which to monitor the ability of living cells to transduce exogenous electric field energy. This type of transduction may serve to account for the many reports of the ability of very weak electromagnetic fields to affect biological activity.
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky phenomenon is analyzed in a framework where the dynamics of dissipative structures outlined by Prigogine is implemented through the collective dynamics produced in liquid water by Quantum Electrodynamics, which has received recently some experimental support. A mechanism allowing the appearance of self-produced oscillations is suggested.
It is proposed that the avian magnetic compass depends on the angle between the horizontal component B(h) of the geomagnetic field (GMF) and E(r), the radial electric field distribution generated by gamma-oscillations within the optic tectum (TeO). We hypothesize that the orientation of the brain relative to B(h) is perceived as a set of electric field ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) frequencies that are distributed in spatially recognizeable regions within the TeO. For typical GMF intensities, the expected ICR frequencies fall within the 20-50 Hz range of gamma-oscillation frequencies observed during visual stimulation. The model builds on the fact that the superficial lamina of the TeO receive signals from the retina that spatially map the visual field. The ICR frequencies are recruited from the local wide-band gamma-oscillations and are superposed on the tectum for interpretation along with other sensory data. As a first approximation, our analysis is restricted to the medial horizontal plane of the TeO. For the bird to fly in a preferred, previously mapped direction relative to B(h), it hunts for that orientation that positions the frequency maxima at appropriate locations on the TeO. This condition can be maintained even as B(h) varies with geomagnetic latitude during the course of long-distance flights. The magnetovisual coordinate system (straight phi, omega) overlaying the two halves of the tectal surface in a nonsymmetric way may imply an additional orienting function for the TeO over and above that of a simple compass (e.g., homing navigation as distinct from migrational navigation).
The effects of magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (ELF, 21 microT r.m.s.) on cells of different Escherichia coli K12 strains and human lymphocytes were studied by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD). Within the frequency range of 6-24 Hz, two resonance-type frequency windows with maximal effects at 9 Hz and 16 Hz were observed in response of GE499 strain. Only one frequency window with maximum effect at 8.5 Hz was found for GE500 cells. These data along with previously obtained for two other E. coli strains, AB1157 and EMG2, indicate that frequency windows are dependent on genotype of cells exposed to ELF. Resonance-type effects of ELF were also observed in human lymphocytes in frequency windows around 8 and 58 Hz. These ELF effects differed significantly between studied donors, but were well reproducible in independent experiments with lymphocytes from the same donors. The frequency windows in response of E. coli strains and human lymphocytes to ELF significantly overlapped suggesting that the same targets may be involved in this response. We compared the frequency windows with predictions based on the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model and the magnetic parametric resonance model. These models predicted effects of ELF magnetic fields at the 'cyclotron' frequencies of some ions of biological relevance. According to the ICR model, ELF effects should be also observed at harmonics of cyclotron frequencies and, contrary, parametric resonance model predicted effects at subharmonics. While we observed coincidence of each experimental resonance frequency with predictions of one of these two models, all experimentally defined effective frequency windows were in good agreement with relatively narrow frequency ranges of both harmonics and subharmonics for natural isotopes of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn ions. The experimental data support idea that both harmonics and subharmonics of several biologically important ions are involved in frequency-dependent ELF effects in cells of different types.
A recent experiment on a physical, nonbiological system of ions at room temperature has proved that microscopic ion currents can be induced by applying simultaneously two parallel magnetic fields, one rather weak static field, (-->)B(0) and one much weaker alternating field, (-->) B(ac),[B(ac) approximately 10(-3) B(0)] whose frequency coincides with the cyclotron frequency v = qB(0)/2pim of the selected ion. As a result, ionic bursts lasting up to 20 s and with amplitude up to 10 nA arise. The much larger exchanges of energy induced by thermal agitation (the "kT-problem") appear to play no role whatsoever. We have analyzed this problem in the framework of coherent quantum electrodynamics, reaching the following conclusions: (a) as has been shown in previous articles, water molecules in the liquid and solute ions are involved in their ground state in coherent ordered configurations; (b) ions are able to move without collisions among themselves in the interstices between water coherence domains; (c) because of coherence, ions can follow classical orbits in the magnetic fields. A full quantitative understanding of the experiments is thus reached.
In this study we show a reproduction of the Zhadin experiment, which consists of the transient increase of the electrolytic current flow across an aqueous solution of L-arginine and L-glutamic acid induced by a proper low frequency alternating magnetic field superimposed to a static magnetic field of higher strength. We have identified the mechanisms that were at the origin of the so-far poor reproducibility of the above effect: the state of polarization of the electrode turned out to be a key parameter. The electrochemical investigation of the system shows that the observed phenomenon involves the transitory activation of the anode due to ion cyclotron frequency effect, followed again by anode passivation due to the adsorption of amino acid and its oxidation products. The likely occurrence of similar ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) phenomena at biological membranes, the implications on ion circulation in living matter, and the consequent biological impact of environmental magnetic fields are eventually discussed.
We consider the dissipative properties of large quantum systems from the point of view of kinetic theory. The existence of a nontrivial collision operator imposes restrictions on the possible collisional invariants of the system. We consider a model in which a discrete level is coupled to a set of quantum states and which, in the limit of a large "volume," becomes the Friedrichs model. Because of its simplicity this model allows a direct calculation of the collision operator as well as of related operators and the constants of the motion. For a degenerate spectrum the calculations become more involved but the conclusions remain simple. The special role played by the invariants that are functions of the Hamiltonion is shown to be a direct consequence of the existence of a nonvanishing collision operator. For a class of observables we obtain ergodic behavior, and this reformulation of the ergodic problem may be used in statistical mechanics to study the ergodicity of large quantum systems containing a small physical parameter such as the coupling constant or the concentration.
We test a non equilibrium approach to study the behavior of a Bose-Fermi mixture of alkali atoms in the presence of a Feshbach resonance between bosons and fermions. To this end we derive the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations of motion for, the interacting system. This approach has proven very successful in the study of resonant systems composed of Bose particles and Fermi particles. However, when applied to a Bose-Fermi mixture, the HFB theory fails to identify even the correct binding energy of molecules in the appropriate limit. Through a more rigorous analysis we are able to ascribe this difference to the peculiar role that bosonic depletion plays in the Bose-Fermi pair correlation, which is the mechanism through which molecules are formed. We therefore conclude that molecular formation in Bose-Fermi mixtures is driven by three point and higher order correlations in the gas, unlike any other resonant system studied in the context of ultra-cold atomic physics.
RF fields on the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro
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A method for liposome preparation in the laboratory
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Medium-range ordering in liquids appearing in nonlinear dielectric effect studies
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